CHAPTER 1: WAVE

6.5 Interference of wave

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
6.6 Analysing Sound Waves

When a tuning fork vibrates, layers of air vibrate and the sound energy is
propagated through the air around it in the form of waves.
When the tuning fork moves forwards, the air is compressed.
When the tuning fork moves backwards, the air layers are pulled apart and cause a
rarefaction.
Therefore, a series of compression and rarefactions will produce sound.
How is sound produced by a vibrating objects?
Why does sound waves is a longitudinal waves?
The air particles vibrate backward and forward in the direction parallel to the direction of
propagation of the sound wave.
Wavelength of sound, = the distance between two successive regions of compression or two
successive regions of rarefaction.
1. Sound waves are longitudinal waves which require a medium for its propagation.

amplitu
2. The loudness of the sound is depend to the
de
The loudness of the sound depends on its amplitude.
If the amplitude is increased, the loudness increases.

frequen
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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
3. The pitch of the sound is depend to the ...
A high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low
frequency of vibration.
a phenomenon when a sound wave has been
Echo is
reflected off a surface , and is heard after the
original sound.
Application of Sound Waves

4.

Ultrasound in medicine

Ultrasound waves is used to scan and capture the

image of a fetus in a mothers womb and the image
of internal organ in a body.

Transmitter P emits ultrasound downwards to the

fetus.

Detector R receives the ultrasound (echoes)

reflected by the various parts of the fetus.

The soft tissues

The reflection of Normal audible
Ultrasound
of the fetus
sound is called
range
absorb most of
the incident
echoes.
ultrasound,
Infrasound
reflect very
Less than 20 Hz
20 Hz to
Higher than
little. The bony
parts will
20
000
Hz
20
000
Hz.
absorb very
little, but reflect
most of the ultrasound. The reflected ultrasound will produce an image of contrasting brightness.

Sonar

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
Sonar is the technique of using ultrasound to
locate underwater objects or to measure the depth
of a seabed.
Ultrasound signal is sent out from a transmitter.
Its echo from the seabed is detected by a receiver
which is connected to an electrical recording
circuit.
The time interval, t between the sending and
receiving of the ultrasound signal after reflection
from the seabed is measured.
The depth of the seabed, 2tvd= where v is the
velocity of sound in water.

A bat can navigate in darkness

When ultrasonic waves emitted by the bat hit an object, they are reflected back and received by the bat.
The time between the emission of the sound waves and reception of the reflected waves enables the bat
to estimate the position of the object accurately.
This enables the bat to adjust its direction to avoid knocking at the object.

Exercise 6.60
1. In an expedition to determine the depth of a freshwater lake using an ultrasonic ruler, a pulse of
ultrasonic sound is generated and travels to the bottom of the lake and reflected by it. The time
taken by the pulse to travel to the bottom of the lake and return to the ruler is 0.35 s. If the
speed of sound in freshwater is 1482 m s-1, calculate the depth of the lake.
Answer:
v = 1482 m s-1, t = 0.35 s
2d=vxt
1482x0.35
2
d=
= 259.35 m

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
6.7 Analysing Electromagnetic Waves

What is electro-magnetic the spectrum?

-It consists of a group of waves with similar natures
-The members of the electromagnetic spectrum arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing wavelengths
are radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X rays and gamma rays.
-Radio waves have the longest wavelength but are of high frequency waves. They carry very high energy
- Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength but are of low frequency waves. They carry very little energy.

perpendicu
1. The electric and magnetic field vibrate ..(perpendicular/parallel)
to each other and
lar
to the direction of propagation.

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

2. Properties of electromagnetic waves

(i) Transverse waves
(ii) Do not require a medium to propagate and can travel in a vacuum
8
-1
(iii) The waves travel at the speed of light, c = 3 x 10 ms
(iv) Undergo the same waves phenomenon : reflection, refraction,
diffraction and interference.

2. Sources and applications of electromagnetic waves in daily life

Type of em wave
Radio waves
= 10-1 - 105 m
Microwave
= 10-3 10-1 m
Infrared
= 10-6 10-3 m
Visible light
= 10-7 m
Ultraviolet
radiation
= 10-9 10-7 m
X-ray
= 10-11 10-9 m
Gamma rays
= 10-14 10-10
m

Source
Electrical oscillating
circuit

(a)
(b)

Oscillating electrical
charge in a microwave
transmitter

(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
Hot bodies, the sun and
(b)
fires
(c)
(a)
The sun, hot objects, light (b)
bulbs, fluorescent tubes
(c)
(a)
Very hot objects, the sun, (b)
mercury vapor lamps
(c)
(a)
x-ray tubes
(b)
Radioactive subtances

(a)
(b)
(c)

Application
telecommunications
broadcasting : tv and radio
transmission
satellite transmissions
radar
cooking
night vision
thermal imaging and physiotherapy
remote controls
sight
photosynthesis in plants
photography
identification of counterfeit notes
production of vit-D
Sentrilisation to destroy germs
Radiotherapy
Detection of cracks in building
structures
Cancer treatment
Sterilisation of equipment
Pest control in agriculture

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
Exercise 6.70
1. The diagram below shows the pattern of spectrum electromagnetic. In the boxes
provided, write the names of the parts given .
Radiowave

microwave gamma ray

ray ultraviolet ray

x-ray visible ray infra-red

wavelength

Gamma rayX-ray

Ultra
Violet

Visible
light

infrared microwave radiowave

frequency

2. Table 6.70 shows electromagnetic waves P, Q, R and S and their uses

Electromagnetic waves
P
Q
R
S

Uses
Remote control
Radar system
Photograph
Kill cancerous cells

Table 6.70
Identify P, Q, R and S
Answer:
P = Infra-red rays
Q = Microwaves
R = Visible light

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
S = Gamma raysReinforcement Chapter 6
Part A : Objective Questions

1. Calculate the frequency of the given wave above

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

8 Hz.
1/8 Hz
4 Hz.
Hz
12 Hz

2. Which of the following is NOT a electromagnetic wave?

A.
B.
C.
D.

x-ray.
Gamma ray
water wave
microwave.

3. Which of the following cannot travel through vacuum?

A.
B.
C.
D.

4.

x-ray
gamma ray
sound wave
light wave.

Based on the given diagram above calculate the wavelength.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

4 cm
8 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm

5. Wave length of given wave does NOT depend on.

A. velocity.
B. Frequency
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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
C. Amplitude
D. Period.

6.

What is the phenomenon shown above?

A. reflection.
B. Refraction.
C. Interference.
7. A given wave travels at a speed of 4 x 105 ms-1. If the frequency of the wave is 1000 Hz, calculate the
wavelength
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

100 m
200 m
300 m
400 m
500 m

8. Which of the following is a common characteristic of visible light, ultraviolet rays,

infrared rays, gamma rays and X-rays?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Influenced by magnetic field.

Possess the same frequency.
Possess the same wavelength.
Possess the same velocity in vacuum.

9. Which of the following electromagnetic waves are arranged in the order of increasing
wavelength.
A.
B.
C.

Visible light, X-rays. Radio waves. Infrared waves.

X-rays. Visible light. Infrared waves .Radio waves.
Radio waves, X-rays. Visible light. Infrared waves.

10. Which of the following waves cannot travel through vacuum?

A. Sound waves
B. X-rays
C. Radio waves

Part B: Structured Questions

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

Figure 1
1. Figure 1 shows the use of sonar equipment to measure the depth of the sea.
(a) State the phenomenon of sound wave applied in sonar equipment.
Reflecti
.
on
[1 mark]
(b) Sound waves with frequency of 6.0 x 105 Hz are used to determine the depth of
the sea. [speed of sound in sea water = 1500 m s-1]
(i)

(ii)

What is the wavelength of the sound wave in sea water?

v
1500
f
6.0 x10 5
=
=
= 2.5 x 10-3 m
[2 marks]
If the time interval between the instant the sound wave is sent to the instant the echo is
received is 1.5 s, what is the depth of the sea

d=

vt
2

1500x1.5
2

= 1125 m

[2 marks]

2.

Figure 2
A ping pong ball is held with a string and placed near a loudspeaker as shown in Figure 2
The loudspeaker emits a low frequency sound and the ping-pong ball seems to vibrate to it.
(a) Explain how the sound from the loudspeaker produces vibration on the ping pong ball.
The vibration of the loudspeaker moves the air molecules around it.
The sound wave produced by the loudspeaker transfers energy to the ping pong ball and
causes it to move
(b) What will happen to the vibration of the ping pong ball if the loudness emits
(i) a louder sound?
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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
The ping pong ball vibrates with greater amplitude
(ii) a sound with a higher pitch?
The ping pong ball vibrates with higher frequency.
(c) If the frequency of the sound is 50 Hz, calculate the wavelength of the sound produced.
[Assume the speed of the sound in air in 350 ms-1]

2.

(a)

(i)

350
50

=
= 7m
v
f
Figure 3 shows two sets of ripple tanks used to study diffraction of waves.

Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
What is meant by the diffraction of waves.
Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or around an
obstacle

(ii)

Which of the two sets will show a bigger effect of diffraction. Explain your answer.
The set shown in Figure 4.1 will show a bigger effect of diffraction. This is because the
narrower the gap, the more the waves spread out.

(iii)

Redraw and complete Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 to show the between the two diffraction
patterns.

(iv)

State the characteristic to the diffracted waves in terms of waves in terms of wavelength,
frequency, speed and amplitude compared to the incident waves.
(a) Wavelength remains unchanged
(b) Frequency remains unchanged
(c) Speed remains unchanged
(d) Amplitude becomes smaller compared to the incident waves

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

Part C: Essay
1. Figure 3.0 shows the arrangement of the apparatus for an experiment to study a wave
phenomenon.

Figure 3.0
Figure 3.1 shows the bright and dark bands of the waves pattern formed on the white
paper when plane waves passes through the narrow and wide gaps.

Narrow gap
Figure 3.1(a)

Wide gap
Figure 3.1(b)

(a) Name the wave phenomenon shown in figure 1.2.

Diffraction
(b) (i)

[1 mark]

Explain how the dark and light bands are formed on the white paper.
[4 marks]
Figure /
Troughs act as
a concave lens

Figure /
Crests act
as a convex

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CHAPTER 1: WAVE

Figure / Every
B
troughs will diverge the
light, dark fringes are
formed

Figure / Every
crests will converge
the light, bright
fringes are formed

(ii) Observe Figure 3.2(a) and (b). Compare the waves patterns and the wavelength of
the waves before and after they pass through the gaps.
Relate the size of the gaps, the waves patterns and the wavelengths to deduce a
relevant physics concept.
[5 marks]
a. In figure 3.1(a), size of the wavelength is the same as size of the gap // In figure 3.1(b), size of
the gap is wider than size of the wavelength
b. In figure 3.1(a) and figure 3.1(b), size of the wavelengths are the same before and after they pass
through the gaps.
c. The waves emerging from the narrow gap in figure 3.1(a) is circular wavefronts
d. The waves emerging from the wider gap is plane wavefronts
e. When a wave passes through a gap, the wave spreads.
The narrower the gap the greater the spreading of the wave
(c)

Figure 1.3 shows the seashore of a fishing village. During the rainy season, waves
are big. One year the waves eroded the seashore, caused the jetty to collapse and damaged the
fishermens boats.

Figure 3.3
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen suggest building retaining walls and relocating
the jetty.
Make further suggestion of ways to help the fishermen solve their problems.
You should use your knowledge of reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves to explain these
suggestions, to include the following aspects.
(i)
the design and structure of the retaining wall,
(ii)
the location of the new jetty
(iii)
the size or energy of the waves
[10 marks]
Answer:
1. Build slanting barrier to reduce speed of wave
2. Build the rough barrier to reduce reflection of the waves
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CHAPTER 1: WAVE
3. Build the new jetty at the bay because the water is calm at the bay
4. Build the small opening surround the bay because diffraction happens at the opening
5. Build the barrier at the bay because the wave is spread according to the shape of the bay

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