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--- Electrostatics
The study of electric
charges at rest, the
forces between them
and the electric fields
associated with them.
(1 Hour)
(1 Hour)
(1 Hour)
16.4 Charge In A Uniform Electric Field (1 Hour)
Electrostatics
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Coulombs Law
Electric field
Equipotential
surface
Electric field
strength
Charge in uniform
electric field
Electric potential
Potential energy
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Charges of
the same
sign repel
one another
repulsive
force
Figure 16.1
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Principle of
conservation of
charges
the total charge
in an isolated
system is
constant
(conserved)
electric
charge can neither
be created nor
destroyed
Charge is
quantized
Electric charge
exists as discrete
packets
Q ne
COULUMBS LAW
Charge, Q is a
scalar quantity
S.I unit:
Coulumb (C)
1 C is defined
as the total
charge
transferred by a
current of 1
Ampere in 1
second
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Q1Q2
F 2
r
kQ1Q2
F
r2
COULUMBS LAW
Since
1
4 0
1 Q1Q2
2
F
4 0 r
= permittivity of free space (vacuum or
air) = 8.85 x 10 12 C2 N-1 m-2
Permittivity is a property of a material that is
indicative of how well it supports an electric
field
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Graphically
3 CASES
repulsive force
attractive force
0
F
Figure 16.3
Gradient,
m = kQ1Q2
0
16.1
1
r2
Figure 16.2
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Figure 16.4
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.1
Coulombs Law
kQ Q
Fe 12 2
r
Gm1m2
Fg
r2
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
COULUMBS LAW
Q1
Q2
3.5 cm
Figure 16.5
Topic
Solution:
--- Electrostatics
Q1 85 10 6 C; Q2 50 10 6 C; r 3.5 10 2 m
Q1
F21
Q2
F : force by charge 2
21
on charge 1
3.5 cm
STEP 2: Use Coulombs equation to calculate electric force
9.0 109 85 10 6 50 10 6
kQ1Q2
F21
F21
2
2 2
r
3.5 10
F21 3.12 10 4 N
Direction: to the right (towards Q2)
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Since electric
forces obey
Newtons Law,
therefore the
forces F21 and
F12 are equal in
magnitude but
opposite in
direction
F12 = F21
F12 = 3.12 x
104 N
Topic
--- Electrostatics
+
12 cm
+
20 cm
Figure 16.6
COULUMBS LAW
--- Electrostatics
Topic
Solution:
Q1 12 10 6 C; Q2 20 10 6 C; r12 12 10 2 m
Q3 36 10 6 C; r13 32 10 2 m
F31
Q1
F21
r12
Q2
Q3
r13
The force acting on Q1 due to Q2 is attractive because Q1 and Q2 have the
opposite sign, therefore the direction of F21 is to the right
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Q1Q2
F21
2
4 0 r12
12 10 20 10
4 8.85 10 12 10
6
F21
12
2 2
F21 150 N
12 10 36 10
4 8.85 10 32 10
6
F31
12
2 2
F31 37.9 N
Direction : to the left
Q1
F21 150 N
F31 37.9 N
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
F1 F21 F31
F1 150 37.9 Direction: to the right
(towards Q2)
F1 112 N
Topic
Solution:
(b)
--- Electrostatics
Q1 12 10 6 C; Q2 20 10 6 C; r12 12 10 2 m
Q3 36 10 6 C; r13 32 10 2 m
Q1
Q2 F
Q3
F12
32
r13 x
r13
F12 F32
Q2Q3
Q1Q2
2
2
4 0 r12
4 0 r23
12 10 6
36 10 6
2
2
2
x
32 10 x
x 0.203 m OR 20.3 cm
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Q1 6.0 C
20 cm
17
12 cm
+
Q2 4.0 C
Q3 5.0 C
Figure 16.7
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
1.
16.1
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
+Q
Q+
w 15.0cm
Figure 16.8
Q +
l 60.0cm
+Q
COULUMBS LAW
Topic
--- Electrostatics
F
E
q0
(b) Use E
kQ
r2
Topic
--- Electrostatics
ELECTRIC FIELD
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Simulation 16.2
Topic
--- Electrostatics
The field lines indicate the direction of the electric field (the field
points in the direction tangent to the field line at any point)
The lines are drawn so that the magnitude of electric field is
proportional to the number of lines crossing unit area
perpendicular to the lines. The closer the lines, the stronger the
field
Electric field lines start on positive charges and end on negative
charges, and the number of starting or ending is proportional to
the magnitude of the charge
The field lines never cross because the electric field dont have two
value at the same point
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Mathematically,
defined as the
electric
F
E
F q0 E
(electrostatic) force
q0
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
--- Electrostatics
Topic
q0
F
E
q0
(2)
(1) in (2):
r
Figure 16.11
A test charge is a charge small
enough to leave the main charge
configuration undisturbed
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
kQ
Q
E 2 OR E
2
4
r
r
0
Q: magnitude of a point charge
r: distance between a point & point
charge
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Determine
(a) the electric field
strength at a point X
at a distance of 20 cm
from a point charge Q
= 8 C
Q = 8C
X
20 cm
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
q = 1 C
Q = 8C
+
20 cm
Topic
--- Electrostatics
The direction
of the electric
field strength,
E depends on
the sign of
the point
charge only
of the electric
force, F
depends on
both signs of
the point
charge and
the test
charge
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
Figure 16.12
Simulation 16.3
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Two point charges, Q1= 3.0 C and Q2= 5.0 C, are placed 12
cm and 30 cm from the point P respectively as shown in Figure
16.13.
Q1
Q2
12 cm
30 cm
Figure 16.13
Determine
(a) the magnitude and direction of the electric field intensity at P,
(b) the nett electric force exerted on q0= +1 C if it is placed at P,
(c) the distance of a point from Q1 where the electric field intensity
is zero.
(Given electrostatic constant, k = 9.00 109 N m2 C2)
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Two point charges, Q1= 2.0 nC and Q2= +3.2 nC, are placed
3.0 cm apart as shown in Figure 16.14.
Q1
Figure 16.14
3.0 cm
4.0 cm
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant
electric field intensity at point M.
(Given permittivity of free space, 0 = 8.85 1012 C2 N1 m2)
Q2
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
2Q
Topic
2.
--- Electrostatics
Determine the
magnitude of the electric
field at point P due to the
four point charges as
shown in Figure 16.15 if
q = 1 nC and d = 1 cm.
(Fundamental of
physics, 6th edition,
Halliday, Resnick &
Walker, Q11, p.540)
ANS: zero
16.2
ELECTRIC FIELD
Figure 16.15
Topic
3.
--- Electrostatics
ELECTRIC FIELD
Figure 16.16
Topic
--- Electrostatics
W
V
q0
kQ
(c) Use V
r
VAB VA VB
WBA
VAB
q0
Topic
--- Electrostatics
U q0 V
(f) Calculate potential energy of a system of point
charges
U k
r13
r23
r12
Topic
--- Electrostatics
W
V
q0
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Figure 16.17
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
The electric field, E at every
point on an equipotential
surface is perpendicular to
the surface
A (+)ve
point charge
No two equipotential
surfaces can intersect
each other
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
field
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
--- Electrostatics
Topic
Q
A
+
r
Q
VA k
r
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
(Q)
VA k
r
Q
V A k
r
Topic
--- Electrostatics
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
--- Electrostatics
Topic
Fext
+qo
dW Fext dr
kQq0
but FE 2
r
dW FE dr
r r
dW
r r
FE dr
r
W kQqo r dr
2
W kQqo r
Qq
W k o
r
1
16.3
FE
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
The electric
potential at
point A at
distance r from
a positive point
charge Q
VA
Wr
q0
VA
kQqo
qo r
Q
VA k
r
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Figure 16.18
V = (+)ve W = (+)ve
work is required (need external force
to move the charge
V = ()ve W = ()ve
No work required (work done by the
electric force itself// No external
force is needed to move the charge
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Q1
13 cm
Q2
5 cm
10 cm
(a) the electric potential at point A and describe the meaning of the
answer,
(b) the electric potential at point B.
(Given 0 = 8.85 1012 C2 N1 m2)
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
W
V
q0
V V final Vinitial
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
q0
W A B
V
q0
A
Figure 16.20
16.3
where
V VB V A
WBA: work done in bringing a (+)ve
test charge from point A to point
B
VA: electric potential at point A
VB: electric potential at point B
Topic
16.3
--- Electrostatics
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
--- Electrostatics
Topic
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
--- Electrostatics
Topic
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
--- Electrostatics
Topic
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
The potential
difference between
any two points on an
equipotential surface
is zero
Hence no work is
required to move a
charge along an
equipotential surface
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
100
C
Figure 16.21
Determine:
(a) the electric potential at A and B
(b) the work require in moving a point charge q = + 2 C,
from A to B
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
8.0 cm
6.0 cm
Figure 16.22
(a)
(b)
16.3
5.4 nC
the electric potential difference between points S and T,
the work done in bringing a charge of 1.5 nC from point
T to point S. (Electrostatic constant, k = 9.00 109 N m2
C2)
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Change in a potential
energy, U
From the definition of
electric potential
difference, V
W
V
q0
and
W U
U
V
q0
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
V2 V1
initial
Topic
--- Electrostatics
r12
Figure 16.23
Q1
r23
r13
Q3
U U12 U13 U 23
kQ1Q2 kQ1Q3 kQ2 Q3
U
r12
r13
r23
Q1Q2 Q1Q3 Q2 Q3
U k
r
r
r
13
23
12
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Solution:
U k
r
r
r
13
23
12
Topic
--- Electrostatics
1019 C
1. At a certain distance from a point charge, the magnitude
of the electric field is 500 V m1 and the electric potential
is 3.00 kV. Calculate
(a) the distance to the charge.
(b) the value of the charge.
(Physics for scientists and engineers,6th
edition,Serway & Jewett, Q17, p.788)
ANS: 6.00 m; 2.00 C
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
2.
--- Electrostatics
Q +
+ 2Q
Figure 16.24
3Q
Determine the electric potential at the centre of the
square.
ANS: 1.53 106 V
2Q +
16.3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
3.
Q1 +
1.0 m
+ Q2
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Topic
--- Electrostatics
W
V
q0
U U12 U13 U 23
Q1Q2 Q1Q3 Q2 Q3
U k
r
r
r
12
13
23
U
V
q0
K
V
q0
W
V
q0
W ( )ve
+
W ( )ve
W ( )ve
W ( )ve
Topic
--- Electrostatics
V
E
d
for uniform E
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Figure 16.24
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Figure 16.23
The forces acted on the particle are electrostatic force (upwards)
and weight (downwards).
Fe qE and W mg
16.4
Fe W , qE W
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Figure 16.24
q0
16.4
sy
Simulation 16.4
Topic
--- Electrostatics
eE
a ay
me
direction: upwards
since a x 0
vy
eE
t
me
s x ut
and
1
s y u yt a yt
2
16.4
1 eE
s y
2 me
2
t
Topic
--- Electrostatics
Topic
16.4
--- Electrostatics
Topic
--- Electrostatics
a+
Fe
Fe
a -
q0 E ma
acceleration is in the direction
m
opposite the electric field
16.4
--- Electrostatics
Topic
s x xu x t
vx u x
ux ,
uy 0
q0
16.4
v vx 2 v y 2
v y u y a y t ,u y 0
eE
t
me
s y u yt
1
a y t ,u y 0
2
1 eE 2
t
s y
2 me
Topic
--- Electrostatics
W K V
W
V ,
q0
K
q0
Fd
W Fd V
q0
1 2
Gain in kinetic energy , K mv
2
arrive at () plat with velocity, v
q0 E
F q0 E , F ma a
m
16.4
v
Fe
a
V
E
d
ch arg e at rest, u 0
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.4
Figure 16.27
Topic
--- Electrostatics
The V against r graph for pair
of flat metal plates can be
shown
The graph is a straight line
with negative constant
gradient, thus
16.4
V ( 0 V )
E
r ( d 0 )
For uniform E
V
E
such as in
d
capacitor
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.4
Topic
--- Electrostatics
16.4