ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISORDER

DIABETES MELLITUS:
Pancreas does not secrete enough insulin cells cannot absorb
glucose low energy levels, sugar in urine, more urine, thirst.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS:
posterior pituitary does not make enough ADH or its effects
are blocked, ADH helps absorb water in the kidneys low
ADH causes large volumes of urine.

HYPERTHYROIDISM (GRAVES DISEASE):

hypersecretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland, thyroid may be
malfunctioning or too much TSH from pituitary, increased
metabolic rate, inc. heart rate, weight loss, sweating, high B.P.,
eyeballs protrude, hot.

HYPOTHYROIDISM (GOITER):
an iodine deficiency causes less thyroxine to be released by the
thyroid gland thus causing low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold,
slow pulse, puffy, also low thyroxine breaks the negative
feedback loop thus the pituitary keeps releasing TSH causing the
thyroid to swell up.

HYPOTHYROIDISM (CRETINISM): in babies

normal thyroxine levels at birth via the mother through the
placenta
low thyroxine after birth abnormal bone development, mental
retardation, low body temp., lethargy, stunted growth.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) -Severe
heartburn in laymens language. Weakness of the valve
between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach
acid to reflux (regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and
irritate and inflame the lining. This results in chest pain which
can mimic that of angina (pain of cardiac ischemia or an MI).

Jaundice - Literally means yellow in French. Yellowing of

the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile
metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues.
May result from blockage of the ducts draining bile from the
liver into the intestines or excessive breakdown of red blood
cells. Hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs is broken down, and
in part, ends up in bile secretions.

Diverticulosis/diverticulitis Small pouches may form along

the walls of the large intestine called diverticuli which if
symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called
diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect
and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to
inflammation, diverticulitis.

Cirrhosis - Literally, orange-yellow in Greek. A degenerative

disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics,
but can have other causes. The name refers to the gross
appearance of the organ.

Portal hypertension A potential complication of chronic

alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of
venous blood flow through the liver. The rising blood pressure

in the veins between the gastrointestinal

tract and liver causes engorgement of
veins around the umbilicus (navel). The
characteristic radiating pattern of veins is
called a caput medusae (head of
Medusa). Medusa was the snake-haired
lady in Greek mythology.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
Leukemia
The cause of most human leukemia is unknown. It is a kind of
cancer in which abnormal white blood cells multiply in an
uncontrolled manner. they interfere with the production of
normal white blood cells. Leukemia affects the production of
red blood cells.
Bursitis
Bursitis is a disorder that causes pain in the body's joints. It most
commonly affects the shoulder and hip joints. It is caused by an
inflammation of the bursa, small fluid-filled bags that act as
lubricating surfaces for muscles to move over bones. This
inflammation usually results from overactivity of an arm or leg.

Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease resulting in the loss of bone tissue.
In osteoporosis, the cancellous bone loses calcium, becomes
thinner, and may disappear altogether.

Sprains
A sprain is an injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers
a joint. Most sprains result from a sudden wrench that
stretches or tears the tissues of the ligaments. A sprain is
usually extremely painful. The injured part often swells and
turns black and blue.

Fractures
A fracture is a broken bone. These are some
common kinds of fractures:

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Hodgkin's
Disease/Hodgkin's Lymphoma:
This is a type of cancer of the

lymphatic system. It

can start almost anywhere in

the body. It's believed

to be caused by HIV, Epstein-

Barr Syndrome, age

and family history. Symptoms include weight loss, fever, swollen lymph nodes,
night sweats, itchy skin, fatigue, chest pain, coughing and/or trouble
swallowing.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a usually malignant cancer. It's caused by
the body producing too many abnormal white blood
cells. It is not the same as Hodgkin's Disease. Symptoms
usually include painless, enlarged lymph node or nodes
in the neck, weakness, fever, weight loss, and anemia.

Lymphangitis:

Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes

usually caused by a virus, bacteria or fungi. Symptoms
include redness and/or swelling around the lymph node.

Lymphangitis:
Lymphangitis is an inflammation of the lymph vessels.
Symptoms usually include swelling, redness, warmth, pain
and/or red streaking around the affected area.

Lymphedema:
Lymphedema is the chronic pooling of lymph fluid in the
tissue. It usually starts in the feet or lower legs. It's also a
side-effect of some surgical procedures.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Angina - a sense of suffocating contraction or tightening of the

lower part of the chest.

Arrhythmia - an irregularity in the force or rhythm of the

heartbeat.

Atherosclerosis - a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the

deposition of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids on the
innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized
arteries.
Arteriosclerosis - a chronic disease in which thickening,
hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls result in
impaired blood circulation. It develops with aging, and in
hypertension, diabetes, and other conditions.

Cardiomyopathy - a disease or disorder of the heart muscle,

especially of unknown or obscure cause.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Encephalitis: Disorder characterized by inflammation of
the brain.

Meningitis: Results in inflammation of membranes of the

brain.

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Disease affecting the bone

marrow, also results in Leukemia in some cases.

brain or

Arachnoid Cysts: Cyst formation on parts of

spinal cord.

Huntingtons Disease: Results in degeneration of the brain cells.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Inflammatory lung disease

acute

Characterised by a high neutrophil count,

e.g. asthma, cystic fibrosis, emphysema,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or
respiratory distress syndrome.

Obstructive lung diseases

where

out

Obstructive lung diseases are diseases of the lung

the airways (i.e. bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)
become reduced in volume or have free flow of gas
impeded, making it more difficult to move air in and
of the lung.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes
emphysema an example of an obstructive lung disease, is where the alveolae
rupture causing air to be retained in the lungs and limit the available space
during inhalation.

Restrictive lung diseases

Restrictive lung diseases (also known
as interstitial lung diseases) are a category of
respiratory disease characterized by a loss of lung
compliance,[2] causing incomplete lung expansion
and increased lung stiffness, such as in infants
with respiratory distress syndrome.
Respiratory tract infections
Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally
divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract
infections.

Muscular System

Chronic fatigue

syndrome (CFS) is the most common

name[1] used to designate a significantly
debilitating[2] medical disorder or group of
disorders[3] generally defined by persistent
fatigue accompanied by other specific
symptoms for a minimum of six months in adults
(and 3 months in children or adolescents[4]), not
due to ongoing exertion, not substantially
relieved by rest, and not caused by other medical
conditions
Neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that
encompasses many diseases and ailments that impair
the functioning of the muscles, either directly,
being pathologies of the muscle, or indirectly, being
pathologies of nerves or neuromuscular junctions.

Neuromuscular diseases are those that affect the

muscles and/or their direct nervous system control. In
general, problems with central (or upper motor neuron)
nervous control can cause either spasticity (from upper
motor neuron conditions) or some degree
of paralysis (from both lower and upper motor neuron
disorders, upper motor neuron conditions usually being associated with
concurrent hyperreflexia), depending on the location and the nature of the
problem.

Fibromyalgia (FM or FMS) is characterised by chronic

widespread pain and allodynia (a heightened and painful response to
pressure).[1]Its exact cause is unknown but is believed to involve
psychological, genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors.
Fibromyalgia symptoms are not restricted to pain, leading to the use of
the alternative term fibromyalgia syndrome for the condition.
Other symptoms include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and joint
stiffness.

at

(ju

Tendinitis (informally also tendonitis), meaning inflammation of

endon, is a type of tendinopathy often confused with the more
commontendonosis, which has similar symptoms but requires
different treatment. (The suffix -itis denotes diseases
characterized by inflammation.) The term tendinitis should be
reserved for tendon injuries that involve larger-scale acute
injuries accompanied by inflammation. Generally tendinitis is
referred to by the body part involved, such as Achilles
tendinitis (affecting the Achilles tendon), or patellar tendinitis
mper's knee, affecting the patellar tendon).

Myasthenia gravis (from Greek

"muscle", "weakness",
and Latin: gravis "serious"; abbreviated MG) is an
autoimmuneneuromuscular disease leading to
fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability. It is
an autoimmune disorder, in which weakness is
caused by circulating antibodies that
block acetylcholine receptors at the
postsynaptic neuromuscular junction,[1] inhibiting the excitatory effects of
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors throughout
neuromuscular junctions. Myasthenia is treated medically
withacetylcholinesterase inhibitors or immunosuppressants, and, in selected
cases, thymectomy. The disease incidence is 330 cases per million per year
and rising as a result of increased awareness.[2] MG must be distinguished
from congenital myasthenic syndromes that can present similar symptoms but
offer no response to immunosuppressive treatments.

Excretory System
Bladder cancer is any of several types of malignancy
arising from the epithelial lining (i.e., the urothelium)
of the urinary bladder. Rarely the bladder is involved
by non-epithelial cancers, such
as lymphoma or sarcoma, but these are not ordinarily
included in the colloquial term "bladder cancer." It is a
disease in which abnormal cells multiply without
control in the bladder.
Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain
syndrome (also IC/BPS), is a chronic condition
and diagnosis of exclusion of unknown cause
characterized by bladder pain. It may be associated
with urinary urgency, urinary frequency, waking at
night to urinate (nocturia), and sterile urine cultures.
Those with interstitial cystitis may have symptoms
that overlap with other urinary bladder disorders such
as:urinary tract infection (UTI), overactive
bladder, urethritis, urethral syndrome, and
prostatitis. IC/BPS can result in a quality of life
comparable to that of a patient with rheumatoid
arthritis, chronic cancer pain, or a patient on kidney dialysis.
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is an abnormal movement of urine from
the bladder into ureters or kidneys. Urine normally travels from the
kidneys via the ureters to the bladder. In vesicoureteral reflux the
direction of urine flow is reversed (retrograde).

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of

the urinary tract. When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as
a simple cystitis (a bladder infection) and when it affects the upper
urinary tract it is known as pyelonephritis (a kidney infection).
Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include painful urination and
either frequent urination or urge to urinate (or both), while those of
pyelonephritis include fever and flank pain in addition to the
symptoms of a lower UTI.

Urinary incontinence (UI), involuntary urination,

or enuresis[1] is any involuntary leakage of urine. It can
be a common and distressing problem, which may have
profound impact on quality of life. Urinary incontinence
almost always results from an underlying treatable
medical condition but is under-reported to medical
practitioner
Integumentary System

Eczema

A common skin condition characterized by

reddening (erythema) and vesicle
formation, which may lead to weeping and
crusting.
It is endogenous, or "constitutional". This
means that outside agents do not play a
primary role. (Contrast this with
'dermititis', in which case outside agents
DO play a primary role.) However in some
contexts the terms 'dermititis' and
'eczema' are used interchangeably to refer
to the symptoms of these skin conditions.

A chronic skin disease in which scaly pink

patches form on the elbows, knees, scalp, and
other parts of the body. Psorisis is one of the
commonest skin diseases in Britain, affecting
about 2% of the population (cause unknown).
This disorder often runs in families, the
commonest time of onset being in adolesence.
It sometimes occurs in association with arthritis.
Occasionally the disease may be very severe,
affecting much of the skin and causing
considerable disability in the patient.

Psoriasis

An inflammatory condition of the skin caused by

outside agents. (Contrast this with eczema, an
endogenous disease in which outside agents do
NOT play a primary role).

Dermatitis

Male Reproductive

Hypospadias - literally below the fleshy spike. A

condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening)
opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at
the tip.

Hydrocele - a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis.

Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause
discomfort. Can be surgically corrected. And, who would most
likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!

Varicocele - dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of

hemorrhoids of the scrotum! Manifests itself as a
swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and
feel like a bag of worms. May be surgically corrected if
causing discomfort. This condition may also cause
reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish
blood flow elevating testicular temperature.

Cryptorchidism - literally hidden testicle. A condition of

lack of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum. If
not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can
lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - swelling of the prostate

gland which surrounds the base of the male bladder and
urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and nocturia

(remember that word? See urinary system). The bane of old men! BPH
becomes more common as men age.

Female Reproductive

Endometriosis - a condition involving

colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with
islands of endometrial tissue.
Endometrium is the lining layer of the
uterus which sloughs off with each
menstruation. If endometrial tissue
flushes up the uterine tube and spills
into the abdomen (peritoneal cavity),
the clots of endometrial tissue can attach
to abdominal organs such as the bladder,
rectum, intestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in response to
monthly changes in ovarian hormones. Bleeding into the abdomen irritates the
lining
membrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal
pain.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) although

males have a closed abdominal cavity, the
female abdominal cavity has a direct anatomical
path
from the outside world via the female
reproductive tract. Bacteria can make their way up the vagina, through the
uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into the abdominal cavity.
Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum, causes
abdominal pain. Although there are many potential causes of PID, gonorrheal
infection is one of them. Chronic Inflammation of the uterine tubes can occlude
them resulting in infertility.

Prolapsed uterus the uterus is almost directly above

the vagina. In fact, the cervix, the neck region, of the
uterus extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments hold
the uterus in proper position so that it does not
prolapse or herniate into the vagina. Severe prolapse
can result in the uterine cervix protruding from the
vaginal opening. Surgical repair is typically required to restore the uterus to its
proper anatomical position.