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1.Whatisdatabase?
Adatabaseisacollectionofinformationthatisorganized.Sothatitcaneasilybeaccessed,managed,andupdated.
2.WhatisDBMS?
DBMSstandsforDatabaseManagementSystem.Itisacollectionofprogramsthatenablesusertocreateandmaintainada
3.WhatisaDatabasesystem?
ThedatabaseandDBMSsoftwaretogetheriscalledasDatabasesystem.
4.WhataretheadvantagesofDBMS?
I.Redundancyiscontrolled.
II.Providingmultipleuserinterfaces.
III.Providingbackupandrecovery
IV.Unauthorizedaccessisrestricted.
V.Enforcingintegrityconstraints.
5.Whatisnormalization?
ItisaprocessofanalysingthegivenrelationschemasbasedontheirFunctionalDependencies(FDs)andprimarykeytoach
(1).Minimizingredundancy,(2).Minimizinginsertion,deletionandupdateanomalies.
6.WhatisDataModel?
Acollectionofconceptualtoolsfordescribingdata,datarelationshipsdatasemanticsandconstraints.
7.WhatisERmodel?
Thisdatamodelisbasedonrealworldthatconsistsofbasicobjectscalledentitiesandofrelationshipamongtheseobjects.
asetofattributes.
8.WhatisObjectOrientedmodel?
Thismodelisbasedoncollectionofobjects.Anobjectcontainsvaluesstoredininstancevariableswithintheobject.Anobje
operateontheobject.Thesebodiesofcodearecalledmethods.Objectsthatcontainsametypesofvaluesandthesameme
classes.
9.WhatisanEntity?
Anentityisathingorobjectofimportanceaboutwhichdatamustbecaptured.
10.WhatisDDL(DataDefinitionLanguage)?
AdatabaseschemaisspecifiesbyasetofdefinitionsexpressedbyaspeciallanguagecalledDDL.
11.WhatisDML(DataManipulationLanguage)?
Thislanguagethatenableusertoaccessormanipulatedataasorganisedbyappropriatedatamodel.ProceduralDMLorLow
whatdataareneededandhowtogetthosedata.NonProceduralDMLorHighlevel:DMLrequiresausertospecifywhatda
togetthosedata
12.WhatisDMLCompiler?
IttranslatesDMLstatementsinaquerylanguageintolowlevelinstructionthatthequeryevaluationenginecanunderstan
13.WhatisQueryevaluationengine?
Itexecuteslowlevelinstructiongeneratedbycompiler.
14.WhatisFunctionalDependency?
FunctionalDependencyisthestartingpointofnormalization.FunctionalDependencyexistswhenarelationbetweentwoat
determinethecorrespondingattribute
svalue.
15.Whatis1NF(NormalForm)?
Thefirstnormalformor1NFisthefirstandthesimplesttypeofnormalizationthatcanbeimplementedinadatabase.The
1.Eliminateduplicativecolumnsfromthesametable.
2.Createseparatetablesforeachgroupofrelateddataandidentifyeachrowwithauniquecolumn(theprimarykey).
16.WhatisFullyFunctionaldependency?
AfunctionaldependencyXYisfullfunctionaldependencyifremovalofanyattributeAfromXmeansthatthedependencyd
17.Whatis2NF?
ArelationschemaRisin2NFifitisin1NFandeverynonprimeattributeAinRisfullyfunctionallydependentonprimaryk
18.Whatis3NF?
ArelationisinthirdnormalformifitisinSecondNormalFormandtherearenofunctional(transitive)dependenciesbetwee
attributes.
19.WhatisBCNF(BoyceCoddNormalForm)?
AtableisinBoyceCoddnormalform(BCNF)ifandonlyifitisin3NFandeverydeterminantisacandidatekey.
20.Whatis4NF?
FourthnormalformrequiresthatatablebeBCNFandcontainnomultivalueddependencies.
21.Whatis5NF?
Atableisinfifthnormalform(5NF)orProjectJoinNormalForm(PJNF)ifitisin4NFanditcannothavealosslessdecompo
tables.
22.Whatisaquery?
AquerywithrespecttoDBMSrelatestousercommandsthatareusedtointeractwithadatabase.
23.Whatismeantbyqueryoptimization?
Thephasethatidentifiesanefficientexecutionplanforevaluatingaquerythathastheleastestimatedcostisreferredtoas
24.Whatisanattribute?
Itisaparticularproperty,whichdescribestheentity.
25.WhatisRDBMS?
RelationalDataBaseManagementSystems(RDBMS)aredatabasemanagementsystemsthatmaintaindatarecordsandin
26.What
sdifferencebetweenDBMSandRDBMS?
DBMSprovidesasystematicandorganizedwayofstoring,managingandretrievingfromcollectionoflogicallyrelatedinform
DBMSprovidesbutabovethatitprovidesrelationshipintegrity.
27.WhatisSQL?
SQLstandsforStructuredQueryLanguage.SQLisanANSI(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute)standardcomputerlan
databasesystems.SQLstatementsareusedtoretrieveandupdatedatainadatabase.
28.WhatisStoredProcedure?
AstoredprocedureisanamedgroupofSQLstatementsthathavebeenpreviouslycreatedandstoredintheserverdatabas
29.Whatisaview?
Aviewmaybeasubsetofthedatabaseoritmaycontainvirtualdatathatisderivedfromthedatabasefilesbutisnotexplic
30.WhatisTrigger?
AtriggerisaSQLprocedurethatinitiatesanactionwhenanevent(INSERT,DELETEorUPDATE)occurs.
31.WhatisIndex?
Anindexisaphysicalstructurecontainingpointerstothedata.
32.Whatisextensionandintension?
ExtensionItisthenumberoftuplespresentinatableatanyinstance.Thisistimedependent.
IntensionItisaconstantvaluethatgivesthename,structureoftableandtheconstraintslaidonit.
33.Whatdoyoumeanbyatomicityandaggregation?
AtomicityAtomicitystatesthatdatabasemodificationsmustfollowan
allornothing
rule.Eachtransactionissaidtobe
atom
fails,theentiretransactionfails.
AggregationAfeatureoftheentityrelationshipmodelthatallowsarelationshipsettoparticipateinanotherrelationshipse
bydrawingadashedboxaroundtheaggregation.
34.WhatisRDBMSKERNEL?
TwoimportantpiecesofRDBMSarchitecturearethekernel,whichisthesoftware,andthedatadictionary,whichconsistso
usedbythekerneltomanagethedatabase.
35.NamethesubsystemsofaRDBMS?
I/O,Security,LanguageProcessing,ProcessControl,StorageManagement,LoggingandRecovery,DistributionControl,Tran
LockManagement.
36.HowdoyoucommunicatewithanRDBMS?
YoucommunicatewithanRDBMSusingStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)
37.DisadvantageinFileProcessingSystem?
Dataredundancy&inconsistency.
Difficultinaccessingdata.
Dataisolation.
Dataintegrity.
Concurrentaccessisnotpossible.
SecurityProblems.
38.WhatisVDL(ViewDefinitionLanguage)?
Itspecifiesuserviewsandtheirmappingstotheconceptualschema.
39.WhatisSDL(StorageDefinitionLanguage)?
Thislanguageistospecifytheinternalschema.ThislanguagemaySpecifythemappingbetweentwoschemas.
40.Describeconcurrencycontrol?
Concurrencycontrolistheprocessmanagingsimultaneousoperationsagainstadatabasesothatdatabaseintegrityisnoco
toconcurrencycontrol.
Thepessimisticapproachinvolveslockingandtheoptimisticapproachinvolvesversioning.
41.Describethedifferencebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousdistributeddatabase?
AhomogenousdatabaseisonethatusesthesameDBMSateachnode.Aheterogeneousdatabaseisonethatmayhavea
42.Whatisadistributeddatabase?
Adistributeddatabaseisasinglelogicaldatabasethatisspreadacrossmorethanonenodeorlocationsthatareallconnecte
43.Explainthedifferencebetweentwoandthreetierarchitectures?
Threetierarchitectureincludesaclientandtwoserverlayers.
Theapplicationcodeisstoredontheapplicationserverandthedatabaseisstoredonthedatabaseserver.Atwotierarch
serverlayer.Thedatabaseisstoredonthedatabaseserver.
44.BrieflydescribethethreetypesofSQLcommands?
Datadefinitionlanguagecommandsareusedtocreate,alter,anddroptables.Datamanipulationcommandsareusedtoins
thedatabase.DatacontrollanguagecommandshelptheDBAtocontrolthedatabase.
45.Listsomeofthepropertiesofarelation?
Relationsinadatabasehaveauniquenameandnomultivaluedattributesexist.Eachrowisuniqueandeachattributewith
sequenceofbothcolumnsandrowsisirrelevant.
46.Explainthedifferencesbetweenanintranetandanextranet?
AnInternetdatabaseisaccessiblebyeveryonewhohasaccesstoaWebsite.Anintranetdatabaselimitsaccesstoonlypeo
47.WhatisSQLDeadlock?
Deadlockisauniquesituationinamultiusersystemthatcausestwoormoreuserstowaitindefinitelyforalockedresource
48.WhatisaCatalog?
Acatalogisatablethatcontainstheinformationsuchasstructureofeachfile,thetypeandstorageformatofeachdataite
.TheinformationstoredinthecatalogiscalledMetadata.
49.Whatisdatawarehousing&OLAP?
DatawarehousingandOLAP(onlineanalyticalprocessing)systemsarethetechniquesusedinmanycompaniestoextracta
verylargedatabasesfordecisionmaking.
50.Describethethreelevelsofdataabstraction?
Physicallevel:Thelowestlevelofabstractiondescribeshowdataarestored.
Logicallevel:Thenexthigherlevelofabstraction,describeswhatdataarestoredindatabaseandwhatrelationshipamongt
Viewlevel:Thehighestlevelofabstractiondescribesonlypartofentiredatabase.
51.WhatisDataIndependence?
Dataindependencemeansthattheapplicationisindependentofthestoragestructureandaccessstrategyofdata.
52.Howmanytypesofrelationshipexistindatabasedesigning?
Therearethreemajorrelationshipmodels:
Onetoone
Onetomany
Manytomany
53.Whatisorderbyclause?
ORDERBYclausehelpstosortthedataineitherascendingordertodescending
54.WhatistheuseofDBCCcommands?
DBCCstandsfordatabaseconsistencychecker.Weusethesecommandstochecktheconsistencyofthedatabases,i.e.,m
checks.
55.WhatisCollation?
Collationreferstoasetofrulesthatdeterminehowdataissortedandcompared.
56.WhatisdifferencebetweenDELETE&TRUNCATEcommands?
DeletecommandremovestherowsfromatablebasedontheconditionthatweprovidewithaWHEREclause.Truncatewill
tableandtherewillbenodatainthetableafterwerunthetruncatecommand.
57.WhatisHashingtechnique?
Thisisaprimaryfileorganizationtechniquethatprovidesveryfastaccesstorecordsoncertainsearchconditions.
58.Whatisatransaction?
Atransactionisalogicalunitofdatabaseprocessingthatincludesoneormoredatabaseaccessoperations.
59.WhatarethedifferentphasesofTransaction?
Analysisphase
Redophase
Undophase
60.Whatis
transparentdbms
?
Itisone,whichkeepsitsphysicalstructurehiddenfromuser.
61.WhataretheprimitiveoperationscommontoallrecordmanagementSystem?
Addition,deletionandmodification.
62.Explainthedifferencesbetweenstructureddataandunstructureddata.
Structureddataarefactsconcerningobjectsandevents.Themostimportantstructureddataarenumeric,character,andd
Structureddataarestoredintabularform.Unstructureddataaremultimediadatasuchasdocuments,photographs,maps,
UnstructureddataaremostcommonlyfoundonWebserversandWebenableddatabases.
63.Whatarethemajorfunctionsofthedatabaseadministrator?
Managingdatabasestructure,controllingconcurrentprocessing,managingprocessingrightsandresponsibilities,developing
databaserecovery,managingtheDBMSandmaintainingthedatarepository.
64.Whatisadependencygraph?
Adependencygraphisadiagramthatisusedtoportraytheconnectionsbetweendatabaseelements.
65.Explainthedifferencebetweenanexclusivelockandasharedlock?
Anexclusivelockprohibitsotherusersfromreadingthelockedresourceasharedlockallowsotheruserstoreadthelocked
66.Explainthe"paradigmmismatch"betweenSQLandapplicationprogramminglanguages.
SQLstatementsreturnasetofrows,whileanapplicationprogramworksononerowatatime.Toresolvethismismatchth
processedaspseudofiles,usingacursororpointertospecifywhichrowisbeingprocessed.
67.Namefourapplicationsfortriggers.
(1)Providingdefaultvalues,(2)enforcingdataconstraints,
(3)Updatingviewsand(4)enforcingreferentialintegrity
68.Whataretheadvantagesofusingstoredprocedures?
Theadvantagesofstoredproceduresare(1)greatersecurity,(2)decreasednetworktraffic,(3)thefactthatSQLcanbeopt
leadstolesswork,standardizedprocessing,andspecializationamongdevelopers.
69.Explainthedifferencebetweenattributesandidentifiers.
Entitieshaveattributes.Attributesarepropertiesthatdescribetheentity'scharacteristics.Entityinstanceshaveidentifiers.
oridentify,entityinstances.
70.WhatisEnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP),andwhatkindofadatabaseisusedinanERPapplication?
EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)isaninformationsystemusedinmanufacturingcompaniesandincludessales,inventor
otherbusinessfunctions.AnERPsystemtypicallyusesamultiuserdatabase.
71.DescribethedifferencebetweenembeddedanddynamicSQL?
EmbeddedSQListheprocessofincludinghardcodedSQLstatements.Thesestatementsdonotchangeunlessthesourcec
processofgeneratingSQLonthefly.Thestatementsgenerateddonothavetobethesameeachtime.
72.Explainajoinbetweentables
Ajoinallowstablestobelinkedtoothertableswhenarelationshipbetweenthetablesexists.Therelationshipsareestablish
tablesandoftenusestheprimary/foreignkeyrelationship.
73.Describeasubquery.
Asubqueryisaquerythatiscomposedoftwoqueries.Thefirstquery(innerquery)iswithintheWHEREclauseoftheothe
74.Compareahierarchicalandnetworkdatabasemodel?
Thehierarchicalmodelisatopdownstructurewhereeachparentmayhavemanychildrenbuteachchildcanhaveonlyon
oneandonetomanyrelationships.
Thenetworkmodelcanbemuchmoreflexiblethanthehierarchicalmodelsinceeachparentcanhavemultiplechildrenbut
parents.Thismodelsupportsonetoone,onetomany,andmanytomanyrelationships.
75.Explainthedifferencebetweenadynamicandmaterializedview.
Adynamicviewmaybecreatedeverytimethataspecificviewisrequestedbyauser.Amaterializedviewiscreatedandor
synchronizedwithitsassociatedbasetable(s).
76.Explainwhatneedstohappentoconvertarelationtothirdnormalform.
Firstyoumustverifythatarelationisinbothfirstnormalformandsecondnormalform.Iftherelationisnot,youmustcon
relationisinsecondnormalform,youmustremovealltransitivedependencies.
77.Describethefourtypesofindexes?
Auniqueprimaryindexisuniqueandisusedtofindandstorearow.Anonuniqueprimaryindexisnotuniqueandisusedt
row(basedonitsuniqueprimaryindex).Auniquesecondaryindexisuniqueforeachrowandusedtofindtablerows.Anon
andusedtofindtablerows.
78.Explainminimumandmaximumcardinality?
Minimumcardinalityistheminimumnumberofinstancesofanentitythatcanbeassociatedwitheachinstanceofanother
maximumnumberofinstancesofanentitythatcanbeassociatedwitheachinstanceofanotherentity.
79.Whatisdeadlock?Howcanitbeavoided?Howcanitberesolvedonceitoccurs?
Deadlockoccurswhentwotransactionsareeachwaitingonaresourcethattheothertransactionholds.Deadlockcanbepr
acquirealllocksatthesametimeonceitoccurs,theonlywaytocureitistoabortoneofthetransactionsandbackoutof
80.ExplainwhatwemeanbyanACIDtransaction.
AnACIDtransactionisonethatisatomic,consistent,isolated,anddurable.Durablemeansthatdatabasechangesareperm
statementlevelortransactionlevelconsistency.Withtransactionlevelconsistency,atransactionmaynotseeitsownchan
unit.
81.Underwhatconditionsshouldindexesbeused?
Indexescanbecreatedtoenforceuniqueness,tofacilitatesorting,andtoenablefastretrievalbycolumnvalues.Agoodcan
frequentlyusedwithequalconditionsinWHEREclauses.
82.WhatisdifferencebetweenSQLandSQLSERVER?
SQLisalanguagethatprovidesaninterfacetoRDBMS,developedbyIBM.SQLSERVERisaRDBMSjustlikeOracle,DB2.
83.WhatisSpecialization?
Itistheprocessofdefiningasetofsubclassesofanentitytypewhereeachsubclasscontainalltheattributesandrelationsh
additionalattributesandrelationshipswhicharespecifictoitself.
84.Whatisgeneralization?
Itistheprocessoffindingcommonattributesandrelationsofanumberofentitiesanddefiningacommonsuperclassforth
85.WhatismeantbyProactive,RetroactiveandSimultaneousUpdate?
ProactiveUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabasebeforeitbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.
RetroactiveUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabaseafteritbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.
SimultaneousUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabaseatthesametimewhenitbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.
86.WhatisRAIDTechnology?
Redundantarrayofinexpensive(orindependent)disks.Themaingoalofraidtechnologyistoevenoutthewidelydifferent
disksagainstthoseinmemoryandmicroprocessor.Raidtechnologyemploysthetechniqueofdatastripingtoachievehighe
87.Whatareserial,nonserialschedule?
AscheduleSisserialif,foreverytransactionTparticipatingintheschedule,alltheoperationsofTisexecutedconsecutively
scheduleiscallednonserialschedule.
88.Whatareconflictserializableschedules?
AscheduleSofntransactionsisserializableifitisequivalenttosomeserialscheduleofthesamentransactions.
89.Whatisviewserializable?
Ascheduleissaidtobeviewserializableifitisviewequivalentwithsomeserialschedule.
90.Whatisaforeignkey?
Akeyofarelationschemaiscalledasaforeignkeyifitistheprimarykeyof
someotherrelationtowhichitisrelatedto.
91.Whatarethedisadvantagesofusingadbms?
1)Highinitialinvestmentsinh/w,s/w,andtraining.
2)GeneralitythataDBMSprovidesfordefiningandprocessingdata.
3)Overheadforprovidingsecurity,concurrencycontrol,recovery,andintegrityfunctions.
92.WhatisLosslessjoinproperty?
Itguaranteesthatthespurioustuplegenerationdoesnotoccurwithrespecttorelationschemasafterdecomposition.
93.WhatisaPhantomDeadlock?
Indistributeddeadlockdetection,thedelayinpropagatinglocalinformationmightcausethedeadlockdetectionalgorithmst
exist.Suchsituationsarecalledphantomdeadlocksandtheyleadtounnecessaryaborts.
94.WhatisacheckpointandWhendoesitoccur?
ACheckpointislikeasnapshotoftheDBMSstate.Bytakingcheckpoints,theDBMScanreducetheamountofworktobed
subsequentcrashes.
95.Whatisschema?
Thedescriptionofadatabaseiscalledthedatabaseschema,whichisspecifiedduringdatabasedesignandisnotexpected
schemaiscalledschemadiagram.Wecalleachobjectintheschemaasschemaconstruct.
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