Introduction of Japan

1.
0 INTRODUCTION OF JAPAN
Japan is such a beautiful and amazing country. It is one of the most
visited countries by tourist all around the world. Many of visitors
frequently travel to Japan every year for the purpose of explore and
experience the beauty of the landscapes and scenery, its unique
culture and traditions, simply delicious traditional dishes and so on
(Lets Travel in Japan, 2000). There are many things in this country
that will catch people attention and leave them with a pleasant,
enjoyable and unforgettable memories and feeling. Japan is also
known as the most developed country in the world for its industries
and technologies.
The Figure 1.1 shows the number of foreign tourist that visited in
Japan from year 2010 to 2015. The figure shows the tourist arrivals
in Japan for the latest five years. As stated in the Figure 1.1, the
highest tourist arrivals in Japan is in year 2014 which give 13,413
number of tourists in total while the lowest is in year 2011 which in
6,219 number of tourists. As in May 2015, the arrival of tourists is
7538 number of tourist in total (Tourism of Japan, 2015).
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Figure 1.1 NUMBER OF TOURIST VISITED JAPAN

Sources: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Japan (2015)
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1.1
LAND OF THE SUN RISING

The real name for Japan in Japanese language is Nippon or
Nihon and it bring a meaning of sun origin. It often
translated as land of the rising sun. According to Hardyman
(2009), Japan got the title of Land of the Rising Sun because
the country was the place where the sun is rises. Japan is
located in East Asia which means that the sun is rises earliest
from that location. Apart from that, the name is the inspiration
for the Japanese flag (The World Factbook, n.d).
1.1.1 National Flag Of Japan
Japan flag is known as Hinomaru which means circle of
sun. As shown in the APPENDIX 1, the national flag of
Japan is white rectangular flag filled with a red circle in
the centre (Hardyman, 2009). On 27 February 1870, the
Japanese flag was officially are adopted. Like the other
country flag, Japan flag has its own meaning and
symbolism. The red sun disk represent the Sun Goddess
which known as Amaterasu. Amaterasu is the founder of
Japan and ancestor of its emperors. The red sun disk
that placed in the centre of the flag is a symbol of the
bright future for Japan. While the white colour represent
the honesty and purify of Japanese people (Perkins,
1991).
2.0 HISTORY OF JAPAN

Japan history can be divided into a number of periods that took
place between the different groups of people for a thousand years.
Around 10,000 BC is the beginning of Jomon Period. During that
period, the inhabitants of Japan lived by fishing, hunting, and
gathering (Hardyman, 2009). Then, in the Yayoi Period which begins
around 300 BC, the use of bronze and iron for agriculture are first
appeared in Japan. Korean peninsula has introduced rice cultivation
in Japan country. The Jomon Period and Yayoi Period are considered
as the prehistoric of Japan (Perkins, 1991).
Next, the Kofun Period begins in the history of Japan from around
250 to 538 CE. In the fourth century, ancestors of the present
imperial family established the first unified state which is known as
the Yamato court. During this period china and Korea has introduce
the weapons and agricultural tools (The World Factbook, n.d). The
name of Kofun is derived from the old tomb which is from the
culture offunerary rituals and distinctive earthen mounds as shown
in APPENDIX 2.
Then, in the Nara Period, begin in 710-794 CE, a centralized
government was established under the low codes of Chinese or the
Ritsuryo system. Buddhism has become the national religion in
Japan and Buddhist art and architecture is expanded. Then, the
Great Buddha at the Todaiji temple, in Nara was built (Perkins,
1991).
After that, Heian Period has started from 794 to 1185 CE. After the
capital moved to Kyoto, certain noble families has a control over the
government and ruling on behalf of the emperor (Perkins, 1991).
The Chinese style system was replaced by a more indigenous style
of culture closer to the lives of the people and their natural
surroundings. The palaces of the emperor and the residences of the

noble families incorporated beautiful gardens, with buildings in the
shinden-zukuri style of architecture. Literary, masterpieces such as
Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji and Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book
were written during this period.
On the other hand, Kamakura Period in 1185-1333 CE, the imperial
court was taken over by the Minamoto family. Minamoto no Yoritomo
was given the title of shogun by the court, a tittle of commander
chief and he set up a military style government at Kamakura (The
World Factbook, n.d).
The history of Japan continues during the Muromachi Period, 13331568.
The beginning of this period was dominated by a political
conflict between Emperor Go-Daigo and his former supporter

Ashikaga Takauji (The World Factbook, n.d). In this time the shogun
are losing its centralized to control the local warlords. During this
period also, the art of Chinese style ink painting and in theatre of
Noh drama and Kyogen is introduced.
After that, the Azuchi-Momoyama Period begins in 1568 to 1600 CE.
The nation was reunified by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi who
respectively ruled it briefly. Europeans had begun to visit Japan in
the earlier of the century and made the arts are increase. At this
time the tea master Sen no Rikyu developed the tea ceremony into
an artistic movement of discipline that is known as the Way of Tea
(The World Factbook, n.d).
During Edo Period in 1600-1868 CE, Tokugawa Ieyasu gained control

of Japan and he established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo which is
now Tokyo. The Tokugawa shoguns ruled Japan over 260 years. The
cities have grown in peaceful period and people have become richer
(Hardyman, 2009). Then, the arts were expanded and beautiful
paintings were created. However, Tokugawa are afraid of invasion
4
so, law force people not to leave Japan while the Western books
were banned.
Then, the Meiji Period in 1868-1912 CE has started. The political
authority was restored from the shogunate to the imperial court
(Perkins, 1991). Then, the culture and civilization of the West began
to influence in every aspect of Japanese life. Modern Japanese then
was born with the publication of Futabatei Shimei's novel Ukigumo.
A Japanese version of romanticism soon was appeared with writers
making their first attempts at free, natural expression of people's
true feelings (Perkins, 1991).
In 1912 to 1926 CE is the Taisho Period. It provides the audience get
to know the literature, drama, music, and painting. The important of
development in literature was the needs of the Shirakaba School.
Besides that, the Japanese style painters such as Yokoyama Taikan
and Hishida Shunso were also affected by European styles during
this period (The World Factbook, n.d).
Showa Period in 1926-1989 CE and Heisei Period have started when
there is a financial crisis of 1927, which causes by the Great Kanto
Earthquake of 1923 that devastated the Tokyo area (Perkins, 1991).
Then, the power of the military increased and it eventually gained
control of the government. The Manchurian Incident of 1931
launched a series of events that lead in Japan's entry into World War
II. This war ended in Japan's defeat, with Emperor Showa accepting
the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. But then, Japan going on to
achieve the miracle in economic recovery, which has allowed it to
take its place among the world's leading democratic powers (Katoh,
2002).
3.0 EMPEROR OF JAPAN

Table 3.1 shows some of the emperor of Japan. Jimmu Tenno or
emperor Jimmu was a founder of the imperial dynasty. He has been
a descendant of the God Amaterasu and he married a descendant of
the storm god Susanoo. Despite Jimmus importance as a link
between the ruling family of Japan and the divine ancestors, he has
never had much of cult following in Japan. A Shinto shrine was built
by the Japanese government in 1890 at which is believed to be his
burial place at Unebi (Perkins, 1991).
On the other hand, Emperor Meiji or his personal name Mutsuhito
was born in November 3, 1852 and died in July 30, 1912. He is the
emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912 and has transform Japan into
one of the great powers of the modern world by adopted many
Western ways and customs. Apart from that, he eliminated feudal
system then organized and centralized Japanese society for the first
time in centuries. China is defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese
War because he is willing to hear the advice from the most powerful
military nation in Europe (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015).
Moreover, Emperor Taisho or Yoshihito is the emperor who ruled
Japan from 1912 to 1926. He was born in August 31, 1879, Tokyo
and died in December 25, 1926. Yoshihito suffered mental condition
problem after birth which leaving him in poor health both physically
and mentally. He was kept out of view from the public as much as
possible even after his ascension to the throne in 1912. After 1919,
he resigns from duties, and Hirohito was named Prince Regent in
1921. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son, Hirohito
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015).
Hirohito or Emperor Showa was the Japan's longest-reigning
emperor which had ruled Japan from 1926 to 1989. Emperor Hirohito
was born on April 29, 1901 and he made crown prince at age 15.
The level of his involvement with Japan's military during World War II
has remained debatable where he announced the country's
surrender to the Allied Forces in 1945. After the war, the new
constitution isdrafted by the United States and it transformed Japan
into a constitutional monarchy. Then, Hirohito died in Tokyo on
January 7, 1989. However, His son, Akihito, has succeeded him
After that is Emperor Heisei or Akihito was became the 125th
emperor of Japan in 1990 until the present day. He was born on
December 23, 1933, in Tokyo. Emperor Akihito is the eldest son of
Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako. After officially being named
heir to the Japanese throne in 1952, he was the first member of the
Imperial family to marry a commoner. He is also the emperor of
Japan that descendant the oldest hereditary monarchy in the world
Table 3.1 Emperors of Japan
Source: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/woko/list-of-emperors-of-japan(2015)
NAME
PORTRAIT
Emperor Jimmu
Personal name:
KanyamatoIwarebiko
Emperor Meiji
Personal name:
Mutsuhito
Emperor Taisho
Personal name:
Yoshihito
Emperor Showa
Personal name:
Hirohito
Emperor Heisei
Personal name:
Akihito
4.0 GEOGRAPHY OF JAPAN

Japan is located in the Eastern Asia and the capital city of Japan is
Tokyo. Japan consist over 3000 islands and the four main islands are
known as Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Korea, Russia and
China are the country that closest neighbour to Japan (Maps of
World, 2015). Majority, 72% of Japan is made up of mountains and
the tallest one that well known is Mt. Fuji which stand 12,390 feet
above the sea level (Hardyman, 2009). Apart from that,Japan also
has about 200 volcanoes and 60 of them are active (The World
Factbook, n.d).
In term of climate, Japan country is experiencing the four seasons
which include spring, summer, autumn and winter (Maps of World,
2015). The spring begins on March to Mayand then, The Japanese
summer will begin in June with four or three weeks of rainy season
and turn to hot and humid from July onward. Autumn will bring a
freshness and cool temperature after the hot and humid summer
which begins on September to November. On December to
February, Japan country will experience the winter where the
temperature are drops below 0C (The World Factbook, n.d). The
APPENDIX 3shows the maps of Japan and the four season of Japan.
4.1
POPULATION
Table 1.1 shows the changing of population in Japan. Based
on the table, the highest population is in year 2014 which is
126,999,808 people and the lowest is in year 2000 which is
125,714,674 people. From year 2000 to year 2005, the
population was 126,978,754 people. This is an increase of
0.20% compared to the previous year which is 125,714,674
people. Then, the population decrease 0.11% from 2010 to
2014 which give 126,999,808 people in total. As in July 1,
2015 the total of population is estimated 126,818,019
numbers of people in Japan (Worldometers, 2015).
10
11
TABLE 4.1 POPULATION OF JAPAN

Sources: www.worldometers.info/world-population/japan(2015)
Year
2015
Population
126,818,019
Yearly change (%)

-0.08%
Yearly change
-106,963
2014
126,999,808
-0.11%
-143,769
2010
127,352,833
0.06%
74,816
2005
126,978,754
0.20%
252,816
2000
125,714,674
0.20%
246,274
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5.0 RELIGION IN JAPAN

Religion can be explain as collection of beliefs, cultural system, rules
or ceremonies that used to worship a god or a group of god. It also
related to the interest or activity that is significant to people. Today,
many religions are practiced in Japan but the major religions in
Japan are Shintoism and Buddhism and Christianity is the minor
religion in Japan (FitzGerald, 2002). This can be refer in APPENDIX
4.
5.1
SHINTOISM
Shintoism is the original religion in Japan. It is one of the
worlds oldest religions that originated in prehistoric time. The
name of Shinto in Japanese is known as kami no michi and
means the way of the gods. The followers of Shintoism
believe that spiritual powers exist in the natural world. They
also believe that spirits called kami live in natural places such
as in animals, plants, stones, mountains, rivers, people and
even the dead (Fitzgerald, 2002).Torii, which is the gate that
will be found at the entrance or within a Shinto shrines in
Japan is for divide our world and the spirit world. On the other
words, the gate is the mark between the sacred world of the
shrine and the world outside.
Basically, there are four basic affirmations in Shintoism
religion. The first one is the affirmation tradition and the
family. Family is considered as the main mechanism by which
the traditions are preserved. Their main celebrations related
to the wedding and birth. Next is the affirmation of love of
nature. Nature is considered as sacred and Shinto believes
that to be contact with nature is to be close to Kami. After that
is the affirmation of physical cleanliness. Before worshiping in
the shrines, they have to take baths, wash their hand and
rinse out their mouth. One must be clean in the presence of
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the spirits. Lastly is the affirmation of Matsuri where it is a

festival to worshiping and honoring gods and ancestral spirit
(Maps of World, 2015).
5.2
BUDDHISM
Buddhism has begun in India 2,500 years ago and nowadays,
it remains the dominant world religion in the East. Buddhism
had come to Japan from the mainland Asia in the sixth century
where Mahayana Buddhism was introduced to Japan from
Korea. Mahayana Buddhists teach that enlightenment can be
attained in a single life time. The various Mahayana tradition
as Zen, Nichiren, and Pure Land are the different ways of
attaining this goal and it can be attained in a single lifetime by
anyone who puts his or her mind to it. Mahayana considered
about the Bodhisattva which is the being as it become the
ideal way for a Buddhist to live.
5.3
CHRISTIANITY
Christian is a one of the minor religion in Japan which gives
1% of the population. Christianity was introduced to Japan in
the 16th century by the Jesuit missionary called Francis
Xavierin 1549. Christians believe that there is only one God in
which they call Father as Jesus Christ that taught them. They
recognize Jesus as the son of God and believe God functions
as a Trinity. Christians believe in the Trinity which is God as
Father, Son and Holy Spirit. God is not three gods but three in
one. The guideline for Christian is the Holy Bible. The Christian
Bible has two sections, the Old Testament and the New
Testament. The Old Testament is the original Hebrew Bible
which is the sacred scriptures of the Jewish faith, written at
different times between about 1200 and 165 BC. On the other
hand, the New Testament books were written by Christians in
the first century AD (Higashibaba, 2001).
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15
6.0
CUISINE
Japan is an island nation and seafood plays an important role in
Japanese cuisine. Rice and fish along with vegetables are eaten by
most Japanese. The Japanese cuisines are offers variety of dishes
which includes rice dishes, seafood dishes, noodle dishes and many
more (Maps of World, 2015).Among the famous Japanese cuisines
are sushi, sashimi, shabu-shabu, soba and udon. This can be shown
in APPENDIX 5.
6.1
SUSHI
Sushi is one of the most famous Japanese dishes that consist
of cooked vinegar rice and combine with other ingredients
such as seafood, vegetables or sometimes tropical fruits.
Sushi is described as vinegar rice. The word sushi refers to the
Japanese word which is su that means vinegar and shi from
meshi which is rice. It often prepared in raw seafood but some
sushi is prepared using cooked ingredients or vegetables.
Usually, sushi is often served with pickled ginger, soy sauce
and wasabi. There are many different types of sushi and the
most popular are nigiri, gunkan, norimaki and temaki.
Nigiri is a small rice ball that topped with fillet of raw or
cooked fish or shellfish and others. Among the common
varieties of nigiri are tuna, shrimp, eel, squid, octopus and
fried egg. On the other hand, gunkan look like a small cup
made by sushi rice and dried seaweed and filled with seafood
or any other ingredient. The common varieties ones are
include sea urchin and various kinds of fish eggs (The World
Fackbook, n.d). Another type of sushi is norimaki. Norimaki is
sushi rice that rolled in dried seaweed sheets. Normally, the
roll is usually cut into six or eight pieces and it depending on
the thickness of the roll. And last but not least is temaki which
literally known as hand rolled that made of by seaweed in a
16
cone shape and filled with sushi rice, seafood as well as

vegetables.
6.2
SASHIMI
Sashimi is Japanese dish that consist of fresh raw meat or
fishes that sliced into thin pieces such as tuna and salmon.
Other than that, there are also various types which include
sea bream, octopus, shrimp, mackerel and other raw red meat
such as horse, deer, chicken and beef. In Japanese words, the
word sashimi translated as pierced flesh where sashi means
pierced while mi means meat. Sashimi is prepared by trained
chef called itamae (Maps of World, 2015). Normally, sashimi is
typically eaten with chopstick but the traditional way is by
using fingers. Most of sashimi are seasoned with soy sauce by
dipping each small dish before eating eat or added a little bit
of wasabi, the horse radish.
6.3
SHABU-SHABU
Shabu-shabu was introduced in Japan in the 20th century and
the origin is from Chinese hot pot known as instant-boiled
mutton. Shabu-shabu is a type of hotpot dish where the
ingredients which is thinly cut meat or seafood are boiled in
just a couple of time The dish was originally made with thinly
sliced beef but some people have use pork, crab, chicken,
lamb, duck, or lobster. The dish is prepared by put the thin
slice of meat or a piece of vegetable in a pot of boiling water
and stirs it. Normally, the raw meat is dipped into the hot
Japanese soup stock and then let it cooked for a few times.
The slices of meat should not be put all together in the pot
because it will result in overcooked. There are a variety of
sauces that can be used to dip the meat and vegetables which
are including the Ponzu, sauce made by citrus juice and soy
sauce and sesame sauce.
17
6.4
SOBA
Soba is noodles that made from buckwheat flour. It is thin and
looks like the size of spaghetti noodles. Soba noodles are
served either with a dipping sauce or in hot broth as a noodle
soup. It takes three months for buckwheat to be ready for
harvest, so it can be harvested only four times a year. Other
than that, soba noodles can be served as cold soba dish or hot
soba dish. There are some types of soba and one of them is
Zaru soba, cold soba that served on a tray with a simple
chilled dipping sauce served on the side. Moreover is Kake
Soba which is hot soba, served in a bowl of hot, clear broth
and Kitsune Soba that can be serve in hot and cold noodles
that comes with a piece fried tofu on top. Other types of soba
are Tanuki Soba, Tempura Soba, Sansai Soba and so on.
6.5
UDON
Udon is another Japanese cuisine which are thick noodles
made by wheat flour. Udon are thicker, white and chewier
than soba noodles. The way of eating it is depending on how
the udon are served. When udon are served with a dipping
sauce, few strands of noodles are dipped into the sauce before
eating them. While udon that served in a soup or sauce are
enjoyed by using chopsticks. Among the udon that is
commonly popular is Zaru Udon. Zaru Udon noodles are
chilled and served on a bamboo mat. The Zaru Udon is eaten
by a dipping the noodles into the dipping sauce before eating.
Next is Kake Udon which is served in a hot broth. It has no
toppings and is usually garnished with only green onions.
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Curry Udon is another well-known udon noodles served in a

bowl of Japanese curry and eat during winter.
19
7.0
FESTIVALS
Japan is known for its uniqueness which also includes on their
festivals. Japanese people are celebrating many festivals in which
have begun since the ancient time that is also celebrated today in a
modern form. The festivals such as Hinamatsuri festival, Hanami
festival, Tanabata, Kodomo no Hi, Shichi-go-san is an example
festivals which are an integral part of Japanese culture (Katoh,
2002). This can be refer to APPENDIX 6.
7.1
HINAMATSURI FESTIVAL
Hinamatsuri is a festival that celebrated every year on March
3 and it also called Doll Festival or Girls Festival (The World
Factbook, n.d). This festival is not only celebrated within the
family but also in communities. During this event, parents will
celebrate their daughters' happiness, growth, and good
health.
7.1.1 The History and Origin
The tradition of Hinamatsuri has started in the Heian
Period where Japanese people are believe that dolls can
be alive and have bad spirit. They used to carry out a
custom called hina-nagashi, in which straw dolls were
sent down to a river on a boat. This is because they
believed that this will take all troubles or bad spirits
away from them. On the other hand, the Shimogamo
Shrine which is a part of the Kamo Shrine located in
Kyoto call it Nagashibina whereby they used to put the
dolls in the Takano and Kamo rivers. It is usually done to
pray for the safety of children. But because of local
fishermen often caught the dolls in their nets, they
organized the tradition at sea. Apart from that, the
audience who always gather to watch everything will
20
leave the organizers to pick all the dolls from the sea.
Then, they bring the doll back to the temple and burn
them there. Then, the custom of decorating Hina dolls
has spread in Edo Period and they began to make Hina
dolls which also imitated the custom of the court of
Heian Period (Katoh, 2002).
7.1.2 Tradition and Custom
Usually, family with young daughter will set up a display
of dolls inside their house. The tradition is to put
different
ornamental
dolls
on
special
seven
level
platforms covered with red cloth which is called dankake

(Katoh, 2002). The top of the platform or tier holds the
imperial dolls in which the Emperor and Empress placed
in front of a gold folding screen. The second tier is given
for the three court ladies. While oh the third tier is five
male musicians and each of it holding a traditional
Japanese instrument, except for the singer. The two
ministers will sit on the fourth tier and are sometimes
equipped with bow and arrows. Next, three samurais sit
on the fifth tier with a peach or cherry tree to the left,
and a mandarin orange tree to the right. Then, the sixth
and seventh platforms are filled with a variety of
miniature items like carriages, palanquin and so on
(Lets Travel in Japan, 2000). Families will offer rice
crackers and other food to the dolls. For the guest, they
will be served shirozake, sake made from fermented
rice,
bite-sized
crackers
flavored
with
sugar
and
hishimochi which is a diamond shaped rice cake. After

the festival is over, most families will take the collection
of dolls out of the closet. This is to prevent a trouble in
their daughter marriage.
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7.2
HANAMI FESTIVAL
Hanami Festival or Cherry Blossom Festival is held in spring
season from late March to early May. It is one of the most
colourful events in Japan. Hanami literally means viewing
flowers, but it generally indicates cherry blossom viewing (The
World Factbook, n.d).
The flower viewing custom has started in Nara Period
where the plum blossom is admired by people on that
period. But in the Heian Period, sakura came to attract
more attention and hanami was related with sakura. The
Emperor Saga, an aros used to welcome this flower
viewing time with celebrates a feast and parties under
Cherry trees in Heian Period. During that time, only
upper class people have the chance to practice it
however in the early 1600, it spread to all citizen of
Japan in Edo period.
During this season in Japan, people like to celebrate the
cherry blossom with colleagues, friends, and also with
family. People will celebrate it by moving outdoor while
having a picnic under the trees. At nightmare, some
people will bring along beer, sake and even karaoke set
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to hold cheerful. Other than that, during Hanami at night

which called yozakura, many couples will enjoy the
special mood created by cherry blossoms. While some
schools and offices hold welcome parties during and it is
a chance for people to bond and meet new friends.
7.3
TANABATA FESTIVAL
Tanabata festival or known as Star Festival is held on July 7.
The purpose of this festival is to celebrate the meeting of
Orihime or Weaver star (Vega) and Hikoboshi or Cowherd Star
(Altair). These lovers are separated by the Milky Way and
allowed to meet only on the seventh day of the seventh
month (Lets Travel in Japan, 2000).
The origin of Tanabata is inspired from old Chinese tale
which is a story about a two lovers. Orihime is a
daughter of Tentei, the Sky King and she wove the most
beautiful clothes along the Amanogawa which represent
the Milky River. Orihime was very sad because she spent
her days weaving and wanted to fall in love. Then, her
father had arranged Orihime to meet Hikoboshi, the Cow
Herder Star. Hikoboshi lived and worked on the other
side of the Milky River. Orihime and Hikoboshi fell in love
and were married shortly after. However, after they have
married, Orihime is no longer weaved and Hikoboshi let
his cows stray across the Heavens. Both of them have
forgotten about their jobs. The Sky King was very angry
23
with them and so he separated them by placing them on

opposite sides of the Amanogawa River (the Milky Way).
With the loss of her husband, Orihime became unhappy
and begged her father to allow them to meet again. The
King was moved by the tears of his daughter, and so he
would allow a meeting once a year which is on the
seventh day of the seventh month (Katoh, 2002).
During the Tanabata festival, every house will displayed
a bamboo pole decorated with colours paper with other
decoration to celebrate it (Lets Travel in Japan, 2000).
People will write their wishes on tanzaku papers, a
colourful, small strip of papers and hang them on
bamboo. The bamboo and decorations is often will be
float on a river or burned after the festival around
midnight or on the next day of the festival.
7.4
KODOMO NO HI
Every May 5, Kodomo no Hi or Childrens Day is celebrated
annually in Japan (The World Factbook, n.d). On this national
holiday, Japanese families respect and honor their children for
their individual strengths, and take the opportunity to wish
them good health and happiness.
On May 5 in year 1998, the day was originally called
Tango no Sekku. It was known as Boys' Day and was
dedicated in honour of boys while Girls' Day which is
Hinamatsuri was celebrated on March 3. But then the
government has decided to set this day to be a national
holiday to celebrate the happiness of all children. Then,
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it was renamed as Kodomo no Hi. The holiday is

believed to have started in China where the people
would hang medicinal herbs to ward off childhood
diseases. In Japan, it is often celebrated by giving
children
kites
and
hanging
streamers
(The
World
Factbook, n.d).
Normally, during that day, giant Koinobori or carp kites
are flown all over Japan. In Japanese folklore, the carp is
representing of determination and energy to overcoming
all obstacles to swim upstream. Apart from that, samurai
warrior figurines and samurai kabuto helmets are also
displayed in homes to inspire strength and bravery
(Lets Travel in Japan, 2000).
Besides that, boys and
girls all over Japan will receive sweet kashiwa-mochi, or

rice cakes stuffed with bean paste and wrapped in oak
leaves. They may also be given Chimaki, or special
dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves. These foods are
representing the strength for the children.
7.5
SHICHI-GO-SAN
Shichi-Go-San meaning 7-5-3 is one of the most important
festivals for Japanese children and it celebrated annually on
November 15 (Lets Travel in Japan, 2000). This festival is
celebrated for children with age three, five and seven, thus
the name of the festival. At this festival, children are bringing
by their families and blessed at a Shinto shrine. In this
religion, people believe that ages three, five, and seven are
important times of growth and health in a childs life. Shinto
also believes that odd numbers, especially three, five, and
seven, are lucky numbers (The World Factbook, n.d).
25

The festival has started in the Heian Period where the
nobles celebrated the growth of their children on a lucky
day in November. The festival was then set on the
fifteenth of that month during the Kamakura Period
(Perkins,
1991).
On
that
day,
Shogun
Tsunayoshi
Tokugawa who is an aristocrats celebrating the growth

of his son. By the Edo period, the practice was spread
to commoners, who began visiting shrines to have
prayers offered by priests. Then, shichi-go-san custom
followed today evolved in the Meiji era. November 15
was
chosen
for
this
celebration
because
it
was
considered as one of the luckiest days of the year

(Perkins, 1991).
Usually, at the age of seven, a young girl celebrates
wearing her first obi, while at the age of five a young
boy celebrate wearing his first hakama pants in public.
The age of three marks the first time where both boys
and girls are allowed to let their hair grow (Perkins,
1991).
Children will also receive a special type of candy called
Chitose Ame. The candy is shaped like a stick and
comes in a bag that with a picture of cranes and turtles
which represent health and longevity in Japan. The
candy and the bag are both expressions of parents' wish
that their children lead long lives (Katoh, 2002).
26
8.0 THINGS SHOULD DOS AND DONTS IN JAPAN

There are some dos and donts that non-Japan should know before
they travel or have a business matter in Japan which Japan is not
only well-known with their historical and beautiful attraction in Japan
but also known with their good behaviour when managing
themselves in their lifestyle and many more. Non-Japan that wants
to come in Japan should know and learn their behaviour then use it
as a good example in life.
8.1
GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTION

Greeting for Japan is well known with the bowing style for
introduction whenever the Japanese meet a person or a new
person. When the Japanese meet people or after having a
conversation with their colleagues they will bow for each other
to show some respect to that person. It is also same with the
introduction in conversation between the Japanese and her or
his friend which the introduction to have a firm conversation
when meet with their friends.
8.1.1 Physical Greeting Styles
Japan
is
non-touching
culture
when
the Japanese
greeting to the strangers but however only the mainly

young people will touch each other in greeting. Then,
handshakes are not native to Japan but in formal
situation the greeting and introduction style is the bow
and the business card exchange in term of business
matter. For the bowing, it is most often used beside
handshakes for their greeting. The bowing show that to
express the Thank You, Excuse Me and to humble
oneself. The lower and the longer the bowing to other
27
person the more respect to the person because of the

other persons status level.
It is important to know how to bowing in the correct way
during in the Japan. For the men bowing, he wills bend
almost ninety degrees straight down and keeping their
hands parallel to the seams of their pants. Next, for the
women bow, she will bow almost as deeply with their
hands either folded in front of guest or behind the guest.
It is good condition if she can stepping back slightly a
few step as well. This can be shown in Appendix 7.
The formal Japanese introduction which for the business
matter, they use to exchange their business cards which
in Japan called meishi and it is the important parts
that perform the etiquette of Japanese culture in
business etiquette. If you come to the Japan always take
a large supply of business cards with you. Then, give the
business cards one to every new person that you been
introduced to. Hence, make sure your business card is in
a fine shape which it is the extension of you as a
business people and it is must look good as possible.
Remember when you want to give your business card:
Never hand out a dirty, soiled, bent or written-on
business card.
Your business card have translator into Japanese
language.
When receiving a business card from the Japanese make

sure that:
You stand upright face the person that give

business card to you
28
Holding the card with your two hands politely.

Read silently the information on the card for a few
second.
If possible, say the persons name to know
whether you pronounce the name correct or not
and you might know the person title in a way that
show respect to the person.
Donts manner when you have the business card:
Never to play with the business cards which do not
write anything on the business card.

Do not put the business card in your back pants
pockets which is consider rude and unappreciated
of the business card (Foster, 2000).
8.2
COMMUNICATION STYLES
Communication is which we communicate with other people
with the purpose to send information or to get information
from other. In Japan, we should know how the way of
communication in term of using the topic when talk, the body
gesture when we talk to Japanese.
8.2.1 Okay Topics and Not Okay Topics
For communication it is good to use the best and
suitable topic when having a conversation with your
colleague Japanese or your organization. The purpose of
having good communication which is to build a good
relationship between you and the Japanese and also
maintain a harmonies during the conversation. The best
topic to be talk when having an conversation which are
for the Okay topics would be anything that reflects with
the personal interest, business and hobbies or your
29
curiosity about things in Japan might be a suitable topic

to be talk with your Japanese friends.
For the Not Okay topics would be like a politics, current
events or any subject that might be in controversial
problem which it is should to be avoided.
When having conversation donts:
Do not inquire about a persons occupation or
income in casual conversation.

Do not inquire about your colleagues family life.
Do not give your opinion about the role of the
emperor, or comment on World War II or discuss
Japans position regarding the rest of Asia.

Do not talk about money which will inquire
about private family matters and spouses.
For the tone, volume and speed during the conversation

you should:
Speak slowly, clearly and do not to rushing in

order
to
explain
something
during
the
presentation.
Do not speak with your fully emotion to your
Japaneses colleagues.
Do not use pictures, graphics, and charts to
augment the topic being discuss (Foster, 2000).
8.2.2 Physical Gesture And Facial Expression

For the physical gesture and facial expression in Japan
such as smiling when meet a new person is the good
facial expression show to the person. Other than that, in
Japan the okay sign made by the thumb and
forefinger, it means money like the shape of a coin it
does not mean okay and it is the sign that consider a
little rude.
30
Next, Japanese women usually often place their hands

over their mouth and giggle, as a way to maintain their
distance from men, or to control the uncomfortable
situation. Therefore, winking, whistling and similar
displays are considering very appropriate (Foster, 2000).
8.2.3 Physicality And Physical Space

It is consider an appropriate manner when you do some
of these behaviour when you meet or having a
conversation with the Japanese such as:
Never be the first greeting a Japanese by touch him
beyond the soft handshake.

Do not backslaps, hugging, kissing to the Japanese
when meet them.

Do not speak with your hands in your pockets but
always keep your hands firmly at your side.

Do not cross your legs when sits and it must never be
ankle over knee which the Japanese are very formal
when they are sitting and stand.

Do not chewing gum, slouching and leaning in the
public (Foster, 2000).
8.2.4 Eye Contact

Eye contact for Japanese usually they do not is indirect
eyes contact which they dont feel comfortable and it is
consider rude for the Japaneses people if some of the
foreigner having an eye contact with the Japanese. The
direct eye contact mean there is something wrong with
31
their appearance. Only upon the introduction do eyes

meet and respect and humility is demonstrated by
lowering the eyes (Foster, 2000).
8.3
PROTOCOL IN PUBLIC
Behaviour and manner for Japanese when they are in public is
very important which it will give a perception and showing
that how the individual be like when in public. In term of
punctuality personal hygiene and the way of how the person
give a gift to other person. Hence, protocol in public is very
important and useful in our daily life.
8.3.1 Manner In Public
If you in the public, you should not blow your nose which
it is can be considered as impolite. If you blow your
nose, you may use a tissue and do not use handkerchief
when you want to blow your nose in the public. This can
be refer to Appendix 7.
Other than that, do not be loud and obnoxious in public.
For Japanese people, mostly they are respecting other
people even though they having fun but would not make
people around them uncomfortable. Then, do not talk
loudly on the phone call when riding the train or subway
(Walker, 2013).
Next, do not cut across in front of people which it is
consider as rude to cut across. For example, if you want
to pay bill in the restaurant wait for your turn to pay and
do not cut across of people. Be patient to wait until your
turn come (Agili, 2007).
8.3.2 Punctuality
32
For Japanese, it is important to be punctual especially in

term of time management. By that, do not arrive more
than five minutes or more than five minutes too late
especially for the business matter. It is better to be early
before the time been mention to meeting. If you late do
not forget to apologize and explain why you been late
(Foster, 2000).
8.3.3 Personal Hygiene
Japanese people are more concern with their personal
hygiene especially when in the public place or even on
the workplace in term of cleanliness and smelling good
of the person. There are few things that you shouldnt
do when you in the public such as in the workplace,
house or any public place.
Do not get a bath in dirty condition. For instant, if

you want to take a bath in public bath like Sento
make sure you clean yourself by taking shower
first before go to bath. It is because for Japanese
taking bath is to relax and enjoy the hot water but
not for cleaning (Foster, 2000).

Do not enter to house, tatami (straw mat) room,
restaurant and other buildings with shoes. If your
friend invited to their house or office do open your
shoes and wear a slipper house that been prepare
before entering the buildings (Walker, 2013).
8.3.4 Gift Giving

Gift giving is very good in term of bond the strong
relationship and has harmonies between two difference
family or individual that come to Japan. But for business,
giving a gift in form of personal gift means that correct
33
thing about the nature of the relationship in the

business and also some of appropriate gift to be given. If
you were invited to Japanese house or having a dinner it
is good if you bring some small gift from your own
country to your Japanese friend. There are some of gift
that is appropriate to be as gift to the Japanese such as:
Box of fruits, pastries, cake or other sweets.

Key-chain from your own country.
Book that related to knowledge such as the
Coffee Table book

Growing plants like Bonzai tree or Bamboo
(Foster, 2000).
34
But however, there are some kind of gift that not

appropriate to be giving to the Japanese such as :
Do not give flower such as Lilies or carnation

which for Japanese the flower carries a
negative symbol that related with death.

Do not give money as a gift (Foster, 2000).
Next, if you want to give a gift in a big quantity

make sure that the total number of gift is not an
even number which for Japanese it mean a bad
luck or negative symbol such as:
Do not use number Four or Nine which
mean a very bad luck.

Do give a gift in Three or Seven which
bring a very good luck. (Foster, 2000).
Other than that, to giving a gift you must wrap the

gift in very proper manner which the gift must be
in good condition and wrapped it nicely. To wrap a
gift, first the gift wrapped with the ordinary paper.
Second, the gift wrapped again with white paper.
The red colour is fine to use for the gift or cards
that you will give to your colleague which red
related with the blood. White colour is mostly use
in Asia with funerals, which use by the ribbons of
the gift. Nevertheless, the use of red or yellow
colour of paper is safe to be use when wrapped
the gift (Foster, 2000).
35
8.4
DINING IN JAPAN
Japan not only the country that have many kind of attraction
but also rich in term of their traditional food Which dining in
Japan also have some protocol or the manner when sit and eat
with their family and friends. By that, we should learn the
manner when eating with the Japanese people.
8.4.1 Table Manner
In Japan, they usually have a timetable for their eating
management
everybody
in
the
house
are
sitting
together and enjoy the meal. During the eating time,

they usually do not talk while eating because it is not
good manner while eating. The timetable for their eating
which for breakfast they serve the food from 7.30 a.m.
to 9.00 a.m. and the food serve like tea that drink
without sugar, milk or lemon. Then, some rice and
porridge-type cereal.
For lunch, which at 2.30 a.m. with the food serve on the
Bento box which the food such as meat, fish, and
vegetables and some rice and noodles. Besides that, the
lunch food also can be a hot broth or soup that has
many types of ingredients in the soup. Thus, also the
fine course such as sushi, sashimi, sukiyaki and shabushabu with the drink like beer, sake or tea.
Next, for the dinner will serve from 6.30 a.m. to eight
until 9.00 p.m. which the food also may be similar as the
lunch food. Dessert also may include or do not include
which the desserts may like sweet cakes, fresh fruit,
green tea or ginger ice cream (Foster, 2000).
36
37
It is good to have a proper manner so that it will not

make you embarrassed to yourself such as:
Do not slurp the food when eating noodles. If you

eating noodle do not slurp the food but however
eat the noodle without making any sound and
remember never slurp the tea drink (Walker,
2013).
Do not refill the drink by yourself. If you were
having dinner with your colleague and drink some
sake which is the rice wine do not refill it by
yourself because it make your friend lose face but
you may pour a little drink into your colleagues
glass even your friend dont want it (Foster, 2000).

Do not leave over rice in your bowl. It is because
for Japanese the rice is sacred and leaving any
rice it mean bad breeding (Foster, 2000).
Japanese chopstick is simple, made with raw wooden

sticks, and usually present in a paper wrapper. If you
want to use the chopsticks, do not slip the chopsticks
out of their paper wrapping and discard them. Then,
slide the chopsticks out and lay the chopstick carefully
on the right side of your plate. When using chopstick
you should:
Do not use your fingers when eat any food but use
chopsticks to cut up pieces of food.

Do not cross your chopsticks like an X.
Do not rest the chopsticks separate sides of the
plate.
Do not use chopsticks to point a thing.
Do not use chopsticks to pass the food to other
person.
Do not stick the chopsticks stand upright on your
rice (Foster, 2000).
38
39
9.0 JAPANESE COSTUMES

Japan is well known for its fashion, cosplay and costumes. Even
though there a lot of new fashion exists, Japan people will never
forget their traditions. The traditional dress in Japan still was use by
its people especially during certain-certain festival and also during
wedding such as kimono, nagajuban, yukata, hakama, tabi and
geta. This can be shown in APPENDIX 8.
There a lot of Japan costumes that still been use nowadays such as
kimono, hakama, yukata andfurisode. The most famous costumes
are kimono. According to Japan national tourism organization,
kimono is worn on formal occasions and it can give graceful and
elegant deportment to the person who wears it. When wearing
kimono, the person who wear it especially for women need to wear
underneath dress known as nagajuban which is a simple robe that
use under kimono. Nagajuban can make the kimono easily removed
from the person body and it can help in cleaning problems (Spacey,
2014).
Besides, in wear kimono also the women must also wear obi.
According to Spacey, J (2014) obi is the wide silk that tied around
the waste of a kimono or yukata. Obi can come in wide variety of
designs, lengths, widths and materials and it represents different
customs and symbolism. For men, the obi is simple whereby it is
short and thin and has a simple pattern or stripes (Spacey, 2014).
Next, yukata is more to informal summer robe that will be wearing
during cherry blossom viewing parties, festivals and fireworks in
Japan. Other than that, hakama is actually men clothing but
nowadays women wear hakama too. Hakama is wear for martial arts
kyudo or as formal wear (Spacey, 2014).
40
Furthermore, to finish completing the costumes for Japan traditional

costumes, the people who wear it, must wear tabi which is a formal
socks that was worn with Japanese sandals known as geta. The tabi
has unique shape which is separate the toes with big toe.
41
10.0 JAPANESE MARTIAL ARTS

Japanese martial arts play significant parts for Japan country. It is
use as a self-defense and to prevent to getting killed. Bujitsu is the
general term for martial arts in Japan. There are the most popular
martial arts in Japan which are karate, judo, kendo and kyudo. This
can be shown in APPENDIX 9.
10.1 KARATE
Karatedo literally means the way of the empty hand and it is
has been developed over1000 years ago in China. Karate is
introduced by Funakoshi Gichin in the 1920. Every part of the
body can be used as a fighting weapon in karate but mostly
the technique used are sidestep or block opponents and also
kick (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d). The training uniform for karate is
called dogi which is a white folded top with white pants and a
belt. The belt has several colours such as black, white, and
brown. The belt also use as a ranking system in karate (Martial
Arts, n.d). One of the aspects of karate training includes
repeatedly striking a makiwara and also smashing boards or
breaking roof tiles to demonstrate their power. In a karate
competition, the participants will wear protective gear to
prevent accidental injury. The participants will usually use
their kicks and punches and will avoid blows to the head in the
match. In a match called kumitejiai, they will score points by
landing thrusts and kicks towards their opponent. In karate
also, the instructor will pay close attention to his students
attitude (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
10.2 JUDO
Judo literally means the gentle way. It is a type of wrestling
involving
throwing
and
pinning
techniques.
Judo
also
42
developed from older martial arts which is jujitsu. In judo, the

techniques use is throws, joint-locks, chokes and various
break-fall techniques. It is created in 1882 by educator Jigo
Kanno. Kanno had studied martial art and taken five different
forms of jujitsu and put together to form judo. The uniform for
judo arts resembles karate uniform except the upper part
which is for judo uniform it is made of a more heavyweight
material. Long time ago there is a tournament between Judo
crowd (a small following of kanno) and the Tokyo police
department and the winner is the Judo students and because
of this the police in Japan has adopted Judo as their martial art
and up until now theyre still use judo as a self-defence
technique (Martial Arts, n.d).
10.3 KENDO
Kendo comes from kanji for sword and way and it is a
Japanese fencing (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d). Kendo was revived
as a sport and been introduced to junior high and high schools
in Japan. Shinai is a name for the sword use in kendo. The
sword use in kendo is not the real sword. It is made of 4 long
strips of bamboo. The shinai is designed to avoid serious
injuries during practice sessions and it is quite light. The
kendo practioners will wear protective equipment that covers
them from head to hips. In kendo, the first to score two out of
three points will win the match. They can get points by
striking the opponents head, trunk, or wrist or by jabbing the
throat (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
10.4 KYUDO
Kyudo is a Japanese archery. It is a fighting art that was
developed during Japan feudal period. The bow is made of
wood and bamboo glued together and it is 2.21 meters long
43
(Japan Fact Sheet, n.d). The uniform for kyudo arts is hakama,
keiko-gi, and obi. The archer has to wear tabi. People also can
see the bow at sumo tournaments as part of the ceremonials
rituals because it is a holy artifact in Japanese religion. The
shooting techniques use in kyudo is developed for ceremonial
demonstrations and are highly ritualized and beautiful to
watch (Martial Arts, n.d). In any kyudo contest, each
competitor will shoots arrows at a target 28 or 60 meters
away and the competitors who hits target with the greatest
number will win the contest (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
44
11.0 SPORTS IN JAPAN

In Japan, sports also are the most important elements in Japan. The
most popular sport in Japan is Sumo. It is well-known to the
international countries and followed by baseball. Baseball is playing
by almost generation in Japan and it is popular among high schools
and universities. This can be shown in APPENDIX 10.
11.1 Sumo
Sumo holds the status of Japans national sport as a form of
wrestling. The participants will wear nothing only a mawashi
(loincloth) and they will face each other in a circular ring
called dohyo and push, wrestle and throw each other
opponents. The person who throw his opponent to the ground
or push him out of the ring will be the winner (Kids Web Japan,
n.d).
The hairstyle for sumo participants is called oicho which is like
ginkgyo-leaf knot. The warm up for two wrestlers usually they
will spend several minutes in a preparation ritual, extending
their arms, stamping their feet, squatting and glaring each
other. After that, the match will begin until they require a brief
mizuiri which is intermission which allow them to rest.
There a lot of winning techniques in sumo match which
including pushing or lifting the opponents out of ring, leg trips
and even using a grip on the belt to throw the opponent.
There are rank in sumo sport which is yokozuna (grand
champion), ozeki (champion) and sekiwake (junior champion).
Yokozuna is the only permanent rank in sumo.
The sumo wrestler usually will start getting train from young.
They will train, eat and sleep communally in the stable and
45
also will receive a small allowance.
Stable is the home for
young wrestler. They will rise early in 4 or 5 oclock to start

training. There are three practices usually use in sumo. The
practice called keiko in Japan. The first keiko called shiko
which is the wrestler will raise their legs as high as possible,
second is teppo where they will open their palms and
continuously slap it against a wooden pillar and the last keiko
is matawari. Matawari exercise which one sits with legs spread
as wide as possible.
After getting keiko, in the evening they will eat a special stew
called chanko-nabe which is a high-calorie stew containing
meat and vegetables and also a large bowl of rice and they
will finish it with two bottles of beer. After eat, they will be
asked to take a nap. In sumo also, the winner will receives
prize such as cash, trophies and variety of prizes including rice
and rice wine (sake) (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
11.2
BASEBALL
During the early Meiji Period, baseball or also called as yakyu by
Japanese was imported by Horce Wilson from the United Stated. After
that, it is become popular sport in Japan among the amateur athletic
clubs and universities. Baseball also being plays for almost generation
at all levels from elementary schools to the professional leagues
(Baseball, 2014).
Besides that, there are also stadiums that are specializing to baseball
in Japan. This can be refer to Table 11.1 for the main baseball
stadiums in Japan.
46
TABLE 11.1 THE MAIN BASEBALL STADIUMS IN JAPAN

Source:www.stadiumjourney.com/news
Koshien Stadium
Mazda Stadium
Yokohama Stadium
47
12.0 ARTS IN JAPAN

Japanese arts have its own significant for Japanese people. There a
lot of Japanese arts that represents Japan beauty such as
calligraphy, ikebana, origami, geisha and tea ceremony. This can be
shown in APPENDIX 11.
12.1 CALLIGRAPHY
Calligraphy means beautiful writing and it is called shodo in
Japanese and it refers to individual characters and entire
documents. Shodo is known as a highly respected arts form in
Japanese tradition. Japanese people learn calligraphy and
started to create their own style in spacing, ink tone,
character form and line width in calligraphy. Japanese
calligraphy is viewed as a window into the character of the
calligrapher in Japan (Freer, 2005). Refer to appendixes to
view example of Japanese calligraphy shodo by H.E. Davey
Sensei. Ac. Japanese paper for calligraphy is called washi, the
inkstone called suzuri whereby is made from stone and it is
use to hold water, the paperweight are called bun-chin, the
brush are called fude and the ink is called sumi (Japan
National Tourism Organization, n.d).
12.2 IKEBANA
Ikebana
is
translated
as
the
Japanese
art
of
flower
arrangement. The material of ikebana is include freshly cut

branches, vines, leaves, grasses, berries, fruit seeds, and
flowers and also a dried plants. Ikebana has developed a
symbolic language and decorative concepts and also the use
of nature as one of the traditional Japanese arts (Japan Fact
Sheet). There are two types of ikebana which is rikka and
moribana. Rikka literally means standing flower that was
48
created by Buddhist monks of the Ikenobo School. Rikka

normally use tall bronze vase and its required a high degree
of technical skill. The work of rikka was a microcosm that
represented
the entire
universe through
the image
of
landscape while moribana is means piled-up flowers that

created by Ohara Unshin which is the founder of Ohara school.
Suibanis a shallow container that ohara used to arrange cut
plants over an extended surface. Suiban literally means
water basins. To make the plants remain fresh, there must
have enough water. Usually, the most common method used
is to cut the base of the stems under water and then left the
stems submerged for at least 30 minutes (Japan Fact Sheet,
n.d).
12.3 ORIGAMI
Origami is well known with the paper making of different type
of art from the paper color. Origami also known as Orikata
mean fold shapes. On 1880, the craft become known as
origami which the origami comes from Japanese words oru
mean to fold and Kami mean paper. It is also become the
symbol of the global peace of movement. Origami has the
speculated that the characters for this term were simply the
easiest for school children to learn to write. Then, Japanese
first used paper during the sixth century (Hinder, n.d).
Akira Yoshizawa is the person of grandmaster of Origami
which born in 1911, and he is the first person learned origami
when he was child. In 1954, he published Atarashi Origami
Geijutsu (New Origami Art,n.d) which though the book people
can learn the basis for the symbols and notations that we use
today when describe how to fold a particular model when
doing the origami paper. Other than that, the origami book
49
turns the Yoshizawa into origami superstar. Then Akira

Yoshizawa passed away in 2005 which during his lifetime he
created over 50,000 different types of figures (Hinder, n.d).
50
12.4 GEISHA
Geisha is known as the person of the arts and literally known
as performing artist in Japan. In Japanese, gei means art
and sha means people or person (Geisha, n.d). Geisha is a
great entertainer and have knowledge in arts. They can play
traditional musical instrument of Japan, they can dance the
Japanese traditional dance, and they can perform in tea
ceremony and as an entertainer.
12.4.1
STEPS OF TRAINING FOR GEISHA
For the first step, young girls have to go to Okiya which

is the Geisha House and being accepted by Okasan, the
owner of geisha house. In Japan, okasan is means
mother. After the young girls have been accepted, they
will be trained by okasan.
The second step is called shikomi. In this stage, the
young girls would work as a maid and have to attend
classes. Here, they will be learn on how to plays
traditional musical instruments, dancing, how to perform
tea ceremony, and to good entertainer.
The third step is called misedashi. The young girl will be
called as minarai, where they will be learning by
watching other geisha do their works. The young girls
will follow other geisha to ozakashi, the tea ceremony or
parties and watch them perform in the ceremony.
For the fourth step, the girls will be called as maiko or
apprentice geisha. In this stage, they have to find their
onnesan, their senior or older sister of geisha to be their
mentor. Here, the onnesan will give a new name for
51
maiko and that name will be their geisha name (Geisha

Culture, 2015).
The fifth step is called erikae or eriage, which means
changing of the collar. In this step, maiko will change
their red collar to a white collar and become a
geisha.These steps can be shows in Figure 11.1. (How
to Become a Geisha, n.d).
Okiya
Shikomi
Misedashi
Maiko
Erikae
or
Eriage
Figure 12.1 THE STEPS OF TRAINING FOR GEISHA

Source: www.wikihow.com
12.5 TEA CEREMONY

The tea ceremony was started in the Sengoku period in the
town of Sakai. On the 14th and 15th, by the influence of Zen
Buddhist, the ritual preparation and serving of tea in front of
52
the guest were developed and many people start to practice

it.
In Japan, tea ceremony is known as chonayu or sado, the way
of tea. It is involve the ritual preparation of making the teas
and the way of serving the teas to the guest. For formal tea
ceremony which is chaji, there will serve meals or called as
chakaiseki with two types of tea which are koicha and usucha.
Tea ceremony normally takes approximately four hours to
perform by the host. When the tea ceremony is being
performed, the guest is not allowed to talk or interrupt during
the ceremony. The host and the guest need to pay attention
and focus during the ceremony. It is to encourage the peaceful
environment in the ceremony (Tea ceremony,n.d).
During the tea ceremony, the utensils that the host use in the
ceremony are natsume (tea caddy), chasen (whisk), chawan
(tea bowl), futo-oki (lit and ladle rest), futo (kettle), hishaku
(ladle),furo
(portable
brazier),
chakin
(hemp
cloth)
and
chashaku (tea scoop) (Tea Ceremony Utensils, 2011).
53
13.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF JAPANESE

KABUKI
Japanese Kabuki also has the history and it is still being performed
until today. Kabuki which also well known to the foreigners and
being performed at the available theaters in Japan.
13.1 EARLY ERA OF KABUKI
Kabuki was started in the early 17 th century by Okuni, a
female attendant from the Izumo Shrine. On that time, Kabuki
was only performed dancing and comic sketches to the
audience on the dry bed of the river Kamogawa, Kyoto. Okuni
and her production which are mostly women are also very
popular after that because of the sensual dances and erotic
scenes. Unfortunately, after women have been banned by
Tokugawa
shogunate
and
the
men
takes
over
Kabuki
performance they started to performed realistic dialogue and

variety of acting styles (Kodansha, 1983).
13.2 NEW ERA OF KABUKI
Nowadays, Kabuki is still being performed at the available
theaters in Japan such as Kabukiza Tokyo, Minamiza Kyoto and
Shochikuza Osaka. It is still popular and has been spread to
overseas. Now, Kabuki is not only play in Japan, but also in
overseas. The production had been performed Kabuki in the
several countries such as Germany, France, United State,
Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan (Kurpiel,
n.d). Moreover, there is Kabuki academy for people to learn
how to perform Kabuki either local Japanese or foreigners. The
Kabuki Academy is established by Mary Mariko Ohno, where
she teach people about the Japanese Classical dancing, Nagauta shamisen, kimono dressing, stage make up, music and the
54
general concepts of Kabuki Arts at Tacoma Community

College, Seattle Central Community College and her studio in
Tacoma Washington. Now, she have 500 and above students
from America Japanese-America and Japanese living in the
United
State
(Ohno,
2014).
Therefore,
Kabuki
is
only
performed in the overseas but also being learned by the

foreigners.
13.3 TYPES OF KABUKI THEATRE
There are three types of kabuki theatre which are jidaimono,
sewamono and shosagoto. The main types of kabuki are
jidaimono and sewamono because this type of kabuki plays
dramatically presentations while the shosagoto only consist
dancing scene (Kodansha, 1983). This can be refer to
APPENDIX 12.
Jidaimono is a story about history where it plays about
conflicts battles loyalties and betrayals that present a
melodramatic acting style called aragoto which is means
rough business and the actor will wears kumadori make up.
Kumadori make up is white make up with heavy lines draws on
face (Berkeley, 2010).
While sewamono is a story about domestic or contemporary
where it plays love affairs and family tragedies. Sewamono
present more natural acting style called wagoto, which means
soft style and the actor will wear naturalistic make up. Wagoto
describe male character that performed with a soft and
feminine acting style close to that of the onnagata roles.
Onnagata is a term used to describe male actors who plays
female role on the stage and because of that, wagoto
character have a more limited posture and their movement is
more smooth and elegant (Berkeley, 2010).
55
13.4 THE MAIN THEATRE OF JAPANESE KABUKI

There the main kabuki theaters in Japan that people can go.
Firstly, is Kabukiza Theatre. The theatre is located in Tokyo at
the above Higashi-Giza Station. This is the most accessible
theatre and the staging plays almost every day. It is also
offering English headset for foreigner and tourist who come
there. Single-act ticket also offered only on the day at the
counter tickets and the regular ticket is available on the online
booking.
Secondly, is National Theatre. It is also located in Tokyo near
to Hanzomo Station and Nagatacho Station. This theatre is
offering variety of programs every month including kabuki or
bunraku performances and English headset for rental. It is also
provide kabuki appreciation workshops for beginners. Next is
Shochikuza Theater. It is located in Osaka at Dotombori
District near at Namba Station. This theater only performs
kabuki for three to five times every year and the gap between
each performance is three to four weeks. This theater is not
offering the English headset but the foreigner or tourist can
purchase the English program book at the information counter.
Minamiza Theater also is the one of the main theatre for
kabuki. It is located in Kyoto at Gian District next to Keihan
Gian-Shijo Station. This theatre only performs kabuki two
times of three weeks every year. Usually they will perform
during spring and autumn. Last but not least, Hakutaza
Theater. It is located in Fukuoka next to Nakasu Kawabata
Subway Station. The kabuki performance will be conduct only
on February and June every year. These theaters can be refer
in Table 13.1 (Japan-Guide.com, 2013).
56
There are also historical theaters for foreigner and tourist to

watch kabuki performance. For foreigner or tourist who would
like to get the experience on the structure of old style theater
or traditional theater they may go to Kanamaru Theater
Kotohira
and Uchikoza Theater Uchiko. These historical
theaters can be referring in Table 13.2 (Japan-Guide.com,

2013).
57
Table 13.1 THE MAIN THEATERS OF KABUKI

Sources:www.japan-guide.com
Kabukiza Theatre, Tokyo
National Theatre, Tokyo
MinamizaTheatre, Kyoto
Shochikuza Theatre, Osaka
HakatazaTheatre, Fukuoka
58
Table 13.2 THE HISTORICAL THEATERS OF KABUKI

Sources:www.japan-guide.com
KanamaruzaTheatre,
Kotohira
UchikozaTheatre, Uchiko
13.4 THE STAGE OF KABUKI THEATRE

In the early era, where Okuni started to performed kabuki it
was performed at outdoors nearly river and the stage imitated
Noh theatre (Mende, 2002). Now kabuki has the official
theatre in Japan. The unique of the kabuki theatre is the
design of the stage. Firstly, mawaributai. It is a revolving stage
that is located at the main stage. It is use to change scenes
where it will rotate to change to a new scene to be performed
(Kodansha, 1983).
Secondly is hanamichi. Hanamichi is aisle stage running from
the stage to the rear of theatre trough the audience (Kabuki,
2000). It is also known as secondary stage for the actors exit
and entrance (Kodansha, 1983). Thirdly is seri or known as lift.
It is a platform where it can be raised and lowered from the
59
bottom of the stage. Normally seri is located at the main stage

and hanamichi (Kabuki, 2000).
Joshikimaku is a standard curtain that is located at the main
stage and it is displayed black green persimmon-colored
vertical stripes. It is drawn open from the right stage to the
left stage and also serves as backdrops for brief scenes given
(Kodansha, 1983). Next, the right stage is called shimote and
the left stage is called kamite. Kuroko is known as stagehand
where he will appear on the stage to help the actor or remove
props (Kabuki, 2000). This can be shown in APPENDIX 12.
60
14.0 THE HISTORY OF KABUKI

Kabuki was founded in 1603 by a Shinto called Izumo no Okuni
(Matsuda, 1998). This can be refer in APPENDIX 13. She and the
others performer which is mostly played by women started to
performed dances and comic sketches in the dry riverbed of the
Kamogawa River in Kyoto. At first, the performer are mostly played
by female but during that time, the Tokugawa shogunate decide to
banned them from performing because of prostitution among the
women performer. Therefore, kabuki was called prostitutes-singing
and dancing performer at this period (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
After the women kabuki, called onna-kabuki, was banned in 1629
because of prostitution, they were replaced by young boys which
called wakashu-kabuki, unfortunately they were also too qualified
for prostitution, the shogun government soon banned wakashukabuki as well (Johnson,1996). Then Kabuki switched to adult male
actors, called yaro-kabuki, in the mid-1600s. Male actors played
both female and male characters. Eventually, the theater remained
popular and also focused in suburban lifestyle until modern times
(Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
On the year 1629 until 1673 the transition to yaro-kabuki was
established during those decades. Male actors known as onnagata
or oyama took over the female role since women were banned from
performing. In addition, wakashu which is adolescent role was also
often played by young man for attractiveness. But, it turns out that
the male actor were also available for prostitution because most of
them are handsome young actor. After that, both onnagata and
wakashu roles were banned (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
Then, the golden age year comes in where it started in 1673 until
1841. Based on the article, during these era kabuki thrived. The
61
performances
were
formalized
and
character
types
were
established. The ningyojoruji known as Bunraku is the form of

Puppet Theater become related with Kabuki theater, after that each
has influenced the others development. Ichikawa Danjuro also lived
during this time, he is credited with the development of mie which
are poses
and
mask
such
as kumadori make-up
(New
World
Encyclopedia, 2014).
Kabuki today still popular among Japanese drama and it often play
in movie. Nowadays, they use female actors in the onnagata roles.
Then, statue of Okuni also place in Kyotos district. Other than that,
Kabuki also had spread in the west. Besides that, in Australia za
kabuki troupe at Australian National University always perform
Kabuki drama since 1976, which are the longest performance of
Kabuki out of Japan country. Then, UNESCO now has enlisted Kabuki
as Third Proclamation of Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible
Heritage of Community on 24 November 2005 (New World
Encyclopedia, 2014).
62
15.0 THE PROCESS AND PREPARATION INVOLVED IN

KABUKI THEATER
Before the Kabuki Theatre started, there are several process and
preparation that are needed in order to ensure that the event or the
theatre is well prepared and run smoothly. One of it is the Kabuki
acting technique and training for the performers in order to learn
how to play certain characters. However, most often a performer is
only specialize in one type of character as their acting technique,
use of voice and other related required almost a long-life training.
The kabuki theatres are family tradition, they already start dance
training in his childhood by their fathers (Kabuki acting: Tradition
and Technique, n.d).
The second thing is the stage design effect. The kabuki theatre is
well known for its use of various stage effects. Leithers book Frozen
moments provides an excellent chapter on spectacle in kabuki
theatre. And then the theatre will became a Pirandellian mind game
in which nothing could be trusted to be what appeared. Liether then
goes into Okyogen Gakuya Honsetsu, in which the secret of kabuki
special effects were laid here (Element of Production, n.d).
Next thing is the costumes and make up. A character make up and
costumes is a direct indication of his or her position in the society.
Actors wear a skull cap called a habutae under their wigs,
meanwhile those who worn by onnagata (actor playing female roles)
are purple in color and known as murasaki by onnagata (purple
hat). They also forbidden from hiding their shaved pates (which
mean the mark that they were adult men and not women). Wigs
built around a copper wire skeleton are the traditional standard (The
Samurai Archieve Samurai Wiki, n.d).
After that, the sound and music. The music in kabuki is performed
live, by shamisen player and an ensemble known as the hayashi.
There a drums beating, stringed instruments being plucked and
63
singers are wailing falsetto. Other special sound effects are made by
musicians who are either onstage or concealed from the audience in
a small room with a window called geza. This group uses a variety of
instruments such as drums, bells, gongs, flutes, shamisen (which is
a three-stringed lute like instruments) all to create a wide range of
moods and sounds (Narukami: The Thunder God, n.d). This process
and preparation can be refer in Figure 14.1 below (The Samurai
Archieve Samurai Wiki, n.d).
Kabuki acting
technique and training
Stage design effect
Costumes and make

up
Sound and music
Figure 14.1 THE PROCESS AND PREPARATION BEFORE THE

KABUKI THEATER.
Sources: http://wiki.samurai-archives.com
64
65
16.0
THE PEOPLE, TRADITION AND TRADITIONAL
EVENT
There are few people which have strong character that take part in
Kabuki drama, and it involved male and female character.
16.1 KABUKI PEOPLE
According to the Japan Fact Sheet article, the first founder of
the Kabuki is a female attendant named Okuni. She created
this art in 17th century. There are also few people that involved
in the performance based on their roles and responsibility.
Basically, there are few people that really considered as
Japans greatest dramatist.Firstly, Chikamatsu Monzaemon
spent a lot of his time writing Kabuki dramas, although he
usually a greatest puppet player which is Bunraku (Japan
zone, n.d).
Next, is the Ichikawa Danjuro which help in developing the
Kabuki in terms of raising the status of Kabuki in society and
done many great works such as adapted puppet plays for the
Kabuki stages. Other great acting dynasties include Onoe
Kikugoro and Bando Tamasaburo. Other than that, actors who
play female roles are known as onnagata or oyama. The first
great female roles Yoshizawa Ayame. Early onnagata were
required to maintain their feminine of behaviour as well as the
way they dress even in their private lives, this practice was
abolished in the Meiji Restoration of 1868 (The Ancient Art of
Japanese, 2015). This can be shown in APPENDIX 14.
Kabuki has its tradition which involved roles of the character
and the traditional plays in the performance and what are
their practices before and during performance.
66
67
16.2 TRADITION AND TRADITIONAL EVENTS

For the traditions, there are no women in traditional kabuki, so
female roles are played by men, some are very fame because
they can play the feminine characteristics while performing.
Also, the actors who play female roles are trained from a
young to play these roles as their specialty, from their fathers
and grandfathers, who also specialized in playing these roles.
The tradition extends even to the audience (The Ancient Art of
Japanese, 2015).
Moreover, in a traditional performance of three plays, the
middle always being a comedy, the audience enjoys few
traditional foods. A lunch box is sold along with the ticket, and
it is given to you when arrival at the theatre, they also
displaying pickled vegetables, fish, rice, and other traditional
staples of the Japanese diet. Beside that is dessert, a
traditional treat, monaka, is available at food stands outside
the performance hall. Refer to APPENDIX 14, Monaka are
traditionally sweet red beans between two cookies or wafers,
but nowadays, green tea or azuki ice cream has replaced the
red beans (The Ancient Art of Japanese, 2015).
There are two categories kabuki drama. Firstly, the historical
drama called Jidai-mono. Historical drama often asked the
hero to make greatest sacrifices. For example, chushingura
the kabuki adaptions of Bunraku play is telling about the
famous story of the forty-seven lord less knights (Traditional
Theatrical Arts, n.d). Secondly, the domestic plays, this more
realistic than historic drama whereby this play known for
realistic portrayal. They are more towards violence and
shocking drama (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
68
17.0 COSTUMES, MAKEUP AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

The costumes makeup and musical instrument is the important part
in Kabuki theatre. Without these three things, the theatre will not
perfect. The costumes is representative to the character that the
actor play, while the makeup in kabuki plays significant part and
also the music is the one that will always accompany the kabuki
theatre.
17.1 THE KABUKI COSTUMES
The costumes for Kabuki Theatre are always show rich
symbolism of the stories that the actor bring and extravagant
nature that can impress the audience (Alter, 1990).One of the
costumes that always been used in Kabuki theatre is kimono
which is traditional dress for Japanese people and its already
been used since a long time ago in Japan.
In Kabuki theatre, the costume that the actors wear is
expressing the social status and personality of the character
that they carry. The costume that they use can be easily
recognized by the audience based on the patterns and colours
for each role. For example, the character of towns people,
they will wear a plain coloured kimono while the high class
courtesans will wear luxurious costumes called keisei. As part
of the costumes, the actor in Kabuki play will wear big wigs
and different types of masks. The wig that they use was
according to the character that they carry. Refer to APPENDIX
15 to view example of kimono that been use in kabuki theatre
by different actor that bring different character.
The kimono used by the actor in Kabuki play consisting
several layers and the actor must know how to take care of
the kimono when their sit or changing scene. When the actors
69
wear the Kimono, he needs someone to help him with the

preparations. It is because, the kimono has several layers and
its hard to wear it alone. When changing scene, the kimono
can easily remove because the outer layers of the kimono are
sewn together very loosely (Kurup, 2011).
17.2 KABUKI MAKE UP
Make up for actor in Kabuki theatre are recognized to be the
most lavish and extravagant in the world by theatre people.
According to fashion encyclopedia, Kesho is a kabuki makeup
name. It is divided by two types which is standard makeup
that applied to each actor and the second one called
Kumodori. The actors in Kabuki theatre will wears Habutae
which is a skull cap that is tightly fits around the forehead and
it is silk (Scott, 1909). Their will apply the makeup with brush.
The white powder that usually used by the actor is called
oshiroi. The oshiroi is made from rice powder and different
shades of white are used depending on the age, class and
gender
of
the
character.
(Fashion
Encyclopedia,
n.d).Theoshiroi is being applied on face and neck, but before

applies oshiroi on the face, the actor need to apply oil on their
face to make the white powder and makeup lasting. This can
be shown in APPENDIX 16.
The kumodori is the extravagant makeup style. The actors in
Kabuki play will wear thick makeup that was designed to
express their character. They will have boldly lines painted
covered in their faces to show anger and bravery (Perkins,
1991). There are two main colours in kumadori makeup which
is red and blue. The red colour represent good which express
the virtue, passion or superhuman power while blue colour
represent bad which expressing the negative traits like
jealously or fear. The other colour which is pink represents
70
youth, light green represents calm, black represents fear, and

purple represents nobility.
Besides,
according
to
Scott,
A.C.,(1909),
different
with
Kumodori makeup style there is another makeup style in

Kabuki
that
represent
good
character
which
is
called
onnagata. Onnagata makeup style is used for actors who bring

young maidens and princesses character. The shape of the
face will look like a melon seed and the actor will also have a
small mouth.
Other character will have mukimi style of makeup which is
used for youthful and handsome hero character in Kabuki
theatre. Mukimi style will have lip colored and curve in red
colour with black colour at the corner of the lips. Next, hayana
makeup style. Hayana is the original design for female devils
and fiends sprang by Yamanaka Haikuro during year 1632 until
1724. The hayana makeup style is a frightening makeup
painted in writing pattern and the eyes and mouth will be
outlined with black colours and a snail shaped on the lips
(Scott, 1909).
17.3 MUSIC INSTRUMENTS
Music in Kabuki theatre are continuously heard throughout the
performance
whereby
its
accompany
the
actor.
The
instrument used in Kabuki is three-stringed, balalaika like

instruments played with a plectrum called shamisen. There
will have a sounding of wooden clappers signalling the
opening and closing of the Kabuki play. The onstage music
called debayashi is played whereby the musicians will dressed
in formal costumes and are seated. They will play the
shamisen, flute, drums, bells and gongs to create a nice and
good music that suitable with the performance.
71
The instruments usually are placed at the left side of the

stage. There is a special sound effect made by musician
whereby when two wooden blocks called hyoshigi struck
together against a wooden board (Japan Fact Sheet, n.d).
Next, according to Randel (2003), the shamisen is a threestringed long-necked lute played with a plectrum. The kabuki
performance uses different sizes of shamisen to accompany
various vocal genres. The genres are divided into two genres
which is the katarimono represents narrative and the utamono
which represent lyrical. Shamisen instrument can be refer in
APPENDIX 17.
72
18.0 KABUKIS THEATER ETIQUETTE

Kabuki theatre also has their dos and donts that the audience
should follow and know when entering the theatre. If the audience
does not know the theatre etiquette, the audience may ask or find
information through the internet and ask the local people.
18.1 THE MANNER WATCHING KABUKI
Kabuki is the well-known of performance by dancing, singing,
and the art of every performance that perform in the theatre.
There are several manner dos and donts when audience
come to see the performance which they should:
Be prepared and arrive early. Before the performance of

kabuki start it is better arrived early 30 minutes to 45
minutes before the performance start. Then, be seated in
your seat at least 15 minutes before the show begin. Do
not come late because if you late to enter the theater, you
may disturb other audience that see the performance.

Be aware and remain quite. It is good to not make any
noise before or during the performance so that you can
enjoy and hear the show without any distraction.

Show appreciation by applauding. Give applause to the
performer after they done the show which the performer
then will feel appreciate because of the performance. The
performer then will give a bowing in return after the show
end.
Participate by responding to the action on stage. It is okay
to show your emotion such as cry, laugh of sighing while
you watching the show depend on the story that been
performed.
Concentrate to help the performers. It is good if you see
the performance concentrate because if you do so it makes
the performer feel supported and they able to do the job.
73
For them, if the audiences focus with the show, the

performer can feel that the audience is with them.
However, when enter the theatre make sure that you should:
Do not
Do not
Do not
Turn of
bring any food or drink outside enter the theater.

bring backpack and lunches entering the theater.
bring recording device such as camera.
your cell phone when enter the theatre (Zenshinza,
2010).
74
19.0 THE INFORMATION OF JAPANESE KABUKI

The other information that are related to Japanese Kabuki are the
list of drama performed by Kabuki actors in the theatre and the
preservation of Kabuki. Kabuki need to be preserve, so that the
young generation would know about the traditional arts of Japan.
19.1 LIST OF DRAMA PERFORMED BY KABUKI
Kabuki is the classic art which combine the story, dance,
music, singing, makeup, customs, stage design and more.
Today, Kabuki dance was performed by the male dancer and
the role of female also performed by the male dancer. In 1868,
the government of official has promoted that kabuki dance
become an official or state entertainment that it is same level
to the Europes grand opera and ballet (Leiter, 2004).By that,
during Edo period Kabuki become one of the entertainment in
Japan that consist of traditional dance and theatre for the
Japanese.
Kabuki have performed many kind of stories to the audience
which the story that been performed in the stage have the
relation with the historical and the social life of the Japan.
Through each of the Kabuki dance performed to the audience
it bring the deep meaning and convey the emotion of the
sound, music with the beautiful style of the movement from
the Kabuki dancer.
There are list of drama performed by kabuki dancer been
presented at Misonoza such as Aotozoshi Hana No Nishikie
(Five
Rascals),
BanchoSarayashiki
(A
Tested
Love),
Chikagorokawara No Tatchiki (A Love Affair At The River

Corner),
Okuni
to
NoriaibuneEhoManzai
Gohei
(A
Boat
(A
Forbidden
With
Seven
Love)
Merry
and
Gods)
75
(Wutanabe, 2010). Each of the stories that been present in the

theatre bring their own meaning to the audiences.
19.2 THE PRESERVATION OF KABUKI
In Japan, the preservation of kabuki is been take care and still
protect the local tradition dance in term of the arts, the
neutral of the dance, the training of the kabuki, customs,
makeup and the music from the kabuki dance for the future
generations. After the World War II, the United States
authorities
that
American
scholarships
identify
and
appreciated the art of the Kabukis cultural which the United

Stated made great efforts to preserve the Kabuki dance
(Matsuda, An Introduction to Kabuki, 1998).
Thus, the classical of kabuki dance should be protected which
the UNESCO announce that a list of assets to be protected by
issuing a proclamation of Masterpieces of the oral and
intangible Heritage of Humanity which one of it is the art of
kabuki. UNESCO also has limited it is designation to classical
Kabuki stage with traditional performance technique which the
judges explained that the introduction of western acting styles
may increase to a process of creative solution and also carry
the risk of bring about the traditional arts (Kabuki A World
Treasure, 2006).
However,for the future generation, the art of kabuki should
not be forgotten by the next generation which the kabuki
should be still playing in the stage and the art of the kabuki
also should not be changed which it will remain the traditional
of kabuki.
76
77
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, after done this report we have learned about the introduction of
Japan which include the culture of Japan in term of the history of Japan, geography,
map, festival, sports arts and dos and donts. Besides that, we also learned about
the Kabuki theatre in terms of its history, background, types of stage, the process
and preparation, costumes, the people of kabuki and the tradition. While we do this
report project, we are able to understand more deeply about Japan and also about
the Kabuki. Other than that, we found that Kabuki theatre is one of the important
culture in Japan and we are very interested to know about Kabuki, by looking at the
history and background we able to know more how the Kabuki begin and developed
until today. Therefore, we hope that Kabuki remain one of the popular theatre in
Japan and acknowledge by Japan people, moreover we also hope that it can be
spread out throughout the world because Kabuki has its own uniqueness that will be
very interesting to learned and know by people around the world.
78
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WorthKeeping. Japan, Edo Shigusa.
Alter, J. (1990). A Sociosemiotic Theory of Theatre. University of
Pennsylvania
Press.
Baseball. (February 9, 2014). www.japanguide.com Retrieved on August 7,
2015.
Berkeley. (November 12, 2010). California: Zenshinza Theatre Company.
Element of Production.(n.d). www.wiki.samurai-archives.com Retrieved on
July 21,
2015.
Encyclopedia
Britannica.(2015).
www.global.britannica.com/biography
Retrieve on
June 30, 2015.
Fashion Encyclopedia.(n.d). www.fashionencyclopedia.com Retrieved July
30,
2015.
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APPENDIX 1 NATIONAL FLAG
The National Flag of Japan
The National Flag of Japan
84
APPENDIX 2 HISTORY OF JAPAN
Kofun
The Great Buddha at the Todaiji temple
85
Buildings with shinden-zukuri style
86
APPENDIX 3 MAP
Map of Japan
The four season in Japan
87
APPENDIX 4 RELIGION
Torii gate for Shintoism
The Great Buddha of Kamakura
88
Motomachi Roman Catholic Church
89
APPENDIX 5 CUISINE
Nigiri sushi
Gunkan sushi
90
Norimaki sushi
Temaki sushi
91
Sashimi
Shabu-shabu
92
Zaru Soba
Kake Soba
93
Kitsune Soba
ZaruUdon
94
KakeUdon
Curry Udon
95
APPENDIX 6 FESTIVALS
Dankake in Hinamatsuri Festival
Hanami Festival
96
Tanzaku in Tanabata Festival
Tanabata Festival
97
Koinobori in Kodomo no Hi Festival
Shichi-go-san Festival
98
APPENDIX 7 DOS AND DONTS
Bowing
The donts : blow nose in the public
99
APPENDIX 8 JAPANESE COSTUME
Traditional kimono for women
Traditional kimono for men
100
Nagajuban
Obi
101
Yukata
Hakama
102
Geta
Tabi socks
103
APPENDIX 9 MARTIAL ARTS
Karate
Judo
104
Kendo
Kyudo
105
APPENDIX 10 SPORTS
Sumo
Baseball
106
APPENDIX 11 ARTS
Origami
Calligraphy
107
Moribana style of Ikebana
Rikka style of Ikebana
108
Geisha
Okiya
109
Tea ceremony
Utensil of tea ceremony
110
APPENDIX 12 KABUKI
Kabuki Academy website
Mary Mariko Ohno
111
Jidaimono
Sewamono
112
Shosagoto
Position of Kabukis stage
113
Rotation stage from below of the stage
The interior of Kabukis theater
114
APPENDIX 13 HISTORY OF KABUKI
The portrait of Okuni
Ichikawa Danjuro
115
APPENDIX 14 THE PEOPLE AND TRADITION
Onnagata actor
Monaka
116
Onnagata and Ayama
117
APPENDIX 15 COSTUMES
Costume of Japanese Kabuki
Women ceremonial costume
118
Kimono with octopus and shell decorations
Kimono with floral motifs
119
Man ceremonial costume
Kimono with long sleeves
120
The samurai costume
121
APPENDIX 16 MAKE UP
Kumadori makeup style
Onnagata makeup style
122
Mukimi makeup style
123
APPENDIX 17 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Shamisen
Hyoshigi
124

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1.

Figure 1.1 NUMBER OF TOURIST VISITED JAPAN

LAND OF THE SUN RISING

2.0 HISTORY OF JAPAN

surroundings. The palaces of the emperor and the residences of the

The beginning of this period was dominated by a political

conflict between Emperor Go-Daigo and his former supporter

During Edo Period in 1600-1868 CE, Tokugawa Ieyasu gained control

3.0 EMPEROR OF JAPAN

4.0 GEOGRAPHY OF JAPAN

TABLE 4.1 POPULATION OF JAPAN

Yearly change (%)

5.0 RELIGION IN JAPAN

the spirits. Lastly is the affirmation of Matsuri where it is a

cone shape and filled with sushi rice, seafood as well as

Curry Udon is another well-known udon noodles served in a

platforms covered with red cloth which is called dankake

hishimochi which is a diamond shaped rice cake. After

to hold cheerful. Other than that, during Hanami at night

with them and so he separated them by placing them on

it was renamed as Kodomo no Hi. The holiday is

Besides that, boys and

girls all over Japan will receive sweet kashiwa-mochi, or

7.5.1 The History and Origin

Tokugawa who is an aristocrats celebrating the growth

considered as one of the luckiest days of the year

8.0 THINGS SHOULD DOS AND DONTS IN JAPAN

GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTION

greeting to the strangers but however only the mainly

person the more respect to the person because of the

Never hand out a dirty, soiled, bent or written-on

When receiving a business card from the Japanese make

You stand upright face the person that give

Holding the card with your two hands politely.

Donts manner when you have the business card:

Never to play with the business cards which do not

write anything on the business card.

curiosity about things in Japan might be a suitable topic

Do not inquire about a persons occupation or

income in casual conversation.

Japans position regarding the rest of Asia.

For the tone, volume and speed during the conversation

Speak slowly, clearly and do not to rushing in

8.2.2 Physical Gesture And Facial Expression

Next, Japanese women usually often place their hands

8.2.3 Physicality And Physical Space

Never be the first greeting a Japanese by touch him

beyond the soft handshake.

when meet them.

always keep your hands firmly at your side.

when they are sitting and stand.

8.2.4 Eye Contact

their appearance. Only upon the introduction do eyes

For Japanese, it is important to be punctual especially in

Do not get a bath in dirty condition. For instant, if

not for cleaning (Foster, 2000).

8.3.4 Gift Giving

thing about the nature of the relationship in the

Box of fruits, pastries, cake or other sweets.

Coffee Table book

But however, there are some kind of gift that not

Do not give flower such as Lilies or carnation

negative symbol that related with death.