Dhakal N. R., Dhakal N. 2009. An Overview of Biofuel Programme.

Proceedings of International
Conference on Renewable Energy Technology for Sustainable Development (RETSUD-09); 12-14
November, 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal; pp. 112-118.

An Overview of Biofuel Programme

Mr. Nawa Raj Dhakala and Mr. Nirpesh Dhakala
a
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, P. O. Box 14237, Kathmandu. Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.
Tel: +977-1-5539237, 5539390; E-mail: nrdhakal@yahoo.com; nirpeshdhakal96@yahoo.com
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract

Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel derived from relatively recently dead biological material and is distinguished from fossil fuels,
which are derived from long dead biological material. Two common strategies of producing biofuels as agrofuels are: to grow crops high in
sugar or starch, and then use yeast fermentation to produce ethanol; and to grow plants that contain high amounts of vegetable oil, such as oil
palm, soybean, algae, Jatropha, or Pongamia pinnata. When these oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced, and they can be burned directly in a
diesel engine, or they can be chemically processed to produce fuels such as biodiesel. Jatropha is now gaining its popularity worldwide as one of
the most prominent source of biofuel. Government of Nepal (GoN) announced the Biofuel Programme (Jaibik Indhan Karyakram), to be
implemented through Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC), in the fiscal year (FY) 2008/09 (BS. 2065/66). The main activities under
this programme are: formulation of strategy for promotion of biofuel, preparation of modern nurseries for Jatropha plantation, capacity building
for Jatropha plantation, establishment of biofuel processing plants, carrying out pilot projects from biofuels, and some promotional activities.
This programme is expected to establish partnership and coordination among different stakeholders in the sector, to create awareness in the
general public, and to build a fundamental framework for the further development of biofuel sector in Nepal. GoN has already decided to
continue the Biofuel Programme as one of the regular programmes of AEPC in the FY 2009/10 and thereafter.

Key Words: Biofuel, Jatropha, biodiesel.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Nepal’s energy consumption by fuel type consists

1. BACKGROUND OF NEPAL’S ENERGY
SCENARIO
Nepal is one of the energy rich countries especially
in terms of renewable energy resources like hydro
power, solar energy, and biomass energy including
bio-gas and liquid bio-fuels. But most of these
resources still remain untapped. Nepal is a second
richest county the World in water resources, after
Brazil. Nepal’s theoretical and commercial
potential of hydro-power is 83,000 MW and 42,000
MW respectively but our total installed capacity is
only 634MW, i.e., only 1.5 % of the total
commercial potential) of hydro-power [1].
On an average, Nepal receives very pleasant
sunshine, i.e. 6.8 hours per day with the intensity of
solar insolation ranging from 3.6 to 5.9
kW/sq.m./day [2]. About 25.4% or 36,360 km² of
the country is covered by forest [3]. With the
growing urbanization, the country generates tons
and tons of municipal wastes; Kathmandu
Metropolitan City alone generates 300 tons/day
solid wastes, out of which 72% is the organic
wastes [4]. Residues from the forests and the
organic wastes can prove valuable for the
generation of biomass energies. More than 80% of
Nepal’s population does farming [5], most of them
rear cattle, and the cattle dung is the best feedstock
for the biogas production. Biogas can be produced
from the organic wastes as well.
of traditional fuel 86.8%, commercial fuel 12.66%
(comprised of petroleum products 9.02%, coal
2.01% and electricity 1.63%) and renewable energy
0.54% [6].
There are no proven fossil fuel deposits available in
the country and we are fully dependent on the
imported petroleum products. About 40% of
foreign currency reserves are required to import
fossil fuels every year [7]. The data shows that oil
demand and its import is increasing every year
(Table-1). High Speed Diesel (HSD) is imported in
large amount compared to other petroleum
products and its import is increasing year by year
with an average increase of 17276 kL/yr. Nepal
being a developing country the energy
consumption rate increases as a country steps
forward for the development; then the demand of
the HSD and other petroleum products will
increase inevitably.
A study from 1980s shows that some 286 species
of oil-bearing indigenous varieties of plants (edible
and non edible) were found in Nepal out of which
non edible varieties can be proven suitable for the
production of biodiesel [9]. We have rich soil for
the cultivation of sugarcane which is being used for
cane sugar production and the by-product from
sugar industry can be used for the production of
bio-ethanol. Various indigenous varieties of pine
plant (producing resin) can substitute the kerosene
to some extent.

112 RETSUD-09, 12-14 November 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal

Table-1: Imports of the petroleum products from the FY 2050/51 to 2064/65 (1993/94 to 2007/08 AD) [8]

Import of Petroleum Products {in KL except LPG, which is in MT}

Product
MS HSD SKO ATF LDO FO LPG MTO
FY BS (AD)
2050/51 (1993/94) 31,476 195,474 162,324 30,438 1,530 27,319 9,308 -
2051/52 (1994/95) 35,019 2,28,016 176,963 37,886 3,794 32,003 13,049 -
2052/53 (1995/96) 41,736 254,323 213,830 40,776 4,449 18,293 1,860 -
2053/54 (1996/97) 46,621 259,358 244,546 48,722 1,983 17,296 21,824 132
2054/55 (1997/98) 47,507 302,063 287,595 51,700 967 27,776 22,961 132
2055/56 (1998/99) 51,584 319,158 298,351 56,010 547 34,245 25,019 132
2056/57 (1999/00) 55,570 327,427 350,196 59,123 4,005 26,876 30,627 132
2057/58 (2000/01) 60,653 333,791 325,198 65,620 3,418 20,999 40,102 132
2058/59 (2001/02) 63,578 287,657 930,113 47,274 2,413 18,255 48,757 120
2059/60 (2002/03) 68,482 301,672 351,696 53,546 610 14,502 56,079 48
2060/61 (2003/04) 67,965 302,644 313,127 64,394 590 12,672 66,142 36
2061/62 (2004/05) 76,097 308,076 23,463 68,340 88 2,651 77,594 -
2062/63 (2005/06) 81,817 292,381 225,007 66,100 292 3,754 81,005 -
2063/64 (2006/07) 98,435 299,419 192,576 63,650 180 4,624 93,562 -
2064/65 (2007/08) 101,624 303,212 152,168 68,534 308 2,940 96,837 -

2. BIOFUELS IN NEPALESE CONTEXT This paper concentrates on liquid biofuels namely,

Biofuel can be defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel
obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living
biological material and is different from fossil fuels,
which are derived from long dead biological material
[10]. As main occupation of the Nepalese is
agriculture, these agro-fuels can contribute a lot in the
rural income generation and as a whole it could be
useful for uplifting country’s economy and for
sustainable development of the nation.
Developing bio-fuels as indigenous energy resource
represents the most immediate and available response
to at least five key challenges and opportunities:
coping with depleting oil reserves; addressing the
need for oil-importing countries to reduce their
dependence on a limited number of exporting nations
by diversifying their energy sources and supplies;
serving an option for emerging economies in tropical
regions to supply the global energy market with
competitively priced liquid biofuels; meeting growing
energy demand in developing countries, in particular
to support development in rural areas; and fulfilling
the commitments taken to reduce carbon-dioxide
emissions as part of the battle against climate change
actions that have embarked on a biofuel-driven model
for economic development urging a need to evolve the
right protocols and systems to plan and implement
such initiatives in a sustainable manner.
113 RETSUD-09, 12-14 November 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal
ethanol and biodiesel. Both of these biofuels are new
to Nepal’s energy sector. Although the GoN decided
to go for blending 10% ethanol in the petrol in 2002,
but this didn’t came into implementation due to
various reasons. However, both the ethanol and
biodiesel have good potential in Nepal.
2.1. Ethanol
Ethanol is produced by yeast fermentation of the
products from the crops with high sugar content
(sugar cane, sugar beet, sweet sorghum etc), starch
(corn/maize) or also from the cellulosic materials
(woods, husks, etc). Ethanol can be used as a fuel for
vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a
gasoline additive to increase octane and improve
vehicle emissions [10]. Most attractive feedstock for
ethanol fermentation is molasses which is the by-
product of sugar industry.
Nepal has good potential for sugarcane farming;
especially the Terai region is suitable for this purpose.
Sugarcane can be well adopted in rice field and rice
covers 2,541,729 ha out of 3,091,000 ha of farm land
[11]. Remaining 549,271 ha of land can be utilized for
sugarcane to some extent considering other food
crops. In FY 2005/06 about 2,462,574 MT of
sugarcane was produced and productivity of
sugarcane was 39.862 MT/ha, which had increased
significantly from 24.265 MT/ha in FY 1985/86.
Interestingly, only about 56% of sugarcane produced
is being brought to sugar mills and the rest is utilized
by domestic and informal small-scale industries to
produce different products. Total of around 98,461
MT of sugar was produced in FY 2005/06, i.e., about
42% of total installed capacity. As a byproduct of
sugar mill about 43,760 MT of molasses was
produced, i.e., only 46.38% of total production
capacity [7, 12].
Nepal has 8 operating sugar mills out of the 25
registered, out of which, only four claim to have
capacity to produce ethanol. Three claim that they can
produce ethanol by the cracking method and one has
already the facility of dehydration plant through the
molecular sieve technology. Except one, all sugar
mills are relying only on sugar molasses to produce
ethanol. The total potential of ethanol production, at
present is about 20,000 kL/year and the biggest sugar
mill is having the production capacity of about 30
kL/day. The quality of anhydrous ethanol that can be
produced by a biggest sugar mill is 99.8% v/v from
the feedstock of rectified spirit 95% v/v [13].
However, there are 40 distilleries registered in
government agency consuming ethanol. The supply of
ethanol for fuel also depends on the demand of
ethanol by these distilleries.
From these figures it shows that there is a good future
and resource potential to produce bio-ethanol from the
existing sugar mills. Once the utilization of ethanol
becomes popular in practice, utilizing other bio-
products, which are financially and economically
feasible without having impacts on food security and
environment, will automatically increase the supply
side of ethanol.
2.2. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using trans-
esterification and is a liquid similar in composition to
fossil/mineral diesel. Its chemical name is fatty acid
methyl (or ethyl) ester (FAME). Oils are mixed with
sodium hydroxide and methanol (or ethanol) and the
chemical reaction produces biodiesel (FAME) and
glycerol. One part glycerol is produced for every 10
parts biodiesel [10].
3. BIOFUEL PROGRAMME OF
GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL
GoN announced Biofuel Programme (Jaibik Indhan
Karyakram) in the fiscal year 2065/66 (2008/09), to
be implemented through AEPC, for the promotion of
biofuels, This programme focuses particularly on
promoting Jatropha as a biofuel source including the
biodiesel production from Jatropha oil and aims high
for developing New Nepal. This is in response to the
114 RETSUD-09, 12-14 November 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal
Figure -1: Chemical Equation for Trans-esterification
Biodiesel can be produced from the plants that contain
high amounts of vegetable oil, such as oil palm,
soybean, algae, Jatropha, or Pongamia pinnata.
When these oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced,
and they can be burned directly, straight vegetable oil
(SVO), in a diesel engine, or they can be chemically
processed to biodiesel [10]. Jatropha curcas which
can be easily cultivated in degraded lands, semiarid
lands, waste lands, and marginal lands, is now widely
gaining its popularity all over the world as a source of
biofuel. Biofuel Programme of GoN is also
specifically focused in Jatropha.
Jatropha (local name- ‘Sajiwan’ or ‘Kadam’) is a
drought-resistant perennial shrub growing well in
marginal/poor soil. It is easy to establish, grows
relatively quickly and lives, producing seeds for 50
years. It produces seeds with oil content from 30% to
48% [14]. The oil can be combusted as fuel without
being refined or can be converted into biodiesel. It
burns with clear smoke-free flame, tested successfully
as fuel for simple diesel engine. The oil is also
insecticidal. Jatropha plantation can be done by
generative propagation (direct seeding) or vegetative
propagation (cutting). Jatropha is found up to 1400
meters of altitude. It is reported from 64 districts of
Nepal [15]. Not only biodiesel is proven important but
also it’s by-products like glycerol and oil cake, can be
very useful for household and commercial purpose.
Glycerol has high commercial value in soap making,
cosmetic industries like lotions, shampoo, beauty
creams etc and also in pharmaceuticals - that can save
our foreign currencies by reducing the import of such
products. Oil cake can be used as organic manure and
also in producing briquettes.
issues like environmental degradation, loss of
country’s economy for importing fossil fuel, energy
crisis and oil shortage due to unpredictable price
fluctuations in international markets. As shown in
Table-1, HSD is one of the most consumed petroleum
product in Nepal, this programme aims in replacing
fossil diesel up to certain level (but the exact figure is
to be decided yet!). Although it takes plenty of years
to totally replace the fossil fuel but this programme
has hope for the sustainable development and overall
promotion of biofuel through partnership among
different stakeholders and actors of biofuel sector.
3.1 Major Activities of Biofuel Programme
The programme was initiated with the main
objectives to pave a path for the sustainable
promotion of biofuel in Nepal. The major activities
to be carried out under this programme starting in FY
2008/09 were: formulation of strategy for promotion
of biofuel, preparation of modern nurseries for
Jatropha plantation, training/capacity building for
Jatropha plantation, establishment of biofuel
processing plants, carrying out pilot projects from
biofuels, and promotional activities for biofuel.
3.1.1 Standing List and Call for Proposals
To fulfill the obligations of GoN’s financial
regulation and to get the real picture of organizations
working in or interested to work in the biofuel sector,
AEPC published public notice seeking applications
from the interested organizations/firms with relevant
documents. Out of 94 applications received during
the due period, only 43 were selected for “Standing
List”. Then sealed technical and financial proposals
were called from the listed organizations for the
implementation of planned activities [16].
3.1.2 Strategy Formulation for Biofuel Promotion
Biofuel sector being a new sector in Nepalese
context, development of strategy on biofuel is aimed
to pave the way for the overall promotion and
progress of this programme. In this regards AEPC
formed a team of experts covering different
disciplines relevant to biofuel sector, on the
leadership of Prof. Dr. Riddhi Bir Singh (RECAST,
TU), Biofuel Expert, to draft the strategy in overall
aspects of biofuel. The team sketched a road map for
the strategy on their assigned fields, which was later
compiled into a single document [16]. The
formulated document was later finalized with wider
stakeholder feedback and endorsed through the
Ministry (MoEST). The strategy focuses on the
production and commercialization of the biodiesel
and this strategy is expected to play vital role in
developing policy of biofuel sector in the near future.
3.1.3 Establishment of Jatropha Nurseries
For the mass cultivation of Jatropha, availability of
healthy saplings is a precondition and, therefore, the
programme supported for the establishment of more
than 20 modern Jatropha nurseries through 12
different organizations and to produce more than
1.25 million Jatropha saplings (Annex 1) available
to the interested Jatropha farmers, organizations;
among all, most of the seedlings were distributed
among the community forest groups and District
Land Conservation Office. A 1-day workshop on
different aspects of Jatropha Nursery Establishment
was held in Butwal, beforehand.
115 RETSUD-09, 12-14 November 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal
3.1.4 Training on Jatropha Plantation
Two batches of 3-day training of trainers (ToT) on
Jatropha cultivation were organized and 57 trainers
were trained on different aspects of Jatropha nursey,
plantaion, post-plantation activities, biodiesel
production etc at central level. Then those trainers
served as resource persons for regional level
trainings on Jatropha plantation organized to train
prospective Jatropha farmers. Altogether 10 batches
of 5-day Jatropha plantation trainings were
conducted in 5 development regions, 2 batches in
each region through 5 different firms and total 238
farmers got benefitted from these trainings (Annex
2). Training manual on Jatropha plantation has been
published by consolidating the resources used in the
ToT and Jatropha plantation trainings.
3.1.5 Establishment of Biofuel Processing Plant
In this context, a biofuel processing plant has been
simply defined as the establishment of devices
whereby the Jatropha seeds can be expelled and the
received oil can be trans-esterified into biodiesel.
Initially, 5 processing plants were planned to be
established in 5 development regions, one in each
region, of Nepal. But after the discussion with the
relevant stakeholders, it was decided to establish 2
processing plants only, mainly because of the
feedbacks that there is no sufficient raw materials
available. Two processing plants - each with capacity
of 1000 litres/day and supplied from Best
Engineering Technology (BET), Hyderabad, AP,
India - have been established through two private
organizations, one in Chitwan (central region) and
Palpa (western region) each (Annex-3).
Demonstration run of the plants has also been done
by producing biodiesel form Jatropha seeds. But due
to the unavailability of the Jatropha seeds, their
operation is stopped after their installation and the
entrepreneurs are looking for Jatropha seeds [17, 18,
19].
3.1.6 Establishment of Quality Control
Laboratory
Quality Control Laboratory (QC Lab) is necessary
for the detection, analysis and to improve the quality
of biodiesel produced from different biodiesel plants.
Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) holds the sole
authority as importer, supplier & distributor of the
petroleum products in Nepal and the
commercialization of the biodiesel through blending
with fossil diesel depends on the support from the
NOC. AEPC intends to join hands with NOC to
move forward with the establishment of QC Lab.
Since NOC has already established its own big scale
laboratory for the testing of the petroleum products
and most of the properties of biodiesel are similar to
diesel, therefore, cooperation with NOC would be
more practical and cost effective in this regard. At
the same time, collaboration with other relevant
partners namely Nepal Bureau of Standard
Management and Renewable Energy Test Station is
also sought. Preliminary discussions has already been
done with above mentioned stakeholders with
positive responses from all sides and some concrete
and fruitful steps such as signing an MoU for the
purpose are expected soon.
3.1.7 Conduction of Pilot Projects using Biofuel
To bring Biofuel into life and to aware people about
the successful use of biofuel, AEPC has planned to
conduct pilot projects using biofuel. This activity
was kept open i.e. interested firms could use biofuel
(biodiesel or SVO) in any systems, in substituting
fossil fuel, which comes in use in our day to day life.
Because of the unavailability of Jatropha oil, less
than expected proposals were received in this activity
and AEPC has extended hands of partnership with
four organizations (Annex-4).
3.1.8 Development of IEC materials
To create public awareness and to disseminate
information regarding biofuel and its progress, AEPC
has decided to produce Information, Education and
Communication (IEC) materials such as brochure,
booklet, leaflet and audio-visuals. A brochure on
Jatropha is published twice; some booklets and
training manuals are also published while some
others are still under way.
3.1.9 Additional Activities
Some additional activities carried out under biofuel
programme are briefly listed as follows:
1. Workshop on Strategy Formulation for Biofuel
Programme was conducted with the participation
of relevant stakeholders (GOs, I/NGOs,
entrepreneurs, research institutions) for activity
planning of the programme.
2. Information on districtiwise distribution of
Jatropha and other fuel crops collected from all
District Development Committees through
respective District Energy and Environmet
Section/ Unit; a compilation report of thus
collected information has been produced.
3. Department of Industrial Engineering/ Institute
of Engineering, Thapathali Campus is carrying
out a study on “Use of Jatropha Oil as Vehicle
Fuel: A solution to the Present Fuel Crisis in
Nepal” with support from AEPC. The main
objectives of this task are to find out the
properties of Jatropha oil and to test the
116 RETSUD-09, 12-14 November 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal
performance of engines with biodiesel blends
[16].
4. Biofuel Programme, in collaboration with
Bhairav Darshan Jatropha Energy Promotion
Nepal, participated in RET Expo 2009 in
Bhrukuti Mandap, Kathmandu, where various
materials related to biofuel and Jatropha (such
as Jatropha oil, seed, steam, Pine resin,
Bioethanol from Pine resin, Castor oil, Jatropha
Boucher, leaflet audio-visual documentary etc.)
were exhibited and thousands of visitors
observed the expo [16].
5. Biofuel Programme supported BDJEP-Nepal for
their two days Jatropha fuel promotion and
awareness programme where use of Jatropha oil
to run a vehicle from Palpa to Kathmandu. An
interaction programme was held in Kathmandu,
with participation of Minister for MoFSC, high
ranking government officials, other stakeholders,
and media persons. Jatropha Oil was used to run
the Minister’s vehicle and the programme was
well covered by different media, which helped in
drawing the attention on biofuel of different
corners of society [16].
6. AEPC supported Nepal Appreciative Inquiry
National Network for conducting an interaction
programme in Dhangadhi accompanied with
running vehicle using Jatropha oil with the
participation of more than 150 participants from
GOs, NGOs and different stakeholders [16].
7. AEPC supported Eco-Overlanders in association
with Kathmandu University and Campaign for
Change Nepal for a trip from Kathmandu to
eastern and western part of Nepal using “Curry
Oil” (discarded cooking oil) as a vehicle fuel,
which also contributed in the awareness creation
[16].
3.2 Programme Budget and Expenditures
The total allocated budget of the programme was
NPR 50 million. But after getting the feedback from
wider stakeholder consultation, total numbers of
processing plants were reduced from 5 to 2 and
establishment of QC Lab was also delayed to the
next FY, which altogether reduced the allocated
amount by NPR 16.5 million. So out of revised
budget of NPR 33.5 million, the actual expenditure
occurred for all the activities is NPR 24.721 million,
that comes to about 74%.
4. ROLE OF BIOFUEL IN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF NEPAL
There is a real opportunity to stimulate sustainable
social, economic and environmental initiatives
through the production of a clean, indigenous and
renewable fuel where the Biofuel Programme is
trying to hit. Cultivation of oil-bearing plants on
waste lands (non agricultural), marginal lands or as
living fences around field boundaries to protect crops
can promote economic enterprises in rural areas and
supply clean energy for illumination, cooking and
motive power as well as organic by-products for crop
growth. In this way, improvements in agricultural
productivity, health and environmental protection are
to be expected as well as improvements in the quality
and stability of marginal land. In an economy
dependent on imports, local fuel and fertilizer
production can promote a national self-reliance as
well as mitigating global carbon dioxide emissions
by replacing fossil fuels and by storage of
atmospheric carbon in the roots and woody stems of
oil-bearing trees.
Playing a vital role in the promotion of the biofuel by
supporting various organizations and motivating
them to sustain their activities and enhance their
performance, Biofuel Programme looks for the
sustainable development of the country. This
programme carries out its activities through different
organizations as it aims for self-dependency of those
organizations in biofuel field. As a result, biofuel
activities will step forward sustainably on a long run
ultimately leading to the sectoral growth. It will be
certainly helpful for creating employment at local
level. This will obviously increase popularity of
biofuel, which uplifts rural economy and minimizes
country’s expenditure in importing fossil fuel, so that
we can spend this saving in development works.
In addition, use of the biofuel instead of the mineral
fuel will be eco-friendly, cutting off the pollution and
creating healthy environment. Cultivation of
Jatropha in the barren lands, marginal lands,
wastelands will create greener nation and can play
vital role in reducing carbon emission, which will be
helpful in reducing world’s most arising problem,
i.e., global warming to some extent. Hence, this can
fulfill the Kyoto commitment and enhance the
national economy by earning foreign currencies
through carbon credits.
5. CONCLUSION
Bio-fuel Programme has encouraged the
organizations working in this sector and biodiesel
production has taken an initial step in Nepal, but
there is a long and challenging way to go. The
programme is striving to establish partnership and
coordination among relevant stakeholders, to create
awareness in the general public, and to build a
117 RETSUD-09, 12-14 November 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal
fundamental framework for the further development
of biofuel sector in Nepal. Moreover, people who
were destroying the Jatropha plants taking it as
useless shrub are now creating awareness among
their fellows about its importance in producing
biodiesel, conserving environment, generating rural
economy, and helping sustainable development of
the nation. GoN has already decided to continue the
Biofuel Programme as one of the regular
programmes of AEPC in the FY 2009/10 and
thereafter.
6. REFERENCES
[1] http://www.globalpolitician.com/24203-nepal
[2] Renewable Energy Technology for Rural Development-03/
Renewable Energy in Nepal- Progress at a Glance from 1998
to 2003
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal#Forests
[4] www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/asia/02_03-3/10.pdf
[5] http://www.changemakers.com/es/node/20779
[6] WECS [2006] Energy Synopsis Report, Nepal 2006, Water
and Energy Commission Secretariat, Ministry of Water
Resource, Nepal
[7] MOF [2007] Economic Survey, Fiscal Year 2006/07,
Ministry of Finance, Nepal
[8] NOC, 2009. Nepal Oil Corporation (Import and Sales)
Retrieved from http://www.nepaloil.com/ (see: Import
and Sales page)
[9] Singh, S.C., Singh, N. [Ed.] [1991] Non-conventional
Sources of Vegetable Oil [Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan].
Nepal Lithographing Co, Kathmandu
[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel
[11] http://www.viacampesina.org/main_en/index.php?option=co
m_content&task=view&id=331&Itemid=29
[12] Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission
Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics [2001]. Statistical
Pocket Book Nepal 2001.
[13] Thakur, R. [2007] Studies on the Prospects and Potential of
Sugarcane Based Bio-ethanol Fuel in Nepal. A Masters
Thesis Submitted to Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan
University, Nepal
[14] Trainers Mannual for the Trainning on ‘Production and
Processing of Jatropha curcas by AEPC.
[15] Status Report on District Wise Distribution of Jatropha
curcas by AEPC.
[16] AEPC e-Newsletter Volume 10, April 2009.
[17] Final Report on Establishment of Biofuel Processing Plant
by HARC
[18] Final Report on Establishment of Biofuel Processing Plant
by RMJKUP
[19] Personal telephone communication with the entrepreneurs
(Mr. Tek Bdr. Thapa and Mr. Madan Bista) on 2nd October
2009.
 7. ANNEXES (Information compiled from activity completion reports of Biofuel Programme, AEPC)
Annex 1: Details of Jatropha Nurseries Supported under Biofuel Programme of AEPC
Nursery No of Jatropha Contact
SN Name of Organizations Nursery Address Area Saplings Produced number Contact person
Manigram Agroforestry & Aanandwan-2, Manigram, 3 Bigha 100,000 9847027132, Ram K. Karki,
1 Research Centre P. Ltd. Rupandehi 9747021722 Tolakanta Basyal
Himalyan Agro Enterprises And Khairinitar, Tanahu 6 Ropanies 150,000 014670821, Tek Bdr. Thapa
2 Research Center Pvt.Ltd 9851090961
3 Hill Development Council Aampipal VDC-9, Gorkha - 200,000 9841555984, Kashi R. Marahattha
Jaibik Urja Anusandhan Tatha Chhatiwan -2 & Churiyamai, 10 Kattha 100,000 9841029887 Jang Bdr
4 Utapadan Udog VDC-2 & 9, Makwanpur Bishwakarma
Bihani Nepal Chaughada, Hetauda-6, 5 Ropanies 50,000 984218390, Bharat Sapkota,
5 Makwanpur 9743010909 Raghab Neupane
Center For Environment & Dharan-12, Bijayapur, 4 Ropanies 200,000 9842025520, Aanand Shrestha
6 Tourism Development Sunsari 025526637
Rama Enterprises P. Ltd Amarai VDC -6, 4 Ropanies 100,000 9747014622, Ganga Adhikari,
7 Arghakhanchi 4253517 Hom Lal Pandey
Crystal Bio Energy Nepal Ltd Kolwi VDC-9, Bara 3 Kattha 20,000 9851041186 Ramesh Kumar Rai
8
Bharatpur VDC-3, Mohattari 4 Kattha 25,000
Damak-7, Jhapa 8 Kattha 50,000
Damak-19, Jhapa 3 Kattha 20,000
Lakkhanpur VDC-1, Jhapa 12 Kattha 50,000
Panchakanya -1, Teharathum 2 Ropanies 20,000
Tapeshwari VDC-1, Udayapur 10 Kattha 38,000
Bheksem Jadibuti Prasodan Tatha Deudakala VDC, Bardiya 2 Hector - 9841638275, Deepak Shahi,
9 Suppliers P. Ltd. 9841593113 Bhakta B. Shah
Resunga Madane Jadibuti Tatha Dovan VDC-9, Palpa 6 Ropanies 125,000 9741146657 Madan Bista
10 Krishi Utpadan Prashodan P. Ltd.
11 Earth multipurpose Farming Chitwan and Jhapa - Data not available 9741154989 Anant K Ghising
12 Siyaram Nursery Siraha - Data not available 9841202682 Tej Narayan Shah
Total 1,250,000+
Note: Organizations in SN 11 & 12 of above table only got partial support from AEPC.

Annex-2: Details of Jatropha Plantation Trainings Supported under Biofuel Programme of AEPC
Address of Development Total
SN Name of Organization Organization Training Venue Region Covered Trainee
Renaissance Society Nepal J/V.C Himal Balkot-2, Bhaktpur Lahan, Siraha & Itahari, Sunsari Eastern 60
1 Energy Consultant P. Ltd.
Himalyan Agro Enterprises And Research Kalimati, Kathmandu Banepa, Kavre & Hetauda, Central 46
2 Center P. Ltd. Makwanpur
Bhairab Darshan Sajiwan Urja Prabardhan Palpa, Tansen-6 Tansen, Palpa Western 43
3 Sanstha
4 Multiscope Consultancy P. Ltd. Buddhanagar-10, Ktm Nepalgunj, Banke Mid-Western 43
5 Community Rural Development Society Darchula Sunderpur, Kanchanpur Far-Western 46
Total 238

Annex-3: Details of Biodiesel Processing Plants Established under Biofuel Programme of AEPC
Plant
SN Name of Organizations Address Processing Plant Site Capacity Contact No. Contact Person
Resunga Madane Jadibuti Tatha Krishi Tamghas, Gulmi Jhumsa, Dovan, Palpa 1000 ltr/day 9741146657, Madan Bista
1 Utpadan Prashodan P. Ltd. 9847122812
Himalyan Agro Enterprises & Research Kalimati, Dhanusa, Ramnagar 1000 ltr/day 014670821, Tek Bdr. Thapa
2 Center P. Ltd. Kathmandu 9851090961

Annex-4: Summary of Organizations involved in Conduction of Pilot Projects Using Biofuels

SN Name of Organizations Address System Used Project Site Contact No. Contact Person
Bhairab Darshan Sajiwan Urja Palpa, Tansen-6 Water Pump Set & Jatropha Oil Palpa 075-522687, Ram Bhadur
1 Prabardhan Sanstha Tukki; Tractor & Diesel Pump 9857060335 Rawat
Renaissance Society Nepal J/V.C Balkot-2, Agro-processing Mill, Water Pump Hetauda, 6631638 Y. B. Thapa
2 Himal Energy Consultant P. Ltd Bhaktpur & Various Vehicles Chitwan & Ktm
Nepal Public Awakening Forum Rukum Diesel Generator, Mentol Light & Musikot, 9741066734 Man Bhadur
3 Cooking Stoves Rukkum Khadga
Multiscope Consultancy P. Ltd Buddhanagar- Diesel Generator Set to operate Aayam Training 01-2112128 Hari Bhadur
10, Kathmandu Water Pump, Computer and Centre, Chhauni, Darlami
4 Household Electricity & Burning Kathmandu
Stove for Heating and Cooking
Purpose

118 RETSUD-09, 12-14 November 2009, Kathmandu, Nepal