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ORNL 635
OAK
RIDGE
NATIONAL
OPERATED
CARBIDE
AND
UNION
CAftBON
CARBIDE
AND
LABORATORY
BY
CHEMICALS
CARBON
DIVISION
CORPORATION
ffTW
p;.iht o t f i c e box p
OAK
aiDSE, TENNESSEE
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
OBNL-635
This document consists
of 246 pages.
Copy ^
of 151, Series A
By
William S. Farmer
Date Issued
APR 20 1950
Operated By
CARBIDE AND CARBON CHEMICALS DIVISION
NOTE:
UNCLASSIFIED
W.^^^S^^^'W7.*Ji
ornl-63:
UNCLASSIFIED
Internal Distribution:
G. T. Felbeck (C&CCC)
15
E. J. Murphy
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7-8
Biology Library
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706-A Library-'**^"^
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21 D. J. Reid
3^ J- Edgerton
22 F. L. Steahley 35-45 Central Files (0. P.)
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University
Radiation
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Western Reserve
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University (Friedell)
I48-I5I Westinghouse
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGE
lo
Ho
ABSTRACTo .......,.....,
14
INTRODUCTION. . . . . .
j&
Acknowledgments .
^.Q
21
27
30
AtXAtvAlub o o . o o o o o o . a . .
......
37
VII.
48
VIII.
52
69
CONCLUSIONS .................
91
EQUILIBRIUM DATA.
94
V
VJ.O
IX.
X.
APPENDIX
A.
123
128
.......
1il0
E. LAWS OF DIFFUSION
159
Diffusion Coefficients.
159
164
178
186
PAGE
NOMENCLATURE .
24l
BIBLIOGRAPHY
244
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
TABLE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
72
73
75
83
VA.
VB.
VII.
87
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XV.
198
202
XIV.
196
X.
196
IX.
19^
88
205
208
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE
XVI.
PAGE
XVII.
eoo
ooooeooooooooe
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
210
XXIV.
C. . .
2U
125
127
XXIII.
210
0*
158
158
161
OOOOOOOOOOft
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
212
215
216
217
00000000
218
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE
XXIX.
PAGE
XXXI.
XXXII,
219
220
221
XXXIV.
XXXV.
222
223
224
Acid Dispersed
XXXVI,
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
oooooeooooeooooooo
225
226
Extraction versus Drop Diameter for the System BenzeneAcetic Acid-Water with Benzene-Acetic Acid Dispersed.
227
Extraction versus Column Height for the System BenzeneAcetic AcidWater with Benzene-Acetic Acid Dispersed.
228
Extraction versus Drop Diameter for the System TolueneAcetic Acid Dispersed ................
229
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE
XL.
PAGE
XLI.
OOOOQOOOO0
232
XLIV,
231
XLIII.
230
XLII.
233
234
Dispersed
XLVI.
000000
235
Dispersed .
XLVII.
ooooooooo
00000000
236
XLVIII.
oooooooooo
237
238
239
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURE
1
PAGE
Extraction Column and Apparatus for Dispersing
38
39
.....
40
41
43
53
0^
??
10
57
11
58
12
Temperature ......
13
14
.....
59
64
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURE
16
17
PAGE
18
19
20
79
80
8l
66
98
22
99
Tetrachloride. ..........
23
100
24
o009oeooooeooo**00
26
103
...
12
105
106
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURE
28
PAGE
107
108
109
32
HO
33
34
37
113
36
112
HI
ooeeoO*O0Ooooo
teootoo*
XJ.T'
116
38
.....
39
40
117
118
119
120
12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
FIGURE
42
121
43
....
45
00009000
000000000
nOTlSJ/
00*oooeooo
51
146
oooooooooooo
151
143
141
53
140
52
139
50
138
49
136
137
135
47
130
46
122
0*000
152
153
13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURE
56
57
PAGE
I56
60
61
63
64
155
154
169
170
171
175
176
177
CHAPTER I
ABSTRACT
Expressions
are derived for correlating extraction rates for both the turbulent and
\ 8/
\0.44 /
M.o.03 /] A~i.\
Di
[ah j [f&i)
h^a
[i^:
- drop diameter
Di - molecular diffusivity
s**~ viscosity
f density
I.T. - interfacial tension
subscript
V
d
c
- velocity
- dispersed phase
- continuous phase
\0.8
15
the laminar boundary film of the dispersed organic liquid. The rate of
dissociation of the double molecules in this same laminar film seems to
be sufficiently slow, that its contribution to the rate of extraction is
minor in relation to that of the single molecules.
from 100 to 300, the resulting rate of extraction agrees with the diffusion
16
n2
16
regime and hence the previous correlations are more useful for design
purposes.
The
falling spheres. The effects of deformation on both the velocity and the
rate of extraction have been taken into account in the correlation for
of the dispersed phase but also depend on the size of the nozzle, the
size of the drop formed, and the time of drop formation.
17
Insuf
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
However, most
those of Colburn.,7 have been used with partial success in explaining the
results.
It will
equipment involves not only the study of hydrodynamics but also the
study of reaction rates and the study of mass transfer.
In order to
19
1.
2*
Acknowledgments
who made the necessary arrangements for carrying out this program*
20
Thanks are also due the the Water Analysis Laboratory of the
Chemistry Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the preparation
of standard solutions and the measurement of the viscosities and
interfacial tensions of the test solutions.
21
CHAPTER III
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
Also, the
properties and motion of the two fluids in contact, and that as a result,
turbulence occurs at a lower value of the Reynolds number than for flow
in circular pipes*
22
The data do not apply to fluid spheres when they deform in shape.
The available information most applicable to the hydrodynamics of
systemso
glass column the effects of flow on the interface separating two counter-
probably stagnant when the mass velocities of the two liquids are the
same*
When the mass velocities are quite far apart, extreme turbulence
The vast
op
23
The uncorrected
overall mass transfer coefficients were compared with the results pre-
the mass velocities of the two liquids were the same, the overall mass
The
24
^-0.94 /SULCI
/ u
[^ J
iDi P
the velocity of the wall liquid must be 5 to 20 times that of the core
diffusion in the core liquid, and changes in the velocity of the core
liquid produce larger changes in the overall mass transfer coefficient
than do velocity changes in the wall liquid.
Studies on the effect of core and wall fluid flowrates on both
the individual and overall extraction rates have been made by Colburn
and Welsh,8 Treybal and Work,25 and Comings and Briggs.9 Brinsmade and
5
>c c
.0.62
- 0.00135 (Rew)
/ ^*
25
Ketone was used as the core liquid and water as the wall liquid in the
above experiments*
Spray towers and sieve plate columns have been the subject of
been known, and the results are usally expressed as volumetric overall
16
studied the
velocity had little effect on the extraction coefficient over the range
of drop diameters from 0.1 to O.36 inches.
A precise interpretation of
In the literature
reviewed, the mass transfer coefficient appeared to depend upon both the
molecular diffusivity and the flow rate.
Thuss
26
same physical properties affect the film coefficient, but also the
surface tension should enter the correlation*,
CHAPTER IV
PROBLTftl APPROACH
The slanted tube column was not used because of the large liquid
ing difficulties associated with forming a thin liquid film on the wall
and with controlling flow rates.
diameter was made much larger than the drop diameter so that the wall
The
28
effective column height was varied using the same column by varying the
distance that the nozzle extended into the column.
used as the continuous phase in the majority of experiments and the solute
stripped from the dispersed phase*
Then by
used as the two liquid phase and only one solute entered the diffusion
process from one phase to the other*
the driving force a solute was chosen which was preferentially soluble
29
were chosen with a large interfacial tension, since many reagents are
available for lowering the interfacial tension but few for raising it.
Because water was to be used as the continuous phase it was
tension and low miscibility with water. There are many organic liquids
which are immiscible with water, however, because of its large
interfacial tension, carbon tetrachloride was chosen*
Iodine was first chosen as a solute because of its ease of
chemical analysis and because it did not react with the two liquid
solvents* However, due to its insolubility in water the iodine was
by chemical analysis.
acid between water and carbon tetrachloride varies only slightly with
the concentration change in each run*
CHAPTER V
THEORY
extraction operations.
Most of the
the overall mass transfer coefficient for gas absorption, the gas film
coefficient can be replaced by a second liquid film coefficient.
expression can be used then for liquid-liquid extraction.
*Os
nz;
or
*w
^w
where K m A C^/ACg
ks
This
31
coefficients.
continuous column phase they come into contact with fresh continuous
phase.
values of K, the distribution ratio, for the systems used here. Hence,
*os V
By means of the kinetic theory of mass transfer, the rate equation
for the resistance of the dispersed film can be writtem
|
j
where
C s concentration of solute
s time of contact
H s column height
32
L dCs/Cs s -kg. DA ,
Integrating over column height H for a change in concentration of the
Ko -kq L In (Qf/Cr)
s
Ka
dC
c - c*
;cf
distinct disadvantage that the values obtained vary with the solute
33
\
concentration.
method using the overall extraction coefficient, Kg, was employed* The
concepts upon which this method is based are particularly applicable
to the falling drop tower*
data in the turbulent flow regime* In this regime there is eddying and
mixing in the turbulent liquid core and the primary resistance can be
thought of as being in a thin outer laminar film across which the solute
4l
mDii
a
_afc
4.
yc
"3r^~ ** * ~3?J
34
cr m_L_
"C7"S 7T2
"S~" 1
<^- ,.
n2
n = 1
turbulent flow, or the entire mass, for viscous flow, involves transfer
by molecular diffusion. Hence the computation of mass transfer coef
35
%a
AaAb(A/
(Val/3*Vbi;Y
1 t i-
VM*
"*
where
- constant - 0.0156 at 68 F.
r 0.0143 at 59 F.
Di s
CT
6rAb
36
bl2rl/^b
where b varies from 3^ for large spherical molecules to unity for self
diffusion and has a value of 2 if for large cylindrical molecules*
The
26
presented for gas bubbles rising through a liquid* This latter phenomenon
has been extensively investigated by O'Brien and Gosline19 and many others.
The hydrodynamic relations are completely developed in the Appendix.
CHAPTER VI
APPARATUS
in all experiments.
The long column shown in Figures 4 and 5 is the same tower with
different auxiliary equipment and with a different arrangement.
The
bottom to provide for a water cooling Jacket. Tits made from 8 mm.
tube were provided at the top and bottom of the jacket for attaching
rubber hose which were in turn connected to the plant water supply.
Thermometer wells were provided at the top and bottom of the Jacket for
insertion of Weston metal thermometers in order to measure the jacket
water temperature.
inches in diameter were attached to the top and bottom of the large
column. Finally 7 mm. tits were provided for hose connections about
PHOTO C-133-8
NOT aASSIFIED
38
PHOTO C-I3H-8
NOT CLASSIFIED
39
PHOTO C-I35-8
NOT aASSIFIED
ko
i>l
; i EL4SE LiT/EL CORTRC
FEEL TANK
DWG. 8U97
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOZZLE
3ULHJRT
cum
NOZZLE
3-way at -i cdck
TOr
WESTON METAL
#>
SAMI IE TIT
THERMOMETER
WATER
OUTLET
INTERFACE
t^go^ tub?
CD
ft
c/i
COOLII
WATER
JACKET*
t*. w
WATER
INLET
fj
<
^&!
PRODUCT
RECEIVER
fH
6-1
IS
' i <s
$1
<< (h
.3 S*
gfli
* O
'
3-way atopcoc
| '
JACK-LEG
(capillary
tubing)
^
t^
.
dUTTUH"
SAMPLE TIT
kose clanip
e
n<
PURGE TIT
tygon tu
cofinectio
JOINT
CLAMP
JACK-LEG""
(na.illary tub
DWG. 8M98
NOT CLASSIFIED
>way
stopcock
SCEIVER
(50 ral.
lrO~
graduate)
1 TOP
THERM0ME3
SAMPLE TIT
WATER
^Ct
-, OUTLET
tygon
tubing
CJ
coto:
a
Ul
e
a
**
nr;
v^i <3
COOLING
WATER
JACKET
w\
(H r-<
la
O
M
tM
ffi
a
<
o
M
Si-1
interchan
-jKH
joints
*ble
f?
<? (/J
fc!
CO 73
H >
$ ^
-5! CO
M
3
1"
1AXER
INLET i
JACK-
Q^
3-way stopcock
pacer
NOZZLE
BALL
JOINT
CLAMP
BALL T
JOINT
QE rn
Efi
(capillary tube)
y
3-way
stopcock
FEEL TANK
DWG. 8U98
NOT CLASSIFIED)
NOZZLE
SUPPORT
CLAM1
TANK FOR
INTERFACE
LEVEL CONTROL
TUBE
\ (tygon tube)
PRODUCT RECEIVER
stopcock Jf*
JACK*LEG "
(6 mm, capillary-
tubing )
FIGURE 6
kk
3 inches from the top and bottom of the inner glass tube in order
k was used.
03xe column was left open at the top and the nozzle
between the 500 ml. separatory funnel used as a feed tank and the
The
top sample tit was connected through a three-way stopcock to a 500 ml.
separatory funnel in such a manner that continuous phase liquid can be
A female ball joint fitting was clamped to the bottom male joint
A 6 mm.
glass tube extended from this female ball joint and was connected by
an interchangable joint to a three-way stopcock.
the product was removed by cracking the three-way valve so that the
*5
reproduced.
A section
of 6 mm. tygon tubing was fastened to the end of the jack-leg and
inserted into the 50 ml. graduate used as a product receiver.
By
filled the jack-leg and was carried over into the product receiver
by displacement.
Two tits were provided for purging the continuous phase from
the column after each run.
through the purge tit on the three-way stopcock on the jack-leg line.
When the dispersed phase is lighter than the continuous, the
droplets rise through the continuous liquid and hence, the previous
k6
A special female ball joint for supporting the nozzle was used
at the bottom of the column.
The two sample tits and continuous phase liquid level control
tank were arranged just as in the previous case for the heavy dispersed
liquids.
The female ball joint which was used on the bottom of the
column previously was attached to the male ball joint fitting at the
top and a U shaped 6 bbb. glass tube connected to it by means of an
interchangeable joint.
the liquid level through the continuous phase level control tank.
It was possible to use the same column for column height
hi
height when the dispersed phase was heavier than the continuous.
By lowering the liquid level the back pressure on the nozzle was
reduced and better flow control was obtainable.
every detail to the long column just described except that the top
sample tit was eliminated and the column length was 6 inches
instead of k feet 7 inches. The short column was used for evaluating
end-effects. The mode of operation was identical with that just
described.
solutions and making time and drop size measurements. The time
required for the drops to fall the height of the column was determined
by clocking the drops with a stopwatch. The overall experiment time
was measured using an electric timer graduated in tenths of a second.
CHAPTER VII
BEPBRIMBHTAL PROujslJuJtoi
impurities.
When the dispersed phase was heavier than the continuous, the
apparatus was set up as described in Figures 1 and 4.
The dispersed
in the bottom stem was turned to the closed position and the column
By adjusting
the height of the feed tank and cracking the stopcock below the feed
tank a flow of approximately two drops per second was obtained.
steady flow could best be obtained by filling the feed tank only to
the midpoint.
The flow of dispersed phase into the bottom tit displaced the
h9
Once the
jack-leg had become full, the stopcock was turned to the open
position and a hydrodynamic pressure balance and constant level
interface obtained by raising or lowering the tygon tube on the
jack-leg.
through the jack-leg, the tygon tube was placed in the mouth of
the product receiver and the electric timer started.
The distance
between the nozzle and interface was measured and the time of fall
The drop
rate was checked frequently and adjustments made to hold the rate
constant.
three-way stopcock was closed, the timer stopped, and the feed tank
stopcock closed.
the total time, and the total dispersed phase throughput, it was
50
phase due to the volume of dispersed phase purged through the jack-leg
during the period of flow adjustment. Hence, the amount extracted was
obtained by a material balance around the dispersed phase. Since
demineralized water was expendable the continuous phase could be
thrown away after each run and hence the initial continuous phase
concentration was usually zero.
height of 5 feet the continuous phase volume was 2500 mis. Thus the
equilibrium concentration of the continuous phase could usually be
considered as zero throughout the run and no error was entailed in
than the continuous was essentially the same as that just described.
The feed line in this case was filled almost up to the nozzle to
prevent water from backing down the feed line. Usually a slight column
of air separated the two, so extraction did not take place until the
dispersed phase forced the air bubble out.
51
The procedure
1.5 mm. and standard tubing ranging in inside diameter from 5 mm. to
10 mm. were employed as nozzles.
Thus care
had to be exercised to be sure that the drop did not wet the
The continuous
This ranged
water.
in the experiments.
The
CHAPTER VIII
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In
was employed.
0,01 lb. moles/cu. ft, of acetic acid was dispersed in demineralized water
in these runs.
carbon tetrachloride.
on the dispersed phase were determined in phase one for a range of drop
diameters.
DWG. 8500
1.0
0.9
FIGURE 7
FRACTION EXTRACTED VERSUS DROI
0.8
DIAMETER
Experiment- Series A
Dispersed phase- Carbon Tetrachloride
Continuous phase- D.M. Water
0.7
0.6
T3
o\
0.5
0.4
Sh
0.3
^Q O
o<5b
0.2
0.15
o.o
0.08
0.12
0l6
Drop Diameter - in.
0.20
0.24
DWG. 8501
NOT CLASSIFIED
1*0
FIGURE 8
0.9
VELOCITY VERSUS DROP DIAulETER
0,8
Experiment- Series A
Dispersed phase-Oarbon Tetrachloride
Continuous phase- D.M. Water
Feed- 0.0105 lb.aoles of acetic acid
0.6
w
0.5
H
O
o
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0oC
0.1
0.2
0.3
uo
UWt. B902
NOT CLASSIFIED
FIGURE 9
OVERALL MASS TRANSFIX COEFFICIENT
V^SUS DROP DIAMETER
-4
0.75
Experiment- Series A
Dispersed phase- Carbon Tetrachloride
Continuous phase- D.M. l&ater
Feed- 0.0105 lb. moles of acetic acid
3
0.5
45
to
0.25.
0.0
o
0.1
"~>
o.;
56
in the points in Figure 12 and 13 the data will give a straight line on
semilog and log-log as well as linear graph paper*
Hence,
sodium hydroxide was added to the continuous phase and Series A runs were
DWG. 8503
31
Experiment- Series B
Dispersed phase- Carbon Tetrachloride
Continuous phase- D.*i. Water
Feed- 0.01065 lb.moles of acetic acid
per cu.ft. of Carbon Tet.
30
29
i
28
Cl
0 \
-P
O
27
fi
26
25
Pi
vJ
^**^
^-^^
o
24
23
22
0.001
0.005
0.010
L - cu. ft./hr.
0.015
32
g 55
31
GD
cri
:0
30
29
rt
28
/~\
nj
u
27
Oh
26
FIGURE 11
25
/ 0
0 /
Experiment- Series B
24
23
22
05
1.0
-.5
0/
32
Q
CO
to oe
/o
31
t n i
(DO
C3I
30
29
28
P
O
27
s
o
<D
26
FIGURE 12
Experiment- Series C
24
Nozzle- 7 m4 Capillary
23
22
22
24
26
CCli Temperature - C
28
30
37
36
22 35
0.29 ext:-action/9c
slope 34
33
>
I
r-
32
31
O
30
FIGURE 13
/ o
Experiment- Series D
Dispersed phase- Carbon Tetrachloride
Continuous phase- D.M. Water
Feed-I'D.01 lb.moles of acetic acid
per cu.ft. of Carbon Tet.
29
28
27
20
2V
28
32
36
40
44
48
61
The
of extraction*
controlling resistance.
runs was made using a continuous water phase under dynamic or flow
conditions*
column height, the velocity of the continuous was varied and the percent
extraction determinedo
ranged from 0 to 6l? while that relative to the drop diameter ranged from
630 to 690* It was impossible to get out of the viscous flow regime
without destroying the single drop continuity*
Hence, no conclusions
could be reached*
were selected which had distribution ratios which varied only slightly
with solute concentration.
62
the rate of extraction other than through its influence on drop size.
However, this conclusion is in doubt because of the possible interface
blocking which could result from the presence of the wetting agent.
For this reason the use of additives in evaluating the influence of the
chemical properties on the rate of extraction was abandoned.
In order
In
extraction during drop formation* This was done by measuring the fraction
of extraction as a function of column height. By graphical means the
endeffeets were eliminated.
63
during free-fall separated from that due to drop formation for each
solvent system.
percent extraction versus drop formation time in Figure 16 along with Series B
50
s
r - oo
(/>
t
FIGURE 14
RECIFROCAI. FRACTION UNE>TRACTED VERSUS COLUMN HEIGHT
Solvent
Drop Dia.
Curve Series
Feed Cone.
Drops/min.
dispersed
in.
I.b. moles/cu.ft.
cci4
0.01
110-150
0.150-0.164
L
P
M.I.K.
0.152-0.158
Benzene
120-150
111-125
117-124
0.138-0.149
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.L47-O.157
0.340-0.142
Toluene
120-136
ei
2
*4
(TJ
T4
H
O
SJ
a
o
H
o
CP1CL3
FIGURE 15
OVERALL MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS VERSUS DROP DIAMETER
2.0
Curve
Series
Drops/min.
Feed Cone.
Col. Ht,
Lb. molas/cu.ft,
Dispersed
CCI4
'CO
CO
<
CO _ J
o
0.01
116-137
4.82
CD I-
100-137
104-127
9)
0.01
0.01
0.01
126-136
4.08
4.0
4.0
0.01
130-153
4.0
0.01
102-143
0.01
4.0
4.82
114-136
-1-5
3
to
cr
to
0)
I
a
0.0
0.1
0.2
Solvent
ft.
ii.I.K.
Benzene
H2O (HAc)
~H20
Toluene
ChCLj
FIGURE 16
32
PER CENT EXTRACTION VERSUS DROP RATS
a
Experiment
LU
Disp. Phase
30
i
O
as
Col.Ht,
Drop Dia,
ft0
in.
0.01065
Series B
Series X
CD
Feed Cone.
Lb.moles/cu.ft.
0.01037
28
26
24
-P
22
20
I
18
16
14
12
10
0.0
0.5
1.0
67
The
during free-fall.
tetrachloride system0
phase and the rate of transfer into the dispersed phase determined for
The
acid took place from the continuous carbon tetrachloride phase to the
water.
In both of these
latter experiments the rate of extraction was much lower than expected.
68
Errors,
time and in measuring the product volume, the error was less than 1%,
The accuracy with which the time of fall or contact was determined was
about 95# The largest time error was the measurement of the drop
formation time.
wet glass and as a result many of the drops did not pass up the column
but filmed out on the walls. The error so introduced may have been as
large as 30%
CHAPTER IX
extraction rate upon the variables of the system was also evaluated.
In the mathematical analysis of the experimental data it is
necessary to evaluate the relative magnitudes of the resistance to
transfer of both the continuous and dispersed phases.
For these
1.
2.
The distribution ratio (K) of the water-acetic acidsolvent systems are all greater than 1 and in many cases
are greater than 20. Hence, the magnitude of the
3.
k.
70
1.
The
the end-effects and determine the rate of extraction when the inter
71
appendix E and F.
and Series A, that either, the basic hypothesis regarding the control
ling resistance was in error, or else there were unknown chemical
affects controlling the rate of extraction.
If the
TABLE I
Kimematic
Viscosity-/6''
c.p.
Chloroform
Methyl-Isobutyl Ketone
0.57
0.559 '
Benzene
0.61
Toluene
0.561
0.9*1
0.3*9
Carbon Tetrachloride
Isopropyl Ether
Density- P
grs./cc
1.473
0.796
0.873
0.860
1.586
0.721
Interfacial
Tension*
dynes/cm.
25
0.703
0.699
0.653
22
0.592
0.48*
23
28
15
ro
TABLE II
Drop
Chloroform
Toluene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Isopropyl Ether
D^ x 106
Diameter-d
Velocity-V
Inches
ft./sec.
In.2/ sec.
0.5*
3.37
0.37
3.*2*
3.*72
3.78
0.1*1
0.1*0
0.155
0.153
0.15
0.1**
0.32
0.33
0.58
0.*5
2.0*
5.*8
De x 10
In.2/ sec.
56.5
69.7
1.92
1.885
3.67
590
Kq freefall
ft./hr.
1.265
1.32
0.1*2
0.1**5
0.2*8
2.60
-J
7*
In
Hence, the
That
is only 1 single acetic acid molecule for every two double molecules
Water has
75
TABLE III
Solubility
K - C/
grs./lOO co B^O
Water
Chloroform
0.621
2.0
Benzene
Toluene
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.073
Isopropyl Ether
0.90
0.08
Carbon Tetrachloride**
0.0*7
0.08
Cs
Degree of
Association n
75
6
2.09
18.5
20
19.2
1.00
1.58
1.0
1.79
1.71
1.67
*.76
1.00
3.2
1.56
. 76
single molecules only are able to diffuse into water and the double
molecules build up in the film.
The
molecules.
Propionic acid
properties.
The
77
from 0.25 ft./hr. for acetic acid to 0.35 ft./hr. for propionic
acid, under identical conditions, Is due most likely to the lower
degree of association of propionic acid and not to the distribution
ratio.
liquid drops as observed through the glass column and measured In the
drop deformation study, the results deviated from the predicted values
in the turbulent flow regime.
300 to 350.
inches which is very near the lower limit of the experimental investi
gation.
Relations were developed for correlating the rate of extraction
under the turbulent flow regime and the transitional regime based on
In the
dispersed solvent.
78
Ko s JL In
A
lL
6
,..-.
42.
2.
t *M v
32 e _/ 1ULI
d8
the reciprocal fraction unextracted were computed and compared with that
DWG. 851C
NOT CLASSIFIED
Cf/C,
DWG. 8511
NOT CLASSIFIED
FIGURE 19
8D5W\GZ. NCILOATS
Curve
Series
Pi
If2 Free-fall
Feed Cone.
lb. .Aoles/cu. ft.
Drops/min.
Col. Ht.
f t.
Solvent
0.0105
116-137
4.8
CC14
0.0104
120
4.38
CC14
4.38
CCl^
fa Diffusion
i
u
0.7
a
.
0.6
>
to
0.5
to
0.4
Curve #1
O
0.3
Curve #2
0,2
^^nf
Curve If3
0.1
0.0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
82
The
It is apparent
83
TABLE 17
Experimental
c77"o
Chloroform
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
0.268
0.132
Benzene
Toluene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Isopropyl Ether
0.798
0.798
0.797
0.04
Sphere
Cylinder
^tcf/crj
VCf"
Cp/Cf
1.324
2.027
0.2272
0.2272
0.2271
3.2
O.78
0.73
0.73
0.715
0.84
0.705
0.64
0.645
0.605
0.775
84
and the properties of the solvents for the turbulent flow regime, it
is necessary to discard our previous evaluation based on determinants
\)
can be determined by
Di "
comparing the results for isopropyl ether with those for carbon
number (dV ?//^ and Weber Capillary group (dV2 f/l.T.) when evaluated
for the same experimental conditions.
Nusselt Equivalent (Kd/Di) numbers for the two solvents. This power is
then found to be 0.^4.
85
By comparing the expression derived by dimensional analysis
above to the analogous expression for turbulent flow In pipes and to
the expression for mass transfer in fictive films, the Beynolds number
can be assigned an exponent of 0.8.
the Beynolds number is 0.8 the Weber capillary group must have an
By
assuming the highest accuracy for the data from the experiments in
which transfer is from the continuous water phase to the dispersed
Kod = 0.03
"ST
86
In addition a comparison
above from experimental data fits the data reasonably well considering
the number of corrections and interpolations that have been made.
The hypothesis, that only single molecules are accepted by the water
Deviations from
when the water is dispersed and the transfer of acetic acid takes place
from water to the continuous organic liquid phase as in Series M runs.
for this situation is 0.015 ft/hr. which is considerably less than that
predicted.
conjectures:
87
TABLE VA
Reynolds
Chloroform
Toluene
Carbon Tetrachloride*
Carbon Tetrachloride**
Isopropyl Ether
Water ***
Water ****
*
**
1520
568
k37
595
1133
1133
1030
520
520
Weber
Schmidt
3-9
178
318
5-68
1.72
1.71
4.26
4.26
4.60
4.04
4.04
Nusselt
Equivalent
390
269
450
450
137
1200
1200
178
181
21.3
19.6
392
61.4
229
11.1
4.15
88
TABLE YB
Experimental
Predicted
370
193
170
190
-392
392
215
Chloroform
178
181
Benzene
Toluene
Carbon Tetrachloride*
Carbon Tetrachloride**
Isopropyl Ether
21.3
I9.6
392
<?1.4
229
Water ***
11.1
Water ****
k.15
Experimental
Predicted2 Experimental2
3k5
670
244
181
181
82.5
92
392
392
225
268
268
277
277
115
392
310
229
56
4.15
Experimental*
Experimental
on single molecules.
Predicted1
89
1.
assumption.
3.
K-kc
*c
the disperse phase system is well established by the manner the overall
The concept of
90
Hydrolysis plays
However, no
of the dimensionless group can vary over a small range and still fit
the data equally well.
CHAPTER X
CCKCLUSICKS
used as the dispersed phase and acetic acid transferred from them to a
continuous demineralized water phase.
1*
2*
In order to
on the rate
between the
varying one
4-
5.
92
7.
8.
I.T.
10.
11.
drop tower.
93
1.
2.
The kinetics and chemistry of surfaces such as a liquidliquid interface, is in need of investigation.
4..
APPENDIX A
EQUILIBRIUM DATA
water.
of concentrations in lb. moles/cu, ft, and compared with data for the
same systems in equivalent units from the following references:
95
1.
2.
Chemical Engineers.
3.
U*
The data are tabulated for comparison and are also plotted
toluene-acetic acid-water
system with the wetting agent is considerably lower than that without,
96
Otherwise
the data are presented for the more pertinent conditions in Table XVIII.
Two additional references contained mutual solubility informations
1.
2.
The only
deviations that occur were at acetic acid concentrations below 0,0001 lb,
involved.
In
contrast, the distribution ratio varies with concentration for the other
97
K s Cw/Cg
If association takes place in the solvent phase to the degree n, the
n = ^eftW0^
^ge(wl/Cw2)
Selection of equilibrium concentrations of water and solvent at two
points fairly close together eliminates variations in n. Having
determined the degree of association it is possible to estimate the
number of single and double molecules in the solvent phase by means ofs
2D0 * IS - n(D0 * S)
wheres
o
o
O
O
c+
v^
<j o
p3
i
H
- 0
a ^j
o
CD Q
p
O
fj
C3
to
H
O
CO
M
O
V>
c*&>
*g 3
~"j
1 1 1 1 l_L .
*t c+
*o
h' Pg
O M
o
a..
o.
i-3 "i
Co M
a. o.
CO M
h- h3
3
H- M-
P
o
Vivyfc^
NJ fvj to to
p*
-,m,
H- H-
CI
i-3
03
a
H
m
O
<**
n>
ra
1. 1 1 J
a
i
la
9 ^
s> <-a
-3 33
s=>
a
S W
Q
?3
M
a
M
h m
5> CO
-s a
h-3
G*y
33
Ci
tt
0>
>-3
o
w,
gc^-
o <> H*
o
3
1
4
P
PJ
t+c*
c> o
3
H
O
4
3* ^
O 3 3
loo
p
c- O
CD O
II
o o
o ^
a"
OH
-"""I
L-
s^^
N
<s
.
v
'
i^
S1
^J
o
o
o
o
o
.
CSr^ S
V
*8*
#\( $
>
DWG. 8513
NOT CUSSIFIED
0.8
!S_
*""*
Q
b.
<
in <
o
o
jr
I S^m
1
5
0.1"
>
-7^-
3
O
I
\
0 /
43
FIGURE 21
o/
DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM FCR
10
I
0.01
Kej
Data of
Temperature
Farmer (ORNL)
Beoktourov
Source
21C
25C
Exparimental
Seidell pg. 108
25C
IoC.T.
\-
tetrachloride
0*
0.0015
.
0.02
0.04
0.06
K = Ce/CV
0.08
0.10
DWG. 8515
NOT CLASS 1FIED
1.0
|t
t"
'
!
iy
\ ti:^-\M^
"
0.1
1 >"
P.
<
TJ
rl
O
FIGURE 22
t-i
-p
<
Key
Data of
Temperature
Source
0.01
Parmer (ORNL)
'c 5
Bektourov
Herz and
Lewy
21C
Experimental
25C
I.C.T.
25C
25C
i
0.001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
o
8.0
rsE
COCO
CO
in <t
co-j
o
CiJI
dg 1.0
0.1
3
O
8.
O
o
h
-p
o
<
0.01
FIGURE 23
I
o
0.001
Data of
Temperature
20C
Farmer (ORNL)
Source
Experimental
Sherwood, etc.
Othmer, etc.
25C
22C
0.0005.
1.2
1.4
1.6
KzCtfA*
1.8
2.0
2.2
40
10
in
03
CO I
~ "t \
2!
+3
0,1
o
FIGURE 24
i
Key
Data of
Temperature
Source
0.01
:
-
Farmer (ORNL)
Sherwood, etc.
Othmer, etc.
20C
25C
22C
Experimental
I.E.C.,31, 1144(193 3^
i)
I.E.G.,33, 1244(194 0
0.001
1.0
1.2
1.4
1,6
K = %/zn
1,8
2.0
2,2
100.0
ft
+3
C5
1010
-p
<
iH
o
.a
0.01
100
% - Lb, Mols of Acetic Acid per Cu. Ft. of Metliyl Isobutyl Ketone
1000
0.1
/
j9f
+3
C3
<$
9
o.c 1
u
o
cu
3
-H
w/
-P
II
V'
FIGURE 25 b
o.c 01
rH
O
a
ST. O
OS.
IO
Key
Data of
Temperature
Poo
Source
> at
J=
Farmer (ORIIL)
20C
oo<o
Experimental
m
o
cc 001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
Cjj - Lb. Mols of Acetic Acid per Cu. Ft. of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
10
105
DWG. 852C
NOT CLASSIFIED
o
<c
o
H
P
FIGURE 26
MUTUAL SOLUBILITY DIAGRAM FOR
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE - ACETIC ACID - WATER
Data of
Temperature
Cource
I.E.C,31,1144 (1939)
1.0
1
FIGURE 27
DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM FOR
BENZENE -
ACETIC ACH) -
WATER
Q
UJ
Key.
fill
I
CO -J
Temperature
Farmer (ORI'L)
si
Data of
21C
15 -16C
25C
25C
Source
Experimental
I.C.T.
I.C.T.
Seidell pg. 106
3.
0.01
\
\
s
d\
!h
e
o
\
\
T3
rl
P
0.001
^V
<)
>os>
7!
\,
S
i
o
0.000 I
0,000 34
10
20
30
=VC E
40
50
63
107
10.0
FIGURE 28
DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM FOR
BENZENE - ACETIC ACID - WATER
UJ
u.
Key
CO
CO
00
o
C9
o
Data of
Temperature
Farmer (OREL)
Source
21C
Experimental
15 - 16C
25C
I.C.T.
25C
1.0
I.C.T.
l^-
0.1
f.
^c
-p
t*.
N^
v
&
\.
0.01
1
.
i
|^-Vcj
\r
1
o.oc L
c.oc 13
0
10
20
3o
K = Ov/Cg
40
5D
63
1.0
-p
*>
3
0.1
-a
H
o
H
-P
to
0.01
q
!
&
0.001
0.00001
0.0001
C.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
1.0
., , r
1
1
FIGURE 30
DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM FOR
TOLUENE - ACETIC - ACID - 7ATER
CO
CO
10 <
CD
c_>
Data of
Key.
Temperature
farmer (ORNL)
Herz ft Fischer
21C
25C
25C
de Kolossowsky, etc.
25C
0.1
Source
Experimental
I.C.T.
Seidell pr. 106
H
o
c
3
O
0.01
T3
H
O
5
o
H
O
?
to
rH
^V^
0.001
I
t
<5*
0.0001
0.00004
0
10
20
30
K = 0W/CT
40
50
<
ii
DWG. 8525
NOT CLASS IF ED
1.0
-P
tin
3
o
C.l
-H
O
o
H
P
0.01
c5r
0.001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
Cr -Lbo
ir
0#0
'/
/
LU
&8
i n -=t
CO^J
1
i
rH
1.0
1
1
H
O
3
o
0.1
!1 //
T3
H
o
1 1 @
o
r-f
-P
1 j
.1
H
O
FIGURE 33
Slf
1
0.01
off
Key
Data of
Elgin, etc.
Farmer (ORNL)
Othmer, etc.
Smith & EL-in
ACETIC ACID -
Temperature
20C
20C
22C
20C
WATER
Source
T.A.I.Ch..31<
Experimental
I.E.C.,33,1244 (1941)
Seidell pg, 112
. "V-
!
i
(D
0.001
q
0.0004
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
K = C^C,
0.5
0.7
60
-X.
I
CO
o
10
5:
-p
id
1.0
3
o
a
-3
H
O
<*.
O
H
P
<
oo.:
FIGURE 34
H
o
VATER
Key
Data of
Temperature
bource
cir
0.01
Elein, etc.
Farmer (ORNL)
20C
20C
T.A.E.Ch.E.31,666(193$
ExperLaental
Othraer, etc.
22C
20C
--
0.002
0.1
0.2
0.3
0,4
0.5
o.
0.7
10
O
-P
eg
1 ~
100
1000. _
-
100
_
-
lu 0
t^h
1.0
-10
o
-
I*-
o
*r~i
-"
0)
fy
; :
U 0.1
FIGURE 35 a
4-*
my
__
!2
O
Key
Data of
Temperature
Elgin, etc.
Othmer, etc.
Source
20C T.A.I.Ch.E,31,666(l935>
22C I.E.C, 33,1244 (1941)
to
Pro
-n
m
0.03
0. 001
/
0.01
0.1
1
1,0
Ci - Lb. ['oles of Acetic Acid per Cu. Ft. of Iso Propyl Ether
1.0
vd
(C
0.1
3^
3
O
U
_n
FIGURE 35 b
DISTRIBUTIOII DIAGRAM FOR
cc L
(fty
^r
ISOPROPYL ETHER -
Key
Data of
ACETIC ACID -
WATER
Temperature
Source
Farmer (ORNL)
20C
Experimental
20C
CO O
0.0 )1
0.0 301
0. D01
0 .01
C.l
i.t
!.i
1
o
rl
O.OC 01
K - tVct
Ill
-,
FIGURE 37
DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM FOR
CHLOROFORM o
LU
CO
10.0
Curve
_J
Ot
?o
S2E
Tanperat ore
Data of
50C
Bektourov
Bektourov
Sourc e
0UC
20C
I.C.T.
25C
I.C.T.
20C
18C
Experimental
25C
Farmer (ORNL)
Vartessian,
etc,
1.0
3
o
8.
o
:
o
H
P
o.i
3
i
0.01
0.001
K r
i->
1.0
0.0001
0.001
119
,
DWG. 8534
NOT CLASSIFIED
3
u
H
P
FIGURE 39
Temperature
Source
I.E.C, 28,
(1936)
LC
n z.
VJ.Al
>>
!>;
FIGURE 40
o
UJ
^0.2
Key
S3
CD J
OH-
Data of
Kolossowski, etc.
Temperature
Source
25 C
Seidell pg.187
oz:
Carbon Tetrachloride
3
H
U
O
CC
1
..
\
fc
...
E-<
3
O
o.c 01
\
3
H
O
o
H
Q,
iSv
ra
o.c 001
3
^
s
o
o.c D001
10
15
K = 0,/C,
20
25
30
121
0.5
T1
CU
8536
FIGURE 41
DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM FOR
CLAS
C3I
Key
02:
0.1
Data of
Temperature
Kolossovvski, etc.
250 c
Source
Tetrachloride
-p
I -
I
o
1
H
0.01
,
3
J8
0.001
10
15
20
25
DWG. 8537
NOT CLASSIFIED
1.0
-p
d
!
3:
FIGURE 42
"M
Key
Data of
Kolossowskl, etc.
Temperature
1
1
Source
ft
-3
H
25 C
<<
1
a
o
&
r
0.0:.
Jjr
H
o
^S
*
o
EL
0.00001
0.0001
COOl
0.01
0,1
1.0
APPENDIX B
above.
reference standard.
The interfacial
124
tension of the solvents against pure water were measured and are
tabulated in Table XIX along with the corresponding values for varying
concentrations of acetic acid in the solvent phase.
TABLE XIX
Sample
Run No.
Liquid
Additives
lb.moles/cu.ft.
# by Vol.
D.M. Water
Temp.
C.
Density
25
0.9967
grs./ml.
I.T.
dynes/cm.
Carbon Tetrachloride
33.2
(0.01 lb.moles/cu.ft.
of Acetic Acid)
D.M. Water
20
D.M. Water
25
25
O.9668
25
O.9667
Carbon Tetrachloride
13.5
25
25
1.5796
D.M. Water
0.9970
Carbon Tetrachloride
33.2
32.3
25
0.9968
Carbon Tetrachloride
29.5
Tergitol &
25
t3.9963
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tergitol m
25
O.9970
Carbon Tetrachloride
5-7
25
O.9965
Carbon Tetrachloride
2.0
25
0.9963
Carbon Tetrachloride
8.5
25
0.9962
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.0
D.M. Water
2
30
Tergitol #
D.M. Water
45.6
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Tetrachloride
Tetrachloride
Tetrachloride
Tetrachloride
14.4
35-7
29.4
0.01
J-2
D.M. Water
0.00017
Carbon Tech.
0.01
D.M. Water
J-3
D.M. Water
Tergitol #
0.1#
Tergitol #t0.01#
0.0002
Tergitol #
0.01<f>
D.M. Water
J-4
D.M. Water
0.00016
0.33*
9
D.M. Water
10
D.M. Water
11
D.M. Water
Tergitol m
0.1$
Tergitol ffi
0.33*
Tergitol #f
0.3*
H
IO
VJ1
Liquid
1A
D.M. Water
2A
D.M. Water
3A
D.M. Water
4A
D.M. Water
5A
D.M. Water
6A
D.M. Water
7A
D.M. Water
8a
D.M. Water
9A
D.M. Water
10A
D.M. Water
Additives
Temp.
Density
* by Vol.
grs./ml.
cp
Tergitol #7
1*
Tergitol #7
0.1*
Tergitol fj
0.33*
Tergitol #7
0.01*
Tergitol #7
0.33*
Tergitol #<
1*
Tergitol ^
0.1*
Tergitol #
0.33*
Tergitol #<
0.01*
Tergitol #10.033*
25
0.9972
0.8973
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.0
25
O.9970
O.8903
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.0
25
0.9971
O.8853
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.0
25
0.9970
O.8869
Carbon Tetrachloride
12.5
25
0.9970
O.8903
Carbon Tetrachloride
12.1
25
0.9975
0.9027
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.0
25
0.9969
0.8834
Carbon Tetrachloride
12.8
25
0.9970
0.8937
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.0
25
0.9970
0.8937
Carbon Tetrachloride
26.8
25
O.9969
O.8885
Carbon Tetrachloride
24.7
Viscosity
I.T.
dynes/cm.
TABLE XX
Sample
Solvent
lb.moles/cu.ft.
Chloroform
Chloroform
Chloroform
0.01
Temp.
Density
Viscosity
oc.
grs./ml.
1.4693
1.4-708
1.4725
0.8734
0.6244
0.8738
0.8732
0.8625
0.8611
0.8595
0.7262
0.7790
0.6134
0.6098
0.5654
0.5615
0.5606
0.3624
0.3556
0,3485
0.5636
cp.
dynes/cm.
24.2
27.5
33.9
15.9
11
Benzene
0.000
3
17
12
4
Toluene
0.01
Toluene
Toluene
0.005
0.000
0.01
10
Isopropyl Ether
Isopropyl Ether
Isopropyl Ether
Methyl Isobutyl
0.01
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
0.005
25
0.7965
0.5633
11.9
0.000
25
0.7959
0.5585
10.2
0.01
0.005
25
25
25
1.5813
1.5822
1.5860
0.9333
22.2
0.9637
27.8
35.7
19
13
2
Benzene
18
Benzene
20
0.005
0.000
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.000
0.7226
0.7212
0.6226
0.6059
0.6101
18.2
34.0
17.0
22.3
26.6
19.4
17.1
17.3
12.3
Ketone
21
Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone
6
16
15
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.000
0.9397
H
ro
APPENDIX C
HiYDRODYNAMIC RELATIONS
When
FB =7Td3 Ag/6
where Fn
F =^"d3 /b&/6
129
Fn s 2. fV2 A
u
interfacial velocity
In Figure 43 is reproduced a
20
minations.
to 18.5/Re * .
DWG. 8538
NOT CLASSIFIED
en
ifl
x>
&
3
55
S3
131
Fg h * FB0
3 c -^T
By replacing our drag coefficient by the experimentally determined
expressions as a function of the Reynolds number, it is possible to
express the velocity as an explicit function of the drop diameter over
upper limit of the Reynolds number over the regime to which each law
applies.
Over the viscous regime of flow where Stokes law applies, velocity
can be expressed as a function of sphere diameter by*
132
(f>a.f>)
V-54.5
dK a 0.333 /<
1/3
2/3
,1.6
70.65
/-{0.6
dK =
P
P I 0.715
/. . e
f
0.4
1/3
2/3
7.45
r <r. - f)
Most of the experimental data has been obtained in the turbulent
Over this
V z 1.74
f.
1/2
previous case.
derived.
Thus:
FB0 = Fn*F~
133
V2* k &g
3
over the three regimes of flow and replacing c by its equivalent equation.
The solutions for the viscous regime are:
- 54.5 'jjl
-jcr
(f- ft)
p3 r __i_]V3
dK - 0.333 M'
?(P/a)J
70.65
7.45
I 0.715
/*0.
l_
*K =
/>
1/3
2/3
/*
s 1.74
dg
^&
1/2
turbulent region of flow for the liquid systems used in the experiments.
The results are plotted for the solvents - carbon tetrachloride, benzene,
13^
Thus:
F =Fg * FD ~FB0
The forces are then replaced by their equivalent expressions involving
the dimensions and properties of the fluids. When common terms are
cancelled the following expression results*
g =* -x&mu - a.
___ v*
equivalent value over the three regimes of flow. Over the viscous regime
135
DWG. 8539
NOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
'
FIGURE 44
TrrTft a
^t
Or
m 1
^fi
H20
Fluid
O Experimental
Theoretical
Theoretical corrected
for
drop deformation
1.0
^^00 ~
^r ^m j^v
o
'
|
o
2
0.1
St oket
3_m.
U lW
llevrtc &fl
&
p.
3Ap
o.v
Ik i
Tnl F-rrrtpri 1
0.002
Th
nr^ o5/\3
I eo^ 1
/
0.01
Q i.<=
/
0.01
0.1
0.7
136
DWG. 8540
NOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
VTP7T1 B
/ K
CfH6
Drops
H'O
Fluid
Experimental
Theoretical
1
1
1.0
1
o
o
0.1
g tok< ij ]4B
3d
C = 0,4 L
R< \
r
3 L. 1
I
.01
CCW2
tf 0 13 II
^ w 1)
1
.
01
0. 1
c .7
137
DWG. 89+1
NOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
FIGURE 46
HjO
CC1.
Drops
Fluid
A-
O ExperLnental
Theoretical
1.0
^
*
-p
Ch
5b r
0.1
St oke JLi
Not/+-<<mr,
T.a
sliVfl
ft.*
Re*
,18*5
-> o. 6
Re *
0.01
0.002
0.01
0.1
0.7
DWG.- 85M2
NOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
FIGURE 47
VELOCITY VERSUS DROP DIAMETER FOR
CHLOROFORM DISPERSED IN WATER
ChCl3 Drops
H20
Fluid
0 Experimemtal
Theoretical
i
1.0
i"
I
-p
H
o.i
Law
Stjokea.
<
or
Newt or s
Lais
c ; c ./i/i
y
-
cca
0.002
[6
wj\,
0.01
0.1
0.7
5WG. 85U3
MOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
FIGURE 48
VELOCITY VERSUS DROP DIAMETER FOR
I30PR0PYL ETIiER DISPERSED IN RATER
I.E.
H20
Drops
Fluid
OExperimental
Theoretical
1
1.0
|
I
-p
1
-P
H
'
<_)
o
H
1
1
0.1
st ikes La 17
1
1
1L
Re
I ). 44
1
Int< Ullfi Ua ifl Tn IT |
1
1
tfl 5
C<
Re
1
n.m
C.002
1
0.01
0.1
0.7
1W
DWG. 85HH
NOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
1
1 1 ! 1 1
FIGURE 49
C,H CH
;jOp>
Drops
Fluid
O Experimental
Theoretical
1.0
G&
0.1
terrtol isL va
St fcos TiR tf
8 5
' umm
H&
I J
R
0.01
0.002
3* S
/|
0.01
0.1
0.7
lkl
DWG. 85U5
NOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
FIGURE 50
M.I.K,
Drops
H0
Fluid
O ExperImental
Theoretical
1.0
H
o
o
0.01
0.002
0.01
1^2
ef = - la
(1-f)
d2/fs
18
19.4
MO.6 OO.U
RPs 0f>
Of 5
In
Ps
2 T0.33 g HEMli/2
*P* J
JL
-f -
_d/JSr
9jt21l
Lo
continuous phase.
In neither case is
the time required for acceleration greater than 0.2 seconds. Since the time
I
T"
T"
i
'
-M,
44-i
4-f-H
"j
i
--
-f
F5IGU1RE
.
_x
3C
3
H
T3
*H
^
p.
>
ft
-s
Si;
o J
f|
-
>>
CO
j-
i_JJ
1
1
1_
i
*4
f-
,1
"
JS,__
J913G rapa
-\
'
ATCVDEILRMSOUNFBCAHELNOIZRDM
1|J
I ,
'
\i'
<H
-l
0
r\
P3 o
1 1
". T
11
soipup -
j
o
o
\
\
-^\^
dojQ
::
H
o
1
3
<
- -
DWG. 85116
NOT CLASSIFIED
..-_4..
_x
^ \
\ \
\
\
\ *
\\
^ \
\ \
\ \
o
o
03
1
Eh
the error involved in computing the velocity from the time of fall is less
than 2%
the liquid drops are seen to deform into ellipsoids of revolution around
the major or horizontal axis at diameters which give rise to Reynolds
numbers above 300 to 350,
for the deviation of the experimental results from that predicted for
perfect spheres.
was possible to compute the true projected area in the direction of flow
and also the diameter of the sphere whose volume is equivalent to that
of the actual ellipsoid of revolution photographed.
l!*5
c 4d? j
Tv2 A
Is - P
f>
The results
and
fluid medium.
and many others. The tendency for the velocity of liquid drops
to approach a maximum value and then decrease which was observed here was
also found to take place in the case of gas bubbles rising in liquids.
jsqnmjj sr>xonA,'H
oi
<*
OCT
1^7
turbulence. Miyagi
bubbles are small since the surface tension is sufficient to hold the
increases the force of surface tension decreases while the drag resistance
tends to increase thus flattening the bubbles out into the shape of
oblate spheroids.
19
the relationship between the velocity and the fluid properties. They
expressed the velocity as a function ofs
148
The
APPEHDU D
tended to increase with drop size and resulted in the horizontal axis
approaching a dimension twice the vertical.
tilt and wobble as they moved up or down the column in a spiral path.
18
and
O'Brien and Gosline in the case of air bubbles rising through liquids.
It was felt that extraction is dependent on the hydrodynamics
deformation.
employed experijnentally.
used for dispersing liquids heavier than water was set up over the
lucite tank.
150
The system
V = kif a2 b/3
where a a the major axis
b = the minor axis
c =(a2 -b2)1/2
FIG. 53
po
I?
goo
H
vn
H
z~o
35
FIG. 54
.a
Water (Continuous)
-n -si
ro
HO
FIG.55
P^
C/>
ZJ oo
T^
m
o
vn
oo
ZT)
FIG. 56
r-
CO
5^
rn 0D
o
Water (Continuous)
3> O
CO I
-p-
z-o
OI
FIG. 57
oo
I
00 *
z~o
FIG. 56
pa
5)9
Water (Continuous)
~
?<i..
m
co
H
VJ1
0\
157
A =fd2
Data from several of the photographs were taken and the volume
and surface area of the ellipsoid of revolution and perfect sphere was
computed.
very slight unless the diameter is at least 0.18 inches or greater and
even then is less than 10$ up to a diameter of 0.22 inches which is our
maximum experimental range.
158
TABLE XXI
Figure
No.
Nozzle
53
5*
55
Drop Diameter(Est.)
Inches
Inches
b/a
0.100
0.102
0.110
0.115
O.908
0.883
0.139
0.159
0.158
0.1805
0.88
0.104
0.105
0.150
0.88
0,154
Inches
2 mm. I.D.
57
7 mm. O.D.
5.5 mm. I.D.
0.116
0.229
0.508
0.190
58
8 mm. O.D.
6 mm. I.D.
0.133
0.246
0.538
0.205
TABLE XXII
Sphere
Figure
No.
Nozzle
calc.
Inches
54
0.110
55
57
0.152
0.183
dest
Inches
0.105
0.150
0.190
^sphere
(inches)2
0.0385
0.072
0.105
Aellip.
(inches)2
0.0382
0.0723
0.1146
Error
f 0.5#
- 0.4#
- 8.4#
APPENDIX E
LAWS OF DIFFUSION
Diffusion Coefficients
However, a number
F/W
Where D
- temperature
/* - viscosity
F
- diffusion factor
160
Thus F is expressed as
concentration.
The
TABLE XXIII
Solvent
Temp.
Ib.moles/cu.ft.
C.
F x 10"7
25
25
1.0
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.7
2.56
1.0
18
2.17
2.4
0.61
34.7
1.79
O.94
20.4
I.67
I.58
Water
0.01
Benzene
0.01
0.01
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Di x 10T
in.2/sec.
Isopropyl Ether
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
0.01
25
25
25
25
Toluene
0.01
25
0.01
0.01
'cp.
2.4
0.606
31.6
2.4
0.349
2.4
0.559
2.17
0.561
54.8
34.2
37.8
molecules
1
1
1.71
o\
162
In explaining
across this film the rate of travel of both single molecules and
Hence, the
is used.
one of liquid molecules sliding past each other and thus jumping from
one hole to another.
163
interface the water does not accept them, since incompatible forces
exist.
This mechanism is
the ion-dipole attraction which exists between water and solutes such
If one
analysis.
pend largely upon the evaluation of the diffusion coefficient and proper
allowances for interference mechanisms such as the ion-dipole attraction
164
geometrical shapes.
j&2 =kv2c
where
- concentration
- diffusivity
".
- time
y* - Laplacian operator
We can obtain a solution of this diffusion equation applicable
2 =D, 32C
39
|r2
Thus:
165
The selection of the above initial and boundary conditions
Hence, if the
au =D,
^2U
39
T7
By assuming a solution of the form TT -6 T the variables can be
separated and a general solution is obtained.
_ /t 2
U =A e
e r
Df* 4 sin^r)
coa
U = Cr = - 2 cf ro
^-
L_2jTe
n
* f rJ2
/ 3C
o Di .
,r 1d9
ro
respect to r and substituted Into the mass transfer equation above. The
166
:*L'~'W*
IT
This
Cr =__
. /nCJ 2 De
stripping solute from the continuous phase the boundary conditions are
somewhat different.
Thus in the
is 2500 mis.
167
Hence this, combined with the preferential solubility of acetic
Finally the
For values of DjL9/r02 greater than 0.10 the first term of the series
becomes controlling and considerable simplification in the result is
possible.
If the
this expression, the result can be expressed in terms of the overall mass
transfer coefficient as follows:
168
*o = JL *
11 -
n = 1
_h
n^
rs
r
Ko =JL.
[ 0.5008
* 9.89 D^
2
ro
In order to simplify computations using these latter two expressions,
diffusion coefficient.
It is however
169
0.f
0.96
^
i
0.92
'8?0000
0.0004
0.0007
0.1
~li
'
FIJURE
69
he _ l/o. , 2fccl
ST^If?8 + r5?J
Boundary and Initial Condition, ar.i
0.91
Ort
- 0
C * C | 0<r<r
8.0
wh.r. C m oono.ntr.tion
tli.
Solution
Cj
TT y
nSl
oa
o.s
0.2
i2i
0.4
0.5
0.8
U2:
171
DW3- 8550
NOT CLASSIFIED
10.0
1.0
,/
FIGURE 61
SOUJTIOH OF FICK'S
LAW OF
-If
Boundary and Initial Condition* ar.t
Elth.n
0 0
On
0 0
0.1
wh.r. C
oono.ntratlon
^^
tlm.
Solution
_,
u. ff_. i. |n
Cr
-
i
1
Si--GST*
n s 1
J
.01
.0001
.001
.01
.1
D.e
1.0
172
Thus the
conceivably cause a laminar vortex within the drop, whose shape would
resemble that of a doughnut without a center hole.
the drop would hence flow opposite to the direction of fall on the
The
"9c = Dj
32C
"&0
ar2
* J^_
r
3C
a r
for
r - r0
and 9 > 0
C = Cf for 0 r < r0
and 9=0
173
=^
n = i
x
r
rQ
C=2Cf 3>
Rn JX vBn)
J0 ^ - )e
-si
rO
using the boundary equation and the solution above is equated to the
equation for the amount of solute transferred based on overall measure
ments.
$'* ^
- ,
.2
i? e &' -e
Di
order bessel equation. Values of Cr/Cf were then computed for a range
174
flow layers does not explain the rate of mass transfer observed.
does not however mean that vortex formation could not take place
within the drop.
This
0.0< 1
FIGURE 82
* *!&**#]
B.undary and Initial Condition* ar.i
0.0 t
C - oono.ntratlon
radius
tlia.
Solution
0.00
0.1
o.t
0.1
D,9
0.4
0.5
9.6
x/o
l.<
0.9
0.8
UJ
u_
CM CO
lO CO A r,
to <t 0.7
Cijraz
0.6
0,5
Sr
Cf
0.4
FIGURE 63
.3
H-l
0.00
0.02
G06
0.04
'--.(V.
0.10
DWG. 8553
NOT CLASSIFIED
1.0
FI3URS 64
vhara
oonoantratlon
radlu.
Urn.
Solution
-i
1
It - u
Cr
n
Rn = root.
0.01
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
s?
if J0(x) =o
1.0
10.0
APPENDIX F
T?TTM flflMflEPTg
This type of
correlation has been applied with success to situations in which the flow
of fluid is in the form of films or fills annuli and pipes.
In the case
of the liquid drop system however, we are dealing with a fluid with a
closed boundary in contrast to these other cases* Ihen the boundary
is stationary, as in the viscous flow regime, the liquid drop is
spherical and the fluid inside is stationary or at least in viscous
motion*
There are two means by which a turbulent core with an outer film
can be visualized for a fluid drop.
179
zero concentration common terms of the driving force and mass transfer
expressions cancel.
*s s ka =
aa f
AH
Cr
In the
When this is
K: JLiL In St
6 H
Cr
l8o
area for free-fall of the drops, it was necessary to separate the mass
transfer due to end effects from that of free-fall*
To do this it was
H= 6~k ^ lr =(constant) ^ H
By using the same nozzle in each column height run for a particular
system the drop diameter, d, can certainly be maintained constant and
hence V will be a constant.
used in the experiments, varied less than 5% from zero column height
up to the maximum height of 5 feet.
ln(Cf/Gr) as constants*
181
Figure 14. in comparing the results of the various systems for a drop
diameter of approximately 0.15 inches.
In(Cf/Gr
J H-H
Hence s
(Cf/Gr)
= (Cf/Cr)
free-fall
/ (Cf/Cr)
overall
end-effect
It is extremely
Drop diameter
was used for convenience as a key variable rather than Beynolds number,
although the latter approach does simplify analysis.
182
Thus;
\a /
\b / p. 9\c
V I.T.
The
In series J in which
interfacial tension was varied the only changes observed in the extraction
coefficient were believed to be a result of changes in the shape of the
drop and not a result of surface forces acting on the individual
diffusing solute molecules.
183
S f fdV|
pDi
This same relation is obtained from analogy to heat and mass transfer
^T
Gilliland and Sherwood ^ and Fallah, Hunter and Nash12 correlated data
on wetted-wall column experiments by means of this relation.
The value
However,
lBk
The
0.8 /
H?
\ 0.U
ft
\0.8
&
A comparison between the predicted results from this equation and those
obtained experimentally are shown in Table V.
in the body of this paper and therefore will not be discussed further
here*
Similarly,
the omission of the term 2r/dc is valid since our drops are small relative
to the column diameter and hence wall effects are negligible*
185
5_,
lnlow Di
_ O.35 V2.4 2 d1.87
5
B 4.6, x 10
/u? I.T.1'87
where KQ ? overall mass transfer coefficient, ft./hr.
p - density, grs./cc.
/4 - viscosity, cp.
I.T.a Interfacial tension, I.T.
APPENDIX a
noted.
In
addition the inside and outside diameter of the nozzle was measured.
After the nozzle was fastened in place, the height (h) from the
nozzle to the interface was measured.
extended in many experiments the length of the column, the volume used
This assumption
187
located near the feed tank and the dispersed phase temperature (Td)
was read on this instrument.
The time
drop to fall from the nozzle to the interface was clocked with a
stopwatch. This was recorded on the data sheets as 6t. Finally the
rate at which the drops form was determined by a stopwatch and
reoorded as 0f.
Water being
expendable the column was drained and refilled after each run with
run 50 ml. samples were removed from the bottom and top tits by
means of 50 ml. volumetric flasks.
188
feed tank using a 50 ml. volumetric flask and transferred to a 250 ml.
erlenmeyer flask.
being used for the feed stream sufficient water had to be added to
the erlenmeyers to extract the acetic acid.
film theory using the overall mass transfer coefficient based on the
dispersed phase.
ZoA In AC
= L (Cf - Cr)
In Cf " T*
Cr* - Cb*
189
Since both the distribution ratio (K*) and the top and bottom sample
concentrations are small, the above equation can be simplified by
This introduces a
Thus, our
KQ = _L_ in Cf
r
area.
The number of drops formed per hour or drop rate (D) was
computed by
If d.3
D G = 50
where
d
G
=
=
A = D Gt ^d2
L = TTd3
where t
190
In order to
The time of
the velocity.
K0 = 4
*_
In 2L
Cr
transfer coefficient for series A runs, but due to the time involved
was not employed in correlating subsequent results.
means of a rotameter which was later calibrated to give flow rates for
rotameter readings. The Reynolds number was computed for both the drop
diameter (Re)d and the column diameter (Re)c. In series H runs, the
191
Sample Calculation
- A
Nozzle
Capillary tube
5 mm.
Jacket temperature (T ) - 21 C.
Total experiment time (G)
Dispersed phase thru-put
- 2224 seconds
- 50 mis..
- 8.75 seconds
- k ft. H
inches
- 8k mis. - 0.1028 N.
sodium
hydroxide.
- k2 mis. - 0.1028 N.
sodium
hydroxide.
Initial column concentration - 0 mis. - 0.1028 N. sodium
hydroxide.
192
Drop size:
d -
Concentrati ons
Feed
Cf =
(84)
(0.1028)
= 0.01075 lb.moles/cu.ft.
802.5
Eroduct
Cr =
(42)
(0.1028)
= 0.00538 lb.molee/cu.ft.
802.5
Bottom column
sample
Cb =
(1.2) (0.1028)
8023
= 0.000154 lb.moles/cu.ft.
(1.4)
= 0.00018 lb.moles/cu.ft.
Top column
sample
(0.1028)
802T5
Logarithmic mean driving force
L ,(g0) (3690)
(28,320) C2224)
. 0.00286 cu.ft./hr.
Interfacial area
A = /J25 \
\11.3)
193
K0 = (O'ggg)tO-Ogg)-I -0.417
0.417 lb,moles/hr. ft,2
10.00777) (0.00475)
lb. -oiai/a-ft.
lb. moles/cu.ft.
Column Height
H = 4.917 feet
Velocity
19*
TABLE 71
Temperature 25C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
W
0.0156
0.260
O.O623
0.124?
0.187
0.249
0.725
0.770
0.795
O.388
cc/<Tr
0.060
0.106
0.172
0.243
0.313
Temperature 21C.
Concentration of Acetic Add
Distribution Coefficient
CC
0.00873
0.00798
0.00192
0.000198
0.000299
0.000150
0.000037k
0.0000311
cw
i - cc/cw
0.21
0.0416
0.232
0.0973
0.023
0.0327
0.0124
0.03*3
0.0198
O.OO855
0.00345
O.OOI85
0.0108
0.0168
0.00913
0.0121
.U95
TABU 71 (COBT'D)
Temperature 25C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Lb. Moles/Cu.
Ft.
CC
O.OOOO588
0.00456
0.00162
0.00441
0.00884
o.o64
0.116
0.168
0.223
0.0133
0.0228
0.0463
O.0832
0.106
Distribution Coefficient
0.308
0.483
0.637
0.694
r - Cc/C*
0.0129
0.0253
0.0382
O.O526
0.0595
0.07*
0.0962
0.1305
0.153
Temperature 25C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
cc
c,,
v cc/cjr
0.0187
0.312
0.06
0.0312
0.416
0.075
0.0499
O.0603
0.52
0.623
O.096
O.0967
0.125
0.728
0.172
0.262
0.792
0.33
Definition:
19$
TABLE 711
Temperature 20C.
Concentration f Acetic Acid
Mitributioa. Ceeffleiemt
Lb Moles/Cu. Ft.
r - cc/cir
Cc
0.0*16
0.**1
0.227
0.0971
0.0183
0.00735
0.00196
0.000623
0.032*
0.0201
0.000997
0.007*7
0.0125
0.0133
0.000112
0,0286
0.000137
0.00392
0.00226
0.0605
0.000112
0.00112
0.10
QoQuq^q
TABU Tin
Temperature 22 C.
M
5.7
10.5
19.1
22.9
Holes/
Distribution Coefficient
Cu. Ft.
W
9**3
15o9
26.7
31.3
25.6
33.6
2?
35.1
1 - V<fc
1.65
1.51
1.*
1.37
1.31
1.3
197
Data determined
W. S. Farmer.
Temperature 21 C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
CM
X mCff/Cji
0.0069
0.0052
0.00352
0.00178
0.000623
0.000*36
0.000262
0.0377
0.01*
2.11
2,11
'0.011
2.07
0.0073
0,00377
0.00155
0.000935
0.000511
2.11
2.*8
2.1*
lo95
1.1*
0.069*
Temperature 25C.
Conseatratioa f Acetic Acli.
Distribution Coefficient
. %
2.96
X^Cy/Cg
1.9
12,2
1.65
14.4
20.5
21.5
27.2
1.5
25.6
3*.l
1.33
1.33
27.9
36
I.29
Definitions
198
TABLE IX
Ketone
*
1.55
3.7
10.5
Ketone Layer
Water Layer
Water
Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid
98.*5
76.8
17.*
57.5
48.4
26.0
39.6
37.6
51.6
29.1
19.2
66.4
8l,6
97.9
12.0
1.87
8.9
19.5
32.0
3*.2
3*.*
33.3
29.2
21.6
11.9
6.5
2.12
2.85
17.3
2*.6
11.7
20.5
26.2
30.8
33.6
32.8
3*.6
TABLE X
Temperature 15 - l6C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
00.0000262
X - Cw/Pb
0.16*
1*.3
23.8
0.07*1
0.01*1
0.0068
0.00209
55.1
60.7*
80.1
199
TABLE X (COHT'D)
Temperature 25C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
<Hf
K-Ow/Cb
0.0679
0.47
6.93
0.046
0.38
8.26
0.0382
0.339
8.87
0.0302
0.295
9.76
0.0160
o.oi4o
0.205
0.185
12.9
13.3
O.OO985
0.162
16.4
0.00633
0.00*45
0.00276
0.116
0.0942
0.0715
18.3
21.2
25.9
0.00103
0.000779
0.0395
0.0331
38.4
*2.5
0.1938
0.693
3.58
0.168
0.675
*.02
0.091
0.5*1
5^
Temperature 21C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
0.0288
0.392
0.203
0.0156
0.00349
0.00134
0.000499
0.00007*8
0.000037*
0.0000187
0.0878
0.0*67
0.02*5
0.00*61
0.002
0.0012*
* Cw/Cb
13.6
13.0
25.1
35
49.1
61.6
53.3
66
200.
TABLE I (COBT'D)
Distribution Coefficient
I-Cy/Cj
"B
0.052
0.10*
0.208
0.312
0.*l6
0.00135
0.00*3*
0.0161
0.0315
0.0515
38.5
24
12.9
9.9
8.08
Temperature
0C.
Distribution Coefficient
I-Cw/Cj
B
0.000241
0.000705
0.00259
0.0195
82.6
0,0383
5*.*
33.*
0.00669
0.0868
0.153
0.0159
0.249
15.6
0.0283
0.0472
0.352
12.5
0.453
0.0795
0.153
0.608
0.733
9.6
7.63
*.77
0.796
0.736
1.83
00.254
0.401
23.0
3.13
Temperature 25 C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
Lb. Moles/Cu.Ft.
B
0.00124
0.00177
0.0026
cw
K = Cy/CB
0.0*83
0.0625
39.0
35.3
0.079
30.*
201
TABL1 X (COBT'D)
Distribution Oooffioiemt
X-Q.-/C,
0.00825
0.017*
0.0295
0.0513
0.0725
0,0932
0,303
0.381
O.I65
20.0
0.252
0.353
1*.*
0**02
0.559
O063I
0.761
0.695
9.k
12.0
7.71
2.51
1.82
Temperate 60C.
Concentration of Acetic Aeld
Lb. Moles/Cu.
B
0.00215
0.00*12
0.0578
0,0885
O.CO766
0.H6
0.207
0.0188
0.0236
0.033
0.033
0.0513
Distribution Coefficient
Ft.
0.2*5
0.23*
0.296
Oo*
S-Os/Cb
26.6
21.5
15.1
11.0
10.*
8.96
8.96
7.70
0.0837
0.5*3
0.152
6M
0.67
0.728
*.*o
2.8*
2.0*
O.256
0.35*
0.725
Definitions
202
TABLE XI
Acetic Acid
Water
0.46
3.10
5.20
8.7
16.3
99.5
0.02
9.*
96.75
9*.6
0.15
0.25
0.*2
28.2
37.7
90.9
82.9
67.*
39.6
30.5
52.5
Water Layer
Benzene
Acetic Acid
48.3
2.13
61.4
66.0
7.60
52.8
0.79
0.18
0.53
0.84
1.82
6.1
13.8
39.6
TABLE XII
Temperature 20 C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
CC
0.0546
0.259
0.0233
0.00735
0.00302
0.00118
0.000157
0.00191
0.147
0.0698
cw/cc
*.7*
6.3
0.0399
9.5
13.2
0.021
17.8
0.005*8
35
15.1
0.03
Water
i
90.42
71.3
61.5
*9.9
32.5
20.2
7.6
203
Data from Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Bovember, 1936, page 1357
Results of 7artesslan and Fenske
Temperature 18 C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
cc
0.208
i-V^e
0.0615
o.*3
0.*l6
0.208
0.52
1.21
0.63
o.*i6
0.66
2.0
3.38
Temperature 25C .
e
c
CL
w
0.000925
0.00325
0.0062
0.0208
22.5
0.0*15
12.85
0.062*
0.0101
10.05
8.22
7
0.01485
O.0831
o;io*
0,0206
0.053
0.12*8
0.208
0.106
0.159
0.312
0.228
0.4l
o.*i6
0.52
0.5*3
6.05
3.92
2.9*
2.62
2.28
1.325
Temperature 20C.
0.00012*7
0.0002*9
0.0003735
0.000*98
0.000623
0.000748
0.001247
0.00249
0.003735
0.00498
0.00623
0.00*51
36.2
0.00777
0.01035
31.2
27.7
25.25
23.5
0.01258
0.01*65
0.0165
22.1
0.02315
18.55
0,035
1*.05
o.o**6
0.0527
10.60
0.0603
9.68
11.95
204
Temperature 20WC.
c
cc
0.00748
O.OO872
X Cy
w
0.01247
0.0781
0.831
O.O885
0.0137
0.0935
0.00997
0.0112
Temperature =
8.94
8.36
7.84
7.*3
0.0669
0.073
7.10
6.82
25C
O.OOI87
0.00249
0.0037*
0.00*98
0.00623
0,007*8
0.00872
0.0*61
15.92
1*.36
12,33
0.05*6
IO.98
0.062*
10.02
0.0298
0.0358
9.32
0.0697
0.0765
O.OO997
0.0826
8.77
8.29
0.012
0.09*2
7.86
0.012*7
0.0935
0.0137
0.0985
7.50
7.19
0.01*95
0.0162
0.10*
0.109
6.9*
6.73
0.02*9
0.0*36
0,0623
0.1383
0.19*
0.2365
*.*5
3.8
0.0935
0.299
0.12*7
0.3*9
5.55
3.2
2.8
Temperature 0 c.
cc
Sr
21.44
15.0
O.OOO515
0.01105
0,00162
0.02*3
0.0072
0.0206
0.06*9
0.0559
0.103
0.215
0.135
O.356
0.222
0.484
0.27
O.543
2.02
O.59
1.78
0.331
7.76
5.00
3.32
2.64
2.18
205
Temperature = 50 C.
Cw
qi|'-i
0.000221
0.000735
0.001178
0.0081
0.0287
0.00441
0.0118
16.0
0.01545
0.0567
13.1
7.0
20.0
0.137
0.268
*.77
0,081
0.147
0.405
2.75
3.31
0.2105
0.502
2.38
0.304
0.581
1.92
Definitions
TABLE XIII
MUTUAL SOLUBILITY DATA FOB
Temperature * l8C
Points were taken off of Figure 2 in the above report and a
corresponding triangular diagram prepared.
20$
TABU HV
Temperature = 21C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution. Coefficient
0.0256
o.M>7
15.9
0.0102
0.215
21
0.00312
O.O905
29
0.00118
O.OOOV^
0.000071**
o.oWJo
0.02%7
0.00505
*0.6
521
67.5
0.0000371!0.00002^9
0.00211
0.00131
5*.3
52.6
Temperature 25 C.
Distribution Coefficient
CT
Cy
K - Cy/C,
0.000623
0.00125
O.OO623
0.027^
50
22.7
0.0187
0.131
1^*3
0.0311
0.0^36
0.27
oM
11.5
9.9
0.0623
0.7^
8.37
O.081
1.1
7.35
207
25 C
Distribution Coefficient
CT
X-Cv/Cf
0.0012*
0.003*1
0.05?
o.io*
*2
30.5
0.0118
0,208
17.7
0.0236
0,0388
0,312
0.*l6
13.2
10,7
0.0607
0.52
8.57
0.0868
0.62*
7.2
Definitions
Temperature 25 C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distrioution Coefficient
.Cj
0.0023*
0.006*5
0.012
0.0185
0.0259
0.0353
0.0521
0.0758
0.109
0.157
0.237
0.779
X"Cy/Cf
0.06
25.6
18.3
0,118
0.175
0.231
0.285
1*.6
12.5
1U0
0.339
9.7
0.4*7
0.5*6
8.55
0.6*
0,715
I:
0,76
7.21
>,88
^.51
3.20
0.779
1.0
208
TABLE XV
Distribution Coefficient
ci
Sr
7.08
4.59
12.6
22.7
29.4
X' - Cj/e^
22.8
0.311
16.7
3*.8
0.274
0.362
48.1
O.472
*3.7
0.673
Temperature 20 C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
Cx
*' - Cj/Cw
0.0107
0.0516
0.207
0.00838
0.00549
0.0410
0.0282
0.00271
0.00107
0.013
0.205
0.195
0.208
0.239
0.000536
0.000474
0.0613
0.0055*
0.0027*
0.00237
0.229
0.196
0.2
0.268
209
TABLE XV (COBT'D)
Temperature 20C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
CI
Sf
0.00372
0.02
0.0078
0.0*
0,08
0.0168
0.028
0.0*11
0.12
O.16
Ct/0
I/W
0.186
0.195
0.21
0.233
0.257
Temperature 20C.
Concentration of Acetic Acid
Distribution Coefficient
Cl
0.0008*7
0.000873
0.00158
0.003*9
0.0036
0.007*
0.00891
Cw
0.00*56
0.00489
0.00904
*' Bci/gw
0.185
0.178
0.0189
0.177
0.188
0.190
0.0375
0.196
0.0431
0.206
0.01*3
0.055*
0.069
0.207
0.0175
0.0203
0.0847
0.0891
0.206
0.228
0.02*9
0.112
0.222
0,0*2
0.173
0.2*2
0.0108
0.0186
0.196
210.
TABLE Xfl
Temperature 23-24C.
Mutual Solubility Data
Acetic Acid
Water
50.3
36.8
45.1
31.05
16.7
48.4
48.1
13.25
41.85
*7.3
37.6
3.5
Acetic Acid
9.*
23.8
3*.9
38.6
IO.85
58.8
21.9
6.1
16.1
16.75
33.5
30.2
39.0
46.3
Temperature 25C.
Distribution Coefficient
0.0000249
C
w
X . Cw/Cc
0.00797
0.00080*
0.00229
0.00559
0.0131
0.0277
0.0176
0.0**7
0,06**
0.0953
0.13
0.18
0.26
0.323
2.53
1.48
1.28
1.18
1.19
1.24
0.4*7
1.20
0.000151
0.000547
0.0023
0.102
0.153
0,219
0.26
0.37
13.0
TABLE X7II
Water Layer
Acetic Aoid
31.5
15.1
10.2
5.68
3,*8
42.1
211
Solubility
0.62
2,0
Benzene12c
2d
0.18
0,05
0.08
0.90
Toluene*
Carbon Tetrachloride2*
Isopropyl Ether1
olubility
grs<
,2b
0.15
2.2
Benzene|c
Toluene*
00 mis. of solvent
2a
Carbon Tetrachloride'
Isopropyl Etaer^
0.06
0.05
0.016
0.57
Data froms
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<* Mg s j* pa.* pa _.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
vg irst so t*-sp
e.ooooo.o.
o.o.oooo.ooo*
r|p)HHHHriririHrlW*WriHHriOoSl
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
fl
B
H
F-F-sosososS f-eo
rlHrirlHHHOIOiWW ;
D<S
t e es so f- e-'co
ooooooooo<g)$)4Sl6oooo<j)
ooooooooooo
tf a! sfl el d *J ti <f *P P P P P P
II
nmn
f
HI OJ on-d- ms e-co Os O H
212
TABLE XXIV
(COBT'D)
SEBIES A
-* .
Exp.
1-A
2-
cu.ft./hr.
0.00286
0.00273
sq..ft.
0.00*7
0.00*57
3*-
0.0029*
0.00*88
0.00*8*
5678=
9~
0.00*93
0.00*69
0.00637
0.00596
O.OO623
0.0065
0.00652
0.00635
0.00769
0.00726
10=
0.01*6
0.01505
0.0197
11=
12=
13-
1*=
15=
161718=
19=
20=
21=
22=
23"
0,0179
0.0207
0.0231
0.007*3
0.00688
0.0106
0,01
0.00178
0,00161
0,0233
0o0231
0.007*2
0.013*
0.01*8
0.01516
0.01392
0.01*68
0.01652
0.00856
0.01176
0.01092
0.0106
0.003888
0.0036
0.0178
0.017*
w
lb.moles/cu.ft.
*d
oc
0.00015*
0.00018
0.0001*1
0.0001*1
0.00015*
0.00015*
0,00015*
O.OOOI92
0.000155
0.000155
0.00017*
0.000083*
0,0001*3
0.000179
0.000179
0.0001665
0.000165
0.000165
0.0001525
31
31
0.000165
26
0.0001505
0.000225
0.000225
22.5
26
29
ro
<F
to
JO
CF
mmm
O9O.00...00..OO0O0..0..
mmm
cue
qss
.* m
.
t mo
>
OOOOOOOOOOO
OJ
OJ OJ oj
$2
9-i^?rt,,fi'
mmm-a--**.* pa.
co co CO e co co 0 ) ao NO 0 t-1>-1~-tflOCO000 Os*s>O
OJ
%K<
JS>* !S?S
OOOOOOOOO O
OOOOOOOOOOO*
**2:
t-irlrit-lt-lririt-ii-i
oj paj* ms eco on o
21*
TABLE XXV
SERIES B
Exp.
Nozzle
Inches
ft./hr.
1-B
7mm.
7uau
7mm.
7mm.
7ma.
7mm.
7m.
0.1*7
2-
3*567-
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
0.1*5
O.275
O.272
0.286
0.322
0.1*7
0.326
0.151
0.1*8
0.329
0.335
0.151
0.151
ft./sec.
cu.ft./hr.
0.593
0.593
0.593
0.593
0.593
0.593
0.593
O.OO8O*
0.0157
0.0106
0.00*8
0.00591
O.OO56
0.00675
O.OO627
0.00688
0.00307
0.003**
sq.ft.
0.00917
0.0171
0.011*
Cf
Cb
lb.moles/cu.ft.
O.OIO65
.OIO65
O.OIO65
0.01065
O.OIO65
O.OIO65
O.OIO65
0.0077*
0.00791
0.00787
0.00733
0.00735
0.007*3
0.00736
Extraction
ft.
27.3
*.897
*.897
*.897
*.9l6
*.9l6
*.9l6
*.9l6
25.7
26.2
31.2
31.0
30.2
31.3
Cv
*c
*a
6f
lb.moles/cu.ft.
sec.
0.000125
0.60015
0.09015
0.000125
21.5
21
22
21.5
0.000113
22
O.OOOI63
0.0001*7
22
21
2*.5
26.5
0.*2*
0.2*
27
31
32
26
0.36
22
0.68
O.58
0.60
1.16
ro
H
SJl
TABLE XXVI
SEBIES C
Drop Diameter
Exp.
Bozzle
Inches
1=C
2=
7b,
7mm.
7*m.
7mm.
0,1*8
0,15
3*-
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
ft./hr.
O.265
0.1*9
0.232
0.337
0.151
0.3*7
cf
cr
J X> o / SC o
0.596
6.596
6.596
6.596
Extraction
0.0107
0*6167
0.00776
0.00767
28.3
6.0167
0.66737
31.1
0.0107
O.OO72*
32.3
lb.moles/cu.ft.
^w
27,5
Ft.
*.9l6
*.9l6
*.9l6
*.9l6
iC
*d
ScCS 0
0.*8
6.*2
6.*1*
0.*2
cu.ft./hr.
sq.ofto
0.00733
0.0082
0.00015
21
22
O.OO87
0.00875
0.00891
O.OO965
O.OO965
0.6601*72
0.0001*72
21
22
25
29
0.00975
0.0001595
22
30
lb.moles/cu.ft.
ro
H
OS
TABLE XXVII
SEBIES D
IMj
Sozzl*
1I
7i
a-
3-
7*
7
*5-
7a
7a
6=
7a
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
laches
ft./hr.
fcu.ft.
0.149
0.361
0.38*
O.OIO85
0.01085
0.1*9
0.**
0.15
0.**3
0.0108
0.0106
0.1*9
0.32
0.15
0.*21
0.
ftc/sOCe
eUafte/hTc
0.597
0.597
0.597
0.597
0.597
0.597
0.00726
0.00775
0.00721
0.0078*
0.00735
0.00806
0.O1035
0.00977
Extraction
0.00717
O.CO7O*
0.00653
0.00661
0.0072
O.OO616
36.9
*.959
*.959
*.959
*.959
*.959
*.959
wf
33.9
35.1
39.5
37.7
30.5
l jT*&c
0.00837
0.00872
0.0001*77
0.0001*77
0.00818
0.0062*6
0.00015
O.OOOI5
0.0087
0.00837
0.00885
E
iTtd
0.00015
26<
33.
h6
35
25o5
28.5
29
30
31
25
36<
29
0.*63
0oH6
0,*9
0.1*68
0.*8
ro
-1
TABLE ZZ7III
SERIES E
Drop Diameter
Exp<
1-1
2-
34-
Xoszle
7aw
7a.
7mm.
7a.
0.152
0.652
0.1495
0.61
0.0105
0.01035
0.16%
0.164
0.94
0.0102
1.03
0.00997
0.0071^
0.00766
O.OO785
0.00837
32
26
23
16
3.75
3.o4
1.917
0.833
*d
lb.moles/cu.ft.
sees.
24
23.5
23.5
23
0.52
0.40
0.48
cp.ft./br.
sq. ft.
0.595
0.575
0.59
0.00722
0,0001745
22
0.000312
0.000312
21
0.0119
0.0058
0.00498
0.00477
0.417
0.0101
Oo00244
0.000349
20
O.OO695
Lb.Baoles/Qm.ft.
lashes
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
21
0.541
CP
TABLE XXIX
SERIES F
Drop Diameter
inches
Nozzle
F=l
F=2
F=3
F~4
F~5
F-6
7
7
7
7
7
#7
mm
bub
ma
ma
ma
ma
Cap.
Cap,
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
0.15
0,151
0.152
0.155
0.157
0.153
Extraction
31
35.2
40.2
40,2
43.7
96.7
fjrti
4.875
4.*75
4.875
4.875
4**75
4.875
0.61
0.61
0.633
0.633
0.65
0.56
0.000137
0.000187
0.00625
0.00339
0.0000996
0.000214
0.0000685
0.0000435
0.0000249
0.0005*5
0,0000622
0.0000324
0.00724
0.005
0.507
0.004.34.
0.519
0.00187
0.00259
0.00112
0.596
0,000686
0.000386
2o95
0,0565
0.00193
Tc
cu.lt./hr.
sa.ft,
OC
.2m.
Jk.
seconds
19
24
25
25
8.0
8.0
0.385
fWFfiP-
0.00878
0.0105
0.00772
0.349
0,00749
0.0075
0.0076
0.00827
0.00884
0.00878
0,00797
0.00795
0.00775
0,0082
0.00852
0.0101
17
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17,5
0.00146
0.000523
0.0161
22.5
21.5
26
26
27
0.000112
0,00448
28
28
28
7,7
7,7
7,5
8.7
seconds
0.492
0.5
0.5
0.492
0.472
0.44
-.T~r-.-**.,. -J-^-w,iMmf*<iMj
NOTEg *
H
so
TABLE SEX
SERIES G
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
ACETIC ACID (JUSSWOm)
WATER (CONTIKUC
cf
Drop Diameter
iachfs
0.146
0=1
Cap0
0.147
0ol50
0.149
0.349
O.U9f
G~4
7
7
7
7
S=5
&=7
mm
mm
mm
mm
Capo
Cap*
Capo
Capo
_fto/hyc
0.01051
0.01051
Oo01051
Oo01051
Oo01051
Oo01051
Oo01051
0o347
Oo350
0o362
0o382
0.394
0o37
0o368
0,15
ca
Oo00748
0.00743
0.00723
Oo00713
0oS0f2
OoOOiBS
Oo0OOO74B
0.0000249
0o00i?5
0.0087
0.0000187
0.000S187
0o007l6
0o00735
0.00873
0.00883
0o00892
0.0000245
0.0000245
0.000147
0.00748
gg
0.00766
0.6669
t>067!2
6o00722
6o60669
0.6667
6,06697
0.66681
to004*
30
661
a0704
100
6066746
193
199
147
52,7
657
633
630
627
668
0,0
690
6.66653
0.66676
6.60635
18
18
18
18
18
18
>5
.5
.5
.5
>5
.5
,5
.see,8.,
27,5
7.1
26
26
27o6
7*2
28
7.6
7.6
25=5
26
25
28o5
27.5
27.5
27
-Be!
26.5
27
Ct
Lno^Cc
lb Qmoles/cu.ftp
7.5
7,2
7.0
0.48
0,4t
0.50
0< 54
Oc 532
Oc 52
0< 54
to
9=5
36.2
59.4
61
44.2
16.25
% Extraction
28o9
29.3
31,2
& o &
3108
30
28.9
fto
433
4.33
4.33
4 33
4o33
4o33
4.33
0.61
0.63
0.624
0.625
0o6l8
0.616
0.619
E20 Velocity
fto/seeo
0.0084
0*0276
0.0535
0.0552
0.0467
O.OL46
0.0
ro
ro
TABLE XXXI
SBBIXS B
H3EBACT10B VERSUS SOBHBI BXBROXXB]S COBCEBiBATIOB IB C0BT3SWOBS PBASB
J*?
1-1
B=2
B=3
B=*
B-5
1-6
Inches
7Cap.
7 Cap.
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
O.W5
0.1*9
0,*3
7
7
7
7
mm
a*
mm
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cr
lb.moles/eraLoi %o
ft./hr.
Boxzle
O.387
*
0.*6
Ln, &C,
0.0
0.0
0.0105
0.010*
0.0105
0.006*
0.0
0.0
0.0105
0,0105
0,0065
0.0086
0.00825
0.008*3
0.008*5
0.00666
Free NaOE
Column at Start
lb. moles/cu. ft
0.00010*
CB
Top at end
Bottom at end
lb.
0.00010*
0.00005
0.00010*
0.0
0.066083
0.0
moles/cu.Tve
Extraction
0.0
0.0
0.00012
35.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.000033
0.000125
0.00026
38
O.OOO63
0.00063
0.00063
0.000518
0.00063
0.000518
0.0
0.000112
0.0
0.000112
37.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0001 25
0,0002*9
36.6
^c
cu.ft./bx.
so., ft.
0,00792
0.00822
O0OO908
O0OO9O*
0.00831
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
22.5
ft.
ft./see .
*.875
*.875
*.875
*.o75
*,875
*.75
0.61
0.59
0.61
O.633
0^633
O.633
O.OO778
0.00697
0.0075
0,0068
Oo00713
0,00766
0.00727
23.0
23.0
16.0
17.0
20.0
*A
c
25
26,0
26,0
8.0
8.25
Of
seconds
0.1*6
0,**8
0,*72
0,53
22.5
8.0
7.7
7.7
21
7.8
6,52
21
t
seconds
0.0
0,*93
Negligible transfer
ro
ro
TABLE XXXII
SEBIES J
EXTRACTION V SBSUS JJTERFACIAL TEBSIOB
CIIBB0B TETRACHLOBIDE=ACETIC ACID DISPjWSml
WATER (COBTIBUOUS)
EfiRf
j-I""
J=2
J=3
J=*
J=5
j=6
J-7
j~8*
Drop Diameter
Bo2flA
inches
ft./hr.
7 m
7 am
7 as.
7 mm
7 m
T
7 aa
0.15
0.129
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap.
Cap,
Cap,
0,01053
0.01053
O0OIO6
0,0106
0.01Q75
0,01075
0.01075
0.6*5
0.3*2
0.285
0.361
Q-35L.
0.116
O.O965
0.125
0.152
0.0595
0.01075
lb. moles/cu.ft.
I. s
0.0002
j-i
J-2
J-3
J=*
J=5
j-6
J-7
J-8*
0.1)1 by Vol.
0.01% by Volo
0.333% by Vol<
0.1% by Vol.
0o033% by Vole
1*.*
32.3
0.000162
0.0002
*,3
0.000162
2,0
0.000187
8,5
0.000125
0.000162
0.000237
33.2
0,3% by Vol
0.0
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.0
21.5
18.0
22.0
21.0
23.0
23.0
22.5
0,007
0.00915
0.00687
17.5
16.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
,=-
Botes
Tergitol Ho. 7
0,0072*
O.OO89
0.00536
Tergitol Bo. 7
0,00216
T4
0
26.0
27.0
27,0
Tergitol Bo. 7
ft./see.
ft.
cu.ft./hr.
*3.7
*.875
0.625
0.00896
3*.2
28.7
*.8?5
*,875
*,875
*,87?
*,875
*,8?5
*,8?5
0,591
0.OO588
0.625
0,0079
0.0075
0.00286
0.005
5.5
52.3
H
seconds
7.8
8.25
7.8'
9.*
10.3
8.8
8.0
13.3
Tergitol So, *
Tergitol Bo. *
Tergitol B, *
O.OO763
0.00761
Extraction
79*9
5C
20.5
20.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
0.00882
0,00025
OC
0,00757
0,00723
0,000*73
. ft.
0.0093*
0,0085
0.00815
0,00615
Oo00798
0.0086
0.009
32.8
32.8
Te
WettiHK Aaent
0.00593
0,00019
O.O0OI88
0,00015
0.000188
0.000162
0.000162'
Ln. AC.
0.00693
0.00756
0.00526
0,0051*
a,
%
Cose, is loO
Cr
lb.moles/cu.ft.
0.553
0.325
0,313
0.1*5
._7JE.C*P,-, .-.-.
Ct
Of
@0ads
0,*1
0.392
0o*2
0.3*
0,3*
0,*28
0,**
0.15
0.3&9
0,*73
0,55*
0,61
0.357
0.0087
0.00153
TABLE XXXIII
SERIES K
Drop Diameter
Exp..
Bozzle
, ...inches
k-2
6 ma Tube
k~>3
k-4
k-5
5 mm Cap,
7 mm Cap.
6 mm Cap,-*(
k-6
D,D, Tabs
k=7
k=8
f1^./hr.
mmm
Ct
cr
0.182
0.11
1.5
1.22
0.01073
0.0015
0.0108
0,01078
0.000914
o.iyh
0.01078
0.01078
0.01078
0.000178
1.48
1.47
0.698
1.47
1.56
0,01095
7 mm Tube
0.141
0.128
0.0859
0.1975
0.00102
0.00111
.% Extraction
86
90,5
89.8
91.5
98.4
84
91.4
ft.
ft./see*
cti.ft./hr.
4.083
0.34
0.01
4.083
4.0
4.083
3.958
4.083
4.0
0,389
0.00306
0.00623
0.00474
0.367
0.384
0.36
0.333
0.00157
0.014
0.377
0.0063
Cm
a, lbpmolea/euft
sa.ft.
0.0132
0.00592
0.00961
0.00795
0.00404
0.01745
0.00988
I*AG9
0.00469
0.00414
0,0043
0.004
0.00589
0.00494
0,00403
0.00172
0.000934
*c
Td
15
15
15
U
14.5
14.5
14.5
21
21
26.0
25
20.5
20
20
20
20
24
23
24
24
24
IB. mole13/cUefto
0.000287
0.000311
0.000237
0.000249
0.0002055
0.000311
0.000274
0.000262
0.000249
0.000081
0.000423
0.000386
0,000237
0.000237
t
seconds
Of
seconds
12.0
0.66
10.5
10.9
0.468
10.65
11
12.3
10.6
0.492
0.48
0,44
0.6
0.44
NOTEs
*
6.3
1.5
bore
ro
ro
OJ-
TABLE XXXIV
SERIES L
BXTRACTIOH VERSUS COLUMN HEIGHT
Drop Diameter
Exp.
L-l
L-2
L-3
L-*
Ct
inches
ft./hr.
7.3 mm Cap.*
0.138
73 HBi Cap,
7.3 mm Cap.
7.3 Mm Cap.
0.1*1
1.575
1.61
I.885
1.9*
Bozzle
0.139
0.1*9
Extraction
ft.
85.7
3.167
ft./sec.
sq.. ft.
0.309
0.00915
0.00211
1.291
0.0072
lb. moles/cu.ft.
0.000361
0.000*23
0.000798
0.00*73
0.005*2
O.OO69
O.OO878
Tc
1*,3
1*.5
1*.5
1*.5
20.0
20.5
20.0
2Q.0
0.00116
Td
C
2*
2*.5
25.0
25.5
ef
seconds
seconds
8.5
0.*92
7.1
3.75
1.75
0.50
Bote:
cu.ft./hr.
0.00595
0.00339
63.3
36
et
Ln.A C.
0.001535
0.0021 7
0.00*
O.OO69>7
0.3*5
2.5
0.372
0.352
0.5*
0.01078
O.OIO95
0.0109
0.0109
O.OO58
0.0058
0.00639
80.1
CT
Cr
lb. moles/cu.ft.
0.*8
0.*O
1.5
bore.
ro
ro
TART.F. YYYV
Drop Diameter
ta
Nozzle
it
inches
ft./hr.
2JU
by
lb.moles/cu.ft.
M-l
6.5 am Cap.*
0,211
0.0124
0.0108
0,0107
M=2
0.104
0.0172
0.01075
0.01043
% Extraction
ft.
0.933
2.98**
4.083
3.958
ft./seec
0.48
0.435
cu.ft./hr.
0.0234
0.00253
0.01
0.0101
Jc
89f &r
JC
13.5
13.5
19
22.5
0.0188
0.00445
lb.moles/cu.ft<
Ln.^ACo
0.75 xlO-'
8.75 x 10=5
C
22.0
26.5
0.75 x 105
6.23 x 10-5
Ju,
8.5
9.1
0f
seconds
0.44
0.475
NOTEs
1.5 mm bore
** Based on total acid present and not amount extractable for equilibrium.
JO
ro
SJI
TABU XXXVT
SEBIES B
WATER (DISPERSED)
Drop Diameter
**>'
inches
Wozzle
wr
lb.moles/cu,ft.
0.125
H-2
0.0*13
0.038
0.0
0.0
0.01162
0,1825
B-3
0.0973
0.0*02
0.0
0.01**
B-l
Cm
Cj3
0.00953
5.8
3.65
7.78
O.OO985
O.OO998 0.00956
0.0090* 0.008*2
0.0103
Td
22
19
13
27
29
22
13.5
1*
23
cu.ft./hr.
3TXo
ft./sec,
*.0
0.***
0,00*58
O.OO665
0,*3
0,015*
0.00238
0.01575
0.00*8
3c98
3o96
6t
OC
Bote:
0.19*
O.I85
0.178
Barfcractlon *
lb. moles/cu.ft.
0.0105
0.01015
0.00695
Ln, AQ0
seconds
9.0
9.25
9.75
0,*06
so., ft.
Of
seconds
0.*6
0.*28
0.*2
* Based on equilibrium.
ro
ro
o\
TABLE XXXVII
SERIES 0
EXTRAGTION VERSUS DROP DIAMETER
Drop Diameter
Exp.
Nozzle
0=1
6.4 mm Cap.*
inches
ft./hr-
0.00985
0,00985
0,0104
0.00706
0,01
0.0102
0,0102
0.00560
0.00347
0-2
5 mm Cap.
0=3
0.222
0.275
6 mm Cap. D.D. #1
6 am Cap. D.D. #2
6 ma Cap. D.D. #1
0,0813
0.139
0,0816
0.246
0.129
0.294
0-7
0=8
% Extraction
ft*
28.4
34.7
39.8
4.083
4.083
4.028
54
66
41.3
3.917
3.915
3,916
66.4
45.5
3,916
3.916
ft./sec.
0.29
0.257
cu.ft./hr.
0,0105
0,0105
SOofta^
0.371
0.332
0,329
0.308
0.029
0.0257
0,0114
0.22
0.00124
0.0162
0.0122
0.00829
0.00541
0.307
0.226
0.0061
0,00122
0,00435
0.297
0,00788
0.00394
0.0112
0.00516
0,009
Gj
Gb
lbooles/cu.ft.
LnoAC
0.375
0.299
0,327
0.249
0.174
0.16
0-4
0=5
0=6
Gj>
H
lb.moles/ct;loltao
0.00839
0.00804
0.00643
0.00816
0.00932
0,00626
0,00599
0.00353
0.00572
0.0000995
0.00792
0.0000995
0.0064
0.0001*9
0.00786
0.0000747
Td
2a
13
13
13.5
13
13
13
13
13
17.5;
25
29
23
26
29
26
26
25
20
19
19
20
20
18
18
0.000112
0.00623
Tc
0,000125
0,000106
0.000112
seconds
11
12,3
12.25
12.75
17.75
12.75
17.3
13.2
0.00035
0.0002985
0.000324
0.000249
0.000324
0,000274
0.000423
0.000224
Of
seconds
0.58
0.50
0.56
0.50
0.472
O.48
O.4S8
0.527
ro
ro
NOTE?
TABLE XXXVII]
SERIES P
Drop Diameter
Exp.
Nozzle
inches
ft./Br
P-l
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
0.155
0.152
0.36*
P-2
P-3
P-*
P-5
P-6
D.D. Med.
D J). Med.
D.D. Med.
D.D. Med.
D.D, Med.
D.D. Med.
B *
0.158
0.158
O.I56
lb. moles/cu.ft.
0.000037*
O.OOO275
O.OOOOI25
0.000*36
O.OOO67I
0.000361
0.00032*
O.OOOOO623
0.0000*99
O.OOOO623
0.0000873
Note:
0.0003
!t
cr
lb.moles/cu.ft.
O.CO85
0.007**
0.00886
0.00797
0.007
0.00927
0.*88
0.01068
0.01035
0.*19
0. 010*
0.21*
0.00953
0.00706
0.00675
Extraction
ft.
ft./sec
3*.7
2.875
28.6
1.0*2
25.*
0.5*1
I.896
2.*17
0.32
0.307
0.2*6
0.30
32.2
32.1
29.2
Ln. AC.
0.0068
0. 010*2
0. 010*2
0.735
1.025
0.155
3.95
0.33*
0.316
0.00855
O.OO867
0.00808
L
cu.ft./hr.,
0.00837
0.007*9
0.007*7
0.00795
0.00795
O.OO765
*c
C
^d
seconds
13
13
13
13
13
13
20
26
27
25
26
26
26
9.0
20
19
17.5
18
18
3.*
2.2
6.33
7.25
12.5
sq. ft.
0.0098
0.003*3
0.00213
0.00639
0.00731
0.0123
*f
seconds
0.*8
0.5
0.5*
0.5*
0.5*
0.5*
to
ro
00
flKBTEfl ft
Drop Diameter
Exp.
NozziLe
Q=l
0.1273
Q-2
Q-3
Q~4
Q=5
6,4 an Cap.*
0.255
6.4 *a Cap.*
0.245
5 ma Cap.
0.197
0,148
0,116
0,0962
0,0785
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
X
ft./hr.
inches
#1
#2
% Extraction
ft.
48.7
3.917
0.301
0.371
0.00402
0,0307
0.376
0.376
0.336
0.032
0.0176
0,00725
43
27.8
28.9
4U5
48.2
55.7
68.7
NOTEg
4.083
4.042
4.042
4.029
3.918
4.042
3.917
0,307
0.305
0.227
O0OO324
0.00232
0,00128
Ibomole:3/cUoft.
0.0102
0.0102
0.00523
0.0058
0.355
0.307
0.329
0,29
0,01035
0.01035
0.01035
0.01037
0.00748
0.00736
0,293
0,265
0.01037
0.01013
cu.ft./hr.
0.00536
0.00459
1
1
1
0.00598
0.00317
0.0082
0,0265
0,0281
13'
18
18
18
0.0056
0.00883
0.00606
0.00645
0.0000998
0,0000872
0.0000997
0.0000997
0.0000997
0.000125
0.0000872
0.000187
0,0194
0,01185
0.00738
0.00745
0.00777
0.0088
0.008
0.00759
0.00709
so. ft
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
19
19
18
18
15
Ct
CB
0.328
0,655
ft./sec.
Ct
Cr
lb.molesl/cUoft.
seconds
0.000262
0.000212
0.000299
0.00025
0.000287
0.000299
0.000287
0,000449
f
seconds
27
13
0.56
25
25
27
28
29
28
25
11
10,75
10.75
0.587
0,5
O.47
12
0,48
12.75
13.25
17.25
0.416
O.4I6
0.52
ro
ro
so
TABLE XL
SERIES B
""
"
Drop Diameter
Exp.
Bozzle
B-l
B-2
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
B-3
B-*
B-5
E=6
D.D.
D.D.
D.D.
D.D.
D.D.
D.D.
O.I56
Med.
Med.
Med.
Med.
Med,
Med,
0.0000125
0.000007*9
0.3*3
O.36*
0.*78
0.627
I.065
0.153
0,153
0.1*7
Cb
lb. moles/cu,,
0.0000*99
0.00002*9
0.000037*
0.00002*9
0.31
0.157
0.155
Cm
ft.
0.00025
0.000225
0.00025
0.000299
0.000337
O.OOO7I
35.3
31.*
28.7
29.7
28.6
25.3
Ln. A C.
0.01020
0.01020
0.0066
0.00828
0.007
O.OO85*
0.01020
O.OO727
0.00717
0.00732
0.00868
0.0086
0.01020
0.01025
0.01025
ft.
3.5*2
2.833
2.35*
1.875
1.2085
O.583
00087
O.OO885
0.00766
Extraction
ft./hr.
inches
ct
ft ./sec .
0 .328
0.333
.326
0.335
0 .295
0.292
cu.ft./hr .
0.00795
O.OO857
O.OO83
0.00759
0.00802
0.00755
sq. fto
0.01115
0.00937
O.OO77I
O.OO56
0.00*31
O.OO207
Tc
Td
13
13
13
17
27
23
10.8
2*
7.2
0.512
0.1*6*
0.U88
22
5.6
O.508
12
12
12
16
16
17
17
17
21
21
6t
seconds
8.5
ef
seconds
*.l
0.1*88
2.0
0.*56
ro
(JO
TABLE XLI
SERIES S
"
WATER (CONTINUOUS}
Drop Diameter
J*&
S-l
S-2
S=3
S-4
6 ma Tube
S-5
S=6
S-7
,0
,8
,85
,1
0.01075
0.01065
0.01065
446
8.08
0.000337
0.000237
0.00297
0.00025
0.000542
0.000218
0.000732
00276
00337
20
20
16
16
16
17
17
97,9
0.45
93.1
1, ,0
0.364
0, 292
0.292
97,7
97,6
94.8
81.2
Td
0.445
0.445
0.43
0,401
4< 0
4< 0
4. 0
4< 094
4. 083
96.9
0027
0037
00492
A
eu.ft./hro
Xfea.
0.000199
0.0000997
0.0000997
0.000199
0.000112
0.000735
0.0022-
0,00272
0.002
Ct
Ib.aoles/cn.ft.
0.000424
0.000312
0,000349
0.000324
0.000387
0.0000062*
0.0000062*
0.01058
0.01058
0.0106
0.0106
,81
0. 148
0. 143
0, 139
0. 197
0. 144
0. 092
0. 0925
GB
Ln.AC.
inches
Nozzle
OC
seconds
seconds
30
30
24
9.0
9.0
9.3
0.448
22
10.2
0.468
22
9.1
0.452
25
25
2.75
1.0
0.408
0.412
0.47
0.42
0.00783
0.00764
0.00623
0.0177
0.00722
0.00208
0.00205
NOTES
Te
so. ftt
0.0096
0.00965
0.00833
0.0185
0.0091
0.00125
O.OOO446
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
TABLE XLII
SERIES T
Drop Diameter
jfc
T-l
T-2
T-3
T-*
7.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
Nozzle
inches
Cap. (2 mi I.D.)
Cap. (1.5 m I.D.)
0.181
(1.5 am I.D.)
Cap. (1.5 am I.D.)
Cap.
<in
lb.moles/cu.ft.
0.0000312
0.0000312
0.0000125
0.0000375
*.68
0.1**5
0.1**5
*.5
*.93
0.131
*.18
Column Cone.
by Difference
0.0000*98
0.000897
0.0000312
O.OOIIO8
0.001*3
O.OOO985
A
*c
sq. ft.
0.00182
12
12
17
17
17
17
0.00107
0.00259
0.00298
12
12
ut
ft./hr.
lb.moles/cu.ft.
O.OIO65
O.OIO65
O.OIO65
O.OIO65
O.OO569
0.00573
0.00193
0.00793
0.0079
0.0051
0.00112
0.00*2*
Extraction
ft.
^t^/sec.
*6.5
1*6.3
0.333
82
1.021
0.*08
0.0136
0.00768
0.007*7
89.3
1.1*6
0.*23
0.00555
0.277
0.313
0.313
6f
seconds
25
25
25
25
cu.ft./hr.
seconds
1.2
0.*72
1.0
0.*2S
.**
0.**
2*5
3.5
Note: * Sample tits located outside region beiag used for column contact.
ro
00
ro
TABLE XUII
SERIB6 U
CBLOBOFOBM-ACETIC ACIS
iaeM.es
lomsa
Im.
cr
lb.molei /eu.ft.
Cb
Cf
lb.moles/cu.ft.
-<' t
Brop Diameter
ft./ta.
=1
0.127
W~2
0.1695
l.M
U-3'
U=*
0.12
1.01
l.*3
Xffi.A c.
0.0107
0.01078
O.0107S
001*2
0.O0*i2
0.001373
@a0ti*3
0,00*56
0.OO56
0.000312
0.000187
0O022*
0,00027*
OoO029f
0,00022*
0.0002
0.00066
0.0008W
0.000^9
.0032.
.O0036
0C00O673
0,000536
0.0JJ3
0.595
0,0312
#,
0.0825
0,*52
0,199
0,159
1.2
1.02
,003*7
.3*7
0.0t3*7
#.00665
OD0O651
0.00651
0.00653
0.136
1.035
0,00297
'0.00615
0,000112
0.000262
U-9
O.ttl
0.011
,##3*
,06W
O.00112
0.000312
U-10
5.5
,252
0.0057^
=11
6.* mm Cap.
.0032
0.00632
0.02
0,000*5
O.O00O872 ,000l6l
5
u~6
u=7
u=S
Cap.
I
ft.
O.1275
@,1275
0.132
L
ft./sec<
cu.ft./hr.
0.537
0.525
0.0*f*
77.5
*.833
*.33
*.*33
0.5*2
0.09377
68.5
*.75
0.5
68.*
68.*
68,6
73.2
**79
*.33
*.79
*.79
*.33
*.I33
*.833
0.002*
0,001325
0.01525
Extract!*,
86.9
07.2
69A
77
71,2
o.*56
0.508
0.532
55
0.53
0.537
0.537
0.011
0.00*2*
0.00571
O00l*S2
0.00*73
O.0O*7
0.01105
1.0*
0.92
0,0111
0.0111
0.0111
0.111
*c
sq. ft.
@C
seeomds
0.007
0.0121
12
22*
2*
9,0
0.*52
0,0056
.Old*
12
12
12
23
23
25
25
23
9.2
0.9
9.5
0.00339
10
0.01*65
0.009*
11
10
10
26
%6
10.5
9.5
9M
0.5
.**
0,1*6
,835-
0,0073
20
23
23
2*
27,5
9.0
ae.
26
8,7
2f
25
25
9.1
9.0
9.0
O.OO659
0,00675
10
10
25
21.5
0.006*7
10
22
f
seconds
0.56
::?r
0.1*88
0.*72
0,528
ro
TABLE XLIV
SERIES V
t-2
-3
T=4
-5
-6
V-7
-8
V=9
V-10
-11
7 ma Cap. (1 ma I.D.)
7.7 ma Cap. (2 ma I.DJ
7.7 mm Cap. (2 ma I.D.)
7.7 ma Cap. (2 ma I.D.)
7.7 m Cap (2 ma I.D.)
7.7 mm Cap* (2 mm I.D.)
7.7 ma Gap. (2 am I.D.)
7.7 ma Cap. (2 ma I.D.)
7.7 ma Cap. (2 am I.D.)
7.7 ma Cap. (2'ma I.D.)
0,123
ft.
ft./sec.
76.3
3.625
0.51
75.1
3<,667
2..915
2,,0
1,.333
0c.75
0,292
0.565
76.3
71.5
64.5
48.8
37
50
66.5
76
85
1.125
2.5
3.125
4,77
1.25
1,52
0.1415
0.142
0.14
0.141
0.142
O0I4I
0,14
0,14
0.14
0.141
% Extraction
ft./hr
inches
Nozzle
55
526
532
5
522
47
555
521
549
RCTES
1.93
2.33
2.93
3.13
5.77
1.37
1.71
1.66
1,51
Gy
Ct
Ib.aoles /cu.ft.
0.0111
0.00262
0.01087
0.01087
0.01087
0.01087
0,01087
0.01087
0.011
0.01097
0.01097
0.01097
0.00262
0.00257
0.00308
0.00384
0.00556
0.00685
0.00551
0.00366
0.00262
0.00166
cB
ln0AG
CT
lb,moles/cu.ft.
0.00587
0.00586
0.00575
0.00615
0.00675
0.00795
0.00868
0.0116
0.00665
0.00583
0.00493
0.000499
0.000336
0,000473
0.000723
0.000997
0.000673
0.0000125
0,000622
0,000511
0.000399
Tc
mm*_fc.
Ofi
secon as
0,00404
0,00669
0.00697
0.00665
0.00467
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
22,5
19
20
21
22
20
21
23
20
24
19
7.1
0.50
6,5
5.3
3.8
0.46
0,448
0.0067
0,00674
0,00667
0.00673
0.0067
0.00679
0,00668
0.00617
0,00521
0.00362
0.00238
0.00144
0.000535
0.00233
0.0043
0.00582
0.00835
12
11
11
11
0.000025
0.0000063
0o0000063
0,0000063
0.0000063
0.0000063
0.0000063
0.0000188
0.000025
0.000648
0.0002
cu.ft =/hr.
9f
20
22
24
21
21
24
20
20
20
21
22
2.5
1.5
0.56
2.4
4.5
6.0
8.7
seconds
0.448
0.456
0.46
0.452
0.44
0.448
0.44
0.452
ro
00
-r=-
TABLE XLT
SEBIES W
Ln. A C.
inches
ExP'
Bozzle
W-l
Tube D. D. Large
0.153
1.06
0.01023 O.OO89
0.00952
0.0090*
0.00906
0.00936
W=2
Tube D. D. Medium
0.0973
1.17
0.01023
0.00793
W-3
W-*
W-5
W-6
W-7
0.106
0.117
0.1*
0.102
0.195
1.275
1.1
0.965
1.37
0.865
0.0103
0.0103
0.0103
0,0103
0.01037
0.00809
0.00853
0.00885
0.00787
0.00937
W-8
7 mm O.D., 5 ma I.D.
W-9
8 mm O.D,, 6 mm I.D.
Extraction
13
22.5
21.5
17.2
i*a
23.6
9.6*
11.3
10.3
0.21
0.22*
I.05
0.9**
A
B
ft.
o.*ii
0.*11
0.0078
0.*38
0.*27
0.*17
0.*27
0.00206
O.OO266
0.*16
0**16
0.*6
0.*l6
0.00355
0.**3
0.*685
0.385
0.*l6
0.01037
0.01037
0.378
O.OO609
0.*06
0.0021*6
0.018
0.020*
0,391
0.32
0.02*3
O.0092
0.0093
lb.moles/cu.ft.
0.000276
0.000326
0.000313
0.000276
0.0095
0.009
0.000251
0.000351
0.0098
0.000276
0.000338
O.OOO326
0.00972
O.OO968
6t
Tc
seconds
sq. ft.
seconds
0.001028
0.000**8
0.00051
20
23
1.0
0.50
19.5
2*.5
1.05
18.5
1.0
O.OOO6II5
O.OOO963
0.000i*8*
18
19
19
25
23.5
0.*86
0.1*8
23
25
1.1
1.0
0.00213
0.00235
18.5
21
1.15
0.*l*8
18
18
21.5
21.5
1.2
0.*92
1.3
0.5
O.OO285
1.0
0.1*89
0.*89
0.*7
ro
SJl
TABLE XLVI
SERIES X
X-l
X~2
7.5
7.5
0.B.
O.D.
X-3
7.5
7.5
O.D.
O.D.
O.D.
IJ>.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D,
I.D.
7.5
Extraction
1*.65
17.65
10.1
11.75
13.2
WATER (COBTIBUOUS)
Drop Diameter
inches
ft./far.
lossl
J&b
X-*
X=5
~~"
0.1*1
0.1*1
0.1*1
0.1*8
0.1**
H
ft.
0.*27
0,*27
0.*27
0.*27
0,*27
*-t
O.OO885
0.0085*
0.686
0.8*6
0.01037
0.01037
0.01037
0.01037
0.93
O.OlOfcB
O.O09
0.97
1.2
^r
Ib.moles/eu.ft.
Lsa. Ac,_
0.00932
O.O0915
0.00959
o.oooaSs
0.009*9
0.009
0.00030
0.000226
0.00023i
0.000226
0.00975
0.00968
*c
sq. ft.
ft./sec.
cu.ft./hr.
0.371
0.002*63
0.000755
O.388
0.388
0.388
0.388
.00212
0.0003*1
0.018*5
0.007**
0.00288
0.0102
0.00156
0.0011
lb.moles/cu.ft.
seconds
17.
17
18
17
19
21
1.15
21.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
21
20
23
seconds
0.66
1.*
0.166
0.*8
ro
0.32
OS
TABLE XLVII
SERIES TA
Drop Diameter
BXPe
TA-1
IA-2
IA-3
Nozzle
10.1$
11.1$
15.55$
inches
ft.Ar.
0.141
0.1885
0,743
0.1
% Extraction
0.416
0.416
0.416
1,0
0.707
Ct
lb.moles/cu.ft.
0.0079
0.0079
0.00785
Cr
0.0071
0.00702
0.00663
TC
ft./sec.
cu..ft./hr.
SOj ft.
oc
0.416
0.00687
0,378
0.347
0.0153
0.00218
0.000985
0.00179
14
H
14
0.000524
cw
lb.moles/cu.ft.
Ln.Ac.
0.000192
0.000182
0.000273
0.00752
0.00751
0.-00718
ef
seconds
seconds
19.5
1.0
20
20
1.1
0.476
1.2
0.50
0.44
ro
00
TABIE XLVIII
SERIES IB
Drop Diameter
Exp,
YB-1*
Nozzle
inches
0.0957
IB-2
YB-3
IB-4
$ Eictraction*
77.5
72.2
61.8
7.3
5.05
14.6
ft ./sec <,
cu.ft./hr.
0.843
0.855
0.45
0.432
0.438
0.001995
0.0152
0.219
0.438
0.00752
ft.
0.855
100
0.191
0.154
0.152
K
ft.Air.
0.00765
Cw
Ct
Cr
lb.moles/cu.ft.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00028
0.000093
0.0000867
0. 0000743
Ln. A C.
lb.moles/cu.ft.
0.0107
0.0000622
0.0000677
0.0000773
Tfl
sq.ft.
0.000792
0.00311
0.00194
0.000495
15
15
15
15
24
24
24
24
et
seconds
1.9
1.95
1.95
1.95
0.0108
0.0108
0.0108
ef
seconds
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.508
NOTES
**
*
ro
oo
TABLE XLIX
SEBIES Z
Drop Diameter
Exp.
Bossl
Z-3
z~*
Z-5
Tub D. D, Medium
Z-6
Z-7
Z=8
Z-9
" Z-l*
Tube Do D. Large
6 mm 0. D. *,5 mm I.D.
7 mm 0. D, 5 sum I. D. (P.)
ZA-2***
ZA-3**
Z-10
ZA-1***
ft./hr.
laches
O.I69
0,12*8
0.U*
0.*95
0.372
0,209
O.O962
0,236
0.103
0.1305
0.150
0.191
0.190
0.205
0.2&6
0.196
0.1355
0.10*3
0,31*
0.33
0,53
0,51*
0,638
0,*03
0.303
0.271
ct
Cm
Cr
lb.moles/cu.ft.
Ln.^C.
CB
lb.moles/CUoft0
0.00781
0.00781
O.OO78*
0.0078*
O.OO78*
O.O0788
0.00785
0.00785
O.OO785
0.00*75
0.00526
0.005^*6
0.00*92
0.00*9*
0.00615
O.OO635
O.OO67
0.00635
O.OO633
0.006*7
0.00657
0.00627
0.00627
0.00792
0.010*
0.010*
0.010*
0.00*62
0.00611
0.000222
0.000121
0.00733
0.0073
0,00875
O.OO87*
0.00837
0.000175
0.00015
0.000125
0.000137
0.000125
0.000125
0.00511
0.00573
0.00502
0.0051
0.00668
0.000192
0.000131
0.000081
0,000081** 0.000081
0.000121
0.000101
0.000101
0.000101
0.000121
0.000152
0.000152
O.OOOO9I
0,000091
0o000071
0.000071
0.000091
0.000081
ro
so
Extraction
Z-l*
39.2
Z-2
3*.6
z-3
Z=*
Z-5
z-6
Z-7
Z-8
Z-9
27
z-io
ZA-l***
ZA-2***
*1.7
2^-3***
36
35
33.3
30.5
37.3
37.1
29.5
29.8
35.8
,ft./hr
ft.
ft./ secc
*.77
*.77
0.569
O.569
0.01135
0.00731
0.555
0.53
0.53
O.OO367
77
77
77
77
77
77
*.77
*.77
*,77
*.J7
*.77
.
t
O.568
O.58I
0,568
OO.56I
0.50
O.56I
O.605
O.56I
cu.
0.011*
0.00837
0.0055*
0.002155
0.00262
0.00539
0.00*06
0.00^t6
0.00768
0.008*8
0.0153
0.0155
0.01935
0.0135
O.OI58
O.OO58
O.OO256
seconds
0.00695
01*
016*
01375
0068
00*21
16
17.5
15
16
16.5
17
1*
1*
1*
1*
1*
1*
1*
8.*
8.*
8.6
9.0
,*6
22
9.0
8.*
8.2
21
8.*
*52
**9
*76
,*96
22
8.5
8.7
8.5
23.!
26
23
2*
25
26
2*
2*
2*
25
7.9
**8
0.*88
0.52
0.*66
8.5
ro
o"
NOMENCLATURE
Meaning
Term
Units
length
(length)2
concentration
drag coefficient
length
2
drop rate
drop diameter
Mass/(length)
none
drops/time
length
molecular diffusivity
(length)2Aime
(length)2/time
eddy diffusivity
none
force
force
gravitational constant
I.T.
Ko
column height
length/(time)
length
interfacial tension
force/length
length/time
none
none
aa
length/time
flow rate
(length)3/time
association
molecules
molecular weight
none
pressure
mass/(length)(time)
2*2
Term
Q
r
Me anin,g
Units
mass
mass
drop radius
length
"
single molecules
none
Do
double molecules
none
am
temperature
temperature
V*
"NuE"
Re
velocity
length/time
volume
(length)3
none
Reynolds number
none
dfv
M
Weber*s capillary
We
Sc
am
Schmidt number -
group z d
v>
fv2
none
I.T.
none
Di
degree of ionization
none
time
time
V.
absolute viscosity
\)
(length)2/time
density
mass/(length)
S*
mass/(length)(time)
3
Subscript
w
solvent or sphere
2*3
Subscript
0
outer or overall
dispersed phase
solvent
a*
*v
solute
feed when referred to C and fo:
referred to 6
product
top sample
bottom sample
t
i
contact
interface
drag
B0
*w
bouyancy
gravity
mm
critical or maximum
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGBAPBY
1.
2.
3.
5.
Brinsmade, D. S. and Bliss, H., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 39,
679 - (19*3)
6.
7.
Colburn, A. P., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 35_> 211 - (1939)
8.
Colburn, A. P., and Welsh, D. G., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Bag., 38
179 - (19*2)
9.
Comings, E. W. and Briggs, S. W., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Bag., 38;
1*3 - (19*2)
10.
11.
12.
Bfellah, B., Hunter, T. G. and Nash, A. W., J. Soc. Chem. Lad.. 5*i.
*9T - (1935)
13.
(193*)
lk.
15.
16.
Johnson, H. F. and Bliss, H., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., k2j_
331 - (19*6)
17.
Klinkenberg, A. and Mooy, H. H., Chem. Eng. Progress, **, 2*- (19*8)
Yzf^j^.^w%ei&>ir>&$!^
^*i*.s"ss<|p'(si'!'-
2*6
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Sherwood, T.K., "Absorption and Extraction," First Edition, McGrawHill Book Co., New York, N.Y. (1937)
2*.
25.
Treybal, B. E. and Work, L. T., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Bng., 38,
203 - (19*2)
26.
Vennard, J. X., "Elementary Fluid Mechanics ," John Wiley and Sons,
New York (19*0)
27.
28.
Whitman, W. G., Chem. Met. Eng., 2g, *, 1*6 (July 23, 1923)
Whitney, B. P. and Vivian, J. E., Chem. Eng. Progress, *5^ 33*-335
(19*9)
29.
30.