Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Excellence Engineers Training Program in Vietnam
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GRADUATION ESSAY

DESIGN AC VOLTAGE STABILIZER

SINGLE PHASE USING AC AC CONVERTER
Instructor: Dr. NGUYN NH TUYN
Student : NGUYN C NGUYN

HCM city, 6 /2015

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CONTENT

CONTENT
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
CHAPTER II : AC voltage stabilizers ...................................................................... 2
II.1 Coil-rotation AC voltage regulator............................................................. 2
II.2 Electromechanical ...................................................................................... 3
II.3 PWM voltage regulator (PWM) ................................................................. 4
CHAPTER III: AC AC CONVERTERS AND USING IN VOLTAGES
STABILIZERS .......................................................................................................... 5
III.1 The principle of operation of the AC - AC converter for voltage
stabilization ........................................................................................................... 5
III.2 AC - AC converter ........................................................................................ 6
III.2.1 Buck converter : .................................................................................... 6
III.2.2 Half - bridge converter : ......................................................................... 9
III.2.3 Full bridge converter ......................................................................... 17
CHAPTER IV : DESIGN A VOLTAGE STABILIZER WITH HALF BRIDGE
SUPPLIDE ON LINE SIDE ................................................................................... 22
IV.1 Selecting components ................................................................................. 22
IV.2.1. The control circuit ............................................................................... 22
IV.2.2 The Power circuit ................................................................................. 22
IV.3 Design Circuit using Orcad 9.2................................................................... 24
IV.3.1 Design the Controller ........................................................................... 24
IV.3.2. Design Power circuit ........................................................................... 29
REFERENCE .......................................................................................................... 31

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CHAPTER I

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
Power quality describes the quality of voltage and currenta facility has, and is one of the
most important considerations in industrial and commercial applications today. It is essential that
processes, in particular, in industrial plants, operate uninterrupted where high productivity levels
are an important factor. Power quality problems commonly faced by industrial operations
include transients, sags, swells, surges, outages, harmonics, and impulses that vary in quantity or
magnitude of the voltage. Of these, voltage sags, extended undervoltages and overvoltages have
the largest negative impact on industrial productivity, and could be the most important type of
power quality variation for many industrial and commercial customers
Some major problems associated with unregulated line voltages (in particular, long-term
voltage sags) include equipment tripping, stalling, overheating, and complete process shutdowns.
These subsequently lead to lower efficiencies, higher power demand, higher cost for power,
electromagnetic interference to control circuits, excessive heating of cables and equipment, and
increased risk of equipment damage. The need for line voltage regulation still remains a
necessity to meet demands for high industrial productivity.

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER II : AC voltage stabilizers

Voltage regulators or stabilizers are used to compensate for voltage fluctuations in mains
power. Large regulators may be permanently installed on distribution lines. Small portable
regulators may be plugged in between sensitive equipment and a wall outlet. Automatic voltage
regulators are used on generator sets on ships, in emergency power supplies, on oil rigs, etc. to
stabilize fluctuations in power demand. For example, when a large machine is turned on, the
demand for power is suddenly a lot higher. The voltage regulator compensates for the change in
load. Commercial voltage regulators normally operate on a range of voltages, for example 150
240 V or 90280 V. Servo stabilizers are also manufactured and used widely in spite of the fact
that they are obsolete and use out-dated technology.

II.1 Coil-rotation AC voltage regulator

This is an older type of regulator used in the 1920s that uses the principle of a fixed-position
field coil and a second field coil that can be rotated on an axis in parallel with the fixed coil,
similar to a variocoupler.

Figure 2.1: Basic design principle and circuit diagram for the rotating-coil AC voltage regulator.
When the movable coil is positioned perpendicular to the fixed coil, the magnetic forces acting
on the movable coil balance each other out and voltage output is unchanged. Rotating the coil in
one direction or the other away from the center position will increase or decrease voltage in the
secondary movable coil.
This type of regulator can be automated via a servo control mechanism to advance the movable
coil position in order to provide voltage increase or decrease. A braking mechanism or high ratio
gearing is used to hold the rotating coil in place against the powerful magnetic forces acting on
the moving coil.

CHAPTER II

II.2 Electromechanical
Electromechanical regulators called voltage stabilizers or tap-changers, have also been used to
regulate the voltage on AC power distribution lines. These regulators operate by using
a servomechanism to select the appropriate tap on an autotransformer with multiple taps, or by
moving the wiper on a continuously variable auto transfomer. If the output voltage is not in the
acceptable range, the servomechanism switches the tap, changing the turns ratio of the
transformer, to move the secondary voltage into the acceptable region. The controls provide
a dead band wherein the controller will not act, preventing the controller from constantly
adjusting the voltage ("hunting") as it varies by an acceptably small amount.

Figure 2.2 : Voltage stabilizer with transformer and servo motor

CHAPTER II

II.3 PWM voltage regulator

This is the latest technology of voltage regulation to provide real-time control of voltage
fluctuation, sag, surge and also to control other power quality issues such as spikes and EMI/RFI
electrical noises. This uses an IGBT regulator engine generating pulse width modulated (PWM)
AC voltage at high switching frequency. This AC PWM wave is superimposed on the main
incoming wave through a buck-boost transformer, to provide precisely regulated AC voltage.
The regulation in this technology is instantaneous, thus making it suitable for electronic
machines which need precise regulated power.

Figure 2.3 : Voltage Stabilizer

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III: AC AC CONVERTERS AND USING IN VOLTAGES

STABILIZERS
III.1 The principle of operation of the AC - AC converter for voltage
stabilization
Configure the AC - AC converter based on the basic configuration as buck, half - bridge, full bridge ... combined with an output transforme.r The converter incorporates fast-switching
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology, and controls involving pulsewidth
modulation (PWM) techniques. The model block diagram is shown in this fig

B)
Figure 3.1 Model block diagram of the ac voltagevoltage converter system.

CHAPTER III

III.2 AC - AC converter
III.2.1 Buck converter :
a) Configuration and control algorithms

Figure 3.2 Configuration and control algorithms

There will be two states depends on the sign of the source voltage,
Where Vi> 0, S1 and S2 switching pulse while S3 and S4 is always enabled
Where Vi <0, S1 and S2 and are always enabled, S3 and S4 switching pulse
b) Switching analysis
Assuming that the switching frequency is fs periodTs

Where Vi > 0 :

When DTs S1,S3,S4 on, S2 off:

CHAPTER III

Figure 3.3. Equivalent circuit in DT S where Vi >0

Then VL = Vi

When (1 D)Ts S2,S3,S4 on, S1 off:

Figure 3.4 Equivalent circuit in (1 D)T S Vi >0

Then VL = 0
Where Vi < 0 :

When DTs S1,S2,S4 on, S3 off:

Figure 3.5. Equivalent circuit in DT S Vi <0

Then VL = Vi

CHAPTER III

When (1 D)Ts S2,S1,S3 on, S4 of:

Figure 3.6. Equivalent circuit in (1 D)TS where Vi <0

Then VL = 0
Thus in the period T (voltage period ) VL = Vi/D
c) Simulation Buck converter by PSIM

Figure 3.7 Output voltages of Buck converter

Figure 3.8 Output voltages of Buck after using filter

CHAPTER III

Voltage quality depends on the selection of capacitors and inductors, in a certain range,
the ratio VL/Vi D, if L and large C will affect this rate.
We choose the value inductors and capacitors based on criteria in the ripple current and
ripple voltage at capacitors

III.2.2 Half - bridge converter :

a) Configuration and control algorithms

Figure 3.9 Configuration and control algorithms

b) Switching analysis
Assuming that the switching frequency is fs periodTs
1.

Where Vi > 0 :
a. When DTs S1,S3,S4 on, S2 off:
Equivalent circuit

CHAPTER III

Figure 3.10 Equivalent circuit in DTs when Vi > 0

Then Vo = -Vi/na
b. When (1- D)Ts S2,S3,S4 on, S1 off:
Equivalent circuit

Figure 3.11 Equivalent circuit in (1 D)Ts when Vi > 0

Then Vo = Vi/nb
Calculate the RMS voltages when Vi > 0
Vo = Vi(

Vi

2. Where Vi < 0 :
a. When DTs S1,S3,S2 on, S4 off:

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CHAPTER III

Figure 3.12 Equivalent circuit in DTs when Vi < 0

Then Vo = -Vi/na
b. When (1- D)Ts S2,S1,S4 on, S3 off:

Figure 3.13 Equivalent circuit (1 D )Ts when Vi < 0

Then Vo = Vi/nb , similar in Vi > 0 , we have

Vo =
So Vo =

Vi
Vi

We choose the value inductors and capacitors based on criteria in the ripple current and
ripple voltage at capacitors

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CHAPTER III

c) Simulation Half bridge by PSIM

Figure 3.14 Control Pulse in a period voltage

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CHAPTER III

a)

b)
Figure 3.15: Output voltages: a) before using filter b) after using filter

Comment : with a defined Transformer ( na and nb is constant ) we can modulate

opposite in phase voltage or same phase with source voltages this mean we can use this
converter in voltage regulator to increase or decrease output voltage by voltage superposition
method

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CHAPTER III

d) Voltage Regulator using Half - bridge

Figure 3.16 Half bridge voltage regulators supplied on line side

Control algorithms is base on Half bridge converter.

We have VL = Vi + V
Replace V by Vi base on ratio output/input of Half bridge converter
VL

Vi

For calculater the value na and nb of transformer we use

And

Replace VL by Vi we have

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CHAPTER III

We choose the value inductors and capacitors based on criteria in the ripple current and
ripple voltage at capacitors

e) Simulation Voltage regulator by PSIM

Figure 3.17 Output voltages while source voltage change

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CHAPTER III

Figure 3.18 At setting time

Comment : In the transitional period, the overshoot is not too high, in the setting time the
error can be negligible
Conclusion : Half - bridge AC - AC converter with supplied on line side configuration
can be applied to the voltage regulator in fact, combined with PI closed-loop control for almost
exactly the result, high quality .

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CHAPTER III

III.2.3 Full bridge converter

a) Configuration and control algorithms

Figure 3.19 Configuration and control algorithms Full bridge converter

b) Switching analysis 2 level

When Vi > 0 : with S5,S6,S7,S8 always on we have
+Vi : S1 and S4 on in the same time, S2 and S3 off
-Vi : S2 and S3 on in the same time , S1 and S4 off

When DTs S5,S6,S7,S8,S1,S4 on, S2,S3 off:

Equivalent circuit

Figure 3.20 Equivalent circuit in DTs when Vi >0

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CHAPTER III

Then Vo=Vi

When (1 D)Ts S5,S6,S7,S8,S2,S3 on, S1,S4 off:

Figure 3.21 Equivalent circuit in (1 D)Ts when Vi >0

Then Vi
Where Vi < 0 :Similar in Vi >0
We have
Vo= DVi - (1 D) Vi = (2D 1 )Vi
We choose the value inductors and capacitors based on criteria in the ripple current and
ripple voltage at capacitors

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CHAPTER III

c) Simulation Full bridge 2 level by PSIM

Figure 3.22 Control Pulse

a)

b)
Figure 3.23: Output voltage of full bridge 2 level, a) before using filter, b) after using filter

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CHAPTER III

d) Use full bridge 2 level in Voltage Regulator

Figure 3.24 Full - bridge supplied on load side

Control algorithms is base on Full bridge converter

We have VL = Vi + V
Replace V by Vi base on ratio output/input of Full bridge converter
VL

Vi

For calculater the value n of transformer we use

And

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CHAPTER III

Replace VL by Vi we have

We choose the value inductors and capacitors based on criteria in the ripple current and
ripple voltage at capacitors

e) Simulation by PSIM

Figure 3.25 Output voltage with source voltage change

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CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER IV : DESIGN A VOLTAGE STABILIZER WITH HALF

BRIDGE SUPPLIDE ON LINE SIDE
IV.1 Selecting components
IV.2.1. The control circuit
DSP TMS320F28069 for PWM and PI control
IC 7407 and IC 3120 for driver and isolation circuit
Voltage sensor LV25P for read the feedback voltages
IV.2.2 The Power circuit
Using Half bridge supplied on side line, with this parameter :
Vi = 220 20% V, ( = 0.2)
Vo = 220 V, Io 5 A
Power 1kW;
Transformer:
Calculate na and nb follow this formulas

Figure 4.1 Transformer fo Half bridge .

With = 0.2 we have na = 4 v nb = 6, to secure we choose na=3.5 v nb = 5.

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CHAPTER IV

Other factor
Vpmax = 270V (rms)
Ip max

= 3A (rms)

Vs1max = 77V (rms)

Vs2max = 54V(rms)

Is1max = 3.3 A (rms)

IGBT G60N100

Figure 4.2 IGBT G60N100

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Is2 max = 8 A (rms)

CHAPTER IV

IV.3 Design Circuit using Orcad 9.2

Circuit will be divided into 2 parts
Controller
Power circuit

IV.3.1 Design the Controller

The control circuit will have board of DSP, driver and isolation circuit, feedback voltage
circuit. Using Orcad Capture to draw principle diagram

Figure 4.3 Driver and isolation circuit for one PWM

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CHAPTER IV

Figure 4.4 Driver and isolation circuit

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CHAPTER IV

Figure 4.5 Feedback voltage circuit

Using Orcad Layout to draw PCB circuit with 2 layer, we have

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CHAPTER IV

Figure 4.6 Top layer

Figure 4.7 Bottom layer

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CHAPTER IV

Figure 4.8 : Control circuit in real

Figure 4.9 : Control Pulse for IGBT

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CHAPTER IV

IV.3.2. Design Power circuit

The Power circuit will have : the connections, IGBT, capacitor, inductor

Figure 4.10 Power circuit

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CHAPTER IV

And PCB circuit with one layer

Figure 4.11 PCB of Power circuit

For some objective reasons so I can not finish on time power circuit

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REFERENCE

REFERENCE
[1] T. Shinyama, A. Ueda, and A. Torri, AC chopper using four switches,
in Proc. PCC, Apr. 2002, pp. 10561060.
[2]
Steven
M.
Hietpas
Automatic
Voltage
Regulator
Using
an
AC
VoltageVoltage Converter IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL.
36, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2000
[3] Thiago B. Soeiro, Clovis A. Petry Direct ACAC Converters Using Commercial Power
Modules Applied to Voltage Restorers IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 1, JANUARY 2011
[4] C van Schalkwyk, H.J. Beukes and H du T Mouton AN AC-TO-AC CONVERTER BASED
VOLTAGE REGULATOR IEEE Africon 2002
[5] Jin Nan , Tang Hou-jun, Liu Wei and Ye Peng-sheng Analysis and Control of Buck-Boost
Chopper Type AC Voltage Regulator Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference,
2009. IPEMC '09. IEEE 6th International
[6] Texas Instruments Co
C2000 MCU 1 -Day Workshop, February 2012
TMS320x2806x Piccolo Technical Reference Manual, March 2014
TMS320C28x Optimizing C/C++ Compiler v6.4 User's Guide, November 2014
SN5407, SN5417, SN7407, SN7417 HEX BUFFERS/DRIVERS WITH OPENCOLLECTOR HIGH-VOLTAGE OUTPUTS , DECEMBER 1983 REVISED
NOVEMBER 2000

[7] Avago Technologies Co , HCPL-3120/J312, HCNW3120 2.5 Amp Output Current IGBT
Gate Drive Optocoupler datasheet , October 16, 2013
[8] LEM Co , Voltage Transducer LV 25-P datasheet, 20 November 2012

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