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Organizational issues

Organizational issues
Who am I?
Contact:
e-mail: olga.siedlecka@icis.pcz.pl
www: http://icis.pcz.pl/~olga/dydaktyka.html
The start time of classes
How to pass this subject
The report on given subject:
description of the problem
ER diagram
logical diagram
idea of additional objects
Laboratory (in conection with report):
code of tables
code of perspective (choosen by me)
code of another additional object (selected by me)
Course Plan
Lectures:
Introduction
Relational Data Model
SQL - Introduction
SQL - Intermediate
Normalization
Database Design - Conceptual Model
Database Design - Logical Model
Implementation - SQL DDL
Transaction Management

Course Plan
Laboratories:
How to use SQL Developer; introduction to SQL
Simple querys
Chains in SQL, textual and mathematical functions
Dates and converting functions
Aggregations
Joins and set operators
Subquerys
Transaction management
Data modification
Creating tables and constraints
Structures modification
Additional objects
Bibliography
Date, C. J., An Introduction to Database Systems, 8th Edition. Addison Wesley,
2004
Jeffrey Ullman: First course in database systems, Prentice-Hall Inc., Simon and
Schuster, 1997
Database Systems: The Complete Book (with H. Garcia-Molina and J. Widom),
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2002
Beynon-Davies, P. Database Systems. 3rd Edition. Palgrave, Houndmills, Basingstoke, 2004
A. Silberschatz, H. F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, 6th edition,
McGraw-Hill, 2010
J. Price, Oracle Database 11g SQL, McGraw-Hill, 2008
D. Tow, SQL Tunning, OReilly 2003
WWW
http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/index.html
http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/db-book/db6/slide-dir/index.html
http://www.morganslibrary.org/library.html
http://troels.arvin.dk/db/rdbms/

Introduction

Database Applications

What is a database
The database in different aspects:
syntax and operational aspect - the database is consistent set of data and metadata, that have defined structure, on which we can perform search and modification
operations;
semantic aspect - the database is a representation of the real world;
pragmatic aspect - created for specific tasks, in order to quickly obtain information.
Database
is a structured set of logically interrelated information whose task is to represent part of
reality in a consistent manner, to facilitate storage and searching of data.
Data stored in the database must meet the following conditions:
the compliance with reality
durability

Features

What it should be...

A properly designed database:
1. is organized according to a specific data model,
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2. does not contain unnecessary repetition,

3. contains consistent data,
4. provides an efficient data processing,
5. provides the independence of data,
6. provides durability of data,
7. provides concurrent, authorized access.
1. Data model
Data model
metalanguage to talk about data and database systems
way of understanding of data organization
general assumptions about database architecture
mathematical theories about data structures and access to data

2. Redundancy
Redundancy
(lat. Redundantia - flood, excess, luxury) excess in relation to what is necessary or normal.
The term can refer to either unnecessary or harmful excess (unintentionally consuming
resources), as well as the desired method of protection in case of damage of the system.
3. Data Consistency
Consistency
database state consistent with the state of the represented part of reality.
Database consistency occurs when:
integrity constraints are met;
the data set retrieved by a single command comes from the same moment in time;
data set read by all queries in a single transaction, comes from the same moment in
time;
errors, failures and anomalies do not change the state of the database.
4. Efficient Data Processing
Efficient data processing is defined as:
effective access to data
optimization of data access methods
independence from physical access methods

5. Data Independence
Physical data independence
Changes to internal level shouldnt affect conceptual level
Logical data independence
Conceptual level changes shouldnt affect external levels
6. Data Durability
Data Durability
means a long lifetime of data, as well as the independence from the application and the
hardware and software platform.
7. Access to Data
Authorization
access to data for authorized users whose identity is verified by access passwords.
Concurrency
multiple users have simultaneous access to the same data.

DBMS

IT system

Physical Implementation
Physical structures for data storage:
ordered, hashed, grouped files
tree and bitmap indexes
Access methods:
half-interval search
static and dynamic hashing
algorithms of joining, sorting and grouping
Syntactic and cost optimization methods of access
Database Managament System
Database Managament System - DBMS
is an organized set of tools that enables the collection, maintenance and administration
of persistent and massive data sets.
DBMS offers:
a language to use and define data, to manage system and transactions
consistency and security of data,
fast access to data,
concurrency,
data independence,
data administration,
variety of interfaces,
effective storage and data processing.

Examples
Oracle
IBM DB2
Microsoft SQL Server
PostgreSQL
MySQL
SQLLite

Data Models

Creating a database
The process of creating a database
the problem analysis
conceptual modeling (UML, entity-relationship diagram)
logical modeling (selecting a set of rules that determine how to handle data)
physical modeling (adaptation to a specific DBMS)
implementation of the model within the DBMS
Stages of Database Creation

Logical Model
Network model
model restricted to the binary relationships: one-to-many. It uses the concepts of record
types and collection types (descriptions of relationships one to many between the two
types of records). (archaic model)
Hierarchical Model
network model transformed into a tree. It stores data on a parent-child records. (archaic
model)
Semistructured Model
a model based on trees (using XML)
Relational Model
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Data are presented as relationships. Relations have attributes of atomic values. It uses
relational algebra operators. This ensures data integrity through the use of keys.
Object Model
representation of the database as a collection of objects with fields and methods. Provides
encapsulation, hierarchy, mechanisms of inheritance, collections, etc.
Object-relational Model
It combines the features of these two models

Architecture of DBMS

Architecture of DBMS
Three levels of ANSI/SPARC
Internal level - refers to the physical storage of data
External level - refers to the way in which individual users see the data
Conceptual level - intermediate between above levels
Architecture of DBMS

Administrator
The role of database administrator:
define the conceptual scheme
define the internal scheme
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 communication with users

define the rules of safety and integrity
defines the procedure for data archiving and recovery
tracking performance and responding to changes
Communication Architecture

Types of Database Systems

Types of Database Systems

Categorization according to logical model:
relational, object oriented, object-relational, semistructured etc.
Types due to the number of nodes/databases:
centralized, distributed
Categorization according to application:
On-Line Transaction Processing - OLTP
On-Line Analytical Processing - OLAP
Computer Aided Design - CAD
Geographical Information Systems - GIS
Computer Aided Software Engineering - CASE

Bibliography

References
Date, C. J., An Introduction to Database Systems, 8th Edition. Addison Wesley,
2004
A. Silberschatz, H. F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, 6th edition,
McGraw-Hill, 2010
M. Lentner, Oracle 9i Kompletny podrcznik uytkownika, PJWSTK - W-wa, 2003
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/toc.htm
http://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp
http://sqlnut.atw.hu/
http://www.smileycentral.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL

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