CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents research method. It includes type
of the research, research design, subject of the research, setting
of the research, data collecting techniques and data analyzing
techniques.
A. Types of the Research
A research method used in this study is experimental
research. This research will be conducted in two classrooms.
The researcher attempts to use an experimental research as
methodology in teaching listening. Nunan (1992: 24-25)
stated that experiments are carried out in order to explore the
strength of relationships between variables. A variable, as the
term itself suggest, is anything which does not remain
constant. In our case, in includes language proficiency,
aptitude, motivation and so on.
According to Nunan (1992: 25) in his book Research
Method

in

Language

Learning

describes

that

language

researcher often want to look at the relationship between a

variable such as teaching method and a second variable, such
as test scores on a formal test of language proficiency.
B. Research Design
From the case above, it needs to use appropriate design to improve
students listening skill. This research will use design using control group.

According to Seliger and Shohamy (1989:141) that conducting an

experiment means that at least one independent variable is manipulated and its
effect measured by some dependent variable while other factors are controlled
in various ways. In this research, the group will be divided into two; 1
experimental group and 1 control group. The experimental group will be
given treatment by using Transition Action Detail strategy and control group
will be given no treatment.

Group

Pre-test

Treatment

Post-test

Experimental Group

Control Group

Figure 1.2 Design of the research

C. Subject of the Research
The subject of this research is the students of SMK
Muhammadiyah 2 Sleman. The researcher chooses the XI B
and C class. This research will be conducted in the second
semester of the academic year 2016/2017.
D. Setting of the Research
The setting of this research is SMK Muhammadiyah 2
Sleman. It is located on Jl. Ronggowarsito no.2 Sleman,
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. The scholl is using KTSP
curriculum. English is a compulsory subject. The scholl has
been teaching English from grade 1 to grade 3.
E. Data Collecting Techniques
1. Divining two classes

The researcher doing observation in advance, and then

choose two classes that are XI B and C. there are some
aspects that need to be observed such as: class situation,
teacher strategy/media in delivering listening, and also the
students respond while the materials are given. The
research is aimed to know whether or not using English
Clip Video will improve students listening skill.
2. Pre-test
Before giving treatment, the researcher needs to know
students ability in listening. That is why the researcher
gives students pre-test. The aim of the pre-test is to find
out how far students ability in English subject especially
listening.
3. Giving treatment
After giving pre-test in both classes, the research gives
the treatment in one of the two classes. The treatment is
teaching listening using English Clip Video in experiment
class. Therefore, the other class only uses audio/tape
recorder only, without any visual displayed. This treatment
is done over and over in minimum ten times till the
researcher sure that it is helping enough for the students.
4. Post-test
The last step is doing post-test in both classes. In this
step, the researcher will absolutely see the effectiveness of

English Clip Video in improving students listening skill by

seen the result of the pro-test. The researcher can
compare the final result of posttest of the both classes.
F. Validity and Reliability
1. Validity
Validity is important in doing research. It is to arrange
the research instrument in order to know whether the test
is acceptable and can be used for the research instrument
or not. Brown (2004: 22) says How is the validity of a test
established? There is no final, absolute measure of
validity, but several different kinds of evidence may be
invoked in support. He also said that other concerns about
a tests validity may focus on the consequences- beyond
measuring the criteria themselves- of a test, or even on
the test-takers perception of validity.
Then, the researcher used content

validity

and

construct validity. Content validity is a test to measure

how the test matches with the syllabus of that school.
Construct validity focuses on what the test has a suitable
to the purpose and the description of material given.
Construct and consistent with the theories underlying the
subject being tested.

2. Reliability
A test is reliable if it is always in the same condition. In addition,
Brown (2004: 20) stated that a reliable test is consistent and
dependable. If you give the same test to the same
students or matched students on two different occasions,
the test should yield similar results. The issue of reliability
of a test may best be addressed by considering a number
of factors that may contribute to the unreliability of a test.
G. Data Analyzing Technique
There were two technique of analyzing the data of the study, namely
descriptive and inferential statistic.
1. Descriptive Statistic.
In the descriptive analysis, the analysis was aimed at presenting the
variable or the English writing test, in the students achievement scores. There
were two statistic formulas used in the computation: the mean and the
standard deviation statistic. The mean would be set to know the position of the
group, whether the grouped would be in the high or low position. The
standard deviation would be used to know the average variability of all scores
around the mean.
a. Mean and SD
The mean formula is a follows
X
M=
N

Where:
M = mean
X = sum of score Type equation here .
N

= number of sample

The SD formula looks like the following :

SD=

2
f x2 ( f x )

N
N

Where:
SD
= standard deviation
2
f x = square sum of frequency
N

= number of sample

2. Inferential Statistic
The Inferential Statistic would be focused on answering the question if
there would be significant difference in writing ability between the students
who were taught by using TAD strategy and there who were taught without
that strategy. The inferential analysis used in this study is:

a. Normality Test
The test would be aimed at seeing whether the distribution of the
responses in the population meet the normal distribution or not. The formula
was used in this study in Chi square:

X 2=

( f 0fe ) 2
fe

Where:
X2
f0
fe

: chi-square
: frequency observed
: frequency expected

if the value of X2observed is smaller than value of X2 table,

the data distribution is normal. (Arikunto, 2005:312)
b. Homogeneity Test
This test was used to know the homogeneity between two groups or
more. The formula of F-test:

SD 2 bs
f= 2
SD kt
Where:
f
2

SD bs
2

SD kt

: Coefficient of homogeneity
: The biggest variance
: The smallest variance

c. Hypothesis Testing (T-test)

The hypothesis test was used to find out whether the hypothesis of this
study could be accepted or not. The analysis was done by using a t-test. The
formula of the t-test is as follows:

t=

x 1x 2

S2 S2
N1 N 2

Where :
x1

: the mean of gain scores of the

experimental groups
x2
: the mean of gain scores of the control
groups
2
S
1

N N

: the varians of population

:number of the students in the experimental

group and control group

The effectiveness of the technique could be shown from the students
achievement score of the experimental group and the control group. If the
score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group , it
means that technique that was conducted in the experimental group is more

effective. Then hypothesis of this research is accepted if

of the observation was more than the conversion of t

t 0 t1

table.

, if the result

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown,

Douglas.

2004.

Language

Assessment:

Principles and Classroom Practices. New York:

Pearson Education Inc.
Harmer, Jeremy. 1998. How to Teach English. England:
Pearson Education Limited.
Nunan, David. 1992. Research Method in Language
Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.