1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We, the researchers, would like to extend our thanks and gratitude to the following persons
for their utmost guidance and support:
Dr. Lino C. Reynoso for his enlightening lectures and directions about the proper writing
of this thesis paper;
Prof. Melziel Andag Emba, our adviser, for sharing his expertise to us and guiding us to
make this paper as accurate as possible;
Prof. Amir T. Auditor, for pondering our ideas and giving some extra advices regarding the
content of this paper;
Dr. Ma. Veronica Joy M. Binuya, Dean of College of Accountancy and Management, for
her comments and suggestions that further rectify the flow of our paper;
Our parents, for their genuine support and understanding while we are working on the
content of this paper
And above all, our Lord, Father Almighty, for giving us strength, wisdom, courage and
tenacity that made us survive circumstances which tested our knowledge and patience while
working on this paper. Without His presence, we, the researchers, would not accomplish this
requirement.
We dedicate this paper to all of you! To God be the glory!

RESEARCH ABSTRACT

Research Title

CONSIGNMENT PRACTICES OF SELECTED

UNIVERSITY BOOKSTORES IN NATIONAL
CAPITAL REGION: A COMPARATIVE

STUDY
Researchers

DAN PAUL C. BEGAS

RENZ MICO F. CORONA
CHRISTINE ANGELA B. CRUZ
ALLANIAH
RED

H.

MACA-ALIN

CHRISTIAN

L.

PALUSTRE
Degree Conferred

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY

School

MANILA TYTANA COLLEGES

Adviser

PROF. MELZIEL ANDAG EMBA, CPA

Date Completed

FEBRUARY 2016

No. of pages

159 pages

Consignment is a topic in accounting that is barely tackled by the students which in

contrary, it poses important notes needed to be jotted down. The researchers want to have a
specific study about the consignment topic and help other persons to raise awareness about the
entire system of consignment in where there are also issues that are needed to be address

regarding some material misstatements, updates of inventories and of course the internal control
issues of consignment. The researcher also intends to gather the data about the bookstores
consignment practices; and compare and contrast them. The objectives of the study is to group
the bookstores according to years of operation; determine the level of adherence on the
prescribed consignment practices of university bookstores that employ consignment; determine if
there is a difference in the consignment practices of university bookstores that employ
consignment when they are grouped according to years of operation; recommend results; and
identify topics for future research.
The study used quantitative, descriptive approach to investigate the adherence of selected
university bookstores employing consignment. The population will be all personnel of all
university bookstores that employ consignment in the whole Philippines. With its wide scope,
population will be narrowed down using the following criteria, as purposive sampling is used:
(1) the university should be located within NCR area; (2) the enrollment per program per year
should be at least 100; (3) the personnel should have knowledge on both accounting and internal
control of the university bookstores consignment practices; and (4) each university bookstore
should have four (4) representatives.Questionnaire will be utilized as a tool for gathering data. It
is an adapted questionnaire using different standards and pronouncements about consignment
accounting and internal control. The tool consists of eight parts; one for the demographics and
seven for the consignment practices with five questions each form a combination of accounting
and internal control provisions. The first part of the questionnaire will represent the first specific
problem, What is the profile of university bookstores in terms of years of operation? The
second part of the questionnaire will represent the second specific problem, What is the level of
adherence on the prescribed consignment practices of university- bookstores in terms of: (a)

delivery of goods; (b) risk of loss, damages and confusions; (c) efforts to sell; (d) payment, sales
and commission; (e) return of products; (f) termination; and (g) legal items? Results from the
first part of the questionnaire were tallied together in a frequency table used to create charts.
Results from the second part of the questionnaire were tallied together by dimension. For each
statement item, the following are the pointing system: (3) Adhere, (2) Adhere with Limitations
and (1) Not Adhere. From thirty five (35) questions, mean will be computed for every dimension
of consignment practices, and the result will serve as adherence of the sample to the prescribed
consignment practices.An overall mean was computed for every dimension. Standard deviation
and coefficient of variation are used to measure how each response drastically change from one
to another which should not be high, in the sense that each questions are related to each other; all
requiring the same degree of response.
The findings show that most of the respondent with sixteen (16) or forty percent (40%)
have been operating for 6-10 years. It can be concluded that most of the campus bookstores
sampled were just recently established. The university bookstores sampled, in over-all, fully
adhere with the delivery of goods; payment, sales and commission; return of products; and legal
items practices. On the contrary, the university bookstores sampled, in over-all, adhere with
limitations with the risk of loss, damages and confusions; efforts to sell; and termination
practices. The level of adherence on the prescribed consignment practices, in over-all, does not
vary across all campus bookstore sampled when grouped according to years of operation.
However, looking individually, it varies across all campus bookstores sampled in terms of risk of
loss, damages and confusions; efforts to sell; payment, sales and commission; return of products;
termination; and other item.

It is therefore recommended for the 1-5 years group to further improve adherence the first
and fourth statement in the delivery of goods practices, third statement in the risk of loss,
damages and confusions practices, first and third statements in the efforts to sell practices,
second and third statements in the payment, sales and commission practices, fourth statement in
the return of products practices, fourth statement in the termination practices, and first statement
in the legal items practices. It is therefore recommended for the 6-10 years group to further
improve adherence the fourth statement in the delivery of goods practices, third statement in the
risk of loss, damages and confusions practices, fourth statement in the efforts to sell practices,
fifth statement in the payment, sales and commission practices, fifth statement in the return of
products practices, second and fifth statement in the termination practices, and fourth statement
in the legal items practices. It is therefore recommended for the 11-15 years group to further
improve adherence the second and fifth statements in the delivery of goods practices, third
statement in the risk of loss, damages and confusions practices, second statement in the efforts to
sell practices, second and third statement in the payment, sales and commission practices, third
statement in the return of products practices, first statement in the termination practices, and fifth
statement in the legal items practices. It is therefore recommended for the 16 years and above
group to further improve adherence the first and third statement in the risk of loss, damages and
confusions practices and first statement in the return of products practices. Lastly, since a
significant difference exist in the entire consignment practices category except delivery of goods,
that difference should be eliminated by following the above mentioned recommendation. The
goal is to achieve further harmonization. To the future researchers, they are allowed to adopt or
replicate this study for a wider and broader knowledge about consignment practices on
bookstores.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Research Abstract

ii

Table of Contents

vi

List of Tables

viii

List of Figures

ix

List of Appendices

ix

CHAPTER

II

PAGE

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Background of the Study

Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Hypothesis

Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

10

Definition of Terms

11

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Literature

14

Foreign Literatures

18

III

Local Studies

23

Foreign Studies

26

Relevance to the Present Study

29

METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Research Design

31

Sample and Sampling Technique

31

Research Instrument and Technique

32

Data Gathering Procedure

33

Statistical Treatment of Data

35

IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 38

OF DATA

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings

70

Conclusion

76

Recommendation

79

REFERENCES

83

APPENDICES

87

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
1
2

3
4

PAGE
Monitoring System to Be Used To Measure Adherence
35

36

Statistical Methods to Be Used to Know the Difference between

Consignment Practices When the Bookstores are grouped
According to Factors Affecting it.

38

Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents Profile

According to Years of Operation

39

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Delivery of Goods Practices

of University Bookstores

40

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Risk of Loss, Damages and

Confusions Practices of University Bookstores

42

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Efforts to Sell Practices of

University Bookstores

43

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Sales, Payment and

Commission Practices of University Bookstores

44

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Return of Products Practices

of University Bookstores

46

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Termination Practices of

University Bookstores

47

10

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Legal items Practices of

University Bookstores

49

51
54

11

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Delivery of

Goods Practices when Grouped According to Years of Operation

12

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Risk of

Loss, Damages and Confusions Practices when Grouped According
to Years of Operation

13

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Efforts to

Sell Practices when Grouped According to Years of Operation

14

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Payment,

Sales and Commission Practices when Grouped According to Years
of Operation

56

15

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Return of

Products Practices when Grouped According to Years of Operation

59

16

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed

Termination Practices when Grouped According to Years of
Operation

62

17

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Legal items

Practices when Grouped According to Years of Operation

64

18

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed

Consignment Practices when Grouped According to Years of
Operation

67

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES

PAGE
1 The Research Paradigm Of The Research

2 Data Gathering Procedure Process Flow Diagram

33

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX
A

PAGE
Recommendations and Suggestions of the Panel Members

87

10

Methods

89

Statistical Analyses

106

Communication Letters

130

Certifications

133

Gantt chart and Line Item Budget

Photographic Documentations

138

Curriculum Vitae

140

135

11

CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
In a market where certain businesses must aim bigger sales, it is essential for them to
reach a wider horizon for their products to be sold productively. It is when consignment
arrangements take place. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, consignment means the act
or process of sending goods to a person or place to be sold. In another plausible definition,
consignment means act of giving over to another person or agent's charge, custody or care any
material or goods but retaining legal ownership until the material or goods are sold. That may be
done for the purpose of shipping the goods, transferring the goods to auction or intending the
goods to be placed on sale in a store. It is also very important to take note that consignment
relationship between the "consignor" (distributor of the goods) and the "consignee" (receiver of
the goods) is different from that of the seller-buyer relationship.
In a realistic situation, seller transfers the ownership of the goods to the buyer, whereas
consignor transfers possession of the goods to the consignee for the purpose of selling them for
the consignor. In a simple note, meaning, the consignor still owns the goods. Contrary to the real
arrangements of consignment, if there is any case of doing acts not contemplated in the
consignment agreement and pocketing of the sales of consignment goods by the consignee, an
act of embezzlement has been therefore committed. Knowing the real meaning of consignment,
consignment has also the standards to monitor the process of it. Many industries use this kind of
process including clothing, furniture, antiques, toy and even books. In fact, consignment is
properly observed in the university bookstores which employ consignment practices by selling
the books of the bookstore or publisher owning it.

This study about consignment aims to recount the processes taking place between the
consignor and consignee and also compare if theories supporting consignment accounting and
the real-world practices happening between the two parties are parallel or of the same level. This
also aims to discuss the entire process since this topic has been barely studied by all. This gives
the researchers more area to study its entirety in different perspectives using university
bookstores which employ consignment as the subject of the study.
Background of the Study
Consignment is a topic in accounting that is barely tackled by the students which in
contrary, poses important notes needed to be jotted down. The researchers want to have a specific
study about the consignment topic and help other persons to raise awareness about the entire
system of consignment. The researchers also want to know more about their real accounting and
internal control practices of consignment practices and match it to the theory stating it.
Aside from these reasons why there is a need to have a study about consignment, there
are also issues that are needed to be addressed regarding some material misstatements, updates of
inventories and of course the internal control issues of consignment.
The researchers also intend to gather the data about the bookstores consignment
practices; and compare and contrast them.
The objectives of the study are the following: (1) group the bookstores according toyears
of operation; (2) determine the level of adherence on the prescribed consignment practices of
university bookstores which employ consignment; (3) determine if there is a difference in the
consignment practices of university bookstores which employ consignment when they are
grouped according to years of operation; (4) recommend or communicate gathered information

about both industry average and university bookstore-specific, and any relation between the
two; and (5) identify topics for future research.
Theoretical Framework
A consignment agreement is an agreement between a consignee and a consignor
for the storage, transfer, sale and resale of goods delivered (Wikipedia, 2015). Businesses choose
consignment arrangements for many reasons. They may want to test marketplace demand for a
new product. Those stores can sell goods on consignment without investing initial capital in
purchasing them outright. Although a consignment arrangement maybe profitable for both
retailer and creator in the long run, it is essential that at the outset each party signs and maintains
paperwork sufficient to protect and satisfy its individual interests. A well-drafted consignment
agreement must provide for some form of inventory control and a clear allocation of the rights
and responsibilities of each party.
Incorporated in the agreement items are the provision instruction for each, but these are
general in nature. The need for a specific (accounting and internal control) provision is laid down
by LegalZoom (2010); an online legal technology department that provides legal solutions in
various common categories including copyrights, DBAs, divorce, business formation, trusts,
wills, name changes, patents, power of attorney, pre-nuptial agreements, real estate leases,
trademark registration; the following are the items needed to customize and complete a
consignment agreement. It minimizes agreement confusion, misunderstanding and error, and
clearly sets forth the parties expectations and fulfillment of obligations.
Taking a look at each item, related accounting and internal control practices to be
followed by the signing parties are laid down. Some of the items are combined into one, with one

provision as part of the whole, pertaining to internal control, and the other, accounting. Here are
the specific provisions:
Delivery of goods.Before, during, and after the delivery, the goods should be properly
administered. Detail specification (number coding, serial numbers) should be included in the face
of the goods. The initial list price should be delivered also to the consignee from the consignor,
together with the goods. On the receipt of goods, the consignee should record a memorandum
entry. Payment of freight should not be recorded in the consignees books.
Risk of loss and damages.The consignor bears both the cost of delivering the goods and the risk
of loss or damages occurring during the transport and custody is recorded by him. When the fault
is due to the consignees negligence, then the loss should be recorded in his books. The
consignee, while in possession of the goods, should establish policies and procedures on how to
prevent loss and damages by taking care of the goods with the diligence of a good father of a
family.
Efforts to sell.The consignee needs to promote the sale of the items consigned. Proper
positioning should be done to entice customer demand for the product. The consignee should
take into consideration how to increase the demand for the goods, either directly or indirectly.
Advertising expense should be properly recorded by the consignee.
Payment and commission.Both parties have to agree on whether what percent of commission is
applicable to the following provisions. The commission should be properly recorded in the
consignees books together with those due to consignor. Since the commission is directly
associated with the sales, policies on improving sales should be implemented. Amount collected
should be properly counted and deposited to the finance department. The payment period should
be taken into consideration.

Return of products. Return of products comes in two ways: in the part of the consignee and
consignor. In the part of the consignor as returnee, the consignor may compel the consignee for
the return of product. The consignee, on the other hand, may return provided by reasonable
notice. The parties should agree on the period for return. At the end of the term, it is automatic to
return unsold goods. The goods to be returned should be properly segregated before the return
date to prevent confusion. Policies and procedures should be considered to safeguard assets to be
return to prevent additional loss and damages. A memorandum entry should be recorded by the
consignee.
On the part of the consignee as returnee, return of product should not be applicable. No return,
no exchange should be implemented. If the exchange is demandable according to circumstances,
the consignor is obliged to replace without the consignees expense. Since, delivery controls
should be taken into consideration, possible future return should already be eliminated.
Termination.Either party can end the agreement.The consignee should disclose and properly
segregate those goods to be returned as a result of agreement termination, just like the return of
the products. The only difference is that return of products is contingent, while that of
termination is determinable. The consignee should record a memorandum entry for the returned
goods caused by termination.
Legal items.It includes consignment period, notices, governing law and equitable relief,
consignor representation, and default. These items might affect the accounting and internal
control practices of the consignee. But mostly, some items have no applicable internal or
accounting control, with one of either, rather than both that was the initial consideration. These
items were added to give a more detailed test of the consignment practices accounting and
internal control of the consignee.

Selected university
bookstore that
employs
consignment

Prescribed Consignment Practices

Delivery of goods
Risk of loss, damages and
confusions
Efforts to sell
Payment, sales and
commission
Return of products
Termination
Legal Items

Figure 1.The research paradigm of the research.

The research paradigm consists of the selected university bookstore that employs
consignment and their level of adherence to the prescribed consignment practices by Legal
Zooms consignment agreement. Accounting and internal controls are both inherent in every item
(delivery of goods, risk of loss and damages, efforts to sell, payment and commission, return of
products, termination, legal items) listed above. Consignment practices of campus bookstores
sampled will be compared to the prescribed consignment practices to measure the level of
adherence, and further recommend adherence. Those campus bookstores will be grouped
according to years of operation and any difference between the groups level of adherence will be
measured. Most important is that the prescribed consignment practices mentioned above take
into the form of the questionnaire, devised by the researchers, which will be given to the
university bookstores.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to compare the consignment practicesof university bookstores which
employ consignmentin National Capital Region.
Specifically, the following research queries will be answered:
1. What is the profile of the bookstores in terms of:
1.1. Years of operation?
2. What is the level of adherence practices of university bookstores which employ consignment
on the prescribed consignment practices, in terms of:
2.1. Delivery of goods;
2.2 Risk of loss, damages and confusions;
2.3 Efforts to sell;
2.4 Payment, sales and commission;
2.5 Return of products;
2.6 Termination; and
2.7Legal items?
3. Is there a significant difference between the levels of adherence of the university bookstores
which employ consignment to the prescribed consignment practices when they are grouped
according to years of operation?
Hypothesis
Based from the problem of the study, the research hypothesis will be formulated and
tested at the level of significance of 0.05:
Hypothesis I

There is no significant difference between the levels of adherence of the selected

university bookstores that employs consignment to the prescribed consignment practices when
they are grouped according to years of operation.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is for the stakeholders to be aware of the consignment
practices of university bookstores which employ consignment in terms of accounting and internal
control. The following stakeholders are: accounting departments and bookstores of universities,
the university itself, and their students; distributor (consignor); and future researchers related to
this topic. The benefit of gaining knowledge about the practice existing in our industry of
university bookstores which employ consignment is to be compared and contrasted with the
theories researched and collected by the researchers.
For the university bookstores that employ consignment
The result of this study is relevant to the university bookstores to determine level of
policy needed to be implemented in terms of internal control. In addition, this helps the
bookstores look at the industry average, and adapt or replicate the best practices to be
recommended by the researcher.
For the distributor
The benefit of the bookstores as a consignor is to assess the universities they consigned.
The assessment serves as a measurement of their decision whether to consign their books on a
certain university or not.
For the Finance directorate/department

The result of this study gives relevance to the universities finance department to further
determine level of policy needed to be implemented in terms of accounting procedures. In
addition, this helps the bookstores look at the industry average, and adapt or replicate the best
practices to be recommended by the researcher.
For the students of universities
Students will have a background on the real world consignment business, as those written
on the books are theoretical only.
For the Future Researchers
The delimitation of this study due to the incapability of the researchers can be conducted
by the future researchers. The title or topic of this study can be also replicated or adopted in the
future as it is related.
Scope and Delimitations
University bookstores which employ consignment (accounting), as another part of the
criteria, are studied; represented by its selected personnel provided by the laid out criteria.
Practices of university, other educational institutions and independently-owned bookstores and
any difference of practices between the two (university and others) are not studied.
These bookstores should be located within NCR areas. Bookstores (university bookstores
which employ consignment) located outside are not studied and any difference of practices
between the two (NCR and outside) as well.
The paper focuses on the consignee party of consignment accounting. Practices of
consignors (distributors and/or publishers) and any difference of practices between the two
(consignor and consignee) are not covered.

10

Those personnel who knew both the accounting and internal control practices of the
consignment practices of their respective university bookstore are likely to fit with the implicit
objective of the studyto gain knowledge first hand. Those who know either the accounting or
internal control practice, and any difference between the two (those who knew both and those
who not) are not studied.

Another criterion set by the researchers is, the university must have a student
population of at least 10,000 in the current school year.
Lastly, the device made by the researchers does not tackle special or university
bookstore-specific accounts and phenomenon (special commission account recording).
Due to the criteria set by the researchers, there were only 10 universities available and
qualified to be the respondents of the study. Only 1 (one) respondent per university serves as the
representative and will answer the questionnaire given.

Definition of Terms
Consignment
Consignment is the act of consigning, the act of giving over to another person or agent's
charge, custody or care any material or goods but retaining legal ownership until the material or
goods are sold.
Just like the others, bookstores consignment arrangements typically are in effect for a set
period of time. After this time, the goods are returned to the distributor. Typically, the consignor
receives a percentage of the sale (sometimes a very large percentage). The consignment pertained
here to book consignment, because other supplies sold by the bookstore includethose not in

11

consignments, rather by direct purchase. Conversely, consignment does not end inside the
bookstore premises only, rather also within the mother section/department with the bookstore as
its extension. Accounting procedures are done by the materials management section/department,
while internal control should be followed by the bookstore operations, as created by the former.
Consignee
In a contract of carriage, the consignee is the entity who is financially responsible (the
buyer) for the receipt of a shipment. Generally, but not always, the consignee is the same as the
receiver.
If the distributor dispatches an item to the bookstore via a delivery service, the distributor
is the consignor, the bookstore is the consignee, and the deliverer is the carrier.
In this particular study, the consignee is the university-based bookstore
Consignor
The consignor, in a contract of carriage, is the person sending a shipment to be delivered
whether by land, sea or air. Some carriers, such as national postal entities, use the term
"distributor" or "shipper" but in the event of a legal dispute the proper and technical term
"consignor" will generally be used.
If distributor sends a widget to bookstore via a delivery service, distributor is the
consignor and bookstore is the consignee. In this study, the book distributors are the consignors.
Accounting Practices
These

are

methods and procedures which

an organization's management institutes

to(1) safeguard assets, (2) authorize transactions, (3) monitor disbursements, and (4) ensure
the accuracy and validity of accounting records.
Internal Control

12

Internal control, as defined in accounting and auditing, is a process for assuring

achievement of an organization's objectives in operational effectiveness and efficiency, reliable
financial reporting, and compliance with laws, regulations and policies. A broad concept, internal
control involves everything that controls risks to an organization.
It is a means by which an organization's resources are directed, monitored, and measured.
It plays an important role in detecting and preventing fraud and protecting the organization's
resources, both physical (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible (e.g., reputation or
intellectual property such as trademarks).
University bookstores which employ consignment
These are bookstores that are controlled and owned by the universities which, in actual
practice, employ consignment in their operations.University bookstores across NCR regionare
interviewed if they manage a bookstore that sells books among students. It is an extension of the
universitys finance department/directorate.
Level of Adherence
In this research study, level of adherence is level of observance and implementation of
university bookstores that employ consignment, to what is the theoretical and judicial
background of consignment, thus prescribed. This is measured through the pointing system. A
higher score means higher level of adherence, while a lower, vice-versa.

13

CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Local Literature
According to Valix& Peralta (2014), a consignment is a method of marketing goods in which
the owner called the consignor transfers physical possession of certain goods to an agent called
the consignee who sells them on the owners behalf. Consigned goods shall be included in the
consignors inventory and excluded from the consignees inventory. When consigned goods are
sold by the consignee, a report is made to the consignor together with a cash remittance for the
amount of sales minus commission and other expenses chargeable to the consignor.
According to DOH (2015), they have defined consignment as the arrangement where the
following requirements are present: (1) Delivery of goods by the owner (consignor) without sale,
to a government agency (consignee) (2) Consignee must try to sell the goods and remit the price
of the sold goods to the consignor. (3) Consignee accepts without any liability except failure to
reasonably protect them from damage. (4) At terms not disadvantageous to the government.
Access to pharmaceuticals is affected by different factors such as the prices of medicines,
economic capacities, presence of healthcare providers, availability of health related infrastructure
(e.g. drug outlets, clinics, and hospitals) regulatory environment and cultural processes to the
government in order to improve health outcomes and foster national development. In order to
bridge the gap between the mandate to deliver basic health services to the public and the

14

inadequacy of resources, the Department of Health (DOH), has designed a drug consignment
schemes for the purpose of adhering to the basic principles of transparency and competitiveness.
In the article Selling strategy for newbies: consign your product by The Philippine Online
Chronicles (2011), consigning means letting others sell for you. In this kind of arrangement,
goods change hands but money does not at least not yet. You consign your product when you
deliver it (or it is picked up) by another business, usually a retailer or vendor, with the
understanding that you will get paid only after it has been sold. In a manner of speaking, you are
lending your products to a vendor usually a retail store owner who typically displays your
wares and includes them in his product lines. If the merchandise sells, he pays you the agreed
percentage and other costs. The arrangement is advantageous to both consigner you and the
consignee the vendor or retailer. Consignment provides you with a sales outlet for your
products, minus the rental costs, maintenance expenses, utilities, labor and countless other
expenses that you would have incurred if you had your own store. On the other hand, retailers
and vendors welcome consigned goods as this allows them to stock up on products without tying
up their money in inventory uncertain to be sold. Offered even an unknown product or brand on
consignment, a retailer would tell himself: I have nothing to lose. It is not of course the most
ideal situation for you as producer. You must have enough cash on hand as you wait for your
goods to be sold at your consignees outlets. In the end, you may find yourself swamped with
piles of unsold, returned, possibly spoiled merchandise.

With no money invested, your

consignees may not have felt obligated to push your products. However, consignment has served
the purpose of many micro and small entrepreneurs.
According to Tan (2010), one of the methods on distributing the books in the Philippines
is the consignment method. It's different from simply selling the books to the bookstore because

15

aside from all the hassles of consigning a book, unsold copies of the book will be returned. This
means that there is little financial risk on the part of the bookstore but a huge one on the
publisher. What if the books don't sell? Then the publisher doesn't earn a thing from his
endeavors. What if the books sell little? Then both the bookstore and the publisher earn little
profit. What if the books sell really well? The bookstore earns a lot and asks the publisher to
consign them more copies of the book if the publisher is lucky. If not, the bookstore earns a lot
and the publisher goes through some red tape to claim his money. He mentioned that there's little
risk on the side of the bookstore. What part is risky? If all the financial investment is on the part
of the publisher and what the bookstore gets is merely the profits, what's the risk for them? Well,
in a bookstore, shelf space is at a premium. Every book you put on the shelf is another book you
don't put on the shelf. If the consignee's books sell well, that's well and good. But what if it
doesn't? Another title might have generated more profits than what the consignee was offering.
That's why there's risk on the bookstore's part as well. Is it as huge as the publisher's? Probably
but then again, the publisher isn't in charge of a large, bookstore retail chain. Most local books
(and not imported international books) make it to bookstore shelves because they are consigned.
It makes perfect sense for the bookstore and the publisher takes a brunt of the risks (which is
why publishers sometimes demand so much from authors--it's their money on the line). He was
talking about publishers earning from their endeavor. So how much money do bookstores place
on consigned books? 40% to 60%. 70% even if you lack negotiating skills. What that means is
that if a local book costs P200 in big bookstore chain, anywhere from P80 to P140 goes to the
bookstore. Of course, around 10% to 20% more can be shaved off if the publisher has good
relations with the bookstore, has a good track record with them, are friends/relatives with the
owner, bribed them with dinner, arranged a PR event for them, etc. There are various methods to

16

get in the good graces of the big bookstore chains and if you're smart, you'll use them. But the
fact of the matter is, 40% off the suggested retail price at best is still 40% off the retail price. As a
publisher, you'll have to accept that around half of what consumers pay won't go to your pockets
but to the bookstore. Having established how much profit a bookstore acquires from consigned
books, you can estimate how much discount a publisher will give the bookstore if the latter buys
their books. That's anywhere from an additional 10% to 20%. So assuming you got a good deal
with the bookstore and you're consigning books to them at 40%, if you want them to buy the
books, you'll have to sell at around 60%.
According to Philippine Star News by Joven (2012), The Iloilo Provincial Board recently
approved a resolution implementing the medicine consignment system for district hospitals in the
province to ensure availability of medicines in all pharmacies of these hospitals.Provincial
Ordinance No. 2012-095, sponsored by PB Member MacarioNapulan, covers the Iloilo
Provincial Hospital and 11 district hospitals in Iloilo. Under the ordinance, goods or items
(drugs, medicines, supplies, laboratory equipment, reagents and legal items) that the supplier
delivers would go through the consignment system, said Napulan, health and sanitation
committee chairman. The Hospital Consignment Board will conduct the accreditation of
suppliers, manufacturers and dealers of the items to be consigned. Those who were previously
accredited by the Provincial Hospital Consignment Management Board, and presently
participating in the procurement process, will also be considered for accreditation by the HCB.
Consigned items will be based on the submitted list of items from the therapeutic committees
and other service areas (laboratory, radiology, laundry and admin) and from concerned offices
and divisions of health maintenance organizations (HMOs). The prices of the consigned items
should not be higher than the last recorded procurement price of the same item for a maximum

17

period of six months, or the reference price should make use of the prevailing price of the
Western Visayas Medical Center and/or the canvass price made by the Technical Support Service
Division of the Consignment Management Board within the same period. In cases of
consignments for PhilHealth beneficiaries, the selling price of the items should not be higher
than the prevailing price of the same items in local private pharmacies and outlets. Income
generated sales of the consigned items should be used for the payment of dispenses or utilized
consigned items after the appropriate inventory is conducted. In addition, revenue generated
from the program should be deposited directly to the hospital general fund. For quality
assurance, the consignments items may be subjected to random sampling, inspection and testing
by the consignee and other appropriate support agencies. The consignment system is a method of
assuring the availability of stocks wherein the consignor entrusts its goods to the provincial and
district hospitals pharmacy or other participating division and offices of the consignees for sale.
The consignor shall be paid only for the actual quantity consumed using the money generated
from the sale of the consigned goods within the agreed period of time.
Foreign Literatures
The sales activity of any business can be organized in different ways. With the customers
spread all over, the business entity cannot afford to have only minimum selling points nor can it
have its own resources to have the outlets all over. The business volumes cannot be limited in
any case. The core competence of a manufacturing company is to produce a good quality
product. It creates a network of its own outlets, dealers, commission agents, institutions etc. to
distribute its products efficiently and effectively. Thus the selling may be handled directly
through own salesmen or indirectly through agents. In case of direct selling, the company usually
has depots all over. The stocks are transferred to these depots and from their finally sold to

18

ultimate customers. This involves huge expenses and problems of maintaining the same on a
permanent basis. Hence, the firm could appoint agents to whom stocks will be given. These
agents distribute the products to ultimate customers and receive commission from the
manufacturer. One such way of indirect selling is selling through consignment agents. The
relationship between consignor and consignee is that of Principal-Agent relationship.
Consignment takes place where goods are transferred from the owner (consignor) to an agent
(consignee) for the purpose of sale by the consignee on behalf of the consignor. It is important to
understand that the relationship of principal (consignor) and agent (consignee) exists. Because of
this agency relationship, ownership of the goods does not transfer to the consignee. The
consignee, as the selling agent, is entitles to a commission for selling the goods; expenses may be
incurred by both parties; and periodically or on completion of the consignment, settlement is
effected between the parties. If any goods remain unsold then they are generally returned to the
consignor. Consignment is a fairly common commercial transaction, perhaps more common than
many people may think. (Ajanthan, 2014)
As cited by Kaynak and Seyoum (2014), Consignment Sales is defined as a method in
which the exporter sends the product to an importer on a deferred payment basis; that is the
importer does not pay for the merchandise until it is sold to a third party. Title to merchandise
passes to importer only when the payment is made to the exporter. Consignment is rarely used
between unrelated parties, for example, independent importers and exporters (Goldsmith, 1989).
It is best used in cases involving an increasing demand for a product for which a proportioned
stock is required to meet such need (Tyler, 1994). It is also used when a seller wants to testmarket new products or to test the market in a new country.

19

According to Bonomo (2013) in theory, a consignment inventory management program

works best at the manufacturing level when implemented as a vendor managed strategy. By
developing a collaborative relationship with parts supplier can determine which items should be
placed on a consignment plan. Consumable inventory works best, namely the components,
fasteners, and packaging materials constantly used to accomplish your production. With
consignment inventory management programs, an agreement is established, which outlines each
partys liability obligations, the part prices, and stocking amounts. Using enhanced
communication and software connections that match existing purchasing systems, supplier
transfers inventory shipments to your facility yet retains ownership of those parts until they are
consumed on the assembly line. Bar code scanners and other tools keep accurate data on
consumption levels, allowing supplier to orchestrate replenishment shipments efficiently, issue
purchase orders on a pre-arranged schedule, and effectively manage his own stock levels to keep
facility adequately supplied. Implementing a consignment inventory management program at
manufacturing facility offers numerous cost saving advantages, and should be viewed as a value
added service, the benefits of which continually compound over time. In addition to optimizing
cash flow with an immediate infusion of capital, this inventory strategy offers operational
improvements by decreasing production times, labor costs, and administrative expenses.
Consignment inventory management eliminates line down occurrences caused from stock out
situations, giving the reliance to depend on those items always being available for usage, and
arrange production schedules accordingly. It also allows to respond quickly to changes your own
customers requests, providing a level of service that competitors cannot. Because of the
increased communication between company and supplier, the labor involved in receivable
inspections is significantly reduced. Moreover, the soft costs inherent in handling and carrying

20

stock is removed, rejuvenating profit margins. Vendor managed inventory programs that include
a consignment inventory management strategy offer manufacturers a myriad of progressive
operational advantages, streamlining production times, while simultaneously reducing the
tedious administrative tasks and inspection processes that consume valuable resources.
According to Rettger (2010) at the heart of the Chelsea Green consignment contract is an
agreement between the bookseller and the publisher on the programs goals: to increase sellthrough of titles, allow booksellers to pay for books as they are sold, and further minimize
returns. Booksellers must order enough Chelsea Green titles to fill a dedicated space and agree
to keep titles prominently displayed within their regular categories. Based on monthly sales
reports from the bookstore, consignment invoices are generated and must be paid by the 15th of
the month. Chelsea Greens minimum consignment order is five books, any combination of
titles; the discount is 45 percent plus free freight. Titles that show little or no movement after an
agreed-upon time become candidates for shared markdowns. At the end of the initial
consignment agreement, which is for a six-month trial, the bookstore and Chelsea Green review
and evaluate the program. In the recent experiments in consignment, ABA CEO Oren Teicher
said, We think its extremely encouraging that publishers are taking a fresh look at trade
practices and asking themselves whether there are potentially profitable new ideas to be
explored. In our discussions with publishers, ABA has encouraged them to examine such new
avenues as consignment, which we believe have the strong potential of selling more books, a
definite win-win for publishers and booksellers. The consignment model is going to become
very common very quickly, said Chartrand, who is in talks with other publishers about
establishing similar partnerships. It addresses such an important, fundamental issue for
independent booksellers, which is cash flow. I am having discussions with two other publishers

21

to implement consignment deals, said Morrow. I hope to have half a dozen partnerships
worked out by next year. It is time for the industry as a whole to give consignment a fresh look.
In the Writers Weekly, Hoy (2011) said that an increasingly popular scenario is when a
bookstore buys the books on consignment. Under consignment, the bookstore doesnt pay for the
books until/unless they sell. Bookstores literally have nothing to lose (they dont even have to
pay anything up front) and authors are getting their books into local stores. Many of these
authors get their books stocked on the local author shelves at their neighborhood bookstores
and can even get their books on the front counter, depending on how well they promote
themselves to the stores owner or manager. Of course, consignment works for many different
types of retailers, not just bookstores. Some authors simply stop in once a month, check to see
how many books are left on display, and invoice the store for the books that have sold. Other
authors are kept abreast of sales by the store manager, and receive checks on a regular basis. Of
course, this would only happen with a very small store. The large stores have too much red tape
in their accounting departments for the store manager or a clerk to track sales of specific items.
The downside of a consignment contract is books can get damaged by customers thumbing
through them, and are sometimes damaged to the point where they are unsellable. So, if the
author must collect unsold books at some point to sell elsewhere, they may not be fit to sell.
Occasionally, an author gets stiffed by a store on a consignment deal so the recommendation is
by only dropping off a handful of books, not an entire case. Offering a consignment deal to the
store will probably give the best chance of having carry it. Simply offer to sell it on a
consignment basis, and check in every month or two to see if any have sold. Bill them for any
copies that are no longer on the shelf. The appeal to a store owner or manager is that they need to
take almost no action, and spend no up-front money, to get the books on their shelf. The easier

22

this transaction is for them, the better chance of the books being stocked by the store. When
delivering the books, two copies of a consignment agreement must be brought. The agreement
should contain a clause that specifies the bookstore will pay you for all copies that no longer
appear on their shelf. Otherwise, they could claim copies were stolen, and not pay for those.
They could also claim copies were damaged and discarded, and try to not pay for those.
Anything that happens in that store to your books is not, and should not, be the suppliers
responsibility.
Local Studies
In the study of Javier et. al (2010), in a duopolistic market where goods are consigned
under a Vendor Managed Inventory setting, the two manufacturers engage in a price competition
to capture the larger percentage of the market. Since they are able to dictate the market price of
their goods, the retailer is not in any way able to change the prices set by the respective suppliers.
When this happens, the retailer acts as a mere selling space of goods and point of competition
among suppliers. The intensity of competition is investigated where price competition with the
consideration of brand substitution is analyzed with respect to the decisions that are made by
each manufacturer. In considering the possible action and reaction scenarios that could take place
across different inventory cycles, significant factor interactions are identified and analyzed as to
how it affects mean profit and pricing and reorder decisions available to the manufacturer. As
manufacturer make discounting decisions in terms of price and time of discount, and reorder
point quantities across time, the optimal decisions as well as its sequence of implementation can
be viewed as sequential decision process that can be modeled as a Dynamic Programming
model. Competitive measures as well as eventual counteractions by competitors were simulated,
similar to how other studies considered action-and-reaction of players in the competition.

23

In another study of Salvador et. al (2010), their studys results revealed that the existing
accounting systems of their selected school for cash receipts and disbursements, receivable, and
revenues were all unsatisfactory while the debts and expenditures needed improvement. The
internal control system installed on accounting system for cash receipts and disbursement and
debt also needed improvement. The internal control for revenue was outstanding and
unsatisfactory for expenditure. The existing system for cash managements on its cash receipts
and disbursements both needed improvement while in the receivable; petty cash fund, debts, and
expenditure were all unsatisfactory. The existing system for revenue was satisfactory. The
internal control system particularly on cash receipts, receivable, debts, revenue, and expenditures
needed improvement. The internal control for cash disbursements and petty cash fund were both
unsatisfactory. The existing system for management on its cash receipts, cash disbursements,
receivable, debt, revenue and expenditure were assessed to be the strength in the current existing
practices on fund and revenue management of the school. The internal controls system installed
on fund and revenue management system particularly on cash receipts, disbursement, petty cash
fund, receivable, debt, revenue, and expenditure were also considered as the strength of the
institutions current controls practices on fund and revenue management systems. In addition, the
following were found to be the adoptable practices of related school to enhance the current
system about Fund and Revenue Management System: imprest system for cash receipts and
disbursement; concentration banking to fasten the collection scheme; the credit function of the
institution separated from the revenue function; establishment of adequate allowance for
probable losses from delinquent accounts; write-off of delinquent accounts thru approval by the
Board of Trustees; procedures of probable future collection from written off accounts; prenumbered documents used for billing; written procedures regarding the recording and

24

reconciliation of revenue generating transactions; procedures to ensure that fees billed are
adequate to recover all direct and indirect costs; the person responsible to the account/notes
receivable is independent from the credit manager; preparation of cash budget that begins at least
six months before the beginning of the next fiscal/calendar year; preparation of the budget that
involved all the individuals affiliated with the institution; paid invoices that are stamped PAID
to prevent the duplicate payment.
In another study of Abacahinet. al (2012), they have researched about the Edmar Marketing
which is currently does its sales and inventory manually. As such, it takes time to locate certain
files for reports and the entries in the monitoring sheet are not clear, thus, creating confusion.
The project is an automated Sales and Inventory System which has an array of functions
involving sales and inventory that can be of very big help to the company. It aims to make files
updated and easy to locate, hence, data and information become accurate and orderly which may
provide a faster alternative or means in doing the inventory. The system inventory may also be
harder to cheat because the coming in and going out of stocks are recorded in the system. The
warehouse personnel is more accurate in their reports and can save more time by using the
system. Since the system user has saved time, the personnel in-charge can then be more
productive in terms of output which can be beneficial to the company.
Diva and Trinidad (2011) conducted a study to enhance the existing pharmacy inventory
control system of Malijan Diabetes Center (MDC) to have a better inventory management and to
reduce risks of errors and fraud. It sought to identify the enhancement and design that MDC
could adopt for a more effective and efficient inventory system. Specifically, the study aimed to
determine the current policies and procedures of MDC to account for their pharmacy inventory;
verify strengths and weaknesses of the current inventory control system, provide appropriate

25

measures to be adopted to minimize risks from the weaknesses and threats; and identify
inventory management and accounting concepts, principles, and techniques that should be
applied to the enhanced inventory control system. The study used descriptive research design.
Interview with employees was conducted and internal control questionnaire was given to the
clients to gather the needed data. Finally, observations, walkthrough, and nonparticipant were
conducted to verify the results of the interview and questionnaire. Results revealed weaknesses
of the current system through SWOT analysis. Therefore, the study proposed different methods
from accounting and management concepts to reduce the threats from these weaknesses. The
analysis was suggested as a method of classifying the inventory of the pharmacy. Moreover, the
perpetual inventory system was suggested to avoid expensive periodic inventory counts.
Furthermore, the use of different accounting forms like Purchase Management, Purchase Order,
and Receiving Report as well as close supervision were recommended to reduce the weaknesses
found in the pharmacys current inventory system.
In the study of Picazo (2012), unlike Botikang Barangay which are supplied solely by
Philippine International Trading Corporation, and must pay for every delivery they receive. The
Generics Pharmacy does consignment for each franchisees, which can also get medicines from
other sources. Under consignment, the supplier (consignor) provides an inventory of drugs to a
retailer which pays only the items that is able to sell. This is an important distinction between
BNBs and For-profit franchisees which confers on the latter a distinct advantage. The Generics
Pharmacy also tends to advertise more, thus attracting more customers.
Foreign Studies
Xiu (2011) studied that many researchers have recently given considerable attention to
coordinating the issue between suppliers and retailers in the supply chain. However, most

26

researchers assume that the chains market demand is either price sensitive or constant.
Consequently, this work considers coordinating a single supplier-single retailer distribution
system. Consignment inventory is a mechanism of supply chain management. Adopting
consignment arrangement companies can dramatically lower company costs and drop prices to
increase demand for products, attract new customers and even enter new markets. A consignment
arrangement makes no payments to the retailer until the item is sold; therefore the retailer has no
money tied up in inventory and bears no risk associated with demand uncertainty. The supplier
possesses market condition information directly, mitigating bullwhip effect in the supply chain.
This increases firms measurement accuracy of the retailers selling efforts, reducing demand
uncertainty, and enabling the supplier to better match supply with demand.
In the study of Han (2013), consignment stores are, locations where consigners give
their gently used itemsless than three years and in good conditions, and other parties
purchase those consigned items. If the items are sold within 90 days, some percentage of sales
profits are taken by the store, and the rest of money go to consigners. If the items are not sold
during the period, items are returned to consigners or marked down. As defined here,
consignment applies two types of peopleconsigners and customers. Consignment store owners
not only make efforts to maintain good relationships with customers, they also maintain
relationships with consigners. They are both important, since consigners are people who bring
quality items, and customers are people who purchase these items, and finally produce profits.
The store deals with items that have brand quality, wearable, in good condition, and less than 2-3
years old. Although consignment store owners have also the freedom to choose their items like
vintage store owners, sometimes their choices are limited to only what consigners bring to the

27

store. They also provide quality services to community, consigners, and customers, offering
entertainment and esthetic experiences.
In another study of Ramrakhyani (2010) Supplier, Buyer and Retailer are the three most
important aspect of a Supply Chain with inventory as the common link connecting the three.
Since the advent of Supply Chain Management System, researchers are involved eradicating the
problems incurred in the smooth functioning of the supply chain system and are exploring ways
to increase the overall profitability of the system. VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) System with
CI (Consignment Inventory) offers a solution for many manufacturing businesses. In this
research work the focus is made on both the type of inventory management agreement systems.
To gather information an empirical study was done at Marquardt Switches Inc. and interviews
were conducted with the Production and Supply Chain Engineers. Extended Literature review
was done to know the latest updates in the field of study. This research was more focused on
studying different Inventory Supply Chain Models and compares the profit function of Supplier
and Buyer working in a VMI-CI environment and to show the profitability of the overall Supply
Chain Management System in a Manufacturing Industry. More work was carried out to extend
the study done on "Supply Chain Model of Vendor Managed Inventory" [Dong and Xu, 2002] by
incorporating the mathematical model with the benefits associated with 'Payment Delays' and
'Time Value of Money' in the VMI System.
As cited in the study of Gilde (2014), another use of the VMI is to include consignment
inventory policy. There has over the past decades been an increasing amount of researcher that
has started to concern the importance related to profitable vertical relationships between seller
and buyer. From before and little back in time companys where working in short terms
perspective if we compared it with the normality of today. The most important factor was price

28

and how there was possible to reduce the price on articles to get the cost down. Today there are
more focus towards strong integration, collaboration and information sharing between both
parties to make profit, and be able to reduce cost so everybody gain profit, and also leaning
towards strong relationship with fewer and more strategic suppliers. (Valentini and Zavanella
2003) Consignment stock will in this case assume it will work under the assumption that the
vendor will increase the service level on the warehouse for seller according to an optimal service
level and to reduce the probability of a stock-out situation. Recent studies show that there can
be a lot of advantages of using VMI with consignment stock policy, so there are made a list of
advantages and disadvantages considering the 17 possible implementation of VMI policy with
CS, trying to highlight some important factors to be aware of.
According to the study of Verheijen (2010) in general, the central idea is that total
channel costs for Vendor Managed Inventory-consignment in a supply chain channel between a
buyer and vendor decrease over both the short and long term, but such a decrease may fall short
of the centrally coordinated supply chain (Dong and Xu, 2002). In the Dong and Xu study, VMIconsignment arrangement is compared to a base case in which the buyer dominates and
determines the order quantities and a proposed transfer price according to local profit
maximization. The benefits of VMI increase with increasing difference between the vendors and
the buyers setup costs for a transaction and thus their preferred order-sizes. Evidently,
implementation of VMI with consignment is always beneficial to the buyer as the inventory
holding costs are absorbed by the vendor. However, when the transaction setup costs for the
buyer and vendor are of the same magnitude, it is possible that implementation of VMIconsignment leads to a decrease of the vendors profits in the short term. In the long-term,
however, reduction in overall supply chain channel costs results in a competitive edge, leading to

29

increasing sales volumes, so the vendors profits could increase. A special assumption in the
Dong and Xu study is that the production costs increase convexly in quantity. Note that other
efficiency gains attributed to VMI such as improved coordination and forecasting, leading to
reduced safety stocks and more degrees of freedom for vendor to manufacture or deliver
have not been taken into account in this study.
Relevance to the Present Study
The head part of this chapter deeply explains the system of consignment which is also
known as indirect selling. The Principal-Agent Relationship or indirect selling definition and
how they function is shown thoroughly. Deferred basis of payment is effective for this system
where the payment is dependent on the third party as commission will be given to the consignee.
In a bookstore and publisher relationship where the bookstore is the consignee and the publisher
is the consignor. Furthermore, it is said that consignment system is the best for meeting the
increasing demand by the market for the benefit of the involving parties (supplier, buyer, and
vendor). Also, it offers operational improvements such as cost saving, decrease in labor costs,
production times, and administrative expenses as equated fir a higher profit. Consignment deals
work for many different types of retailers, not just bookstores and it becomes so much common
very quickly. These discussions are relevant to the study specifically in accounting relations and
internal controls. Thus, the rules, agreements, and step-by-step system, and possible scenarios
between the two related parties are also stated. The AIS relations come in pace in settling bar
codes on a certain inventory like books. It helps the consignment to be easier, systematic, and les
error-occurring.
The chapter also discusses the risks may be encountered by the suppliers and retailers. It
is said that the scenario determine who will take a higher risks. On the market, the risks include

30

the price competition as it affects the mean profit, pricing, and reorder decisions for the
manufacturer.

CHAPTER III
Methods and Procedures
Research Design
The study made use of quantitative, descriptive approach to investigate the adherence of
selected university bookstores employing consignment. It wasquantitative since it wasconcerned
with the numbers and frequencies with which the adherence level of the bookstores to the
prescribedconsignment practicescan be measured. The response given by the representatives of
selected university bookstores represented that of the population.
The data obtained were used as information about the selected university bookstores
consignment practices. As planned, one way of extending knowledge aboutuniversity bookstores
that employ consignment was to observe and evaluate them. At the end of the research, the
results were communicated to the management of the selected university bookstores.
Since sampling of the population was used, the results of the study were assumed as
describing the population of interest (all university bookstores that employ consignment).The

31

sample used was also assumed as representative bookstores of all bookstores around NCR region
in terms of their consignment practices.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The respondents of the study were the selected personnel of university bookstores that
employ consignment as they are the ones overseeing the consignment practices. They have
enough knowledge for their being positioned in the organizational structure. Selected university
bookstores that employ consignment and their representatives were assumed as one and only one
entity. Meaning, the opinions given by the respondents reflected that of the university
bookstores consignment practices.
The population isall university bookstores that employ consignment in the whole
Philippines. With its wide scope, population was narrowed down using the following criteria, as
purposive sampling was used: (1) the university should be located within NCR area; (2) the
student population must be at least 10,000 for the current school year; and (3) the personnel
should have knowledge on both accounting and internal control of the university
bookstoresconsignment practices. The number of respondents would be dependent from the
number of university bookstores who passed the criteria given.
Research Instrument and Technique
Since the study used descriptive method, survey type of research, questionnaire was
utilized as a tool for gathering data. The questionnaire is entitled Prescribed Consignment
Practices Questionnaire. It is an adapted questionnaire using different standards and
pronouncements about consignment accounting and internal control.

32

Standards and pronouncements that were used as guides includes: International

Accounting Standards 2- Inventories, International Accounting Standards 18-Revenue
Recognition, KPMG Internal Control Practical Guide, COSO Internal Framework Guide,
University of Muscogee Bookstore policies and Procedures; LBMA (London Bullion Market
Association) Consignment Agreement Draft, LegalZoom Consignment Agreement and Guide,
and Advanced Accounting Two byBaysa and Lupisan.
In the context of the study, the researchers focused on determining the consignment
practices of university bookstores that employ consignment. The tool consisted of eight parts;
one for the demographics and seven for the consignment practices with five questions for each
from a combination of accounting and internal control provisions. The distribution of question
for the two was distributive.
The research problem as stated in the Statement of the Problem of the paper was
answered systematically as to the design of the questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire
represented the first specific problem, What is the profile of university bookstores in terms of
years of operation? The second part of the questionnaire represented the second specific
problem, What is the level of adherence of university bookstores on the prescribed consignment
practices: (a) delivery of goods; (b) risk of loss, damages and confusions; (c) efforts to sell; (d)
payment, sales and commission; (e) return of products; (f) termination; and (g) legal items? The
third and fourth specific problems were not directly represented by the questionnaire, but rather
answered using statistical methods.

33

Data Gathering Procedure

Contact all university
in NCR for bookstore
consignment
verification

Contact selected
university for more
information inquiries

Construct the
questionnaire

Do questionnaire
distribution

Give permission to
conduct study to
selected univeristy
bookstores

Do the validation and

reliability testing

Collect and tabulate

results (descriptive
analyses)

Do inferential
statistical analyses

Figure 2. Data gathering procedure process flow diagram.

34

From the population, all university bookstores that employ consignment, selected
respondents were segregated using the criteria laid down. First, all universities in NCR were
contacted one-by-one. The following queries were asked: (1) is there a bookstore inside the
campus, that is owned and operated by the university, just like an extension of the Finance
department and (2) is the bookstore employing consignment? From these, those universities
having bookstores that employ consignment were segregated.
From those segregated, the researchers contacted the selected universities, through email
or phone call to send permission and request to disseminate enrollment information. After the
receipt of information, those having student population of at least 10,000 for the current year,
were further segregated.
From those segregated, the researchers contact the selected universities finance, through
email or phone call to send permission and request to conduct study and choose a personnel as a
representative of the university. Those personnel who have enough knowledge about the
accounting and internal control practices of the consignment practices were segregated. It is the
head of the finance department that decides who will be selected. Selected personnel will be the
respondent and representative of the university.
The survey was adapted using standards and pronouncement for consignment accounting
procedures and internal control. The questionnaire was composed of thirty-five (35) questions,
which were detailed and more related to accounting procedures and internal control for the
consignment practices.
Validation of the questionnaire and reliability test were done with the help of the adviser
and outside party validators, which are CPAs. After the validation process, the researchers sentemails to selecteduniversities finance department for permission to conduct study. This was due

35

to the reason that the head of the finance department will be the one to choose the representative
of the university needed for the study. Once the feedback from the e-mail was accepted, with a
permission to deliver the questionnaires, the researchers distributed the questionnaires to the
respective universities offices. Answering of the questionnaire was supported by direct
observation. Every time a questionnaire was completed, tabulation of points was done. Results
obtained remained confidential to the researchers themselves. The next step did not start until all
the questionnaires were retrieved.
Next, statistical computations were made to test the hypothesis. Mean, standard
deviation, and coefficient of variation were computed to determine the level of compliance of the
bookstores to the prescribed consignment practices. Kruskal-Wallis H testwasutilized in
identifying significant difference between the responses when the respondents were grouped to
years of operation.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Results from the first part of the questionnaire were tallied together in a frequency table
used to create charts. Results from the second part of the questionnaire were tallied together by
dimension. For each statement item, the following were the pointing system:
Point

Description

Adhere

Adhere with limitations

Not adhere

36

Table 1.Pointing system to be used to measure adherence

Descriptive Analysis
Mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation werecomputed to determine the
consignment practices of each of the sample for every dimension. From thirty-five (35)
questions, mean was computed for every dimension of consignment practices, and the result
served as adherence of the sample to the prescribed consignment practices. Ranking was done in
each dimension in able to see who among the university bookstores has exemplary practices for
each dimension.An overall mean was also computed for every dimension.
Standard deviation and coefficient of variation were used to measure how each response
drastically changed from one to another which should not be high, in the sense that each
questions were related to each other; all requiring the same degree of response.
Inferential Statistics
Statistical computations were made to relate the results thereon. Below is the list of
statistical methods that were used to compare consignment practices among bookstores when
they are grouped according to profile.
Years of operation

Consignment practices

Statistical method used

Delivery of goods

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Risk of loss, damages and

Kruskal-Wallis H test

37

confusions
Efforts to sell

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Payment, sales and

commission

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Return of products

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Termination

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Legal items

Kruskal-Wallis H test

Table 2. Statistical methods to be used to know the difference between consignment practices
when the bookstores are grouped according to factors affecting it.
Kruskal-Wallis H Test
The Kruskal-Wallis H test (sometimes also called the "one-way ANOVA on ranks") is a
rank-based nonparametric test that can be used to determine if there are statistically significant
differences between two or more groups of an independent variable on a continuous or ordinal
dependent variable. It is considered the nonparametric alternative to the one-way ANOVA, and
an extension of the Mann-Whitney U test to allow the comparison of more than two independent
groups. In the context of the study, years of operation were divided into four categories or
groups: 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16 years and above. If the computations result to a difference, then
years of operation do affect consignment practices, if not, then vice-versa.

38

CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

1. Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Years of Operation
Table 3 illustrates the frequency and percentage of the respondents profile in
terms of years of operation.
Table 3
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents Profile According to Years of
Operation
Years of Operation
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and above
Total

Frequency (f)
2
4
3
1
10

Percentage (%)
20
40
30
10
100

The above table shows that four (4) of the respondents or forty percent (40%) have been
operating for 6-10 years. While three (3), two (2), and one (1) of the respondents or thirty
percent (30%), twenty percent (20%), and ten percent (10%), have been operating for 11-15
years, 1-5 years, and 16 years and above; descending respectively.
The said findings are an expected distribution since most of the universities that form part
of the sample have only recently established their operation due to recent increase in student
population that positively agreed to the need of a bookstore.

39

2. Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Consignment Practices of University Bookstores

2.1 Delivery of goods
Table 4 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed delivery of goods practices of university bookstores.
Table 4
Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Delivery of Goods Practices of University Bookstores
Prescribed Delivery of Goods
Practices
1. The bookstore labels consigned
books with an identification tag (e.g.,
serial number, codes, colored tag)
when such books are received.
2. The bookstore records all delivery
costs unless it is reimbursable to the
consignor. (A debit to Receivable
from Consignor and a credit to Cash
are recorded)
3. The bookstore records a
memorandum entry (e.g. A receipt of
100 units of books consigned are
received on January 1, 2016) and the
title of products still remains with the
consignor.
4. The bookstore receives the initial
list prices together with the signed
agreement
after
examining
appropriate terms.
5. The bookstore properly stocks
delivered books in a central
stockroom or inside the bookstore

Mean

SD

Adjectival
Description

Interpretation

2.80

0.42

Adhere

Very High Level

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

3.00

0.00

Adhere

Very High Level

2.70

0.48

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

2.80

0.42

Adhere

Very High Level

40

premises.
Composite Mean
2.84
0.21
Adhere
Very High Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
As shown in the table, the prescribed practice The bookstore records a memorandum
entry (e.g. A receipt of 100 units of books consigned are received on January 1, 2016) and the
title of products still remains with the consignor. got the highest mean of 3.00 with a standard
deviation of 0.00. On the contrary, the prescribed practice The bookstore receives the initial list
prices together with the signed agreement after examining appropriate terms. got the lowest
mean of 2.70 with a standard deviation of 0.48. However, the over-all response manifested in the
composite mean is 2.84 with the standard deviation of 0.21 interpreted as fully adhere.
The said findings are also true with the survey done by National Association of College
Stores (NACS) (2010) in their Campus Survey Services stating that, higher education retail
markets do not encounter problems when it comes to receipt and management of delivered
goods. On the contrary, NACS stated that quantity discrepancies, incorrect goods and damaged
goods are some of the issues encountered by bookstores in the past years.
In summary, the university bookstores sampled fully adhere with the prescribed delivery
of goods practices meaning that the bookstores sampled is in unison. Starting from the receiving
of the delivery of goods up to the stocking of the books to the bookstore or central stockroom, all
bookstores sampled have a proper accounting and internal control when it comes to delivery of
goods.
2.2 Risk of Loss, Damages and Confusions
Table 5 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed risk of loss, damages and confusions practices of university bookstores.
Table 5

41

Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Risk of Loss, Damages and Confusions Practices of
University Bookstores
Prescribed Risk of Loss, Damages
and Confusions Practices
1. The books are checked and
examined for visible signs of
damages or loss and if discovered
concealed damages or loss, it is
reported immediately to the supplier.
2. The bookstore does record loss and
damages unless it is the negligence of
the bookstore. (A Debit to
appropriate expense account and a
Credit to cash)
3. The bookstore insures the books
against all risks against which are
customarily
insured,
including
insurance for theft and damage, and
provides evidence of such insurance
coverage to the consignor as and
when requested.
4. The bookstore makes sure to meet
certain standards in keeping of the
books, such as their segregation from
goods wholly owned or held under a
claim of ownership or interest.
5. The bookstore maintains an
accurate physical inventory log
records of consigned books delivered
after examining the books.
Composite Mean

Mean

SD

Adjectival
Description

Interpretation

2.70

0.67

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

2.10

0.88

Adhere with
limitations

Moderately High
Level

2.50

0.85

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

2.62

0.43

Moderately High
Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
Adhere

As shown in the table, the prescribed practices The bookstore maintains an accurate
physical inventory log records of consigned books delivered after examining the books and
The bookstore does record loss and damages unless it is the negligence of the bookstore. (A
Debit to appropriate expense account and a Credit to cash) got the highest means of 2.90 with
a standard deviation of 0.32 both. On the contrary, the prescribed practice The bookstore

42

insures the books against all risks against which are customarily insured, including insurance
for theft and damage, and provides evidence of such insurance coverage to the consignor as and
when requested. got the lowest mean of 2.10 with a standard deviation of 0.88. However, the
over-all response manifested in the composite mean is 2.62 with the standard deviation of 0.43
interpreted as fully adhere.
The said findings are also true with the study of American Booksellers Association
(ABA) (2010) stating that not all independent and higher education institution-owned bookstores
are insuring their books, instead they compensate this by implementing more risk policies.
In summary, the university bookstores sampled fully adhered with the prescribed risk of
loss, damages and confusion practices. All bookstore sampled have the same practices when it
comes to handling risks, damages and confusions despite not all bookstores sampled insures their
books against all risk since it is presumed that the consignee would take care of the books with
ordinary care and it also depends to the discretion of the university.

2.3 Efforts to Sell

Table 6 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed efforts to sell practices of university bookstores.
Table 6
Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Efforts to Sell Practices of University Bookstores
Prescribed Efforts to Sell Practices
1. The bookstore entices student
demand for the book by proper
positioning and displaying of books.
2. The bookstore records the
advertising expenses incurred. (A
Debit to Receivable from Consignor
and a Credit to Cash)

Mean

SD

Adjectival
Description

Interpretation

2.50

0.53

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

1.90

0.74

Adhere with
limitations

Moderately Low
Level

43

3. The bookstore is requiring the

purchase of books as college
academic requirements for the
students.
4. The bookstore agrees with the
consignors price and is justifiable
enough to have a high demand for the
product for assurance of high volume
sales.
5. The bookstore staff has an oral
tradition of promoting the books and
courtesy to the students.
Composite Mean

2.30

0.82

Adhere with
limitations

Moderately High
Level

2.80

0.42

Adhere

Very High Level

2.60

0.52

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

2.42

0.26

Adhere with Moderately High

limitations
Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
As shown in the table, the prescribed practice The bookstore agrees with the consignors
price and is justifiable enough to have a high demand for the product for assurance of high
volume sales. got the highest mean of 2.80 with a standard deviation of 0.42. On the contrary,
the prescribed practice The bookstore records the advertising expenses incurred. (A Debit to
Receivable from Consignor and a Credit to Cash) got the lowest mean of 1.90 with a standard
deviation of 0.74. However, the over-all response manifested in the composite mean is 2.42 with
the standard deviation of 0.26 interpreted as adhere with limitations.
The said findings are supported by an article written by Silverberg and Glover (2014)
stating that campus bookstore nowadays were reporting decline in sales, and the old generation
problem lies with the traditional campus bookstore setting. A decline in demand of prospective
buyers results to a decline in sales. Silverberg and Glover (2014) therefore recommend having a
new generation campus store where not just pieces of paper, but of foods and hubs will improve
placing of items and develop an oral tradition among campus students.

44

In summary, the university bookstores sampled adhere with limitations with the
prescribed efforts to sell practices. The university bookstores sampled each have their own
marketing strategies in order to sell the books consigned. Proper positioning and advertising
expenses are dependent to the discretion of the consignor and bookstore agreement. Requiring
students to buy the book as a requirement is also dependent to the discretion of the university
since the students are mostly college students, they have a choice whether they want to buy in the
bookstore or bookstores outside the school.
2.4 Sales, Payment and Commission
Table 7 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed sales, payment and commission practices of university bookstores.
Table 7
Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Sales, Payment and Commission Practices of
University Bookstores
Prescribed Sales, Payment and
Commission Practices
1. The bookstore reconciles those
received from what is recorded at
least daily unless weekly is more
efficient.
2. The bookstore remits proceeds of
sale of consigned books to the
consignor or to deposit them in a
special account on or before the
period agreement.
3. The bookstore records sales of
consigned books as a Debit to Cash
and a Credit to Payable to the
Consignor.
4. Notification of sale, expense and
remittance are recorded as Debit to
Payable to Consignor and a Credit to
Commission Income and Cash unless
receivable are already deducted from
those due.
5. The bookstore with the consignor

Mean

SD

Adjectival
Description

Interpretation

3.00

0.00

Adhere

Very High Level

2.80

0.42

Adhere

Very High Level

3.00

0.00

Adhere

Very High Level

3.00

0.00

Adhere

Very High Level

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

45

stipulates proper agreement of

commission rate putting into
consideration, improvement of Sales
as determinant of commission rate.
Composite Mean
2.94
0.13
Adhere
Very High Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
As shown in the table, the prescribed practices The bookstore reconciles those received
from what is recorded at least daily unless weekly is more efficient., The bookstore records
sales of consigned books as a Debit to Cash and a Credit to Payable to the Consignor., and
Notification of sale, expense and remittance are recorded as Debit to Payable to Consignor and
a Credit to Commission Income and Cash unless receivable are already deducted from those
due. got the highest means of 3.00 with a standard deviation of 0.00 for all statements. On the
contrary, the prescribed practice The bookstore remits proceeds of sale of consigned books to
the consignor or to deposit them in a special account on or before the period agreement. got the
lowest mean of 2.80 with a standard deviation of 0.42. However, the over-all response
manifested in the composite mean is 2.94 with the standard deviation of 0.13 interpreted as fully
adhere.
According to Athitakis (2012), there is no problem with the management and ins and outs
of sales, payment and commission, but the problem lies with experimenting ideas of improving
them above average.
In summary, the university bookstores sampled fully adhere with the prescribed sales,
payment and commission practices. All university bookstores sampled are in unison in internal
control and accounting control when it comes sales, payment and commission practices since
these are fixed terms in the consignment agreement and it involves money that is why strict
management over this category is a must to avoid breach of contract.

46

2.5 Return of Products

Table 8 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed return of products practices of university bookstores.
Table 8
Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Return of Products Practices of University
Bookstores
Prescribed Return of Products
Practices
1. Defective books that are seen or
returned by the students are marked
by the bookstore as defective and
returned to the supplier immediately.
2. The bookstore with the consignor
properly agrees with period of return
and when the automatically unsold
goods will be returned.
3. The bookstore records a
memorandum entry when there is a
return of product. (e.g 100 units of
books were returned to the consignor
due to incomplete pages on January
15, 2016)
4. The bookstore segregates books
returned properly identified and
counted before the date of return.
Delivery controls are taken into
consideration to eliminate possible
future return cost.
5. The bookstore does not follow the
principle of No Return, No
Exchange policy unless stipulated in
the agreement. It is the duty and
expense of the consignor.
Composite Mean

Mean

SD

Adjectival
Description

Interpretation

2.80

0.42

Adhere

Very High Level

3.00

0.00

Adhere

Very High Level

3.00

0.00

Adhere

Very High Level

2.70

0.48

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

1.60

0.97

Adhere with
limitations

Moderately Low
Level

2.62

0.22

Moderately High
Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
Adhere

As shown in the table, the prescribed practices The bookstore with the consignor
properly agrees with period of return and when the automatically unsold goods will be

47

returned. and The bookstore records a memorandum entry when there is a return of product.
(e.g 100 units of books were returned to the consignor due to incomplete pages on January 15,
2016) got the highest means of 3.00 with a standard deviation of 0.00 both. On the contrary, the
prescribed practice The bookstore does not follow the principle of No Return, No Exchange
policy unless stipulated in the agreement. It is the duty and expense of the consignor. got the
lowest mean of 1.60 with a standard deviation of 0.97. However, the over-all response
manifested in the composite mean is 2.62 with the standard deviation of 0.22 interpreted as fully
adhere.
According to Wise (2010), in his article Placing your goods on consignment, return of
products is a normal activity in consigning, and it is within the Uniform Commercial Code
(UCC) stating that consignee can return products even if it is not defective or damaged, that most
consignees adherently follow a tradition of managing them according to existing code policies.
In summary, the university bookstores sampled fully adhere with the prescribed return of
products practices with means of 2.80. 3.00, 3.00 and 2.70 for the first, second, third and fifth
statements, respectively, all within 2.51-3.00 range for fully adhere. Moreover, standard
deviations of 0.42. 0.00, 0.00, and 0.48 for the first, second, third, and fourth statements,
respectively, showed that responses were not scattered and the distribution are relatively
homogeneous. Since return of products is a common thing in consignment whether because of
damage or no one bought it before the agreement period of both parties, all bookstore sampled
has the same practices when it comes to return of product. The only exception is the fifth
statement with mean of 1.60, which fall at the 1.51-2.50 range of adhere with limitations. It has a
standard deviation of 0.97, which means that results are scattered and the distribution is
relatively heterogeneous. Therefore, not almost all are adhering with limitations, it is just

48

influence by extreme responses that some are not adhering and some are fully adhering. The No
return, no exchange policy should not be followed but in under some circumstances this may be
dependent to the discretion of the bookstore or the university itself.
2.6 Termination
Table 9 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed termination practices of university bookstores.
Table 9
Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Termination Practices of University Bookstores
Prescribed Termination Practices
1. The bookstore returns all unsold
copies at the termination of
consignment period in the same
quality as it was delivered.
2. The bookstore follows the amount
of time given by the supplier to return
the books after the termination of
agreement.
3. The bookstore records a
memorandum entry for return of
unsold copies of books (e.g.
termination of contract with supplier
A. 120 unsold goods are returned and
allocated collection was remitted
January 31, 2016)
4. The bookstore segregates books
returned properly identified and
counted before the date of return.
Delivery controls are taken into
consideration to eliminate possible
future
return
cost.
(During
termination)
5. The bookstore terminates the
contract with justifiable and proofbased to who breaches the contract.
Composite Mean

Mean

SD

Adjectival
Description

Interpretation

2.80

0.42

Adhere

Very High Level

2.50

0.53

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

2.60

0.84

Adhere

Moderately High
Level

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

2.74

0.27

Moderately High
Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
Adhere

49

As shown in the table, the prescribed practice The bookstore records a memorandum
entry for return of unsold copies of books (e.g. termination of contract with supplier A. 120
unsold goods are returned and allocated collection was remitted January 31, 2016) got the
highest mean of 2.90 with a standard deviation of 0.32. On the contrary, the prescribed practice
The bookstore follows the amount of time given by the supplier to return the books after the
termination of agreement. got the lowest mean of 2.50 with a standard deviation of 0.53.
However, the over-all response manifested in the composite mean is 2.74 with the standard
deviation of 0.27 interpreted as fully adhere.
According to most of the sampled universities, have no problem with implementing
termination policies, although some did not yet encounter a formal proceeding of the said
activity. Support from consignor and legal counsel help the consignee understand termination
activities.
In summary, the university bookstores sampled fully adhere with the prescribed
termination practices. All bookstore sampled have the same implementation of termination
policies despite some university bookstore sampled havent yet experienced termination since
they are still new in the industry.
2.7 Legal items
Table 10 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed legal items practices of university bookstores.
Table 10
Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Legal items Practices of University Bookstores
Prescribed Legal items Practices

Mean

SD

1. The bookstore cancels the

consignment by giving notice in

2.00

0.82

Adjectival
Description
Adhere with
limitations

Interpretation
Moderately Low
Level

50

writing, if the consignor is unable to

deliver the consignment within a
reasonable period after giving notice
under delay of delivery. (Force
Majeure)
2. All notices are duly signed by the
bookstore, or on behalf of the party,
giving it and are served by delivering
it personally or virtually to the
relevant party.
3. The consignment agreement
properly sets forth law and
jurisdiction that are to be construed
and performed in accordance with the
Philippine Law.
4. The consignment agreement is put
in to writing properly signed for and
on behalf of the consignor and the
consignee.
5. The bookstore properly records
special accounts according to
classification (e.g. special kinds of
commission Del Grede)
Composite Mean

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

2.90

0.32

Adhere

Very High Level

2.80

0.42

Adhere

Very High Level

2.40

0.52

Adhere with
limitations

Moderately High
Level

2.60

0.33

Adhere with Moderately High

limitations
Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
As shown in the table, the prescribed practices All notices are duly signed by or on
behalf of the party giving it and shall be served by delivering it personally or virtually to the
relevant party and The consignment agreement properly sets forth law and jurisdiction that
are to be construed and performed in accordance with the Philippine Law. got the highest
means of 2.90 with a standard deviation of 0.32 both. On the contrary, the prescribed practice
The bookstore cancels the consignment by giving notice in writing, if the consignor is unable to
deliver the consignment within a reasonable period after giving notice under delay of delivery.
(Force Majeure) got the lowest mean of 2.00 with a standard deviation of 0.82. However, the

51

over-all response manifested in the composite mean is 2.60 with the standard deviation of 0.33
interpreted as fully adhere.
According to most of the sampled universities, they have no problem with implementing
legal items policies, which are legal policies, because of the support coming from the consignor
themselves and their respective legal counsels.
In summary, the university bookstores sampled fully adhere with the prescribed legal
items practices. All university bookstores sampled follows the formality of the consignment
agreement in accordance to law, even though there are some limitations when it comes to Force
Majeure instances which is dependent to the stipulations of both parties, all-in-all the
consignment agreement should not be contrary to law, public order, public policy and good
customs.
2.8. Over-all
Table 11 shows the mean, standard deviation, and interpretation of the level of adherence
on the prescribed consignment practices of university bookstores.
Table 11
Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Consignment Practices of University Bookstores
Prescribed Consignment Practices
Deliver of Goods

Mean
2.84

SD
0.21

Risk of Loss, Damages and Confusions

2.62

0.43

Efforts to Sell

2.42

0.26

Payment, Sales and Commission

2.94

0.13

Return of Products

2.62

0.22

Termination

2.74

0.27

Legal Items

2.60

0.33

Composite Mean

2.68

0.15

Interpretation
Very High Level
Moderately High
Level
Moderately High
Level
Very High Level
Moderately High
Level
Moderately High
Level
Moderately High
Level
Moderately High

52

Level
Legend: 1.00-1.25- Very Low Level; 1.26-2.00- Moderately Low Level; 2.01-2.75- Moderately
High Level; 2.76-3.00- Very High Level
As shown in the table, the prescribed consignment practice category Payment, Sales and
Commission got the highest mean of 2.94 with a standard deviation of 0.13. On the contrary, the
prescribed consignment practice category Efforts to Sell got the lowest mean of 2.42 with a
standard deviation of 0.26. However, the over-all response manifested in the composite mean is
2.68 with the standard deviation of 0.15 interpreted as fully adhere.
In summary, the university bookstores sampled fully adhere with the prescribed
consignment practices. All university bookstore is in unison when it comes to accounting and
internal control of consignment. Payment, Sales and Commission practices of the all the
university bookstore sampled have a strict implementation and management since it involves
money and profit that is why all accounting and internal controls are fully adhered. While on the
other hand, Effort to Sell is low since university bookstores doesnt give much attention in
advertising since it depends on the discretion of the consignor while the marketing strategy
depends on the discretion of the university.

3. Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Consignment Practices when

Grouped According to Years of Operation
3.1 Delivery of goods
Table 12 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
delivery of goods practices of university bookstores.
Table 12

53

Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Delivery of Goods Practices when
Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed Delivery Years of
of Goods Practices Operation
1. The bookstore
1-5 years
labels
consigned
books
with
an
6-10 years
identification
tag
(e.g., serial number,
11-15 years
codes, colored tag)
when such books are 16 years and
received are received.
above
2. The bookstore
records all delivery 1-5 years
costs unless it is
reimbursable to the 6-10 years
consignor. (A debit to
Receivable
from 11-15 years
Consignor and a
credit to Cash are 16 years and
above
recorded)

Mean ChiAsymptotic Decisio Interpretation

Rank Square Significance n on HO
4.00
5.25
1.969

0.579

Accept

Not Significant

1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

0.000

1.000

Accept

Not Significant

5.786

0.123

Accept

Not Significant

9.000

0.029

Reject

Significant

6.50
6.50
6.00
4.75
6.00
6.00

3. The bookstore 1-5 years

records
a
memorandum entry
(e.g. A receipt of 100 6-10 years
units
of
books
consigned
are
received on January
1, 2016) and the title 11-15 years
of
products
still
remains with the
16 years and
consignor.
above

5.50

4. The bookstore 1-5 years

receives the initial list
prices together with 6-10 years
the signed agreement
after
examining 11-15 years
appropriate terms.
16 years and
above
5. The bookstore 1-5 years

2.00

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.75
7.00
7.00
1.50

54

properly
stocks 6-10 years 6.50
delivered books in a
central stockroom or 11-15 years 6.50
inside the bookstore 16 years and
6.50
premises.
above
Over-all

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years
and above
At 0.05 Level of Significance

1.50
5.00
8.00
8.00

7.404

0.060

Accept

Not Significant

For the first practice, the mean ranking is tie for 11-15 and 16 years and above
groups,who have the highest mean ranks of 6.50,followed by 6-10 years group with 5.25 and the
1-5 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 4.00. Therefore, the two highest groups
observe more carefully the labeled identification tags of consigned books than the 1-5 and 6-10
years groups. It is shown that the bookstores implement a high internal control it terms of
delivery of goods by checking each or doing a sampling.

For the second practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups, who have mean ranks of
6.00, except for the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.75. The delivery expense is
always shouldered by the consignor for all groups with a highest mean rank except for the 6-10
years group that depends on the consignor whether the bookstore will pay for the expense or can
be reimbursed.
For the third practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups, who have mean ranks of
5.50. Hence, all groups fully adhere when it regards to memorandum entry as they receive the
consigned books. The title or ownership still remains on the consignor for the bookstores have no
entry on their journals.

55

For the fourth practice, the mean ranking is tie for 11-15 and 16 years and above groups,
who have the highest mean ranks of 7.00, followed by 6-10 years group with 5.75 and the 1-5
years group who has the lowest mean rank of 2.00.Therefore, the bookstores that were
established for a long time (above five years), are strict in reviewing the terms and signed
agreement with initial list prices as they garnered the highest mean ranks. The 1-5 years group is
still on the process of adhering the policy where the bookstore does not highly require.
For the fifth practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups, who have mean ranks of
6.50, except for the 1-5 years groups who has a mean rank of 1.50. The same as the result on the
fourth statement, the three groups that were established for a long time are into displaying of
books inside the premises of the bookstores or in a central stockroom as a way of advertising.
The 1-5 years group since they recently established, they are still finding enough space for the
improvement of their premises and stockroom. They are still adjusting especially the times they
are huge number of demands to be satisfied by their stocks.
Therefore, both the 11-15 and 16 years and above groups adhere the most compared to 610 and 1-5 years groups.
As also shown in the table, there is a no significant difference in the level of adherence on
the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped according to years of operation in all
the statements, except the fifth statement. The over-all result shows that there is no significant
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped
according to years of operation.
In summary, the level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices does not
vary across all groups of campus bookstores sampled. Internal and accounting control for
delivery of goods of bookstores sampled are parallel to the prescribed consignment practices

56

regardless of years of operation. However, bookstores sampled with longer years of operation
may have more experience in proper management of delivered books than those who have
shorter years since they are still in the process of adjustment. One proof of it is the proper piling
of books and available central stockroom.
3.2 Risk of Loss, Damages and Confusions
Table 13 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
risk of loss, damages and confusions practices of university bookstores.
Table 13
Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Risk of Loss, Damages and
Confusions Practices when Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed Risk of Years of
Loss, Damages and Operation
Confusions Practices
1. The books are
1-5 years
checked
and
examined for visible
6-10 years
signs of damages or
loss and if discovered
11-15 years
concealed damages or
loss, it is reported
16 years and
immediately to the
above
supplier.
2. The bookstore does 1-5 years
record
loss
and
damages unless it is 6-10 years
the negligence of the
bookstore. (A Debit to
appropriate expense 11-15 years
account and a Credit
16 years and
to cash)
above
3. The bookstore
insures the books 1-5 years
against
all
risks

Mean ChiAsymptotic Decisio Interpretation

Rank Square Significance n on HO
1.50
6.50
6.50

8.889

0.031

Reject

Significant

1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

6.500

0.090

Accept

Not Significant

6.50
6.00
4.75
6.00
6.00
2.00

57

against which are

6-10 years 6.75
customarily insured,
including insurance
for theft and damage,
and provides evidence 11-15 years 7.33
of such insurance
coverage
to
the
consignor as and 16 years and
2.00
when requested.
above
4. The bookstore 1-5 years
makes sure to meet
certain standards in 6-10 years
keeping of the books,
such
as
their 11-15 years
segregation
from
goods wholly owned
or held under a claim 16 years and
of
ownership
or above
interest.
5. The bookstore 1-5 years
maintains an accurate
6-10 years
physical inventory log
records of consigned 11-15 years
books delivered after 16 years and
examining the books.
above
Over-all
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years
and above
At 0.05 Level of Significance

1.50
6.00
7.00

7.000

0.072

Accept

Not Significant

1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

6.191

0.103

Accept

Not Significant

7.00
6.00
4.75
6.00
6.00
1.50
6.00
8.00
4.00

For the first practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks
of 6.50, except the 1-5 years group who has a mean rank of 1.50. Therefore, the three oldest
groups are meticulous in checking the consigned books containing concealed damages and signs
of defect. The 1-5 years group directly prepares a memorandum entry as they receive the goods
delivered and it does not pay too much attention on its condition.

58

For the second practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups, who have mean ranks of
6.00, except for the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.75. The groups that garnered
6.00 of mean rank are strictly including the terms and agreements specifically the risk of loss and
damages to be shouldered by the consignor. The 6-10 group does not fully adhere in setting the
risk of loss and damages on their terms and agreement.
For the third practice, the mean ranking is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean
rank of 7.33, followed by 6-10 years group who has 6.75, and 1-5 years and 16 years and above
years groups who have both mean ranks of 2.00. The 1-5 and 16 and above groups are not
considering the insurance for the books consigned when a fortuitous event comes. It is either the
insurance for the books are shouldered by the consignor or the bookstore does not practice the
insurance since they are still starting with a small capital. The 6-10 and 11-15 groups are
responsive in terms of insurance policy to minimize the risk of loss and damages as they are into
ordering of a large quantity of books.
For the fourth practice, the mean ranking is tie for 11-15 and 16 years and above groups,
who have the highest mean ranks of 7.00, followed by 6-10 years group with 6.00 and the 1-5
years group who has the lowest mean rank of 1.50. The standard with regards to segregation of
owned and consigned books for a big type of bookstores must be observed as they are selling
more books than the others that are still starting for the reason the three oldest groups garnered
the highest mean ranks. It enables them to determine whether their profit comes from the goods
sold or from commission. The 1-5 bookstores does not practice the segregation since the held
books are still recognizable whether it is owned or consigned due to its small quantity.
For the fifth practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups, who have mean ranks of
6.00, except for the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.75. The maintenance of physical

59

inventory log records of consigned books is a sign of implementing a strong internal control in
the bookstore department whereby an automated system also functions. This is proven by the
result of the survey that shows no matter how long the bookstore operates, it must be still fully
adhered except the 6-10 years group with a limitation that depends on the integrity of its
automated system.
Therefore, the 11-15 years group adheres the most compared to other years of operation
groups.
As also shown in the table, there is a no significant difference in the level of adherence on
the prescribed risk of loss, damages, and confusions practices when grouped according to years
of operation in all the statements, except the first statement. The over-all result shows that there
is no significant difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices
when grouped according to years of operation.
In summary, the level of adherence on the prescribed risk of loss, damages and
confusions practices does not vary across all groups of campus bookstores sampled. According to
Bruskiewicz (2010), the longer the business is operating, the more chance it has to acquire an
insurance to protect expansion activities.
All bookstores sampled have the same internal and accounting control when it comes to
nearly all risk of loss, damages and confusions practices. The second, third, fourth and fifth
statements garnered asymptotic significance values of 0.682, 0.090, 0.072, 0.682, respectively.
The values are above 0.05, which means there is no significant difference between the level of
adherence for the respective practices among different years groups. However, when it comes to
first statement with asymptotic significance value of 0.031, below 0.05, or there is a significant
difference between the level of adherence for the first practices, it can be inferred that when it

60

comes to examination of visible and concealed damages because longer years may have built
strong relationship with the supplier that they became lenient.

3.3 Efforts to Sell

Table 14 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
efforts to sell practices of university bookstores.
Table 14
Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Efforts to Sell Practices when
Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed Efforts
to Sell Practices
1. The bookstore
entices
student
demand for the book
by proper positioning
and displaying of
books.

Years of Mean
ChiAsymptotic Decisio Interpretation
Operation Rank Square Significance n on HO
1-5 years

3.00

6-10 years

5.50

11-15 years

6.33

3.000

0.392

Accept

Not Significant

6.943

0.074

Accept

Not Significant

6.541

0.088

Accept

Not Significant

16 years and
8.00
above
2. The bookstore 1-5 years
records
the
advertising expenses 6-10 years
incurred. (A Debit to
Receivable
from 11-15 years
Consignor and a
16 years and
Credit to Cash)
above
3. The bookstore is
requiring
the 1-5 years
purchase of books as
college
academic
6-10 years
requirements for the
students.

9.50
4.000
6.00
2.00
2.75
6.00

61

11-15 years

8.00

16 years and
1.50
above
4. The bookstore 1-5 years
agrees
with
the
consignors price and 6-10 years
is justifiable enough 11-15 years
to have a high
demand
for
the 16 years and
product for assurance above
of high volume sales.
5. The bookstore 1-5 years
staff has an oral 6-10 years
tradition
of
11-15 years
promoting the books
and courtesy to the 16 years and
above
students.
Over-all
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years
and above
At 0.05 Level of Significance

4.00
5.25
6.50

1.969

0.579

Accept

Not Significant

3.687

0.297

Accept

Not Significant

4.304

0.230

Accept

Not Significant

6.50
7.50
3.75
5.83
7.50
5.50
4.25
8.17
2.50

For the first practice, the mean ranking is highest for 16 years and above group who has a
mean rank of 8.00, followed by 11-15 years group who has 6.33, then 6-10 years groups who has
5.50, and lastly, 1-5 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 3.00. The 16 and above years
group shows the full adherence of proper positioning and displaying of books as a form of
advertisement since their places have enough spaces to do so. The result shows that the mean
ranking is directly proportional to the most number of years operating of a bookstore where the
1-5 years group garnered the lowest.

62

For the second practice, the mean ranking is highest for 1-5 years group who has a mean
rank of 9.50, followed by 11-15 years group who has 6.00, then 6-10 years groups who has 4.00,
and lastly, 16 years and above group who has the lowest mean rank of 2.00. For the group of 1-5
years, advertising expenses are still reimbursable from the consignor without any limitations as it
is always included on their terms and agreement. Groups 6-10 years and 11-15 years are
adhering with limitations which means only selected consignors are charged against the
advertising expense. The 16 and above group shoulders all the advertising expense for all books
consigned since the bookstores are known for its availability of resources hence, advertisements
are no longer practiced by the consignors.
For the third practice, the mean ranking is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean
rank of 8.00, followed by 6-10 years group who has 6.00, then 1-5 years groups who has 2.75,
and lastly, 16 years and above group who has the lowest mean rank of 1.50. Neither the recently
nor the later established bookstores, 1-5 years and 16 and above groups, are adhering to the
practice of purchasing requested books by college academic requirements as the students have
the decision to buy inside or outside the university premises and the 16 and above years group
are practicing to store the books consigned on a stockroom. The 1-5 years group is not taking
risk of ordering sufficient number of books based on the number of students academically
required to purchase because some may purchase on the other stores and surplus may occur.
Only the 6-10 and 11-15 groups are following the policy as the bookstores have enough budget
to purchase and
For the fourth practice, the mean ranking is tie for 11-15 years and 16 years and above
groups, who have the highest mean ranks of 6.50, followed by 6-10 years group who has 5.25,
and 1-5 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 4.00. The result shows that the mean

63

ranking is directly proportional to the most number of years operating of a bookstore where the
1-5 years group garnered the lowest and the 16 years and above group has the highest. The
consignors are aware that later established bookstores have a larger quantity of customers that
results to a higher volume of sales for them to be concerned of justifiable pricing with regards to
their capability of selling. On the other hand, the 1-5 years group is still introducing itself to the
market and is not delivering a high sales volume.

For the fifth practice, the mean ranking is tie for 1-5 years and 16 years and above
groups, who have the highest mean ranks of 7.50, followed by 11-15 years group who has 5.83,
and 6-10 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 3.75. The 1-5 years group is still into oral
tradition of promoting books through reaching the assistance from college deans and professors
to require the students purchase the books so the recently established group with low budget
compare to older bookstores will not carry the losses and surplus. The 16 years and above group
also practices an oral tradition of promotion to achieve the high volume of sales for a justifiable
pricing agreement with the consignor. Adherence with limitations is the result for the groups of
6-10 and 11-15 years that only owned books are orally promoted that bring the risk of loss if not
sold and a higher profit if sold unlike the income from commission.
In overall, the mean ranking is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean rank of
8.17, followed by 1-5 years group who has 5.50, then 6-10 years group who has 4.25, and lastly
16 years and above group who has the lowest mean rank of 2.50.
Therefore, the 11-15 years group adheres the most compared to other years of operation
groups.

64

As also shown in the table, there is a no significant difference in the level of adherence on
the prescribed efforts to sell practices when grouped according to years of operation in all the
statements. The over-all result shows that there is no significant difference in the level of
adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped according to years of
operation.
In summary, the level of adherence on the prescribed efforts to sell practices does not
vary across all groups of campus bookstores sampled. According to Silverberg and Glover
(2014), campus stores operating for longer years as of today, tend to innovate; and some cannot,
due to resource unavailability. All of the bookstores sampled have the same internal and
accounting control when it comes to efforts to sell regardless of the years of operation.All
bookstores have different marketing strategies to apply that is not related to the years of
operation.

3.4 Payment, Sales and Commission

Table 15 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
payment, sales and commission practices of university bookstores.
Table 15
Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Payment, Sales and Commission
Practices when Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed Payment, Years of Mean ChiAsymptotic Decisio Interpretation
Sales and
Operation Rank Square Significance n on HO
Commission
Practices
1. The bookstore 1-5 years
1.000
Accept Not Significant
5.50 0.000

65

reconciles
those 6-10 years
received from what is
recorded at least daily 11-15 years
unless weekly is more
16 years and
efficient.
above

5.50

2. The bookstore 1-5 years

remits proceeds of
sale of consigned
books
to
the 6-10 years
consignor
or
to
deposit them in a 11-15 years
special account on or
before the period 16 years and
agreement.
above

6.50

1-5 years
3. The bookstore
records
sales
of 6-10 years
consigned books as a
Debit to Cash and a 11-15 years
Credit to Payable to
16 years and
the Consignor.
above
4. Notification of sale, 1-5 years
expense
and
remittance
are 6-10 years
recorded as Debit to
Payable to Consignor 11-15 years
and a Credit to
Commission Income
and
Cash
unless 16 years and
receivable are already above
deducted from those
due.
5. The bookstore with 1-5 years
the consignor
6-10 years
stipulates proper
11-15 years
agreement of
commission rate
putting into
consideration,
16 years and
improvement of Sales
above
as determinant of
commission rate.
Over-all
1-5 years

5.50

5.50
5.50

4.00
3.375

0.337

Accept

Not Significant

0.000

1.000

Accept

Not Significant

0.000

1.000

Accept

Not Significant

1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

3.333

0.343

Accept

Not Significant

6.50
6.50

5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50

5.50

6.00
4.75
6.00

6.00

6.50

66

6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years
and above
At 0.05 Level of Significance

4.00
6.50
6.50

For the first practice, the mean ranking is tie for all years groups who have mean ranks of
5.50. The meaning for level of adherence by all bookstores are practical in remittance and
reconciliation whereby the effectiveness and efficiency may be achieved but no fixed policy that
leads them to a weaker internal control.
For the second practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of
6.50, except the 6-10 years group who has mean rank of 4.00. Therefore, the bookstores fully
adhere with the terms and agreement of the contract specifically the remittance policy the reason
why the previous results show a better relationship between the consignor and the bookstores.
The 6-10 years group that adheres with limitations which is also the exception for the delivery of
goods where the bookstore itself shoulders the delivery expense may be equated to a weak
relationship with the consignor.
For the third practice, the mean ranking is tie for all years groups who have mean ranks
of 5.50. The same as the above results for a memorandum entry is prepared as the consigned
books are received, it is just normal that they contain the same entry when it comes to selling of
books consigned.
For the fourth practice, the mean ranking is tie for all years groups who have mean ranks
of 5.50. Since the memorandum entry and sales entry practices for above results are the same,
the practice for notification of sales, remittance, and expenses entry is also the same for all
groups hence, all bookstores are following only one pattern of entry and accounts.

67

For the fifth practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of 6.00,
except the 6-10 years group who has mean rank of 4.75. The same as the remittance on or before
the agreed period, 6-10 years group are also adhering with limitations in terms of proper
agreement of commission rate that leads for a weaker relationship with the consignor. All groups,
except 6-10 years group, are following the return of goods on their agreed date.
Therefore, all years of operation groups adheres the most compared to only 6-10 years
group.
As also shown in the table, there is a no significant difference in the level of adherence on
the prescribed payment, sales and commission practices when grouped according to years of
operation in all the statements. The over-all result shows that there is no significant difference in
the level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped according to
years of operation.
In summary, the level of adherence on the prescribed payment, sales and commission
practices does not vary across all groups of campus bookstores sampled. According to Athitakis
(2012), experimenting ideas on how to improve commission schemes, like persuading the
consignor to give higher commission rate in compensation for higher volume of sales will result
to a more tight remittance chain policy to ensure protection of money. All bookstores sampled
have the same accounting and internal control regardless of the years of operation since these are
fixed terms and significant matters (involves money) when it comes to consignment agreement.
3.5 Return of Products
Table 16 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
return of products practices of university bookstores.

68

Table 16
Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Return of Products Practices when
Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed Return Years of Mean ChiAsymptotic Decisio Interpretation
of Products
Operation Rank Square Significance n on HO
Practices
1. Defective books
1-5 years
6.50
that are seen or
returned
by
the
6-10 years
4.00
students are marked
3.375
0.337
Accept Not Significant
by the bookstore as
11-15 years
6.50
defective and returned
to
the
supplier 16 years and
6.50
immediately.
above
2. The bookstore with 1-5 years
the
consignor
properly agrees with 6-10 years
period of return and
when
the
automatically unsold 11-15 years
goods
will
be
16 years and
returned.
above
3. The bookstore
records
a 1-5 years
memorandum entry
when there is a return
of product. (e.g 100 6-10 years
units of books were
returned
to
the 11-15 years
consignor due to
incomplete pages on 16 years and
above
January 15, 2016)
4. The bookstore 1-5 years
segregates
books
returned
properly 6-10 years
identified and counted
before the date of 11-15 years
return.
Delivery
controls are taken into
consideration
to 16 years and
eliminate
possible above
future return cost.
5. The bookstore does 1-5 years

6.50
4.00
0.000

1.000

Accept

Not Significant

0.000

1.000

Accept

Not Significant

5.786

0.123

Accept

Not Significant

6.143

0.105

Accept

Not Significant

6.50
6.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
2.00
5.75
7.00

7.00
9.00

69

not follow the

6-10 years
principle of No
11-15 years
Return, No
Exchange policy
unless stipulated in 16 years and
the agreement. It is
above
the duty and expense
of the consignor.
Over-all
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years
and above
At 0.05 Level of Significance

4.00
5.67

4.00

8.50
3.25
6.67

5.323

0.150

Accept

Not Significant

5.00

For the first practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of 6.50,
except the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.00. Due to a weaker relationship between
the 6-10 years group and the consignor, the returned goods cannot be immediately returned to its
consignor which is a sign of not compliance to their terms and agreements. The rest of the groups
are fully adhering to this practice since they all have better relationship with their consignors
since they comply to all terms and agreements.
For the second practice, the mean ranking is tie for all years groups who have mean ranks
of 6.50, except the 6-10 years groups who has a mean rank of 4.00 The same as the remittance on
or before the agreed period, 6-10 years group are also adhering with limitations in terms of return
of goods on agreed period that results for a weaker relationship with the consignor. All groups,
except 6-10 years group, are following the return of goods on their agreed date.
For the third practice, the mean ranking is tie for all years groups who have mean ranks
of 5.50. All groups fully adhere this practice of memorandum entry since they are identical on
their entries for above results.

70

For the fourth practice, the mean ranking is tie for 11-15 years and 16 years and above
groups, who have the highest mean ranks of 7.00, followed by 6-10 years group who has 5.75,
and 1-5 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 2.00. The level of adherence for the
practice of segregation of books to be returned is directly proportional to the number of years
operating by a bookstore. Since the 11-15 years and 16 years and above group observe a stronger
internal control, they are also the ones that fully adhere the practice. The 1-5 years group does
not adhere the practice because only few held book are on their areas and it is still recognizable
whether the books consigned are to be returned or not.
For the fifth practice, the mean ranking highest for the 1-5 years group who has a mean
rank of 9.00, followed by 11-15 years group who has 5.67, and then tie for both 6-10 and 16
years and above groups who have mean ranks of 4.00. The No return, No Exchange Policy is
not followed by the 1-5 years group since they are still building up a relationship with their
customers and the bookstores must be considerate in this kind of policy. The 6-10 years and 16
years and above groups are not adhering the practice because it is either they have strong
relationship between the customers or a weak relationship between the consignors. The 11-15
years group only adhere with limitations maybe because it depends on the fault whether they will
accept the return or exchange or not. Also, it depends on the consignor if they will shoulder the
expense of return or exchange policy.
In overall, the mean ranking is highest for 1-5 years group who has a mean rank of 8.50,
followed by 11-15 years group who has 6.67, then 16 years and above group who has 5.00, and
lastly 6-10 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 3.25.
Therefore, the 1-5 years group adheres the most compared to other years of operation
groups.

71

As also shown in the table, there is a no significant difference in the level of adherence on
the prescribed return of products practices when grouped according to years of operation in all
the statements. The over-all result shows that there is no significant difference in the level of
adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped according to years of
operation.
In summary, the level of adherence on the prescribed return of products practices does
not vary across all groups of campus bookstores sampled. Some years of operation groups are
more aware of the existing Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and some yet into implementing
its policies. According to Wise (2010), return of products is a normal activity in the consignment
agreement, but still some are stipulating terms to further favor own efficiency. All bookstores
sampled have the same accounting and internal control when it comes to return of products
regardless of years of operation since its a normal activity in a business operation and the title of
the books are still owned by the consignor and not part of the asset of the bookstore.
3.6 Termination
Table 17 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
termination practices of university bookstores.
Table 17
Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Termination Practices when
Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed
Termination
Practices
1. The bookstore
returns all unsold
copies
at
the

Years of Mean ChiAsymptotic Decisio Interpretation

Operation Rank Square Significance n on HO
1-5 years

6.50

6-10 years

5.25

1.031

0.794

Accept

Not Significant

72

11-15 years

4.83

termination
of 16 years and
consignment period in above

6.50

1-5 years
2. The bookstore
follows the amount of
time given by the 6-10 years
supplier to return the
books
after
the 11-15 years
termination
of
agreement.
16 years and
above
3. The bookstore
records
a 1-5 years
memorandum entry
for return of unsold
copies of books (e.g.
6-10 years
termination
of
contract with supplier
A. 120 unsold goods
are
returned
and 11-15 years
allocated collection
was
remitted
16 years and
January 31, 2016)
above
4. The bookstore 1-5 years
segregates
books
returned
properly 6-10 years
identified and counted
before the date of 11-15 years
return.
Delivery
controls are taken into
consideration
to 16 years and
eliminate
possible above
future return cost.
(During termination)
5. The bookstore
1-5 years
terminates the
6-10 years
contract with
justifiable and proof- 11-15 years
based to who breaches 16 years and
the contract.
above
Over-all
1-5 years
6-10 years

3.00
5.50
3.000

0.392

Accept

Not Significant

1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

9.000

0.029

Reject

Significant

1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

4.837

0.184

Accept

Not Significant

6.33
8.00
6.00

4.75

6.00
6.00
1.50
6.50
6.50

6.50

6.00
4.75
6.00
6.00
2.00
5.38

73

11-15 years
16 years
and above
At 0.05 Level of Significance

7.00
8.50

For the first practice, the mean ranking is tie for both 1-5 and 16 years and above groups,
who have the highest mean ranks of 6.50, followed by 6-10 years group who has 5.25, and 11-15
years group who has the lowest mean rank of 4.83.
For the second practice, the mean ranking is highest for 16 years and above group who
has a mean rank of 8.00, followed by 11-15 years group who has 6.33, then 6-10 years groups
who has 5.50, and lastly, 1-5 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 3.00.
For the third practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of 6.00,
except the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.75.
For the fourth practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of
6.50, except the 1-5 years group who has a mean rank of 1.50.
For the fifth practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of
6.00, except the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.75.
In overall, the mean ranking is highest for 16 years and above group who has a mean rank
of 8.50, followed by 11-15 years group who has 7.00, then 6-10 years group who has 5.38, and
lastly 1-5 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 2.00.
Therefore, the 16 years and above group adheres the most compared to other years of
operation groups.
As also shown in the table, there is a no significant difference in the level of adherence on
the prescribed termination practices when grouped according to years of operation in all the
statements, except the fourth statement. The over-all result shows that there is no significant

74

difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped
according to years of operation.
In summary, the level of adherence on the prescribed termination practices does not vary
across all groups of campus bookstores sampled. Some years of operation groups, especially
longer years, already encounter a formal termination agreement from operational experience.
Some encounter near a formal termination agreement, and still find ways on how to continue the
business endeavor. Some already know the ins and outs of termination, while some are still into
understanding its effects and procedures. Some respondents answer the queries theoretically. All
bookstores sampled have the same accounting and internal control when it comes to termination
regardless of years of operationexcept in the proper segregation of books to be returned due to
termination since some of the bookstore sampled have not yet experienced the actual termination
due to years of operation. Bookstore sampled with longer years of operation may have
experienced it but still have implemented policies regarding termination while bookstore
sampled with shorter years may just implement policies regarding termination without
experiencing it.
3.7 Legal items
Table 18 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
legal items practices of university bookstores.
Table 18
Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Legal items Practices when
Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed Legal
Years of Mean ChiAsymptotic Decisio Interpretation
items Practices
Operation Rank Square Significance n on HO
1. The bookstore 1-5 years
0.236
Accept Not Significant
3.75 4.250

75

cancels
the
6-10 years
consignment
by
giving
notice
in
11-15 years
writing,
if
the
consignor is unable to
deliver
the
consignment within a
reasonable
period 16 years and
after giving notice above
under
delay
of
delivery.
(Force
Majeure)
2. All notices are duly 1-5 years
signed
by
the
bookstore, or on
behalf of the party, 6-10 years
giving it and are
served by delivering 11-15 years
it
personally
or
virtually
to
the 16 years and
relevant party.
above
3. The consignment
1-5 years
agreement properly
sets forth law and
jurisdiction that are to 6-10 years
be construed and
performed
in 11-15 years
accordance with the 16 years and
Philippine Law.
above
4. The consignment 1-5 years
agreement is put in to
writing
properly 6-10 years
signed for and on
behalf
of
the 11-15 years
consignor and the 16 years and
consignee.
above
5. The bookstore
1-5 years
properly records
6-10 years
special accounts
11-15 years
according to
classification (e.g.
special kinds of
16 years and
commission Del
above
Grede)

5.50
7.83

2.00

6.00
4.75
1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

1.500

0.682

Accept

Not Significant

3.375

0.337

Accept

Not Significant

6.500

0.090

Accept

Not Significant

6.00
6.00
6.00
4.75
6.00
6.00
6.50
4.00
6.50
6.50
8.50
3.50
5.17
8.50

76

Over-all

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years
and above
At 0.05 Level of Significance

6.25
3.88
7.50

2.943

0.401

Accept

Not Significant

4.50

For the first practice, the mean ranking is highest for 11-15 years and above group who
has a mean rank of 7.83, followed by 6-10 years group who has 5.50, then 1-5 years groups who
has 3.75, and lastly, 16 years and above group who has the lowest mean rank of 2.00. The 16
years and above group does not cancel the orders due to delay because they already have strong
relationships among customers and the books can still be distributed on the other date with
supporting explanations and apology for the delay. The 1-5 years group is still building up
relationship with the consignor so they cannot easily cancel the order due to shallow reason of
delay. The remaining groups fully adhere with the practice since they are following the academic
requirement books for students that must be received on the agreed period of time.

For the second practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of
6.00, except the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.75. The result shows that 6-10 years
group is the only exception due to its non-compliance to the terms and agreement with the
consignors. Also, it leads them to a weaker relationship with the consignors unlike the rest of the
groups having better relationships among consignors.
For the third practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of 6.00,
except the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.75. The result shows that 6-10 years group
is the only exception due to its non-compliance to the terms and agreement with the consignors.

77

Also, it leads them to a weaker relationship with the consignors unlike the rest of the groups
having better relationships among consignors.
For the fourth practice, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of
6.50, except the 6-10 years group who has a mean rank of 4.00. The result shows that 6-10 years
group is the only exception due to its non-compliance to the terms and agreement with the
consignors. Also, it leads them to a weaker relationship with the consignors unlike the rest of the
groups having better relationships among consignors.
For the fifth practice, the mean ranking is tie for 1-5 and 16 years and above groups who
have mean ranks of 8.50, followed by 11-15 years group who has 5.17, and 6-10 years group
who has the lowest mean rank of 3.50. Special accounts can still be organized properly at the
early years of the bookstore, 1-5 years group. Yet, the 16 and above years group fully adheres
the practice of special accounts since they are taking care of the good relationship among
consignors and regular customers. The remaining groups simply adhere with limitations because
most of the accounts used are ordinary for a normal operation of bookstores.
In overall, the mean ranking is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean rank of
7.50, followed by 1-5 years group who has 6.25, then 16 years and above group who has 4.50,
and lastly 6-10 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 3.88.
Therefore, the 11-15 years group adheres the most compared to other years of operation
groups.
As also shown in the table, there is a no significant difference in the level of adherence on
the prescribed legal items practices when grouped according to years of operation in all the
statements. The over-all result shows that there is no significant difference in the level of

78

adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped according to years of
operation.
In summary, the level of adherence on the prescribed legal items practices does not vary
across all groups of campus bookstores sampled. Some years of operation groups follow a more
complex form of commission scheme, while others, when it fact they need to have, does not
possess the complexity required of the circumstances. For example, according to Blacks Law
Dictionary (2014), Del Credere commission is a commission given to the consignee for
guarantying the payment of goods if the buyer cannot pay. Some bookstores guaranty payment
when buyer cannot pay, but does not have this kind of commission in their agreement. All
bookstores sampled have the same accounting and internal control when it comes to legal items
regardless of years of operation since legal items are written in the law, universities should
follow formalities and provisions stated by the law in their consignment agreement regardless
their years of operation. Bookstore sampled with longer years may be more familiar with these
legal items because they have longer experience in the business than the bookstore sampled with
shorter years.

3.8 Over-all
Table 19 shows the mean, standard deviation, Chi-Square, Asymptotic Significance,
decision on HO and interpretation of different groups on the level of adherence on the prescribed
consignment practices of university bookstores.
Table 19
Differences in the Level of Adherence on the Prescribed Consignment Practices when
Grouped According to Years of Operation
Prescribed
Consignment

Years of
Operation

Mean
ChiRank Square

Asymptotic
Significance

Decisio Interpretation
n on HO

79

Practices
1-5 years

1.50

6-10 years

5.00

11-15 years

8.00

16 years and
above

8.00

1-5 years

1.50

Delivery of Goods

Risk of
Damages
Confusions

Loss, 6-10 years

and
11-15 years
16 years and
above

Efforts to Sell

1-5 years

16 years and
above

2.50

Return of Products 11-15 years

16 years and
above
Termination
1-5 years

6.191

0.103

Accept

Not Significant

4.304

0.230

Accept

Not Significant

3.333

0.343

Accept

Not Significant

5.323

0.150

Accept

Not Significant

4.837

0.184

Accept

Not Significant

5.50

8.17

6-10 years

Not Significant

4.00

11-15 years

16 years and
above
1-5 years

Accept

8.00

4.25

6-10 years
Payment,
Sales
and Commission 11-15 years

0.060

6.00

6-10 years

1-5 years

7.404

6.50
4.00
6.50
6.50
8.50
3.25
6.67
5.00
2.00

6-10 years

5.38

11-15 years
16 years and

7.00
8.50

80

above
1-5 years
6-10 years
Legal items

Over-all

6.25
3.88

11-15 years 7.50

16 years and
4.50
above
1-5 years
2.25
6-10 years
4.38
11-15 years
9.00
16 years and
6.00
above

2.943

0.401

Accept

Not Significant

6.935

0.074

Accept

Not Significant

At 0.05 Level of Significance

In terms of level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices, in overall,

the mean ranking is tie for 11-15 and 16 years and above groups, who have the highest mean
ranks of 8.00, followed by 6-10 years group with 5.00 and the 1-5 years group who has the
lowest mean rank of 1.50.
In term of level of adherence on the prescribed risk of loss, damages and confusions, in
overall, the mean ranking is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean rank of 8.00,
followed by 6-10 years group who has 6.00, then 16 years and above years groups who has 4.00,
and lastly 1-5 years group who has the lowest mean rank of 1.50.
In term of level of adherence on the prescribed efforts to sell, in overall, the mean ranking
is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean rank of 8.17, followed by 1-5 years group who
has 5.50, then 6-10 years group who has 4.25, and lastly 16 years and above group who has the
lowest mean rank of 2.50.
In term of level of adherence on the prescribed payment, sales and commission, in
overall, the mean ranking is tie for all groups who have mean ranks of 6.50, except the 6-10
years groups who has a mean rank of 4.00.

81

In terms of level of adherence on the prescribed return of products, in overall, the mean
ranking is highest for 1-5 years group who has a mean rank of 8.50, followed by 11-15 years
group who has 6.67, then 16 years and above group who has 5.00, and lastly 6-10 years group
who has the lowest mean rank of 3.25.
In terms of level of adherence on the prescribed termination, in overall, the mean ranking
is highest for 16 years and above group who has a mean rank of 8.50, followed by 11-15 years
group who has 7.00, then 6-10 years group who has 5.38, and lastly 1-5 years group who has the
lowest mean rank of 2.00.
In terms of level of adherence on the prescribed legal items, in overall, the mean ranking
is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean rank of 7.50, followed by 1-5 years group who
has 6.25, then 16 years and above group who has 4.50, and lastly 6-10 years group who has the
lowest mean rank of 3.88.
In terms of level of adherence on the prescribed consignment practices, the mean ranking
is highest for 11-15 years group who has a mean rank of 9.00, followed by 16 years and above
group who has 6.00, then 6-10 years group who has 4.38, and lastly 1-5 years group who has the
lowest mean rank of 2.25.
In summary, the foregoing categories are statements stipulated in the consignment
agreement and is not dependent to the years of operation of the university bookstore sampled.
However, if you look at individual items per category there are some items that are dependent to
years of operation as these items are controls that depends on the discretion of the universities
and their relationship with the supplier.

82

CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary of Findings
The research obtained the following results:
1.1 The researchers had ten (10) respondents. Most of them were operating for 6-10
years. It suggest that most of the respondents were just recently established due to increase in
student population that affirm to having a campus bookstore.
The following enumerates the summary of findings with regards to the level of adherence on the
prescribed consignment practices in terms of delivery of goods; risk of loss, damages and
confusions; efforts to sell; payment, sales and commissions; return of products; termination; and
legal items:
2.1 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the delivery of goods
practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion was 2.84 which can be

83

described as Adhere. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores sampled have Very High
Level of adherence with the prescribed delivery of goods practices.
2.2 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the risk of loss,
damages and confusions practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion
was 2.62 which can be described as Adhere. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores sampled
have Moderately High Level of adherence with the prescribed risk of loss, damages and
confusions practices.
2.3 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the efforts to sell
practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion was 2.42 which can be
described as Adhere with Limitations. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores sampled have
Moderately High Level of adherence with the prescribed efforts to sell practices.
2.4 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the payment, sales
and commission practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion was 2.94
which can be described as Adhere. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores have Very High
Level of adherence with the prescribed payment, sales and commission practices.
2.5 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the return of products
practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion was 2.62 which can be
described as Adhere. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores sampled have Moderately
High Level of adherence with the prescribed return of products practices.
2.6 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the termination
practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion was 2.74 which can be
described as Adhere. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores sampled have Moderately
High Level of adherence with the prescribed termination practices.

84

2.7 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the legal items
practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion was 2.60 which can be
described as Adhere. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores sampled have Moderately
High Level of adherence with the prescribed legal items practices.
2.8 Based from the results of the analysis using weighted means on the over-all
consignment practices, it was determined that the composite mean on this criterion was 2.68
which can be described as Adhere. Moreover, it suggests that the bookstores sampled have
Moderately High Level of adherence with the prescribed consignment practices.
The following enumerates the summary of the findings with regards to the differences on the
level of adherence on the prescribed consignment practices when grouped according to years of
operation:
3.1 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped
according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 1.969, 1.500, 0.000, 5.786, and 9.000
for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth statements, respectively. Moreover, in overall, it
showed a Chi Square of 7.404, and it also shows that there is no significant difference on the
level of adherence on the prescribed delivery of goods practices when grouped according to
years of operation.
3.2 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed risk of loss, damages and confusions
practices when grouped according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 8.889, 1.500,
6.500, 7.000, and 1.500 for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth statements, respectively.
Moreover, in overall, it showed a Chi Square of 6.191, and it also shows that there is no

85

significant difference on the level of adherence on the prescribed risk of loss, damages and
confusions practices when grouped according to years of operation.
3.3 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed efforts to sell practices when grouped
according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 3.000, 6.943, 6.541, 1.969, and 3.687
for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth statements, respectively. Moreover, in overall, it
showed a Chi Square of 4.304, and it also shows that there is no significant difference on the
level of adherence on the prescribed efforts to sell practices when grouped according to years of
operation.
3.4 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed payment, sales and commission practices
when grouped according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 0.000, 3.375, 0.000,
0.000, and 1.500 for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth statements, respectively. Moreover,
in overall, it showed a Chi Square of 3.333, and it also shows that there is no significant
difference on the level of adherence on the prescribed payment, sales and commission practices
when grouped according to years of operation.
3.5 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed return of products practices when grouped
according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 3.375, 0.000, 0.000, 5.786, and 6.143
for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth statements, respectively. Moreover, in overall, it
showed a Chi Square of 5.323, and it also shows that there is no significant difference on the
level of adherence on the prescribed return of products practices when grouped according to
years of operation.

86

3.6 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed termination practices when grouped
according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 1.031, 3.000, 1.500, 9.000, and 1.500
for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth statements, respectively. Moreover, in overall, it
showed a Chi Square of 4.837, and it also shows that there is no significant difference on the
level of adherence on the prescribed termination practices when grouped according to years of
operation.
3.7 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed legal items practices when grouped
according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 4.250, 1.500, 1.500, 3.375, and 6.500
for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth statements, respectively. Moreover, in overall, it
showed a Chi Square of 2.943, and it also shows that there is no significant difference on the
level of adherence on the prescribed legal items practices when grouped according to years of
operation.
3.8 Based from the results of the analysis using Kruskall-Wallis H test to test the
difference in the level of adherence on the prescribed consignment practices when grouped
according to years of operation, it showed a Chi Square of 7.404, 6.191, 4.304, 3.333, 5.323,
4.837, and 2.943 for the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh consignment practice
categories, respectively. Moreover, in overall, it showed a Chi Square of 6.935, and it also shows
that there is no significant difference on the level of adherence on the prescribed consignment
practices when grouped according to years of operation.

87

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Patrick

V.

Retrieved

from

http://lib1000.dlsu.edu.ph/search~S1?/Xconsignment&searchscope=1&SORT=D/Xconsi
gnment&searchscope=1&SORT=D&SUBKEY=consignment/1%2C17%2C17%2CB/fra
meset&FF=Xconsignment&searchscope=1&SORT=D&2%2C2%2C
Hesham, Mohamed (2015). Supply Chain Risk Management at Pharco Pharmaceuticals, a
pharmaceutical

manufacturer

in

Egypt.

Retrieved

from

89

http://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2374747/master_mohamed.pdf?
sequence=1&isisAllow=y
Hoy, Angela (2011). How to Sell to Books on Consignment to Bookstores and Other Retailers.
Retrieved

from

http://writersweekly.com/angela-desk/how-to-sell-to-books-on-

consignment-to-bookstores-and-other-retailers
Joven, May (2012). Medicine consignment system for hospitals OK'd. Retrieved from
http://www.philstar.com/region/2012/08/04/834767/medicine-consignment-systemhospitals-okd
LegalZoom.com

(2010).

Consignment

Agreement

&

Guide.

Retrieved

from

https://www.legalzoom.com/download/pdf/consignment-agreement.pdf
Liraz,

Meir

(2014).

Guide

to

Consignment

Sales.

Retrieved

From

http://www.bizmove.com/marketing/m2u.htm
Manufacturing Company, Seradex (2012). Consignment and Vendor Managed Inventory
Module. Retrieved from http://www.seradex.com/Consignment_Inventory.shtml
National Association of College Stores (2010). Cost of Textbooks Trending on Social Media and
in the News and NACS Merges Two Businesses; Provides Campus Retailers with OneStop Purchasing Solution. Retrieved from http://www.nacs.org/
QAD

Inc.

Enterprise

Edition

(2015).

Transfer

Ownership.

Retrieved

from

http://documentlibrary.qad.com/documents/2370665/3260050/InitialSetup_TG_v2015EE
.pdf
Ramrakhyani, Ravi Kumar (2010). Analysis of Vendor Managed Consignment Inventory
Systems. Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/305109382

90

Salvador, Jay Mark G., Manoloto, Alejandro M. II, and Mazo, Jimuel N. (2010). Enhancement of
The Accounting System and Internal Control for Efficient Management of Funds and
Revenue of Wellspring Learning Academy of Canlubang Inc. Retrieved from
http://ejournals.ph/index.php?journal=ANI&page=article&op=viewArticle&path%5B
%5D=6162
Silverberg, Jay and Glover, David (2014). The Future College Bookstore: Leave the Books, Take
the Panini. Retrieved from http://www.fastcoexist.com/3036953/futurist-forum/thefuture-college-book-store-leave-the-books-take-the-panini
Simple Studies, Accounting Made Simple (2015). Accounting for Consigned Goods. Retrieved
from http://simplestudies.com/accounting-for-consigned-goods.html/page/4
Tan, Charles (2010). Book Distribution in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://charlestan.blogspot.com/2007/07/book-distribution-in-philippines.html
The

Style

List.

Consignment

Agreement.

Retrieved

from

http://www.thestylelistla.com/consignment-agreement/
What You Should Know. What You Should Know About Loss and Damage Claims. Retrieved
from http://my.yrc.com/national/help/tools_claims3.html#Consignee
Wise, Aaron N. (2010). Placing Your Goods On Consignment With Your American Business
Partner: What the Foreign Exporter and Its Financing Bank or Factor Should Know.
Retrieved

from

http://www.gdblaw.com/siteFiles/526cbb41-0cb6-4284-9aac-

c9feb26de48c/custom/files/PlacingGoods_Eng.pdf

91

Appendix A

Appendix B

92

PRESCRIBED CONSIGNMENT PRACTICES QUESTIONNAIRE

Respondent Code No.________
SURVEY
Good day! I would like to get your honest opinion related to your activity, which will only take
five minutes of your time. Rest assured that everything stated here will be treated with utmost
confidentiality. These will be used solely as inputs for the course requirement in Business
Research.
Begas, Dan Paul C.
Corona, Renz Mico F.
Cruz, Christine Angela B.
Maca-alin, Allaniah H.
Palustre, Red Christian L.

PART A. Demographic Questionnaire

93

A.1 Years of operation

1-5 yrs.
6-10 yrs.
10-15 yrs.
16 yrs. and above

Directions: Please select the answers that best express your judgment of each case. Please TICK
only one: from 3 (Adhere), 2 (Adhere with limitations) to 1 (Not Adhere) on each of the
statements, which you think are nearest to your point of view. There is neither right nor wrong
answers.
PART B. Delivery of goods
Statements
B.1.

The bookstore labels consigned books with

an identification tag (e.g., serial number,
codes, colored tag) when such books are
received.

B.2.

The bookstore records all delivery costs

unless it is reimbursable to the consignor.
(A debit to Receivable from Consignor and
a credit to Cash are recorded)

B.3.

The bookstore records a memorandum

entry (e.g. A receipt of 100 units of books
consigned are received on January 1, 2016)
and the title of products still remains with
the consignor.

B.4.

The bookstore receives the initial list prices

together with the signed agreement after
examining appropriate terms.

B.5.

The bookstore properly stocks delivered

books in a central stockroom or inside the
bookstore premises.

PART C. Risk of loss, damagesand confusions

Adhere

Adhere with
limitations

Not adhere

94

Statements
C.1.

The books are checked and examined for

visible signs of damages or loss and if
discovered concealed damages or loss, it is
reported immediately to the supplier.

C.2.

The bookstore does record loss and

damages unless it is the negligence of the
bookstore. (A Debit to appropriate expense
account and a Credit to cash)

C.3.

The bookstore insures the books against all

risks against which are customarily
insured, including insurance for theft and
damage, and provides evidence of such
insurance coverage to the consignor as and
when requested.

C.4.

The bookstore makes sure to meet certain

standards in keeping of the books, such as
their segregation from goods wholly
owned or held under a claim of ownership
or interest.

C.5.

The bookstore maintains an accurate

physical inventory log records of
consigned books delivered after examining
the books.

Adhere

Adhere with
limitations

Not adhere

Adhere

Adhere with
limitations

Not adhere

PART D. Efforts to sell

Statements
D.1.

The bookstore entices student demand for

the book by proper positioning and
displaying of books.

D.2.

The bookstore records the advertising

expenses incurred. (A Debit to Receivable
from Consignor and a Credit to Cash)

D.3.

The bookstore is requiring the purchase of

books as college academic requirements
for the students.

95

D.4.

The bookstore agrees with the consignors

price and is justifiable enough to have a
high demand for the product for assurance
of high volume sales.

D.5.

The bookstore staff has an oral tradition of

promoting the books and courtesy to the
students.

PART E. Sales, Payment and Commissions

Statements
E.1.

The bookstore reconciles those received

from what is recorded at least daily unless
weekly is more efficient.

E.2.

The bookstore remits proceeds of sale of

consigned books to the consignor or to
deposit them in a special account on or
before the period agreement.

E.3.

The bookstore records sales of consigned

books as a Debit to Cash and a Credit to
Payable to the Consignor.

E.4.

Notification of sale, expense and

remittance are recorded as Debit to
Payable to Consignor and a Credit to
Commission Income and Cash unless
receivable are already deducted from those
due.

E.5.

The bookstorewith the consignor stipulates

proper agreement of commission rate
putting into consideration, improvement of
Sales as determinant of commission rate.

Adhere

Adhere with
limitations

Not adhere

Adhere

Adhere with
limitations

Not adhere

PART F. Return of Product

Statements

96

F.1.

Defective books that are seen or returned

by the students are marked by the
bookstore as defective and returned to the
supplier immediately.

F.2.

The bookstore with the consignor properly

agrees with period of return and when the
automatically unsold goods will be
returned.

F.3.

The bookstore records a memorandum

entry when there is a return of product.
(e.g 100 units of books were returned to
the consignor due to incomplete pages on
January 15, 2016)

F.4.

The bookstore segregates books returned

properly identified and counted before the
date of return. Delivery controls are taken
into consideration to eliminate possible
future return cost.

F.5.

The bookstore does not follow the

principle of No Return, No Exchange
policy unless stipulated in the agreement.
It is the duty and expense of the consignor.

PART G. Termination
Statements
G.1.

The bookstore returns all unsold copies at

the termination of consignment period in
the same quality as it was delivered.

G.2.

The bookstore follows the amount of time

given by the supplier to return the books
after the termination of agreement.

G.3.

The bookstore records a memorandum

entry for return of unsold copies of books
(e.g. termination of contract with supplier
A. 120 unsold goods are returned and
allocated collection was remitted January
31, 2016)

G.4.

The bookstore segregates books returned

Adhere

Adhere with
limitations

Not adhere

97

properly identified and counted before the

date of return. Delivery controls are taken
into consideration to eliminate possible
future return cost. (During termination)
G.5.

The bookstore terminates the contract with

justifiable and proof-based to who
breaches the contract.

PART H. Legal items

Statements
H.1.

The bookstore cancels the consignment by

giving notice in writing, if the consignor is
unable to deliver the consignment within a
reasonable period after giving notice under
delay of delivery. (Force Majeure)

H.2.

All notices are duly signed by the

bookstore, or on behalf of the party, giving
it and are served by delivering it
personally or virtually to the relevant party.

H.3.

The consignment agreement properly sets

forth law and jurisdiction that are to be
construed and performed in accordance
with the Philippine Law.

H.4.

The consignment agreement is put in to

writing properly signed for and on behalf
of the consignor and the consignee.

H.5.

The bookstore properly records special

accounts according to classification (e.g.
special kinds of commission Del Grede)

Adhere

Adhere with
limitations

Not adhere

98

END OF THE SURVEY THANK YOU FOR YOUR PRECIOUS TIME.

99

100

101

102

RELIABILITY TESTING
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 F1 F2 F3
F4 F5 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5
/SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE CORR
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Reliability
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input

Missing Value
Handling

25-FEB-2016 19:32:08
Data
Active Dataset
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working
Data File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing
Cases Used

C:\Users\kurtvallada\Music\Doc
uments\University Bookstores
Results.sav
DataSet1
<none>
<none>
<none>
20
User-defined missing values are
treated as missing.
Statistics are based on all cases
with valid data for all variables
in the procedure.

103

Syntax

Resources

Processor Time
Elapsed Time

RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=B1 B2 B3 B4
B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D1 D2 D3
D4 D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 F1 F2
F3 F4 F5 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1
H2 H3 H4 H5
/SCALE('ALL VARIABLES')
ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE
SCALE CORR
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
00:00:00.03
00:00:00.14

Warnings
Each of the following component variables has zero variance and is
removed from the scale: H4
The determinant of the covariance matrix is zero or approximately zero.
Statistics based on its inverse matrix cannot be computed and they are
displayed as system missing values.

Scale: ALL VARIABLES

Case Processing Summary
N
%
Cases Valid
20
100.0
a
Excluded
0
.0
Total
20
100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all
variables in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardized
Alpha
Items
N of Items
.916
.895
34

104

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H5

B1
B2

Item Statistics
Std.
Mean
Deviation
2.90
.308
2.50
.827
2.90
.308
2.25
.550
2.30
.801
2.20
.616
2.50
.513
1.65
.671
2.25
.851
2.65
.489
2.00
.649
1.95
.887
2.15
.745
2.65
.489
2.05
.686
2.60
.503
2.35
.933
2.40
.940
2.50
.827
2.75
.444
2.60
.503
2.55
.686
2.40
.940
2.30
.733
2.55
.826
2.05
.759
2.10
.553
2.40
.940
1.85
.875
2.30
.923
2.00
.562
2.65
.489
2.95
.224
2.30
.801

B1
1.000
-.207

N
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
-.207
-.111
.155
.128
.389
1.000
.620
-.058
.397
.207

C2
-.333
.620

C3
.331
.427

105

B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H5

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1

-.111
.155
.128
.389
-.333
.331
.503
.105
.000
-.405
.069
.454
-.473
-.272
-.238
-.218
-.207
-.192
-.272
-.224
-.218
.140
-.186
-.428
.062
-.218
.332
-.259
.000
-.245
-.076
-.299

C4
.503
-.187
-.302
.309
.193
.503
-.543
.623
1.000
-.032
-.191

.620
-.058
.397
.207
.620
.427
-.187
.325
.392
.681
.213
-.325
.232
.760
.920
.947
.846
-.215
.127
.695
.947
.695
-.347
.796
.000
.947
.618
.896
-.226
.845
-.142
.794

C5
.105
.325
.454
.538
.685
-.105
.105
.088
-.032
1.000
.166

1.000
.155
.555
.111
.333
.331
-.302
.454
.527
.366
.069
-.245
.025
.408
.495
.509
.620
-.192
.408
.274
.509
.607
-.186
.473
.062
.509
.332
.481
.000
.454
-.076
.555

.155
1.000
.657
.000
-.093
.107
.309
.538
-.295
-.189
.546
.538
-.174
.000
.128
.102
.289
.269
.381
.314
.102
.326
.261
-.284
.087
.102
.301
.155
.000
.147
-.321
-.298

.555
.657
1.000
.405
.128
.401
.193
.685
.304
.096
.538
.013
.067
.314
.486
.531
.715
-.074
.183
.545
.531
.825
-.342
.147
.048
.531
.668
.441
-.117
.416
-.206
.098

.111
.000
.405
1.000
.000
.561
.503
-.105
.395
-.077
.505
-.280
-.149
.102
.147
.218
.207
-.577
-.578
.100
.218
.560
-.746
-.135
.248
.218
.645
.074
.304
.070
.076
-.021

.333
-.093
.128
.000
1.000
.076
-.543
.105
.158
.867
.069
-.314
.523
.612
.605
.655
.620
.115
.204
.523
.655
.280
-.186
.608
-.186
.655
.293
.778
-.365
.734
.229
.768

.331
.107
.401
.561
.076
1.000
.623
.088
.242
-.031
.637
-.232
-.532
.031
.206
.317
.237
-.486
-.281
.097
.317
.653
-.489
-.067
.383
.317
.713
.263
.419
.249
-.123
.304

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

D1
D2
D3
D4
.000
-.405
.069
.454
.392
.681
.213
-.325
.527
.366
.069
-.245
-.295
-.189
.546
.538
.304
.096
.538
.013
.395
-.077
.505
-.280
.158
.867
.069
-.314
.242
-.031
.637
-.232
-.191
-.610
.602
.221
.166
.200
.007
.341
1.000
.366
-.109
-.497

D5
-.473
.232
.025
-.174
.067
-.149
.523
-.532
-.654
.055
.118

E1
-.272
.760
.408
.000
.314
.102
.612
.031
-.369
.257
.161

106

D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H5

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5

-.610
.602
.221
-.654
-.369
-.249
-.197
-.262
-.383
-.492
-.158
-.197
.211
-.206
-.591
.392
-.197
.407
-.302
.550
-.284
-.208
-.425

E2
-.238
.920
.495
.128
.486
.147
.605
.206
-.249
.398
.348
.722
.223
-.179
.382
.763
1.000
.972
.920
-.032

.200
.007
.341
.055
.257
.398
.435
.585
.061
.471
.603
.435
.455
.111
.333
-.448
.435
.363
.361
-.383
.341
-.168
.148

E3
-.218
.947
.509
.102
.531
.218
.655
.317
-.197
.435
.345
.719
.285
-.252
.375
.802
.972
1.000
.947
-.126

.366
-.109
-.497
.118
.161
.348
.345
.392
-.365
.000
.236
.345
.554
-.491
.427
.000
.345
.278
.176
.000
.166
.000
.304

1.000
-.147
-.285
.523
.543
.722
.719
.681
-.033
.189
.653
.719
.267
-.176
.785
-.311
.719
.193
.726
-.528
.685
.252
.689

-.147
1.000
-.137
-.221
.169
.223
.285
.299
-.199
-.253
.242
.285
.588
-.398
-.293
.601
.285
.601
.314
.377
.296
-.268
-.079

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

E4
E5
F1
-.207
-.192
-.272
.846
-.215
.127
.620
-.192
.408
.289
.269
.381
.715
-.074
.183
.207
-.577
-.578
.620
.115
.204
.237
-.486
-.281
-.262
-.383
-.492
.585
.061
.471
.392
-.365
.000
.681
-.033
.189
.299
-.199
-.253
-.195
.303
.257
.417
.216
.061
.760
.000
.167
.920
-.032
.202
.947
-.126
.134
1.000
-.072
.253
-.072
1.000
.707

-.285
-.137
1.000
-.259
-.171
-.179
-.252
-.195
.303
.257
-.024
-.252
-.279
.632
-.234
-.253
-.252
-.006
-.221
-.191
-.319
-.168
-.389

.523
-.221
-.259
1.000
.519
.382
.375
.417
.216
.061
.385
.375
-.031
-.144
.500
-.153
.375
-.074
.390
-.546
.368
.017
.258

.543
.169
-.171
.519
1.000
.763
.802
.760
.000
.167
.671
.802
.486
-.203
.745
-.038
.802
.455
.839
-.373
.685
-.187
.575

F2
-.224
.695
.274
.314
.545
.100
.523
.097
-.158
.603
.236
.653
.242
-.024
.385
.671
.834
.864
.881
-.043

F3
-.218
.947
.509
.102
.531
.218
.655
.317
-.197
.435
.345
.719
.285
-.252
.375
.802
.972
1.000
.947
-.126

F4
.140
.695
.607
.326
.825
.560
.280
.653
.211
.455
.554
.267
.588
-.279
-.031
.486
.685
.733
.782
-.243

107

F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H5

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4

.202
.834
.972
.685
-.263
.791
-.071
.972
.583
.910
-.401
.859
-.164
.626

F5
-.186
-.347
-.186
.261
-.342
-.746
-.186
-.489
-.206
.111
-.491
-.176
-.398
.632
-.144
-.203
-.263
-.366
-.347
.682
.685
-.190
-.366
-.548
1.000
-.046
-.358
-.366
-.463

.134
.864
1.000
.733
-.366
.782
-.081
1.000
.652
.946
-.398
.892
-.150
.671

G1
-.428
.796
.473
-.284
.147
-.135
.608
-.067
-.591
.333
.427
.785
-.293
-.234
.500
.745
.791
.782
.712
.039
.331
.652
.782
.350
-.046
1.000
-.389
.782
.250

.253
.881
.947
.782
-.347
.712
-.115
.947
.618
.896
-.453
.845
-.142
.556

.707
-.043
-.126
-.243
.682
.039
-.322
-.126
-.237
.064
-.211
.061
-.132
.074

1.000
.214
.134
.057
.685
.331
-.417
.134
-.144
.272
-.186
.257
-.187
.314

.214
1.000
.864
.597
-.190
.652
-.291
.864
.495
.806
-.546
.760
-.154
.354

.134
.864
1.000
.733
-.366
.782
-.081
1.000
.652
.946
-.398
.892
-.150
.671

.057
.597
.733
1.000
-.548
.350
.182
.733
.813
.638
.000
.602
-.225
.377

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

G2
G3
G4
G5
.062
-.218
.332
-.259
.000
.947
.618
.896
.062
.509
.332
.481
.087
.102
.301
.155
.048
.531
.668
.441
.248
.218
.645
.074
-.186
.655
.293
.778
.383
.317
.713
.263
.392
-.197
.407
-.302
-.448
.435
.363
.361
.000
.345
.278
.176
-.311
.719
.193
.726
.601
.285
.601
.314
-.253
-.252
-.006
-.221
-.153
.375
-.074
.390
-.038
.802
.455
.839
-.071
.972
.583
.910
-.081
1.000
.652
.946
-.115
.947
.618
.896
-.322
-.126
-.237
.064
-.417
.134
-.144
.272
-.291
.864
.495
.806
-.081
1.000
.652
.946
.182
.733
.813
.638
-.358
-.366
-.463
-.228
-.389
.782
.250
.728
1.000
-.081
.142
-.062
-.081
1.000
.652
.946
.142
.652
1.000
.580

H1
.000
-.226
.000
.000
-.117
.304
-.365
.419
.550
-.383
.000
-.528
.377
-.191
-.546
-.373
-.401
-.398
-.453
-.211
-.186
-.546
-.398
.000
.000
-.493
.509
-.398
.000

H2
-.245
.845
.454
.147
.416
.070
.734
.249
-.284
.341
.166
.685
.296
-.319
.368
.685
.859
.892
.845
.061
.257
.760
.892
.602
-.280
.616
-.058
.892
.485

108

G5
H1
H2
H3
H5

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H5

-.228
.000
-.280
-.128
-.103

.728
-.493
.616
.016
.753

-.062
.509
-.058
-.383
-.190

.946
-.398
.892
-.150
.671

.580
.000
.485
-.309
.368

Inter-Item Correlation Matrix

H3
-.076
-.142
-.076
-.321
-.206
.076
.229
-.123
-.208
-.168
.000
.252
-.268
-.168
.017
-.187
-.164
-.150
-.142
-.132
-.187
-.154
-.150
-.225
-.128
.016
-.383
-.150
-.309
-.178
.000
-.168
1.000
.088

Item-Total Statistics

1.000
-.406
.943
-.178
.726

-.406
1.000
-.383
.000
-.117

.943
-.383
1.000
-.168
.685

H5
-.299
.794
.555
-.298
.098
-.021
.768
.304
-.425
.148
.304
.689
-.079
-.389
.258
.575
.626
.671
.556
.074
.314
.354
.671
.377
-.103
.753
-.190
.671
.368
.726
-.117
.685
.088
1.000

109

B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H5

Scale
Scale Mean if Variance if
Item Deleted Item Deleted
77.60
151.516
78.00
132.737
77.60
146.042
78.25
146.934
78.20
137.853
78.30
146.537
78.00
142.737
78.85
143.713
78.25
153.145
77.85
144.555
78.50
145.105
78.55
137.524
78.35
143.397
77.85
152.766
78.45
146.576
77.90
141.463
78.15
130.134
78.10
129.253
78.00
131.895
77.75
151.461
77.90
147.884
77.95
137.103
78.10
129.253
78.20
135.958
77.95
157.629
78.45
138.471
78.40
151.095
78.10
129.253
78.65
134.871
78.20
130.379
78.50
154.368
77.85
140.450
77.55
151.629
78.20
138.168

Corrected
Item-Total
Correlation
-.150
.895
.583
.243
.637
.239
.610
.392
-.161
.483
.316
.585
.365
-.209
.206
.732
.914
.951
.942
-.108
.191
.803
.951
.818
-.378
.640
-.068
.951
.730
.913
-.302
.844
-.219
.619

Scale Statistics
Std.
Mean Variance Deviation N of Items
80.50 150.474
12.267
34

Squared
Multiple
Correlation
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Cronbach's
Alpha if Item
Deleted
.918
.907
.914
.916
.911
.916
.913
.915
.924
.914
.916
.912
.915
.920
.917
.911
.906
.905
.906
.919
.917
.909
.905
.909
.926
.911
.919
.905
.909
.906
.922
.910
.918
.911

110

Appendix C

111

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF EACH STATEMENT

GET
FILE='C:\Users\kurtvallada\Music\Documents\Final Data Results.sav'.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=BI B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 E1 E2 E3
E4 E5 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX.
Descriptives
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input

Missing Value
Handling

27-FEB-2016 14:17:11
Data
Active Dataset
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working
Data File
Definition of Missing
Cases Used

Syntax

Resources

Processor Time
Elapsed Time

C:\Users\kurtvallada\Music\Doc
uments\Final Data Results.sav
DataSet1
<none>
<none>
<none>
40
User defined missing values are
treated as missing.
All non-missing data are used.
DESCRIPTIVES
VARIABLES=BI B2 B3 B4 B5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D1 D2 D3 D4
D5 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 F1 F2 F3 F4
F5 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1 H2 H3
H4 H5
/STATISTICS=MEAN
STDDEV MIN MAX.
00:00:00.02
00:00:00.17

[DataSet1] C:\Users\kurtvallada\Music\Documents\Final Data Results.sav

BI
B2
B3

Descriptive Statistics
Minimu Maximu
N
m
m
40
2
3
40
1
3
40
2
3

Mean
2.82
2.68
2.92

Std.
Deviation
.385
.656
.267

112

B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
Valid N
(listwise)

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

2.52
2.60
2.50
2.63
2.07
2.52
2.72
2.38
1.90
2.30
2.72
2.25
2.78
2.55
2.67
2.72
2.77
2.45
2.73
2.67
2.60
2.13
2.45
2.47
2.63
2.38
2.55
2.10
2.75
2.90
2.85
2.30

.554
.672
.599
.490
.730
.716
.452
.667
.841
.648
.452
.670
.423
.749
.730
.640
.423
.677
.554
.730
.632
.966
.714
.599
.740
.838
.749
.672
.439
.304
.362
.648

40

ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF EACH STATEMENT, AVERAGES AND

OVERALL AVERAGE
GET
FILE='F:\Everything About Thesis\Final Data Results.sav'.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
ONEWAY BI B2 B3 B4 B5 B_AVE C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C_AVE D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D_AVE E1 E2
E3 E4 E5 E_AVE F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F_AVE G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G_AVE H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H_AVE
BY YearsOperation
/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES

113

/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC=TUKEY ALPHA(0.05).
Oneway
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input

Missing Value
Handling

28-FEB-2016 22:58:20
Data
Active Dataset
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working
Data File
Definition of Missing
Cases Used

Syntax

Resources

Processor Time
Elapsed Time

F:\Everything About
Thesis\Final Data Results.sav
DataSet1
<none>
<none>
<none>
40
User-defined missing values are
treated as missing.
Statistics for each analysis are
based on cases with no missing
data for any variable in the
analysis.
ONEWAY BI B2 B3 B4 B5
B_AVE C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
C_AVE D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
D_AVE E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E_AVE
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F_AVE G1 G2
G3 G4 G5 G_AVE H1 H2 H3
H4 H5 H_AVE BY
YearsOperation
/STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVES
/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC=TUKEY
ALPHA(0.05).
00:00:00.25
00:00:00.28

[DataSet1] F:\Everything About Thesis\Final Data Results.sav

Mean

Descriptives
Std.
Error

95% Confidence
Interval for Mean

Mini
mum

Maxi
mum

114

BI

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
B2 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
B3 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
B4 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
B5 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
B_A 1-5 years
VE
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
C1

1-5 years

Std.
Deviatio
n
2.75
.463
2.69
.479
3.00
.000

3.00

40
8
16
12

.164
.120
.000

Lower
Bound
2.36
2.43
3.00

Upper
Bound
3.14
2.94
3.00

2
2
3

3
3
3

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

2.83
2.75
2.81
2.33

.385
.707
.403
.888

.061
.250
.101
.256

2.70
2.16
2.60
1.77

2.95
3.34
3.03
2.90

2
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.68
3.00
2.94
2.83

.656
.000
.250
.389

.104
.000
.062
.112

2.47
3.00
2.80
2.59

2.88
3.00
3.07
3.08

1
3
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.93
2.38
2.50
2.50

.267
.518
.516
.674

.042
.183
.129
.195

2.84
1.94
2.22
2.07

3.01
2.81
2.78
2.93

2
2
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.53
2.38
2.81
2.33

.554
.518
.403
.985

.088
.183
.101
.284

2.35
1.94
2.60
1.71

2.70
2.81
3.03
2.96

1
2
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40

2.60
2.650
0
2.750
0
2.600
0
3.000
0
2.710
0
1.75

.672

.106
.
08238
.
03873
.
14564
.
00000
.
05112
.164

2.39

2.81

2.4552

2.8448

2.40

3.00

2.6674

2.8326

2.40

3.00

2.2794

2.9206

1.80

3.00

3.0000

3.0000

3.00

3.00

2.6066

2.8134

1.80

3.00

1.36

2.14

8
16
12

8
16
12
4
40
8

.23299
.15492
.50452
.00000
.32328
.463

115

6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
C2 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
C3 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
C4 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
C5 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
C_A 1-5 years
VE
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
D1

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above

16
12

3.00
2.50

.000
.522

.000
.151

3.00
2.17

3.00
2.83

3
2

3
3

2.00

.000

.000

2.00

2.00

40
8
16
12

2.50
2.63
2.63
2.50

.599
.518
.500
.522

.095
.183
.125
.151

2.31
2.19
2.36
2.17

2.69
3.06
2.89
2.83

1
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.63
1.25
2.50
2.08

.490
.463
.516
.793

.078
.164
.129
.229

2.47
.86
2.22
1.58

2.78
1.64
2.78
2.59

2
1
2
1

3
2
3
3

2.00

.000

.000

2.00

2.00

40
8
16
12

2.08
1.63
2.63
2.83

.730
.916
.500
.389

.115
.324
.125
.112

1.84
.86
2.36
2.59

2.31
2.39
2.89
3.08

1
1
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.53
3.00
2.56
2.67

.716
.000
.512
.492

.113
.000
.128
.142

2.30
3.00
2.29
2.35

2.75
3.00
2.84
2.98

1
3
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40

2.73
2.050
0
2.662
5
2.516
7
2.600
0
2.490
0
1.88
2.56
2.25
3.00

.452

.071
.
08238
.
05692
.
12663
.
00000
.
05859
.125
.128
.250
.000

2.58

2.87

1.8552

2.2448

1.80

2.40

2.5412

2.7838

2.40

3.00

2.2380

2.7954

2.00

3.00

2.6000

2.6000

2.60

2.60

2.3715

2.6085

1.80

3.00

1.58
2.29
1.70
3.00

2.17
2.84
2.80
3.00

1
2
1
3

2
3
3
3

8
16
12
4
40
8
16
12
4

.23299
.22767
.43866
.00000
.37059
.354
.512
.866
.000

116

Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
D3 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
D4 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
D5 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
D_A 1-5 years
VE
6-10 years
D2

11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
E1

E2

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years

40
8
16
12

2.38
2.25
1.63
1.67

.667
1.035
.719
.651

.106
.366
.180
.188

2.16
1.38
1.24
1.25

2.59
3.12
2.01
2.08

1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

1.90
1.88
2.56
2.33

.841
.835
.512
.651

.133
.295
.128
.188

1.63
1.18
2.29
1.92

2.17
2.57
2.84
2.75

1
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

2.00

.000

.000

2.00

2.00

40
8
16
12

2.30
2.75
2.50
2.92

.648
.463
.516
.289

.103
.164
.129
.083

2.09
2.36
2.22
2.73

2.51
3.14
2.78
3.10

1
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.73
2.50
2.13
2.00

.452
.756
.342
.853

.071
.267
.085
.246

2.58
1.87
1.94
1.46

2.87
3.13
2.31
2.54

2
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40

.670

2.46

2.0552

2.4448

1.80

2.40

2.1658

2.3842

2.00

2.60

1.9229

2.5438

1.60

2.80

2.8000

2.8000

2.80

2.80

2.1988

2.4212

1.60

2.80

.354
.342
.522

.106
.
08238
.
05123
.
14106
.
00000
.
05498
.125
.085
.151

2.04

8
16
12

2.25
2.250
0
2.275
0
2.233
3
2.800
0
2.310
0
2.88
2.88
2.50

2.58
2.69
2.17

3.17
3.06
2.83

2
2
2

3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.78
2.75
2.63
2.17

.423
.707
.500
1.030

.067
.250
.125
.297

2.64
2.16
2.36
1.51

2.91
3.34
2.89
2.82

2
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

8
16
12
4
40

.23299
.20494
.48866
.00000
.34774

117

16 years and
above
Total
E3
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
E4
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
E5
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
E_A 1-5 years
VE
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
F1

F2

F3

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.55
2.75
2.94
2.17

.749
.707
.250
1.030

.118
.250
.062
.297

2.31
2.16
2.80
1.51

2.79
3.34
3.07
2.82

1
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.68
2.88
2.94
2.25

.730
.354
.250
.965

.115
.125
.062
.279

2.44
2.58
2.80
1.64

2.91
3.17
3.07
2.86

1
2
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.73
3.00
2.56
2.83

.640
.000
.512
.389

.101
.000
.128
.112

2.52
3.00
2.29
2.59

2.93
3.00
2.84
3.08

1
3
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40

.423

2.91

2.4953

3.2047

1.80

3.00

2.6811

2.8939

2.40

3.00

1.9383

2.8284

1.40

3.00

3.0000

3.0000

3.00

3.00

2.5453

2.8547

1.40

3.00

.000
.516
.522

.067
.
15000
.
04990
.
20220
.
00000
.
07646
.000
.129
.151

2.64

8
16
12

2.78
2.850
0
2.787
5
2.383
3
3.000
0
2.700
0
3.00
2.50
2.50

3.00
2.22
2.17

3.00
2.78
2.83

3
2
2

3
3
3

1.00

.000

.000

1.00

1.00

40
8
16
12

2.45
2.88
2.81
2.42

.677
.354
.403
.793

.107
.125
.101
.229

2.23
2.58
2.60
1.91

2.67
3.17
3.03
2.92

1
2
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8

2.73
2.75

.554
.707

.088
.250

2.55
2.16

2.90
3.34

1
1

3
3

8
16
12
4
40

.42426
.19958
.70043
.00000
.48358

118

6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
F4
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
F5
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
F_A 1-5 years
VE
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
G1

G2

G3

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above

16
12

2.94
2.17

.250
1.030

.062
.297

2.80
1.51

3.07
2.82

2
1

3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.68
2.25
2.88
2.33

.730
.463
.342
.888

.115
.164
.085
.256

2.44
1.86
2.69
1.77

2.91
2.64
3.06
2.90

1
2
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.60
3.00
1.38
2.25

.632
.000
.719
.965

.100
.000
.180
.279

2.40
3.00
.99
1.64

2.80
3.00
1.76
2.86

1
3
1
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40

.966

2.43

2.5666

2.9834

2.20

3.00

2.3709

2.6291

2.20

3.00

2.0399

2.6268

1.60

3.00

2.6000

2.6000

2.60

2.60

2.4048

2.6252

1.60

3.00

.756
.500
.853

.153
.
08814
.
06055
.
13333
.
00000
.
05448
.267
.125
.246

1.82

8
16
12

2.13
2.775
0
2.500
0
2.333
3
2.600
0
2.515
0
2.50
2.63
2.00

1.87
2.36
1.46

3.13
2.89
2.54

1
2
1

3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.45
1.88
2.69
2.42

.714
.641
.479
.515

.113
.227
.120
.149

2.22
1.34
2.43
2.09

2.68
2.41
2.94
2.74

1
1
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12
4

2.48
2.75
2.81
2.17
3.00

.599
.707
.403
1.030
.000

.095
.250
.101
.297
.000

2.28
2.16
2.60
1.51
3.00

2.67
3.34
3.03
2.82
3.00

1
1
2
1
3

3
3
3
3
3

8
16
12
4
40

.24928
.24221
.46188
.00000
.34459

119

Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
G5 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
G_A 1-5 years
VE
6-10 years
G4

11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
H1

H2

H3

H4

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years

40
8
16
12

2.63
1.63
2.75
2.17

.740
.744
.447
1.030

.117
.263
.112
.297

2.39
1.00
2.51
1.51

2.86
2.25
2.99
2.82

1
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.38
2.75
2.69
2.08

.838
.707
.479
.996

.132
.250
.120
.288

2.11
2.16
2.43
1.45

2.64
3.34
2.94
2.72

1
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40

.749

2.79

1.9104

2.6896

1.20

2.80

2.5671

2.8579

2.20

3.00

1.6589

2.6745

1.20

3.00

3.0000

3.0000

3.00

3.00

2.3101

2.6799

1.20

3.00

.518
.619
.515

.118
.
16475
.
06824
.
23072
.
00000
.
09142
.183
.155
.149

2.31

8
16
12

2.55
2.300
0
2.712
5
2.166
7
3.000
0
2.495
0
1.63
1.88
2.42

1.19
1.55
2.09

2.06
2.20
2.74

1
1
2

2
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.10
2.88
2.81
2.50

.672
.354
.403
.522

.106
.125
.101
.151

1.89
2.58
2.60
2.17

2.31
3.17
3.03
2.83

1
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.75
2.88
2.81
3.00

.439
.354
.403
.000

.069
.125
.101
.000

2.61
2.58
2.60
3.00

2.89
3.17
3.03
3.00

2
2
2
3

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.90
3.00
2.63
3.00

.304
.000
.500
.000

.048
.000
.125
.000

2.80
3.00
2.36
3.00

3.00
3.00
2.89
3.00

2
3
2
3

3
3
3
3

8
16
12
4
40

.46599
.27295
.79924
.00000
.57822

120

16 years and
above
Total
H5 1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total
H_A 1-5 years
VE
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40
8
16
12

2.85
2.50
2.25
2.00

.362
.756
.447
.739

.057
.267
.112
.213

2.73
1.87
2.01
1.53

2.97
3.13
2.49
2.47

2
1
2
1

3
3
3
3

3.00

.000

.000

3.00

3.00

40

2.30
2.575
0
2.475
0
2.583
3
3.000
0
2.580
0

.648

.103
.
07008
.
07042
.
07961
.
00000
.
04518

2.09

2.51

2.4093

2.7407

2.20

2.80

2.3249

2.6251

1.80

2.80

2.4081

2.7586

2.20

3.00

3.0000

3.0000

3.00

3.00

2.4886

2.6714

1.80

3.00

8
16
12
4
40

.19821
.28166
.27579
.00000
.28573

ANOVA
Sum of
Squares
BI

B2

B3

B4

B5

Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total

df

Mean Square

.838

.279

4.938
5.775

36
39

.137

2.171

.724

14.604
16.775

36
39

.406

.171

.057

2.604
2.775

36
39

.072

1.100

.367

10.875
11.975

36
39

.302

2.621

.874

14.979
17.600

36
39

.416

Sig.

2.035

.126

1.784

.168

.787

.509

1.214

.319

2.100

.117

121

B_AVE Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
C1
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
C2
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
C3
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
C4
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
C5
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
C_AVE Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
D1
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
D2
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
D3
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
D4
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total

.536

.179

3.540
4.076

36
39

.098

9.500

3.167

4.500
14.000

36
39

.125

.750

.250

8.625
9.375

36
39

.240

8.358

2.786

12.417
20.775

36
39

.345

8.683

2.894

11.292
19.975

36
39

.314

1.371

.457

6.604
7.975

36
39

.183

2.082

.694

3.274
5.356

36
39

.091

4.313

1.438

13.063
17.375

36
39

.363

7.683

2.561

19.917
27.600

36
39

.553

2.921

.974

13.479
16.400

36
39

.374

1.558

.519

6.417
7.975

36
39

.178

1.817

.162

25.333

.000

1.043

.385

8.078

.000

9.228

.000

2.491

.076

7.630

.000

3.962

.015

4.629

.008

2.600

.067

2.914

.047

122

D5

Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
D_AV Between
E
Groups
Within Groups
Total
E1
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
E2
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
E3
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
E4
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
E5
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
E_AVE Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
F1
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
F2
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
F3
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total

3.750

1.250

13.750
17.500

36
39

.382

1.079

.360

3.637
4.716

36
39

.101

1.350

.450

5.625
6.975

36
39

.156

2.983

.994

18.917
21.900

36
39

.525

4.671

1.557

16.104
20.775

36
39

.447

3.913

1.304

12.063
15.975

36
39

.335

1.371

.457

5.604
6.975

36
39

.156

1.866

.622

7.254
9.120

36
39

.202

10.900

3.633

7.000
17.900

36
39

.194

1.746

.582

10.229
11.975

36
39

.284

4.671

1.557

16.104
20.775

36
39

.447

3.273

.032

3.562

.024

2.880

.049

1.893

.148

3.480

.026

3.892

.017

2.935

.046

3.087

.039

18.686

.000

2.048

.124

3.480

.026

123

F4

Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
F5
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
F_AVE Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
G1
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
G2
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
G3
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
G4
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
G5
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
G_AV Between
E
Groups
Within Groups
Total
H1
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
H2
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total

3.683

1.228

11.917
15.600

36
39

.331

18.375

6.125

18.000
36.375

36
39

.500

.969

.323

3.662
4.631

36
39

.102

4.150

1.383

15.750
19.900

36
39

.438

4.746

1.582

9.229
13.975

36
39

.256

3.771

1.257

17.604
21.375

36
39

.489

8.833

2.944

18.542
27.375

36
39

.515

4.046

1.349

17.854
21.900

36
39

.496

3.375

1.125

9.664
13.039

36
39

.268

7.058

2.353

10.542
17.600

36
39

.293

1.188

.396

6.312
7.500

36
39

.175

3.709

.020

12.250

.000

3.177

.036

3.162

.036

6.171

.002

2.570

.069

5.717

.003

2.719

.059

4.191

.012

8.035

.000

2.257

.098

124

H3

H4

H5

H_AV
E

Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total

.288

.096

3.312
3.600

36
39

.092

1.350

.450

3.750
5.100

36
39

.104

3.400

1.133

13.000
16.400

36
39

.361

.882

.294

2.302
3.184

36
39

.064

1.042

.386

4.320

.011

3.138

.037

4.600

.008

Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD

Dependent
Variable
BI

B2

(I)
YearsOperati
on
1-5 years

(J)
Mean
YearsOperati Differenc Std.
on
e (I-J)
Error Sig.
6-10 years
.063
.160 .980
11-15 years
-.250
.169 .460
16 years and
-.250
.227 .690
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
-.063
.160 .980
11-15 years
-.313
.141 .140
16 years and
-.313
.207 .443
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
.250
.169 .460
6-10 years
.313
.141 .140
16 years and
.000
.214 1.000
above
16 years and 1-5 years
.250
.227 .690
above
6-10 years
.313
.207 .443
11-15 years
.000
.214 1.000
1-5 years
6-10 years
-.063
.276 .996
11-15 years
.417
.291 .488

95% Confidence
Interval
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
-.37
.49
-.71
.21
-.86

.36

-.49
-.69

.37
.07

-.87

.25

-.21
-.07

.71
.69

-.58

.58

-.36
-.25
-.58
-.81
-.37

.86
.87
.58
.68
1.20

125

B3

B4

B5

16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years

-.250

.390

.918

-1.30

.80

.063
.479

.276
.243

.996
.218

-.68
-.18

.81
1.13

-.188

.356

.952

-1.15

.77

-.417
-.479

.291
.243

.488
.218

-1.20
-1.13

.37
.18

-.667

.368

.284

-1.66

.32

.250
.188
.667
.063
.167

.390
.356
.368
.116
.123

.918
.952
.284
.950
.533

-.80
-.77
-.32
-.25
-.16

1.30
1.15
1.66
.38
.50

.000

.165 1.000

-.44

.44

-.063
.104

.116
.103

.950
.742

-.38
-.17

.25
.38

-.063

.150

.975

-.47

.34

-.167
-.104

.123
.103

.533
.742

-.50
-.38

.16
.17

-.167

.155

.708

-.58

.25

.000
.063
.167
-.125
-.125

.165 1.000
.150 .975
.155 .708
.238 .952
.251 .959

-.44
-.34
-.25
-.77
-.80

.44
.47
.58
.52
.55

-.625

.337

.264

-1.53

.28

.238 .952
.210 1.000

-.52
-.57

.77
.57

.377

-1.33

.33

.251 .959
.210 1.000

-.55
-.57

.80
.57

.125
.000
-.500
.125
.000

.307

-.500

.317

.405

-1.35

.35

.625
.500
.500
-.438

.337
.307
.317
.279

.264
.377
.405
.410

-.28
-.33
-.35
-1.19

1.53
1.33
1.35
.31

126

B_AVE

C1

11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years

.042

.294

.999

-.75

.83

-.625

.395

.401

-1.69

.44

.438
.479

.279
.246

.410
.228

-.31
-.18

1.19
1.14

-.188

.361

.954

-1.16

.78

-.042
-.479

.294
.246

.999
.228

-.83
-1.14

.75
.18

-.667

.372

.295

-1.67

.34

.625
.395
.188
.361
.667
.372
-.10000 .13578
.05000 .14313

.401
.954
.295
.882
.985

-.44
-.78
-.34
-.4657
-.3355

1.69
1.16
1.67
.2657
.4355

-.35000 .19203

.280

-.8672

.1672

.10000 .13578
.15000 .11975

.882
.598

-.2657
-.1725

.4657
.4725

-.25000 .17530

.492

-.7221

.2221

-.05000 .14313
-.15000 .11975

.985
.598

-.4355
-.4725

.3355
.1725

-.40000 .18105

.140

-.8876

.0876

.35000 .19203
.25000 .17530
.40000 .18105
-1.250*
.153
*
-.750
.161

.280
.492
.140
.000
.000

-.1672
-.2221
-.0876
-1.66
-1.18

.8672
.7221
.8876
-.84
-.32

-.250

.217

.659

-.83

.33

1.250*
.500*

.153
.135

.000
.004

.84
.14

1.66
.86

1.000*

.198

.000

.47

1.53

.750*
-.500*

.161
.135

.000
.004

.32
-.86

1.18
-.14

.500

.204

.086

-.05

1.05

.250
-1.000*
-.500

.217
.198
.204

.659
.000
.086

-.33
-1.53
-1.05

.83
-.47
.05

127

C2

C3

C4

1-5 years

6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years

.000
.125
-.375
.000
.125

.212 1.000
.223 .943

-.57
-.48

.57
.73

.599

-1.18

.43

.212 1.000
.187 .908

-.57
-.38

.57
.63

.300

-.375

.274

.526

-1.11

.36

-.125
-.125

.223
.187

.943
.908

-.73
-.63

.48
.38

-.500

.283

.304

-1.26

.26

.375
.375
.500
-1.250*
-.833*

.300
.274
.283
.254
.268

.599
.526
.304
.000
.018

-.43
-.36
-.26
-1.93
-1.56

1.18
1.11
1.26
-.57
-.11

-.750

.360

.177

-1.72

.22

1.250*
.417

.254
.224

.000
.264

.57
-.19

1.93
1.02

.500

.328

.435

-.38

1.38

.833*
-.417

.268
.224

.018
.264

.11
-1.02

1.56
.19

.083

.339

.995

-.83

1.00

.750
-.500
-.083
-1.000*
-1.208*

.360
.328
.339
.243
.256

.177
.435
.995
.001
.000

-.22
-1.38
-1.00
-1.65
-1.90

1.72
.38
.83
-.35
-.52

-1.375*

.343

.002

-2.30

-.45

1.000*
-.208

.243
.214

.001
.765

.35
-.78

1.65
.37

-.375

.313

.632

-1.22

.47

1.208*
.208

.256
.214

.000
.765

.52
-.37

1.90
.78

-.167

.323

.955

-1.04

.70

1.375*
.375

.343
.313

.002
.632

.45
-.47

2.30
1.22

128

C5

C_AVE

D1

11-15 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
1-5 years
1-5 years

.167
.438
.333

.323
.185
.195

.955
.104
.336

-.70
-.06
-.19

1.04
.94
.86

.000

.262 1.000

-.71

.71

-.438
-.104

.185
.164

.104
.919

-.94
-.54

.06
.34

-.438

.239

.278

-1.08

.21

-.333
.104

.195
.164

.336
.919

-.86
-.34

.19
.54

-.333

.247

.539

-1.00

.33

.000
.262 1.000
.438
.239 .278
.333
.247 .539
*
-.61250 .13059 .000
-.46667* .13765 .009

-.71
-.21
-.33
-.9642
-.8374

.71
1.08
1.00
-.2608
-.0959

-.55000* .18468

.025

-1.0474

-.0526

.61250* .13059
.14583 .11517

.000
.590

.2608
-.1643

.9642
.4560

.06250 .16859

.982

-.3915

.5165

.46667* .13765
-.14583 .11517

.009
.590

.0959
-.4560

.8374
.1643

-.08333 .17412

.963

-.5523

.3856

.55000* .18468
-.06250 .16859
.08333 .17412
-.688
.261
-.375
.275

.025
.982
.963
.057
.530

.0526
-.5165
-.3856
-1.39
-1.12

1.0474
.3915
.5523
.01
.37

-1.125*

.369

.021

-2.12

-.13

.688
.313

.261
.230

.057
.533

-.01
-.31

1.39
.93

-.438

.337

.569

-1.34

.47

.375
-.313

.275
.230

.530
.533

-.37
-.93

1.12
.31

-.750

.348

.155

-1.69

.19

1.125*

.369

.021

.13

2.12

129

D2

D3

D4

16 years and 6-10 years

above
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above

.438
.750
.625
.583

.337
.348
.322
.339

.569
.155
.230
.329

-.47
-.19
-.24
-.33

1.34
1.69
1.49
1.50

-.750

.455

.366

-1.98

.48

-.625
-.042

.322
.284

.230
.999

-1.49
-.81

.24
.72

-1.375*

.416

.011

-2.49

-.26

-.583
.042

.339
.284

.329
.999

-1.50
-.72

.33
.81

-1.333*

.429

.019

-2.49

-.18

.750
1.375*
1.333*
-.688
-.458

.455
.416
.429
.265
.279

.366
.011
.019
.062
.369

-.48
.26
.18
-1.40
-1.21

1.98
2.49
2.49
.03
.29

-.125

.375

.987

-1.13

.88

.688
.229

.265
.234

.062
.761

-.03
-.40

1.40
.86

.563

.342

.367

-.36

1.48

.458
-.229

.279
.234

.369
.761

-.29
-.86

1.21
.40

.333

.353

.782

-.62

1.28

.125
-.563
-.333
.250
-.167

.375
.342
.353
.183
.193

.987
.367
.782
.527
.823

-.88
-1.48
-1.28
-.24
-.69

1.13
.36
.62
.74
.35

-.250

.259

.769

-.95

.45

-.250
-.417

.183
.161

.527
.064

-.74
-.85

.24
.02

-.500

.236

.167

-1.14

.14

.167
.417
-.083

.193
.161
.244

.823
.064
.986

-.35
-.02
-.74

.69
.85
.57

130

D5

D_AVE

E1

16 years and 1-5 years

above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years

.250
.500
.083
.375
.500

.259
.236
.244
.268
.282

.769
.167
.986
.507
.303

-.45
-.14
-.57
-.35
-.26

.95
1.14
.74
1.10
1.26

-.500

.378

.556

-1.52

.52

-.375
.125

.268
.236

.507
.951

-1.10
-.51

.35
.76

-.875

.345

.072

-1.81

.06

-.500
-.125

.282
.236

.303
.951

-1.26
-.76

.26
.51

-1.000*

.357

.039

-1.96

-.04

.500
.378
.875
.345
*
1.000
.357
-.02500 .13763
.01667 .14507

.556
.072
.039
.998
.999

-.52
-.06
.04
-.3957
-.3740

1.52
1.81
1.96
.3457
.4074

-.55000* .19463

.037

-1.0742

-.0258

.02500 .13763
.04167 .12137

.998
.986

-.3457
-.2852

.3957
.3686

-.52500* .17767

.027

-1.0035

-.0465

-.01667 .14507
-.04167 .12137

.999
.986

-.4074
-.3686

.3740
.2852

-.56667* .18350

.019

-1.0609

-.0725

.55000* .19463 .037

.52500* .17767 .027
.56667* .18350 .019
.000
.171 1.000
.375
.180 .180

.0258
.0465
.0725
-.46
-.11

1.0742
1.0035
1.0609
.46
.86

.955

-.78

.53

.171 1.000
.151 .080

-.46
-.03

.46
.78

-.125

.221

.942

-.72

.47

-.375
-.375

.180
.151

.180
.080

-.86
-.78

.11
.03

-.125
.000
.375

.242

131

E2

E3

E4

16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years

-.500

.228

.145

-1.11

.11

.125
.125
.500
.125
.583

.242
.221
.228
.314
.331

.955
.942
.145
.978
.307

-.53
-.47
-.11
-.72
-.31

.78
.72
1.11
.97
1.47

-.250

.444

.942

-1.45

.95

-.125
.458

.314
.277

.978
.361

-.97
-.29

.72
1.20

-.375

.405

.791

-1.47

.72

-.583
-.458

.331
.277

.307
.361

-1.47
-1.20

.31
.29

-.833

.419

.210

-1.96

.29

.250
.375
.833
-.188
.583

.444
.405
.419
.290
.305

.942
.791
.210
.916
.242

-.95
-.72
-.29
-.97
-.24

1.45
1.47
1.96
.59
1.41

-.250

.410

.928

-1.35

.85

.188
.771*

.290
.255

.916
.023

-.59
.08

.97
1.46

-.063

.374

.998

-1.07

.94

-.583
-.771*

.305
.255

.242
.023

-1.41
-1.46

.24
-.08

-.833

.386

.155

-1.87

.21

.250
.063
.833
-.063
.625

.410
.374
.386
.251
.264

.928
.998
.155
.994
.102

-.85
-.94
-.21
-.74
-.09

1.35
1.07
1.87
.61
1.34

-.125

.354

.985

-1.08

.83

.063
.688*

.251
.221

.994
.018

-.61
.09

.74
1.28

-.063

.324

.997

-.93

.81

-.625

.264

.102

-1.34

.09

132

E5

E_AVE

F1

6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above

-.688*

.221

.018

-1.28

-.09

-.750

.334

.131

-1.65

.15

.125
.063
.750
.438
.167

.354
.324
.334
.171
.180

.985
.997
.131
.067
.791

-.83
-.81
-.15
-.02
-.32

1.08
.93
1.65
.90
.65

.000

.242 1.000

-.65

.65

-.438
-.271

.171
.151

.067
.291

-.90
-.68

.02
.13

-.438

.221

.213

-1.03

.16

-.167
.271

.180
.151

.791
.291

-.65
-.13

.32
.68

-.167

.228

.884

-.78

.45

.000
.242 1.000
.438
.221 .213
.167
.228 .884
.06250 .19438 .988
.46667 .20489 .122

-.65
-.16
-.45
-.4610
-.0852

.65
1.03
.78
.5860
1.0185

-.15000 .27489

.947

-.8903

.5903

-.06250 .19438
.40417 .17142

.988
.104

-.5860
-.0575

.4610
.8658

-.21250 .25094

.832

-.8883

.4633

-.46667 .20489
-.40417 .17142

.122
.104

-1.0185
-.8658

.0852
.0575

-.61667 .25917

.099

-1.3147

.0813

.15000 .27489
.21250 .25094
.61667 .25917
.500
.191
.500
.201

.947
.832
.099
.059
.080

-.5903
-.4633
-.0813
-.01
-.04

.8903
.8883
1.3147
1.01
1.04

2.000*

.270

.000

1.27

2.73

-.500
.000
1.500*

.191 .059
.168 1.000
.247 .000

-1.01
-.45
.84

.01
.45
2.16

133

11-15 years

F2

F3

F4

1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years

-.500
.000

.201 .080
.168 1.000

-1.04
-.45

.04
.45

1.500*

.255

.000

.81

2.19

-2.000*
-1.500*
-1.500*
.063
.458

.270
.247
.255
.231
.243

.000
.000
.000
.993
.253

-2.73
-2.16
-2.19
-.56
-.20

-1.27
-.84
-.81
.68
1.11

-.125

.326

.981

-1.00

.75

-.063
.396

.231
.204

.993
.228

-.68
-.15

.56
.94

-.188

.298

.922

-.99

.62

-.458
-.396

.243
.204

.253
.228

-1.11
-.94

.20
.15

-.583

.308

.248

-1.41

.25

.125
.188
.583
-.188
.583

.326
.298
.308
.290
.305

.981
.922
.248
.916
.242

-.75
-.62
-.25
-.97
-.24

1.00
.99
1.41
.59
1.41

-.250

.410

.928

-1.35

.85

.188
.771*

.290
.255

.916
.023

-.59
.08

.97
1.46

-.063

.374

.998

-1.07

.94

-.583
-.771*

.305
.255

.242
.023

-1.41
-1.46

.24
-.08

-.833

.386

.155

-1.87

.21

.250
.063
.833
-.625
-.083

.410
.374
.386
.249
.263

.928
.998
.155
.075
.989

-.85
-.94
-.21
-1.30
-.79

1.35
1.07
1.87
.05
.62

-.750

.352

.163

-1.70

.20

.625
.542

.249
.220

.075
.083

-.05
-.05

1.30
1.13

134

F5

F_AVE

G1

16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years

-.125

.322

.980

-.99

.74

.083
-.542

.263
.220

.989
.083

-.62
-1.13

.79
.05

-.667

.332

.204

-1.56

.23

.750
.125
.667
1.625*
.750

.352
.322
.332
.306
.323

.163
.980
.204
.000
.111

-.20
-.74
-.23
.80
-.12

1.70
.99
1.56
2.45
1.62

.433 1.000

-1.17

1.17

-1.625*
-.875*

.306
.270

.000
.013

-2.45
-1.60

-.80
-.15

-1.625*

.395

.001

-2.69

-.56

-.750
.875*

.323
.270

.111
.013

-1.62
.15

.12
1.60

-.750

.408

.273

-1.85

.35

.000
.433 1.000
*
1.625
.395 .001
.750
.408 .273
.27500 .13810 .210
.44167* .14557 .022

-1.17
.56
-.35
-.0969
.0496

1.17
2.69
1.85
.6469
.8337

.17500 .19530

.807

-.3510

.7010

-.27500 .13810
.16667 .12179

.210
.527

-.6469
-.1613

.0969
.4947

-.10000 .17828

.943

-.5802

.3802

-.44167* .14557
-.16667 .12179

.022
.527

-.8337
-.4947

-.0496
.1613

-.26667 .18413

.479

-.7626

.2292

-.17500 .19530
.10000 .17828
.26667 .18413
-.125
.286
.500
.302

.807
.943
.479
.972
.361

-.7010
-.3802
-.2292
-.90
-.31

.3510
.5802
.7626
.65
1.31

.000

-.500

.405

.610

-1.59

.59

.125

.286

.972

-.65

.90

135

G2

G3

G4

11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above

.625

.253

.081

-.06

1.31

-.375

.370

.742

-1.37

.62

-.500
-.625

.302
.253

.361
.081

-1.31
-1.31

.31
.06

-1.000

.382

.059

-2.03

.03

.500
.375
1.000
-.813*
-.542

.405
.370
.382
.219
.231

.610
.742
.059
.004
.107

-.59
-.62
-.03
-1.40
-1.16

1.59
1.37
2.03
-.22
.08

-1.125*

.310

.005

-1.96

-.29

.813*
.271

.219
.193

.004
.507

.22
-.25

1.40
.79

-.313

.283

.689

-1.07

.45

.542
-.271

.231
.193

.107
.507

-.08
-.79

1.16
.25

-.583

.292

.209

-1.37

.20

1.125*
.313
.583
-.063
.583

.310
.283
.292
.303
.319

.005
.689
.209
.997
.277

.29
-.45
-.20
-.88
-.28

1.96
1.07
1.37
.75
1.44

-.250

.428

.936

-1.40

.90

.063
.646

.303
.267

.997
.092

-.75
-.07

.88
1.37

-.188

.391

.963

-1.24

.87

-.583
-.646

.319
.267

.277
.092

-1.44
-1.37

.28
.07

-.833

.404

.184

-1.92

.25

.250
.188
.833
-1.125*
-.542
-1.375*

.428
.391
.404
.311
.328
.439

.936
.963
.184
.005
.363
.017

-.90
-.87
-.25
-1.96
-1.42
-2.56

1.40
1.24
1.92
-.29
.34
-.19

136

6-10 years

G5

G_AVE

H1

1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years

1.125*
.583

.311
.274

.005
.164

.29
-.15

1.96
1.32

-.250

.401

.924

-1.33

.83

.542
-.583

.328
.274

.363
.164

-.34
-1.32

1.42
.15

-.833

.414

.203

-1.95

.28

1.375*
.250
.833
.063
.667

.439
.401
.414
.305
.321

.017
.924
.203
.997
.181

.19
-.83
-.28
-.76
-.20

2.56
1.33
1.95
.88
1.53

-.250

.431

.938

-1.41

.91

-.063
.604

.305
.269

.997
.130

-.88
-.12

.76
1.33

-.313

.394

.857

-1.37

.75

-.667
-.604

.321
.269

.181
.130

-1.53
-1.33

.20
.12

-.917

.407

.128

-2.01

.18

.250
.431
.313
.394
.917
.407
-.41250 .22435
.13333 .23649

.938
.857
.128
.272
.942

-.91
-.75
-.18
-1.0167
-.5036

1.41
1.37
2.01
.1917
.7703

-.70000 .31728

.141

-1.5545

.1545

.41250 .22435
.54583* .19786

.272
.043

-.1917
.0129

1.0167
1.0787

-.28750 .28964

.755

-1.0676

.4926

-.13333 .23649
-.54583* .19786

.942
.043

-.7703
-1.0787

.5036
-.0129

-.83333* .29914

.040

-1.6390

-.0277

.70000 .31728
.28750 .28964
.83333* .29914
-.250
.234
*
-.792
.247

.141
.755
.040
.712
.014

-.1545
-.4926
.0277
-.88
-1.46

1.5545
1.0676
1.6390
.38
-.13

137

H2

H3

H4

16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years

-1.375*

.331

.001

-2.27

-.48

.250
-.542

.234
.207

.712
.059

-.38
-1.10

.88
.01

-1.125*

.303

.004

-1.94

-.31

.792*
.542

.247
.207

.014
.059

.13
-.01

1.46
1.10

-.583

.312

.260

-1.42

.26

1.375*
1.125*
.583
.063
.375

.331
.303
.312
.181
.191

.001
.004
.260
.986
.221

.48
.31
-.26
-.43
-.14

2.27
1.94
1.42
.55
.89

-.125

.256

.961

-.82

.57

-.063
.313

.181
.160

.986
.224

-.55
-.12

.43
.74

-.188

.234

.853

-.82

.44

-.375
-.313

.191
.160

.221
.224

-.89
-.74

.14
.12

-.500

.242

.183

-1.15

.15

.125
.188
.500
.063
-.125

.256
.234
.242
.131
.138

.961
.853
.183
.964
.803

-.57
-.44
-.15
-.29
-.50

.82
.82
1.15
.42
.25

-.125

.186

.907

-.63

.38

-.063
-.188

.131
.116

.964
.381

-.42
-.50

.29
.12

-.188

.170

.688

-.64

.27

.125
.188

.138
.116

.803
.381

-.25
-.12

.50
.50

.000

.175 1.000

-.47

.47

.125
.188
.000
.375

.186 .907
.170 .688
.175 1.000
.140 .051

-.38
-.27
-.47
.00

.63
.64
.47
.75

138

H5

H_AVE

11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years
11-15 years
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
6-10 years
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
11-15 years 1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
16 years and 1-5 years
above
6-10 years

.000

.147 1.000

-.40

.40

.000

.198 1.000

-.53

.53

-.375
-.375*

.140
.123

.051
.022

-.75
-.71

.00
-.04

-.375

.180

.180

-.86

.11

.000
.375*

.147 1.000
.123 .022

-.40
.04

.40
.71

.000

.186 1.000

-.50

.50

.000
.375
.000
.250
.500

.198 1.000
.180 .180
.186 1.000
.260 .772
.274 .279

-.53
-.11
-.50
-.45
-.24

.53
.86
.50
.95
1.24

-.500

.368

.533

-1.49

.49

-.250
.250

.260
.229

.772
.698

-.95
-.37

.45
.87

-.750

.336

.134

-1.65

.15

-.500
-.250

.274
.229

.279
.698

-1.24
-.87

.24
.37

-1.000*

.347

.032

-1.93

-.07

.500
.368 .533
.750
.336 .134
*
1.000
.347 .032
.10000 .10949 .798
-.00833 .11541 1.000

-.49
-.15
.07
-.1949
-.3192

1.49
1.65
1.93
.3949
.3025

-.42500* .15484

.044

-.8420

-.0080

-.10000 .10949
-.10833 .09656

.798
.679

-.3949
-.3684

.1949
.1517

-.52500* .14135

.004

-.9057

-.1443

.00833 .11541 1.000

.10833 .09656 .679

-.3025
-.1517

.3192
.3684

-.41667* .14599

.034

-.8098

-.0235

.42500* .15484
.52500* .14135

.044
.004

.0080
.1443

.8420
.9057

139

.41667* .14599

11-15 years

.034

.0235

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

ONEWAY OVERALL_AVE BY YearsOperation
/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES
/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC=TUKEY ALPHA(0.05).
Oneway
Notes
Output Created
Comments
Input

Missing Value
Handling

28-FEB-2016 11:43:43
Data
Active Dataset
Filter
Weight
Split File
N of Rows in Working
Data File
Definition of Missing
Cases Used

Syntax

Resources

Processor Time
Elapsed Time

C:\Users\kurtvallada\Music\Doc
uments\Final Data Results.sav
DataSet1
<none>
<none>
<none>
40
User-defined missing values are
treated as missing.
Statistics for each analysis are
based on cases with no missing
data for any variable in the
analysis.
ONEWAY OVERALL_AVE BY
YearsOperation
/STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVES
/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC=TUKEY
ALPHA(0.05).
00:00:00.02
00:00:00.01

Descriptives
OVERALL_AVE
N

Mean

Std.
Deviation

Std.
Error

95%
Confidence
Interval for
Mean

.8098

140

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
Total

8
16
12

2.4929
2.5946
2.4024

.20702
.08425
.49042

Lower Bound
.07319
2.3198
.02106
2.5497
.14157
2.0908

2.8571

.00000

.00000

2.8571

40

2.5429

.30996

.04901

2.4437

Descriptives
OVERALL_AVE
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Upper Bound
2.6659
2.6395
2.7140
2.8571
2.6420

1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and above
Total

Minimum
2.00
2.49
1.74
2.86
1.74

Maximum
2.69
2.77
2.89
2.86
2.89

ANOVA
OVERALL_AVE
Sum of
Squares
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total

df

Mean Square

.695

.232

3.052
3.747

36
39

.085

F
2.732

Sig.
.058

Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: OVERALL_AVE
Tukey HSD

Mean
Difference (I(I) YearsOperation (J) YearsOperation
J)
1-5 years
6-10 years
-.10179
11-15 years
.09048
16 years and
-.36429
above

Std.
Error
.12608
.13290
.17831

95%
Confidence
Interval
Lower
Sig.
Bound
.851
-.4414
.904
-.2675
.192

-.8445

141

6-10 years

11-15 years

16 years and
above

1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and
above
1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and
above
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years

.10179
.19226

.12608
.11119

.851
.324

-.2378
-.1072

-.26250

.16277

.384

-.7009

-.09048
-.19226

.13290
.11119

.904
.324

-.4484
-.4917

-.45476*

.16811

.049

-.9075

.36429
.26250
.45476*

.17831
.16277
.16811

.192
.384
.049

-.1159
-.1759
.0020

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: OVERALL_AVE
Tukey HSD

(I) YearsOperation
1-5 years

6-10 years

11-15 years

16 years and above

(J) YearsOperation
6-10 years
11-15 years
16 years and above
1-5 years
11-15 years
16 years and above
1-5 years
6-10 years
16 years and above
1-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Appendix D

95% Confidence
Interval
Upper Bound
.2378
.4484
.1159
.4414
.4917
.1759
.2675
.1072
-.0020
.8445
.7009
.9075

142

LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT A STUDY

February 23, 2016
Name of the Representative
Position
Name of the University
Address of the University
RE: Permission to Conduct Research Study
Dear Mr/Ms/Mrs/Prof/Dr. X:
In behalf of my group mates, I am writing to request permission to conduct a research study at
your institution. We are currently enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Accountancy at Manila
Tytana Colleges, Pasay City, and am in the process of writing our undergraduate thesis. The
study is entitled Consignment Practices of Selected University Bookstores in National Capital
Region: A Comparative Study.
We hope that the school administration will allow me to do a survey at the institutions bookstore
and Finance department to anonymously complete a 6-page questionnaire (copy enclosed). Due
to the nature of the study, we might observe existing accounting and internal control procedures,
and expect transparency.
Simultaneous to observation, the questionnaires will be accomplished by the respondents which
are four qualified staff of either the bookstore or Finance department with both knowledge on the
existing consignment accounting and internal control practices of the institution.
The survey results will be pooled for the thesis project and individual results of this study will
remain absolutely confidential and anonymous. Should this study be published, only pooled

143

results will be documented. No costs will be incurred by either your institution or the individual
participants.
Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated. We will follow up via telephone
call and would be happy to answer any questions or concerns that you may have at that time. You
may contact us at our email address: kurtvallada@yahoo.com.
If you agree, kindly sign below and return the signed form in the enclosed self-addressed
envelope. Alternatively, kindly submit a signed letter of permission on your institutions
letterhead acknowledging your consent and permission for us to conduct this study at your
institution.
Sincerely yours,
Begas, Dan Paul C.
Member
Corona, Renz Mico F.
Member
Cruz, Christien Angela B.
Member
Maca-alin. Allaniah H.
Member
Red Christian L. Palustre
Group Leader
Noted by:

Dr. Maria Veronica M. Binuya

Dean, College of Accountancy and Management
RLP: cbc
Enclosures: Prescribed Consignment Practices Questionnaire

144

Appendix E

Appendix F

GANTT CHART
Research Title

: Consignment Practices of Selected University Bookstores in National

Capital Region: A Comparative Study

Researchers

: Begas, Dan Paul C.

Corona, RenzMico F.
Cruz, Christine Angela B.
Maca-alin, Allaniah H.
Palustre, Red Christian L.

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Period Covered

: October 2015 February 2016

ACTIVITIES
I. Research of related
literatures and studies
II. Choosing a topic
III. Title proposal
IV. Writing of draft of
chapters, 1, 2 and 3
V. Proposal defense
VI. Change of Study
VII. Second Proposal Defense
VIII. Referendum
IX. Validator issues/signs a
certificate
of
validation
X. Reliability testing
XI. Data collection period
XII. Data analysis period
XIII. Writing of draft of final
research paper
XIV. Submission of final
paper

Octobe
r
3
4

November December
January
February
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

LINE ITEM BUDGET

Research Title

: Consignment Practices of Selected University Bookstores in National

Capital Region: A Comparative Study

Researchers

: Begas, Dan Paul C.

Corona, RenzMico F.
Cruz, Christine Angela B.
Maca-alin, Allaniah H.
Palustre, Red Christian L.

146

Period Covered

: October 2015 February 2016

Items
Transportation Expenses
Communication Expenses
(Cellphone Load, Internet prepaid etc.)
Supplies and Materials Expenses
a. Bond Papers
b. Printer inks
c. Token for respondents
Professional Expenses
a. Token for validators
b. Token for panel members
Snacks

Amount
Php 1500
Php 200

Php 2500
Php 400
Php 1000
Free
Php 1500
Php 750
TotalPhp 7850

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Appendix G

Figure 3. One of the university bookstore sampled

Appendix H

Figure 4. Personnel of one of the university bookstore sampled.

CURRICULUM VITAE

148

Dan Paul C. Begas

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Address
Age
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Civil Status
Citizenship
Religion
E-mail Address
Contact No.

: 157 P-11 Brgy. South Daanghari, Bagong Tanyag, Taguig

City
: 19 y/o
: September 6, 1996
: Las Pinas City
: Single
: Filipino
: Roman Catholic
: begasdanpaul@gmail.com
: 09066723870

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR GRADUATED

TERTIARY

Manila Tytana Colleges

2013-present
Pres. Diosdado Macapagal Rd., Roxas Blvd., Pasay City

SECONDARY

Olivarez College
Paranaque City

2013

PRIMARY

San Antonio Elementary School-Silverio Annex

Paranaque City

2009

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AWARDS AND HONORS

DATE RECEIVED

Deans Lister, 1st sem (SY 2013-14)

Manila Tytana Colleges

2014

Salutatorian
Olivarez College

2013

Leadership Awardee
Olivarez College

2013

AFFILIATIONS

National Federation of Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants

Active Member (2013-present)

Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants Manila Tytana Colleges

Active Member (2013-present)

Scholars Guild Manila Tytana Colleges

Active Member (2013-present)

The Centerpost Manila Tytana Colleges

Contributing Writer

INTERESTS

Reading novels and fictional books

Reading motivational hand books and quotes

Watching movies and series

Listening to popular music

Playing different sports

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Corona, Renz Mico F.

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Address
Email
Mobile no.
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Citizenship
Sex
Civil Status
Languages Spoken

:Gov. Pugeda St., Rosario, Cavite

:coronamico@gmail.com
:09261344384
:October 15, 1996
: Rosario, Cavite
: Filipino
: Male
: Single
: English and Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
Manila Tytana Colleges

YEAR GRADUATED
2013-present

SECONDARY
Hermano Miguel Integrated School

2013

PRIMARY
Cognoscere Academy

2009

AWARDS AND HONORS

DATE RECEIVED

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Deans Lister Awardee

Manila Tytana Colleges

Salutatorian
Hermano Miguel Integrated School

February 19, 2016

2013

AFFILIATIONS

National Federation of Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants

Active Member (2013-present)

Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants Manila Tytana Colleges

Active Member (2013-present)

Scholars Guild
Active Member (2013-present)

INTERESTS

Watching movies

Reading inspirational novels

Listening to different genres of music

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Christine Angela B. Cruz

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Address
Age
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Civil Status
Citizenship
Religion

: 2759 Sandejas St. Tambo, Paraaque City

: 19 y/o
: November 20, 1996
: Manila
: Single
: Filipino
: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR GRADUATED

TERTIARY

Manila Tytana Colleges

2013-present
Pres. Diosdado Macapagal Rd., Roxas Blvd., Pasay City

SECONDARY

Brainshire Science School

900 J. Gabriel Street, Baclaran, Paranaque

PRIMARY

2013

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St. Andrews School

475 Quirino Ave, Paraaque, 1700 Metro Manila

AWARDS AND HONORS

Deans Lister Awardee

Manila Tytana Colleges

Salutatorian
Brainshire Science School

2009

DATE RECEIVED
February 19, 2016

2013

AFFILIATIONS

National Federation of Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants

Active Member (2013-present)

Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants Manila Tytana Colleges

Active Member (2013-present)

Scholars Guild
Active Member (2013-present)

INTERESTS

Watching American and Korean series and movies

Reading inspirational novels

Listening to different genres of music

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Maca-alin, Allaniah H.
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Address
Age
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Civil Status
Citizenship
Religion

: Blk. 177 Lot 10 IRM Rd., Maharlika Vill., Tauig City

: 19 y/o
: March 28, 1997
: Quiapo, Manila
: Single
: Filipino
: Islam

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR GRADUATED

TERTIARY

Manila Tytana Colleges

2013-present
Pres. Diosdado Macapagal Rd., Roxas Blvd., Pasay City

SECONDARY

Paulo Scholastic Chastity de Montessori Academy

Betterlivig, Paraaque City

2013

PRIMARY

North-South Islamic Academy

Maharlika Vill. FTI, Taguig City

2009

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AWARDS AND HONORS

4th Honorable Mention

Paulo Scholastic Chastity de Montessori Academy

Best Platoon Leader in CAT

Paulo Scholastic Chastity de Montessori Academy

Salutatorian
North-South Islamic Academy

DATE RECEIVED
March 2013
March 2013
2009

AFFILIATIONS

National Federation of Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants

Active Member (2013-present)

Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants Manila Tytana Colleges

Active Member (2013-present)

INTERESTS

Engaging in different kinds of sports,

Watching anime, K-dramas, movies, and American series

Reading fiction, romance books, and manga,

And listening to any kind of music.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Palustre, Red Christian L.

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Address
Age
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Civil Status
Citizenship
Religion

: Lot 4, Block 1-D, Phase 1, Carenville Subdivision, Magdalo,

Kawit, Cavite
: 19 y/o
: December 22, 1996
: Noveleta, Cavite
: Single
: Filipino
: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR GRADUATED

TERTIARY

Manila Tytana Colleges

2013-present
Pres. Diosdado Macapagal Rd., Roxas Blvd., Pasay City

SECONDARY

Cavite National High School

Chief E. Martin St., Caridad, Cavite City

PRIMARY

2013

157

Ambrocio S. Robles Mem. Elementary School

San Jose II, Noveleta, Cavite

AWARDS AND HONORS

Chairman Circle Awardee

Manila Tytana Colleges

9th Honorable Mention

Cavite National High School

Salutatorian
Ambrocio S. Robles Memorial Elementary School

2009

DATE RECEIVED
February 19, 2016& 2015

March 2013

March 2009

AFFILIATIONS

National Federation of Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants

Active Member (2013-present)

Junior Philippine Institute of Accountants Manila Tytana Colleges

Active Member (2013-present)

Scholars Guild
Active Member (2013-present)

INTERESTS

Engaging in different kinds of sports

Reading physics books and manuals

Watching play at theater

Watching movies during Saturday night

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