Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
CENTENNIALSYMPOSiUM
SPE 20{50
-ktht
This peper wee prepsred tw pre8&Matin t the Cenlermiaf Symposium Pefro#w#r 7kohrWgy /nro ffre Second Cwrtury ! New Mexlco Teoh, socorro, tJM, @fm
1S-19, lW,
This peper wee eefectedfc ~pfeeermion by the New Mdoo Tech Oentennml SympoeiumOommk ee. Contonfe of the peper, M pmeented, have not -a
review d by the SOckfy
of Petrolwm En@neereand are eubject to cor?ecfionby the uthor(s).The meteriel, ae pre8enW, doeg not
neoeeuriIy refhot wry peltion of the soow of %wteum Engin@rs,
ifs Moore, or membere. If timed
for pubtiiim,
this peper ie eubpct to publioetion review by Ediioriel ComrMfeee of the society of Petroleum En@uere. Pumbebn to ccw
ie reefrkted to 8n ~
of rwt mu. then 300 wofds, Illuefrotlorrsmey not be copied. The abetrwt should oontetn conepicuoueacknowtedgmemof whom end by whom the geper
b ~nled.
Write PuMcatione Mwu~r, WE, P,O. Sox SSSSSS,Ricfrerdeorr,TX 750S3.3S3S.Telex, 730SS9SPEDAL.
A!2m.x2
Jrttroduction
Unfortunately, the variability and uncertainty of
performance of most angle-build motors greatly
exceeds the allowable tolerance of the horizontal
It, therefore, becomes necessary to
targets.
design adjustment intervals in the build curve to
compensatefor these uncertainties.
The two character sties that most clearly differentiate horizontal drilling from conventional directional drilling are the use of angle-build motors
and specialized build curve designs. A good build
curve design is nearly as important as selecting
the best directionaldrilling contractor.
The optimum length for a horizontal hole is
reached when the incremental cost of additional
length is greater than the value of the production
from the additional length. Since the productive
performance continues to increase with increasing
length, the optimum is probably close to the maximum length that can be successfullydrilled. The
mechanical limits for horizontal holes are primarily related to torque and drag limits for the rig
and drillstring equipment. To reach the maximutti
possible length, one needs to minimize the torque
Since buckling and gravity
and drag forces.
47
A defined structuralposition in a
reservoir
Water/oil
=20150
HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING
Provide an adjustment interval for handling other than the ideal build rate.
NMTECH 890008
The dimensions of these build curves can be calculated from the geometric relationshipsof strai@t
li;lesand circular arcs. FCC the simple tangent
build curve where we intend to keep the toolface
of the beri housing motor pointed up and maximize
the angle building rate of the tool, the path can
be described as a circular arc in a vertical
plane.
The key equations for
See Figure 1.
calculatingthe height, displacement and length of
a vertical circular arc are:
R=
5730
. . (1)
B
V=
R*
(sin Iz-sin
Il)
. . ...(2)
H=
(COSI1-COS
12)
. . ..$(3)
L=
0
. . . (4)
B
For the complex and ideal build curves that utilize build and turn segments, the path can be
approximated by the geometry of circular arcs
projected to the vertical plane. See Figure 2.
The key equations for the geometry of the build
turn segments are:
Rvm
5730
. (5)
Be
V=RV
(sin 12 -sin
H=RV
. (COS 11 -COSIZ)
L=
.-
. . ...(7)
If one plans to steer the entire horizontal section and no production equipment or tools will be
run through the curve, the optimum build curve
Ii).....(6)
SQE20150
NNTECtl890008
FRANKJ. SCHUH
6T
DL=([z-I1)*
.*
BV
(9).
**
o .
(lo)
sin 11 sin 12
Bv
cos~=
.,*...
. . . . . . (11)
8T
Jhe Swe
sin I
, , , . , , . . , (12)
. , . . . . . . . . . (13)
The final selection in.a simple tangent build-curve design is the angle for the tangent fnterval.
One of the most consnan choices is 45*.
With the tangent at 45, the end of the curve
falls at the same position regardless of the
curvatureof the angle build portions of the hole.
Increasing the tangent angle lowers both the
height and the magnitude of the potential error in
the second build. The height of the second build
~5\reases rapidly as YC. increase the angle above
For example, the height of a second
buiid at 8/100 ft decreases from 209 ft for a
45* tangent to 96 ft with a 60 tangent.
Placing the tangents at angles greater than
45* increases the length of the hole and the
It also
displacement of the end of the curve.
makes the length and displacementsensitive to the
actual curvatures in the first and second build.
These considerations make tangent angles above
One other consideration in
60 unacceptable.
choosing the position of the tangent interval Is
to provide the ability to intersect any crttical
structuralmarkers in the tangent interval so that
one can adjust the second build kickoff point
Table 2 shows the step by step calculations required to calculate the dimensions of the build
curve design shm
in Figure 3. The key decisions
required of the designer are the curvature rates,
the angle of the tangent interval and the length
of the tangent interval. The design build rate
must be no greater than the minimum expected build
rate for the angle-buildmotor selected.
If the actual build rate in the field exceeds the
planned (minimum) rate, the length of the tangent
.-
48
NMTECH 890008
Thls desitn has its greatest applicationfor hor~zontal holes that are drilled to a structural
target. It is quite useful when the final target
position is defined by the tops of formationsthat
are located within the second build curve.
Although one can certainly not make large corrections, the size of the adjustment can be significant.
For example,
in our 6-1/2/100 ft
design build case, we will reach 70 when
we
are 53 ft above the horizontal target. At that
point, it is possible to reach the horizontal
target with our maximum 8/100 ft build rate
in a vertical height of only 43 ft by turning the
toolface straight up.
This would allow a 10 ft
upward vertical adjustment from only 53 ft above
the target. It is also possible to achieve downward target adjustments byincreasing the toolface
angle.
The complex build curve provides a trade-off between target TVD accuracy and target position and
direction, Table 4 summarizes the effect of the
trade-offs. To use this design most effectively,
the well designer needs to establish a greater
latitude in end of curve displacement and direction to maximize the control of the vertical
target.
SPE20150
t
NMTECH 890008
ForU08c
o
o
oo.wm
1+4
OD o UOB
+
46
. . . . (16)
6.5
Th =
72
I
I
I
Th = 3,882 ft-lbf.
The torque in the build curve while rotating off
~gttom when UOB = O is calculated from equation
la.
850
Tb =
Tb = 1650 ft-lbf.
The total torque rotating off bottom is:
T=Th+Tb
. . . ....o-.-. ..-.zo~(l7)
T =3882+
OD*
Th. _
Um*L
. . . . . .
. . (14)
72
6.5
The torque for rotating pfpe in the 90 build
depends on the magnitude of the axial force applied to the end of the curve. Mhile drilling a
horizontal hole with surface rotation, the axial
.33 w Urn R:
Tb = .
. . . . . (15)
.,..*
72
ForUOB>
The torque and drag relationships can be reasonably approximatedby the following relationships.
1
1
Wm R
Tb =
144
.33 . IimJ R:
OD
FRANKJ. SCHUH
Tb =
144
I
81
Tb=
5,889 ft-lbf.
6.5
+
30,000
46
=20150
6
(.86
50)
*
MHTECH 890008
850
+ .69 + 44,333
Db =
4
T= Th+Tb
Db=9,]37
T-
+30,390
. . . . . . . ..(18)
D=Dh+Db
D=
. . . . . . . . . . ..(22)
14,333+39,727
D = 54,960 lb
The drag for the pipe in the build curve is a
function of the axial force on the pipe at the end
of the curve as it enters the horizontal hole.
This force is equal to the weight on the bit plus
the drag of the pipe in the horizontal. If the
bottomhole assembly is expected to provide significant stabilizer drag, this force should be
included in the end of curve force. This force at
the end of the curve is given by:
Fo=Dh+U06+f3HA
. . . . . . ..(19)
The drag for the pipe in the build curve is dependent on the magnitude of the axial force at the
end of the curve.
If Fo<.25
Wm*R:
Db = .4 .Wm.
IfFo>.25.
R,
. . . . . . . . .(20)
WmR:
Db = .25 .
Dh = .33 WML
The tensile drag in the build Interval is a function of the tensile load on the pipe at the end of
the curve. This force is equal to the frictional
drag for the pipe in the horizontal interval plus
any nongravity frictional loads such as might be
caused by stabilizer hanging or other such affects. The drag around the build curve is calculated as follows:
Fot=Dh+BHA
Wm R+.69.
F0
. . ..(21)
IfFot<.85.
IfFot>.85.
Dbt=.69*
. . . . . . . . . ..(23)
Wm.R
. . . . . . . . ..(18)
. . . . . . . ..(24)
Wm~R
Fot-.25.
ifm*R
. ..(25)
50) . 1000
Dh =
3
oh=
14,3331b
Fo=
14,333+30,000
F. = 44,333 lb
.250WM0
.25 s Wm
(.86
R=
.Z5
R=
9,1381b
50) +850
52
SPE 20150
7
FRANKJ. SCHUH
NMTECH 890008
v
I -1
I eferences
1.
BT
(/100 f) .
2. Morites, Guntes: Worldwide Horizontal Drilling
Surges, Oil & Gas Journal, (Feb. 27, 1989).
Bv
BHA
AppENDIX A
Q!&
Db
Compressive
(lbf).
Dh
Drag
in the
build curve,
DL
Total dogleg
(deg).
F.
f.
Coefficientof friction.
in a build-turn segment,
R=
T=
w.
Fot
Displacement, (ft).
11
12
F. = Ax~~oompressive
.
OD
Outside
(in).
diameter
of
the
tool joints,
Rv
Tb
Rotating
(ft-lbf)
Th
torque
in the
build
curve,
2
v
Um
UOB
[1
AT=f~ABS;+wcos
I A!
. . .
(A-1)
-wsinI
5$
. . . . , . . . . (A-2)
sPE20~50
NNTECH 890008
*
UOB>.33
F.
AT=
-wsin
f~ABS
2R
I+wcos
IA4
. .,.
.(A-3)
OD.WOR
Tb =.
. .
(A-1O)
46
AI.......,..
. . (A-4)
SubstitutingA-4 in
sionlessform:
OD*WOB
+
144
WM*R
AT
F.
f,D.w~R
=lABS2
[WOR
sin
[1
AF=f.
I + cos I AI
ABS~
R
. . . . . (A-5)
+wcos
IAi!-w(sin
I)*A@
. . . . . (A-n)
T
=
f*D.w.R
Fi =Fi-l+AF
I=x/2 1
F.
~-ABS-
1=0 2
. . . . . . . . ..
(A-129
sin i + cos I AI
[w . R
. . . . . (A-6)
Using an iterative numerical procedure, we solved
equation A-6 in terms of (F~wR) and plotted the
results in Fig. 5.
Fi=o=Fo
~fABs[:+cOs
sin)
A1
. . . . . (A-14)
R/3
T=(f.Dw*R)/2
Ft
. . . . . ..(A-7)
=
WOR
Fo>w*R/3
. .(A-8)
woBc.33.
OD*
[w.
(sinl)
AII
. . . . . (A-15)
wmR
I Of=
I
WM*!I
Dividing
by w
dimensionless:
. . . (A-9)
Tb =
Fi
+
f ABs[A+cOsllA1
4-w*R
I=fi/2
~:.
F.
[1
x.
T=(f.OD.w.R)/4+
(A-13)
. . . . . . . . . . ..
72-
54
R ...................(A-16)
o R
to
make
the
solution
SPE20~50
NMTECH 890008
FRANK J. SCHUH
.
Df
=
w*R
Ft
F.
. +1
w-R
. .
. (A-17) ,
WOR
for
Pi
w-R
F.
-
Ft
wok
(A-26)
1....
w*R
R:
o~t = .33. UmOR
Df=,4.
Wm*R
. . . . . . . ..
ForFo>.85*w
ForFo>
.25 Wm
*R:
R:
Dbt=.69.
Df = .25 c Um
. . . . . . .. (A-27)
(A-18)
R+
.69 F.
Fot-.25
WmR
. . (A-28)
. . . (A-19)
tkwn
dix 4
Torque and drag force approximationsfor the horizontal portion of a hole assume that none of the
pipe is buckled.
Critical buckling force for a pipe in horizontal
hole was derived by Dawsoni.
Fi
AF=f*ABS-.-wcos
[
lR
I .A@+w(sin
1
I)Ae
. ..-
EI
Umsinel2
~+@i~~AI
FC=2
=fABs[A-cOsll
w*K
12.r
. . . . .
(B-1)
. . . . . (A-21)
Where:
Fi=Fi.l+AF
. . . . . . . . ..
(-22)
E = 29.6
Fi=O=Fo
. . . . . . . . . . . . .(A-23)
I =momentof
inertia, (int).
[1
ABs[A-cOsllA+
(sir)
65.5 - MU
Wm= Wa
. . . . . . . (B-2)
A!
. ...*
The tensile drag force Df IS P;ien
Df=Ft-Fo-w
65.5
*Ii
.,
(A-24)
b:
. . . ..(A-25~
In dimensionlessform it becomes:
There has been considerableconcern over the appropriate radial clearance to use with coupled or
If the pitch of the buckled
tool jointed pipe.
pipe is I&rge compared to the distance between
sPE 20150
10
NNTECH 890008
WVATURE
IJMIIS
o
6-7/100 ft
(Dh - Dtj)/2...................+....(B-3)
Dh=diameter
of hole, (in).
pipe
10/100 ft
12-15/100 ft
30+/100 ft
Fc=550.
lua
(25.5 - Mu) 12
. . (8-4)
Dh - Dtj
Given:
Expected
angle
9.5/100 ft.
build
performance,
8* to
T=
OD . Wm . L+fsinO
24
Solution:
T = torque, (ft lbs).
In oilfield units with f=
hole:
T.
OD w Wm L
. . . . . . . . . . (B-6)
5730
5730
Build radius: R= ==716ft
B8
72
Axial drag for pulling or pushing nonbuckled pipe
in a straight inclined hole:
D=Hm
L. fsin9
(sin Iz-s
n 11)
V-716
(sin50-
sinO) = 549 ft
. . . . . . (B-7)
Where:
Height of tangent:
D= drag force, (lb).
V=L
In oilfield
f= .33:
units
Dh=.33~tim*L
for a
COSI
. . . . . . . ..(B-8)
120
Cos (50) = 77 ft
SPE20150
11
FRANK J. SCHUH
N?4TECH890008
.
Displacement,first build:
ti=R
H=
716
It -
(COS
COS
12}
ft
Displacementof tangent:
I
I
H=
L.
sin I
H=120.
Length of Tangent:
sin50=92ft
L.=
Cos 1
. (COS
so
COS
90) =460ft
L.
100
L=
LEX TANGM
$
EXANPLE PROB~
(12 - rl)
8
10G
191
= 297 ft
Cos 50
GIVEN:
Expected angle build performance
8 to 9.5/100 ft.
(50 - O)
= 625 ft
8
L=
100
(90 - 50)
Second build
first build
500 ft
1.5/100 ft
less
than
the
SOLUTION:
Neasured Depths:
Atend of first build:
At end of tangent:
expected
build
5730
5730
R1 = ==716ft
68
5730
Build radius: R=
= 603 ft
9.5
5730 5730
R2=
- =882ft
6.5
B
603 ft
Height of tangent:
VmL.
coSI=120.
coS51)= 77ft
I
97
SPE 20150
12
liOR120NTAL
NELL PLANNING -
MMTECH 890008
206 ft
cos AAZ =
slrr11 sin 12
Displacementfirst build:
H=R
~ (COS
H = 716 *
Ii
COS
(COS
Iz)
50) = 256 ft
COS
Displacementtangent:
H=
Losln
First half: II M 50 II
In120.
8,0
Total dogleg: OL R
6,5
70
stn50=92ft
(70 - 50)
882 ~ (COS
L.
100 (12
24.62
COS
70
m .96
sln 50 s sin 70
11)
AAZ
B
Secondhalf:It ~ 70 12 R90
L.
100 $ (50 - o)
= 625 ft
8.0
DLu
(9070)= 24,62
6,5
8
Length tangent: L
120 ft
AA2
Lengthof seccmdbuild:
arc cos
100 $ (90 - 50)
- 616 ft
L=
sin 70 ~ sln 90
= 14.65right
6,5
[1
6,6
Toolfacermgl@2nd build~ arc cos
8*O
Totaldirectionchang~irrsecondbuild:
35,7
~z
=16,76(left)+ !4,6$(right)
Azimuthchangein secondbutld,
Totaldoglq in secondbuild {s:
~2,11(left)
8,(.)
DLMuwm.n
(90 = !iO)~49023
6,5
end of curve
i?,EOC posltllonvs
.d direction,
VS* cost*
I
--
=20150
FRAHKJ. SCHLJH
H!I?TECH
890008
~
Type
Size
k++
Short
$3/4
Mediurn
;-1/2
Long
Radius
Length
425
889
;:
8-1/2
300
300
400-800
1,300
2,200
3,350
8-1/2
12-1/4
l,0~O~;b500
s
4,000
1,000
P
NTAL TA!IoET
TRADE.OFFS
1. Target TVD vs. position and direction of
the end of curve.
2.
3.
m
ORS ~TING
DrillstringDesign
- Heviwate
- Drillpipein horizontalhole
-
Coefficient of Friction
- Mud type
Rig Capacity
- Torque
- Axial
- Top drive
13
SpEz
O1~~CH
890008
1A
VERTICAL
SECTION
R
549
1
716
77
EOC
t+
PLAN
VIEW
7i6
5U
549
77
206
2.
PLAN
PLAN
VIEW
VIEW
t-l=+
rate
6.5deg1100 2ndbuild rate
120 ft tmgont t 50 deg ngle
A/k
-f
SPEU)150
,#.
a.
15
FRANK J. SCHUH
NMTECH 890008
i
549
d
206
567
l--f
2.
Fig. 7-Compwstie
3.00
2.s0
-2.00
$
~
y.so
s!
0
1.00
Ii
0.s0
O*OO
O*O i
Fig. 8-Tensile
EOC )FC