Matrix Dan Vector

Linear Algebra
by
Muhammad Kusni
Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Linear Algebra
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Ø Introduction to Linear Algebra
Matrices Ø Matrices
Determinants
Vectors Ø Determinants
Ø Vectors
3x+2y−4z =10 [C ]m×l = [A]m×n [B]n×l a11 a12 a13 ∂2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ

∇.∇ϕ = 2 + 2 + 2
2x− y−2z =11 n a 21 a 22 a 23 ∂x ∂y ∂z
Cij = ∑ Aik Bkj
x+4y+5z =25 k=1 a31 a 32 a33
∇.∇φ = ∇ 2 .φ.
= ∆φ
3

2 −4
 4 3 ∇ φ
A = 2 −1 −2 D= = 14, n =
1
 4 5  3×3 2 5 ∇ φ

Introduction to Linear Algebra
Linear Algebra
Introduction Linear Algebra

Diagram ( includes the
Application 1 theory and
Application 2 application of)
Matrices
Determinants
Vectors
Linear System
of Equation Linear Eigenvalue
(briefly called Transformation Problems
Linear System)

Linear Algebra
Introduction
Application of Linear Algebra:
Diagram • electrical net works,
Application 1
• frameworks in mechanics,
Application 2
Matrices • curve fitting and other optimization problems,

Determinants
• processes in statistics,
Vectors
• system of differential equations,
• and so on.

Linear Algebra
Introduction
Diagram • Linear algebra makes systematic use of

Application 1 vectors and matrices and, to a lesser
Application 2
extent , determinants.
Matrices
Determinants
Vectors • The central task of linear algebra is study

of properties of matrices .

Matrices
Linear Algebra
• Calculation with matrix
Introduction
Matrices
Ø Fundamental concepts of matrix operation
Determinants Ø Definition of matrix
Vectors Ø Notation of matrix
Ø Kinds of matrices
• Matrices operation
Ø Addition/subtraction
Ø Transpose
Ø Scalar multiplication
Ø Matrix multiplication

Fundamental concepts of matrix operation
Linear Algebra Ø A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

Introduction
Matrices
Ø Matrices occur in various problems, for instance,
Calculation
as array of coefficients of equations.
Fundamental Ø Matrices and vectors are useful because they
Definition enable use to consider an array of many
Notation numbers as a single symbol, and
Kind of Matrices
Ø Perform calculations with these symbols in very
Operation
compact form.
Determinants
Vectors Ø The ”mathematical shorthand” thus obtained is

very elegant and powerful and is suitable for
various practical problems.
Ø It entered applied mathematics more than 60
years ago and is of increasing importance in
various fields.
Definition of Matrix
Linear Algebra
• Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, which compiled
Introduction
in columns and rows.
Matrices
Calculation
• Example:
Fundamental
Definition
• Linear Equations • Writing in the form of
Notation
matrix.
Kind of Matrices
Operation
3 x + 2 y − 4 z = 10 3 2 − 4  x  =  10 
Determinants
   
Vectors 2 x − y − 2 z = 11 2 −1 − 2  y  =  11 
 =  
x + 4 y + 5 z = 25 1 4 5  z   25 
A(x ) = b
Notation of Matrix
Linear Algebra
3 2 − 4 dimension of matrix:
Introduction
 
Matrices A = 2 −1 − 2 number of rows= 3,
number of column.= 3
Calculation  
Fundamental
1 4 5  3× 3
Definition
matrix A = A = ( aij ) = ( A ) = [ A ]mxn
Notation
Kind of Matrices Bold

 x
 
(x )3×1 = {x}3×1
Operation
Determinants (x ) =  y  column matrix = vector

Vectors z
  3×1
10
(b) = 11 row matrix= vector (b)3×1 = {b}3×1
25
 3×1
Kinds of Matrices
Linear Algebra
• Matrix of A with row number m and column number n
Introduction
written as:
Matrices
Calculation
• Example:
Fundamental
Definition
∨ ∨
 
[A]3×2
Notation
Kind of Matrices = ∨ ∨ rectangular matrix

Operation ∨ ∨  3×2
Determinants

Vectors
∨ ∨ ∨ ∨
 
∨ ∨ ∨ ∨
[A]4×4 = square matrix
∨ ∨ ∨ ∨
 
∨ ∨ ∨ ∨ 4×4

Kinds of Matrices
Linear Algebra ∨ 0 0 L 0 
Introduction
 
∨ ∨ 0
Matrices
[A]m×m = ∨

∨ M

(Lower triangular
Calculation
M O 0 matrices)
Fundamental  
 ∨ ∨ ∨ L ∨  m× m
Definition
Notation ∨ ∨ ∨ L ∨
 
Kind of Matrices 0 ∨ ∨ 
Operation [A]m×m =0 ∨ ∨ (Upper triangular
 
Determinants M O M matrices)
 
Vectors
 0 0 L 0 ∨  m×m
∨ 0 L 0 
 
0 ∨ M
[A]m×m = (Diagonal matrices)
M ∨ 0
 
 0 L 0 ∨
  m×m
Kinds of Matrices
Linear Algebra  1 0 0 L 0
 
Introduction
0 1 0
Matrices
[A]m×m = 0 1 M (unit matrix)
Calculation
 
M O 0
Fundamental  
Definition
 0 0 L 0 1 m× m
Notation ∨ ∨ 0 0
Kind of Matrices
 
∨ ∨ ∨ 0
[A]m×m = (tri diagonal
∨ ∨ ∨
Operation
Determinants 0  matrix)
 
Vectors 0 0 ∨ ∨  m×m
∨ 0 0 0
  (lower tri
∨ ∨ 0 0
[A]m×m = diagonal
∨ ∨ ∨ 0
  matrix)
 ∨ ∨ ∨  m×m
0
Addition/Subtraction
Linear Algebra Addition / subtraction of each element which same position
Introduction
Example
Matrices
Calculation [C ]= [A]± [B] C ij = Aij ± Bij

Operation
Add/Subs
 3 2 1
[A]=   [B ]=  3 2
4

Transpose  4 5 1  2×3  1 0 − 1 2×3
Scalar Multiple
Matrix Multiple
[C ]= [A]2×3 + [B]2×3 [C ] = [A]2×3 − [B]2×3
Determinants 3 + 3 2 + 4 1+ 2 3 − 3 2 − 4 1 − 2 
=   =  
 4 +1 5 + 0 1 − 1  4 − 1 5 − 0 1 − (−1) 
Vectors
6 6 3  0 − 2 − 1
=   =  
5 5 0 3 5 2
[A]+ [B ]= [B]+ [A]

Transpose
Linear Algebra
Introduction Transpose of matrix [A] written down as [A] T

Matrices
Example:
Calculation
Operation
Add/Subs
Transpose [B]= [A]T −1


3 

Scalar Multiple [A ]3× 2 = 2 − 2
Matrix Multiple Bij = A ji
 
Determinants  5 4  3× 2
[B ] = [A ]T
Vectors
−1 2 5
=  
 3 −2 4  2× 3

Symmetric Matrices
Linear Algebra
• Matrix [ A] called Symmetric Matrix, if
Introduction
T
Matrices [A]mxm = [A]mxm
Calculation
• Example:
Operation
Add/Subs
1 2 3
Transpose  
Symmetric [A ] × = 2 4 5
3 3
Skew-Symmetric  
Scalar Multiple 3 5 6
Matrix Multiple
1 2 3
Determinants  
Vectors
[A ]T × = 2 4 5  = [A ]
3 3
 
3 5 6
[A] = Symmetric Matrices

Skew-Symmetric Matrices
Linear Algebra
• Matrix [ A] called Skew Symmetric Matrix, if :
Introduction
Matrices Aij = − A ji or [A] = −[A]T

Calculation
Operation • Example:
Add/Subs
 1 2 3
Transpose
 
Symmetric [A]3×3 = −2 4 5
Skew-Symmetric  −3 − 5 6
Scalar Multiple  3×3
Matrix Multiple a12 = −a21
Determinants
Vectors
a13 = −a31
a23 = −a32
[A+ B]T = [A]T +[B]T
Scalar Multiplication
Linear Algebra
Introduction
[B]m×n = k [A]m×n
K is scalar/ constantan
Matrices
Calculation
Bij = k Aij
Operation
Example:
Add/Subs
Transpose
Scalar Multiple [A]=  1 3


Matrix Multiple  2 4
 − 2 ⋅1 − 2 ⋅ 3
Determinants [B ]= 3 [A] [C] 2 [A]  − 2 ⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅ 4
= − =
Vectors  
 3 ⋅1 3 ⋅ 3 
=    − 2 − 6
3 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 4 [C]=  − 4 − 8 
 
3 9 
[B ]=  
 6 12 
Matrix Multiplication
Linear Algebra
Introduction [C ]m×l = [A]m×n [B ]n×l n

Matrices
n C11 = ∑ A1k Bk 1
Calculation Cij = ∑ Aik Bkj k =1
Operation k =1
Add/Subs
Transpose Example:
Scalar Multiple
Matrix Multiple
1 4
   −1 3
Determinants
Vectors
[A]3× 2 = 2 5 [B ]2 × 2 =  
3 6 − 2 4  2× 2
  3× 2

Linear Algebra
[C ]3×2 = [A]3×2 [B ]2×2 [A]2×2 × [B]3×2 = [D]

Introduction
Matrices
Calculation  1 4
Operation    − 1 3
=  2 5   
 3 6   − 2 4
Add/Subs
Transpose  
Scalar Multiple
 1(− 1)+ 4(− 2) 1(3)+ 4(4) not exist
 
=  2(− 1)+ 5(− 2) 2(3)+ 5(4)
Matrix Multiple
Determinants
 3(− 1)+ 6(− 2 ) 3(3)+ 6(4 )
Vectors
  3×2
 − 9 19 
 
=  − 12 26 
 − 15 33 
  3×2

Linear Algebra
Introduction If [A] and [B] are square matrices, then :

Matrices
[C ]m×m = [A]m×m [B ]m×m

Calculation
Operation
Add/Subs
Transpose
Scalar Multiple
Pre multiply by [A]
Matrix Multiple
Post multiply by [B]
Determinants
Vectors
[D]= [B]m×m [A]m×m

[A][B]≠ [B][A]
([A][B])T = [B ]T [A]T
Determinants
Linear Algebra
CRAMER
Introduction Ø Introduction of Determinants
Matrices
Ø Order of determinants
Determinants
Vectors
Ø Cramer’s rules
Ø Minor and cofactor
JORDAN
Ø Determinants of singular matrix
Ø Determinants and linear independents
Ø Properties of determinants
CARTESIUS
Ø Determinant of a Product of a
Matrices
Ø Derivative of a determinant
Ø Inverse

Introduction of Determinants
Linear Algebra • Determinants were first defined for
Introduction
solving linear systems and,
Matrices
Determinants
• Although impractical in
Introduction
computations, determinants have CORIOLIS
Order important engineering
Crame’s rule applications in eigenvalues
Minor & Cofactor problems, differential equations,
Singular vector algebra (vector products,
Linear Independent scalar triple product, and so on).
Properties
• An nth-order determinant is an
Product of Matrices
expression associated with an n x
Derivative
n (hence square)
matrix A= [a jk ] as we now explain,
Inverse
Vectors
beginning with n = 2.
MARKOV
Order of Determinants
Linear Algebra
a11 a12
Introduction
Ø Second-order det A =
Matrices a 21 a 22
Determinants determinants
Introduction
Order 1 4 7
det [A ] × = 2
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor

Ø Third-order 3 3
5 8
Singular 3 6 9
determinants
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Ø Fourth-order 1 5 4 8
2 6 3 7
Inverse
Ø determinants det [A ] =
Vectors 3 7 2 6
4 8 1 5

Second – Order Determinants
Linear Algebra A determinants of second order is denoted and defined by:
Introduction
Matrices a11 a12

Determinants
D = det A = = a11a12 − a12 a 21
a 21 a 22
Introduction
Order
So here we have bars (whereas a matrix has brackets).
Crame’s rule
For example:
Minor & Cofactor
Singular 4 3
= 4 .5 − 3.2 = 14.
Linear Independent
2 5
Properties
Product of Matrices This definition is suggested by systems

Derivative
Inverse a21 x1 + a 22 x2 = b2
Vectors
Whose solution can be written x1 = D1 / D, x2 = D2 / D

Second – Order Determinants
Linear Algebra EXAMPLE: Use of second – order determinants
Introduction
Matrices If 4 x1 + 3 x2 = 12 (*)
2 x1 + 5 x2 = −8,
Determinants
Introduction
Order
Then
Crame’s rule
4 3 12 3 4 12
D= = 14, D1 = = 84, D2 = −56,
Minor & Cofactor
Singular 2 5 −8 5 2 −8
Linear Independent
x1 = 84 / 14 = 6 x 2 = −56 / 14 = −4.
Properties
So that and
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
If the system (*) is homogeneous (b1 = b2 = 0) and D ≠ 0, it has
Vectors only the trivial solution and if D = 0, it also has nontrivial solutions.

Third – Order Determinants
Linear Algebra A determinant of third order can be defined by
Introduction
Matrices a11 a12 a13

Determinants det[A]3×3 = a21 a22 a 23 (**)
Introduction
a31 a32 a33
Order
Crame’s rule Row I = (− 1)1+1 a11 A11 + (− 1)1+ 2 a12 A12 + (− 1)1+ 3 a13 A13
Coulumn I = (− 1) a11 A11 + (− 1) a21 A21 + (− 1) a31 A31
Minor & Cofactor 1+1 2+1 3+1
Singular
Coloumn III = (− 1) a13 A13 + (− 1) a23 A23 + (− 1) a33 A33

1+3 2+ 3 3+3
Linear Independent
= ∑ (− 1) aij Aij
Properties i+ j
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Aij : matrix minor dari [A]nxn yang diperoleh dengan menghilangkan
Vectors
row ke-i dan column ke-j

Third – Order Determinants
Linear Algebra Example
Introduction
Matrices
+ − +
Determinants 1 4 7
Introduction det [A]3×3 = 2 5 8
Order 3 6 9
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor

5 8 2 8 2 5
Singular =1 −4 +7
Linear Independent 6 9 3 9 3 6
Properties = 1 (45 − 48) − 4 (18 − 24) + 7 (12 − 15)
Product of Matrices
= −3 + 24 − 21
Derivative
det [A]= 0
Inverse
Vectors

Fourth – Order Determinants
Linear Algebra Example
Introduction
Matrices
+ − + −
Determinants 1 5 4 8
Introduction
Order
[A] = 2 6 3 7
3 7 2 6
Crame’s rule
4 8 1 5
Minor & Cofactor
Singular 2 3 7 1 4 8 1 4 8 1 4 8
= −5 3 2 6 + 6 3 2 6 − 7 2 3 7 + 8 2 3 7
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices 4 1 5 4 1 5 3 2 6 3 2 6
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Determinants and Cramer’s Rule
Linear Algebra For linear system three equation three unknowns
Introduction
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + a12 x 3 = b1
Matrices
Determinants a 21 x1 + a 23 x 2 + a 23 x 3 = b2
Introduction
a31 x1 + a 32 x 2 + a33 x 3 = b3
Order
Crame’s rule Cramer’s rule is

Minor & Cofactor
D1 D2 D3
Singular x1 = , x2 = , x3 = (D ≠ 0)
Linear Independent D D D
Properties
with the “determinant of the system” D given by (**) and
Product of Matrices
Derivative
b1 a12 a13 a11 b1 a13 a11 a12 b1
Inverse
Vectors D1 = b2 a 22 a 23 , D2 = a 21 b2 a 23 , D3 = a 21 a23 b2 .
b3 a32 a33 a31 b3 a33 a31 a33 b3
Minor and Cofactor of a Third-Order
Determinant
Linear Algebra In the third –order determinant

Introduction
a11 a12 a13
Matrices
Determinants
a 21 a 22 a 23
Introduction a31 a 32 a33
Order
The minors are
Crame’s rule
a22 a23 a a 23 a 21 a 22
Minor & Cofactor
M 11 = , M 12 = 21 , M 13 = ,
Singular a32 a33 a31 a 33 a31 a32
Linear Independent
a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
Properties
M 21 = , M 22 = , M 23 = ,
Product of Matrices a 32 a33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a32
Derivative
a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
Inverse M 31 = , M 32 = , M 33 = ,
a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
Vectors

Minor and Cofactor of a Third-Order
Determinant
Linear Algebra
The Cofactors are
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants C11 = + M 11 , C12 = − M 21 , C13 = + M 13 ,

Introduction
Order
C 21 = − M 21 , C 22 = + M 22 , C 23 = −M 23 ,
Crame’s rule
C 31 = + M 31 , C 32 = − M 32 , C 33 = + M 33 .
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
Hence the signs from a checkerboard pattern:
+−+
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
−+−
Vectors
+−+
Determinant of Singular Matrix
Linear Algebra
• The determinant of any triangular matrix equals
Introduction
Matrices
the product of all the entries on the main
Determinants
diagonal. For instance,
Introduction
Order −3 0 0
4 0
6 4 0 = −3 = −3.4.5 = −60.
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor

2 5
Singular
−1 2 5
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Determinants and Linear Independent
Linear Algebra Determinant value of matrix [ A] where two row or two column of
Introduction
that matrix is linear dependent equal to zero.
a11 a12 L a1n
Matrices
[A]n×n = a 21 a2n
Determinants
M M
Introduction
a n1 an2 L a nn n× n
Order
Crame’s rule Row l-th and m-th linear independent, if :

Minor & Cofactor
 al1   a m1 
Singular    
Linear Independent
c1 al 2  c 2 am 2  = 0 only if, c1 = c2 = 0 .
+
a  a 
Properties  l3   m3 
Product of Matrices
Row l-th and m-th linear independent if:
Derivative
Inverse  a1l   a1m 

   
Vectors c1 a2 l  c 2 a2 m  = 0 only if, c1 = c2 = 0 .
+
a  a 
 3l   3m 
Linear Algebra Example (1) :
Introduction
[A]= 1 3
Matrices
Determinants
Introduction 2 4
Order
Crame’s rule
Row 1 = (1 3)
Row 2 = (2 4)
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
Linear Independent 1 2 0

Properties c1   + c 2   =  
Product of Matrices 3 4 0
Derivative
 c1  2c2  0
 + =  
Inverse
3c1  4c2  0

Vectors

Linear Algebra c1 + 2c 2 = 0 ⇒ c1 = −2c 2
Introduction
3c1 + 4c 2 = 0 ⇒ c1 = − 4 c 2
Matrices 3
Determinants c2 = 0 → c1 = 0
Introduction
Order • c1 = 0, c2 = 0, linear combination of row 1 and 2 equal zero,

Crame’s rule only if
Minor & Cofactor • c1 = c2 = 0, so row 1 and row 2 are linear independent
Singular
• column 1 = (1 2)
Linear Independent
• column 2 = (3 4)
Properties
1 3 0
Product of Matrices
c1   c 2   =  
+
Derivative 2 4 0
Inverse
 c1  3c 2  0
Vectors
 +  =  
2c1  4c2  0
Linear Algebra
c1 + 3c2 = 0 ⇒ c1 = −3c2
Introduction
Matrices
2c1 + 4c 2 = 0 ⇒ c1 = −2c 2
Determinants c 2 = 0 → c1 = 0
Introduction
Order Linear combination of column 1 and column 2 is equal to zero

Crame’s rule only if c1 = c2 = 0, hence column 1 and column 2 linear
Minor & Cofactor independent.
Singular
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Linear Algebra
Example (2) :
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants
1 2 4
Introduction [A]= 3 7 8
Order
− 2 − 4 −8
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor
Singular First row multiplied (-2) is equal to third row, hence first row and
Linear Independent
third row is linear dependent. So that det[A] = 0.
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Properties of Determinants
Linear Algebra
• One row/column zero
Introduction
Matrices • Transpose
Determinants • Interchange of row or column
Introduction
Order
• Proportional row or column
Crame’s rule • Multiplication by a constants
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
• Binomial
Linear Independent • Addition of a row or column
Properties
• Evaluation of a determinant by reduction to
Product of Matrices
Derivative
“triangular form”
Inverse
Vectors

One Row / Column Zero
Linear Algebra
Introduction
1. If all element in one row / column is equal to zero,
Matrices
Determinants
hence det[A] is equal to zero.
Introduction
Order
Crame’s rule 0 0 0
Minor & Cofactor [ ] =
det A 3 2 1 0 =
2 1
− 0
3 1
+ 0
2 3
Singular
5 6 4 6 4 5
4 5 6
det[A]= 0
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Transpose
Linear Algebra
2. The value of determinant is not changed if its row
Introduction
are written as column, in the same order
Matrices
Determinants
Introduction
Order
[ ] = [
det A det A ]T
Crame’s rule
1 3 0 1 2 −1
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
Linear Independent
Properties
2 6 4 = 3 6 0 = −12.
Product of Matrices −1 0 2 0 4 2
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Interchange of Row or Column
Linear Algebra 3. If any two rows (or two columns) of a determinant
Introduction are interchanged, the value of a determinant is
Matrices multiplied by -1
Determinants
Introduction
Order
[A]=  1 2
 A = 1 ⋅ 4 − 3 ⋅ 2 = −2
 3 4  2×2
Crame’s rule
 3 4
[B ]= 
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
 B = 3 ⋅ 2 − 1 ⋅ 4 = +2 = − A
Linear Independent
1 2
Properties (row 1 interchanged by row 2)
Product of Matrices
[C ] =  21
Derivative
Inverse  C = 2 ⋅ 3 − 4 ⋅1 = 2 = − A
Vectors
 4 3
(column 1 interchanged by column 2)
Proportion Row or Column
Linear Algebra 4. If corresponding entries in two rows (or two columns) of
Introduction a determinant are proportional, the value of the
Matrices determinant is zero.
Determinants or
Introduction If there two column / row is not be linear independent,
Order hence the determinant is zero
Crame’s rule
 1 2 3 
Minor & Cofactor
 
Singular [A]=  4 5 6  row 1 and row 3 not linear
Linear Independent  − 2 − 4 − 6 independent
  row 3 = -2 x row 1
Properties
Product of Matrices
5 6 4 6 4 5
Derivative A =1 −2 +3
Inverse
−4 −6 −2 −6 −2 −4
Vectors = 1( −30 + 24 ) − 2( −24 + 12 ) + 3(− 16 + 10 )
= −6 + 24 − 18 = 0
Multiplication by a Constants
Linear Algebra 5. If all the entries one row (or one column) of a determinant
Introduction are multiplied by the same factor k, the value of the new
Matrices determinant is k times the value of the given determinant.
Determinants
Introduction
Order
[A]=  12
 A = 4 − 6 = −2
3 4
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor

 2 4
Singular [B ]=   row 1 multiply by 2
Linear Independent  3 4
Properties
B = 8 − 12 = −4 = 2 × A
Product of Matrices
[C ]=  2
2
Derivative
Inverse 
Vectors
6 4 column 1 multiply by 2
C = 8 − 12 = −4

Binomial
Linear Algebra 6. If each entry in a row (or a column) of a determinant is
Introduction expressed as a binomial, the determinant can be written
Matrices as the sum of two determinants.
Determinants
Introduction
3 1 2 +1 1
[A]= 
Order

Crame’s rule  A=
Minor & Cofactor
 2 4  2×2 4−2 4
Singular
2 1 1 1
Linear Independent
A = 12 − 2 = 10 = +
Properties 4 4 −2 4
= 8−4+ 4+2
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse = 4+6
Vectors
= 10

Addition of a Row or Column
Linear Algebra
7. The value of a determinant is not changed if the entries
Introduction
in a row (or column) are altered by adding to them any
Matrices
constant multiple of the corresponding entries in any
Determinants
other row (or column, respectively).
[A] =  31

Introduction
Order
 A = 10
 2 4
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor

[B ]=  (3 + 5 ⋅ 2) (1 + 5 ⋅ 4) 
 row 1 + 5 x row 2
Singular  2 4 
B = 52 − 42
[B] = 13 21
Linear Independent
Properties
2 4 = 10 = A
Product of Matrices
Derivative
 3 + ( − 4 ⋅ 1) 1 
Inverse
[C ] =   column 1+ (-4) x column 2
+ − ⋅
 2 ( 4 4) 4 
Vectors
 −1 1 C = −4 + 14
[C ] 
= 
= 10 = A
 − 14 4 
Evaluation of a Determinant by Reduction to
“Triangular Form”
Linear Algebra
Theorem 7 shows that we can evaluate a determinant
Introduction
by first creating zeros as in the Gauss elimination. We
Matrices
explain it in term of an example.
Determinants
Introduction
Order
2 0 −4 6
Crame’s rule 4 5 1 0 − 2 Row1
D =
Minor & Cofactor
0 2 6 −1
Singular
Linear Independent
−3 8 9 1 + 1.5Row1
Properties
Product of Matrices
2 0 −4 6
Derivative
0 5 9 − 12
Inverse
=
Vectors 0 2 6 − 1 − 0.4 Row2
Continued
0 8 3 10 − 1.6 Row2 next page
Evaluation of a Determinant by Reduction to
“Triangular Form”
Linear Algebra
Introduction 2 0 −4 6
Matrices
0 5 9 − 12
Determinants =
Introduction
0 0 2.4 3.8
Order 0 0 − 11.4 29 .2 4 − 4.75 Row3
Crame’s rule
2 0 −4
Minor & Cofactor
6
Singular
0 5 9 − 12
=
Linear Independent
Properties
0 0 2. 4 3.8
Product of Matrices
Derivative
0 0 0 47.25
Inverse
Vectors
= 2 x 5 x 2.4 x 47 .25 = 1134

Determinant of a Product of a Matrices
Linear Algebra
Introduction
For any n x n matrices A and B,
Matrices
Determinants
Introduction
Det (AB) = det (BA) = detA.det B.
Order
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor

Example:
Singular
Linear Independent
Properties
2 4 3 4 0 5 9 4 18
14 − 2 − 1 = 46
Product of Matrices
Derivative
6 10 1 10 76
Inverse
Vectors
4 7 9 3 0 4 29 7 49

Derivative of a Determinant
Linear Algebra
The derivative D’ of a determinant D of a order n whose
Introduction
entries are differentiable functions can be written
Matrices
Determinants
Introduction
D' = D(1) + D( 2 ) + ... + D( n )
Order
Crame’s rule Where D( j ) is obtained D by differentiating

Minor & Cofactor
Singular the entries in the jth rows.

Linear Independent
Properties EXAMPLE :Derivative of a third –order determinant

Product of Matrices
Derivative f g h f ' g ' h' f g h f g h

d
Inverse
p q r = p q r + p' q' r ' + p q r
Vectors dx
u v w u v w u v w u' v' w'

Inverse of a Matrix
Linear Algebra
Introduction
• Introduction
Matrices • Theorem: Existence of The Inverse
Determinants
Introduction • Determination of the inverse

Order
Crame’s rule
– Gauss Jordan elimination
Minor & Cofactor
– Some useful formulas of the inverse
Singular
Linear Independent • Inverse of a product

Properties
Product of Matrices
• Theorem: Cancellation Law
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Introduction of The Inverse
Linear Algebra
Introduction
• In this section we consider exclusively
Matrices square matrices.
Determinants
Introduction
• The inverse of an n x n matrix A = [ajk ]
Order
Crame’s rule
is denoted by A −1
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
and is n x n matrix such that
−1 −1
AA = A A = I
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative where I is the n x n unit matrix.

Inverse
Vectors

Introduction of The Inverse (Cont.)
Linear Algebra
• If A has an inverse, then A is called a
Introduction
Matrices
nonsingular matrix.
Determinants • If A has no inverse, then A is called a singular
Introduction matrix.
Order
Crame’s rule
• If A has an inverse, the inverse is unique.
Minor & Cofactor • We prove next that A has an inverse (is
Singular
nonsingular) if only if it has maximum
Linear Independent
possible rank n.
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Existence of The Inverse
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants Theorem 1 (Existence of the inverse)

Introduction
Order • The inverse of n x n matrix A exists if and only if

Crame’s rule
rank A = n.
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
• Hence A is non singular if rank A = n, and is
Linear Independent singular if rank A < n.
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Find the inverse A −1 of
− 1 1 2
Matrices
Determinants
 
Introduction
A =  3 − 1 1
Order
Crame’s rule
− 1 3 4
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
Linear Independent
Solution. We apply the Gauss elimination
Properties
Product of Matrices
− 1 1 2 1 0 0
Derivative [A I] =  − 
Inverse  3 1 1 0 1 0 Row 2 + 3 Row 1
Vectors  − 1 3 4 0 0 1  Row 3 +(-1) Row 1

Linear Algebra
Introduction
Matrices
− 1 1 2 1 0 0
Determinants
 
Introduction
 0 2 7 3 1 0
Order
Crame’s rule
 0 2 2 − 1 0 1 Row 3 + (-1) Row 2
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
Linear Independent
Properties − 1 1 2 1 0 0 -Row 1
Product of Matrices  
Derivative 0 2 7 3 1 0 0.5 Row 2
Inverse  0 0 − 5 − 4 − 1 1 -0.2 Row 3
Vectors

Linear Algebra
1 − 1 − 2 − 1 0 0  Row1+2 Row3
Introduction
 
Matrices
0 1 3.5 1.5 0.5 0  Row2+(-3.5) Row3
0 0 1 0.8 0.2 − 0.2
Determinants
Introduction
Order
Crame’s rule 1 − 1 0 0.6 0.4 − 0.4 Row1 +Row 2

Minor & Cofactor  − − 
Singular  0 1 0 1. 3 0 .2 0. 7 
Linear Independent 0 0 1 0.8 0.2 − 0.2
Properties
1 0 0 − 0.7 0.3 
Product of Matrices
Derivative
0.2
 
Inverse
0 1 0 − 1.3 − 0.2 0.7 
Vectors 
 0 0 1 0.8 0.2 − 0.2
−1
Linear Algebra The last three columns constitute A
Introduction
Matrices
Check :
Determinants
Introduction − 1 1 2  − 0.7 0.2 0.3  1 0 0

Order
 − 1 1   − 1.3 − 0.2 0.7  = 0 1 0.
 3    
Crame’s rule
− 1 3 4  0.8 0.2 − 0.2 0 0 1 
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
−1
Linear Independent
Hence AA =I
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
> The inverse of the inverse is the given matrix A:
Inverse
−1 −1
Vectors (A ) =A

Some Useful formulas for Inverses
Linear Algebra For a nonsingular 2x2 matrix we obtain
Introduction
Matrices  a11 a12  −1 1  a22 − a12 

Determinants
A=
  ; A = − 
Introduction
a 21 a 22  det A  a21 a11 
Order
Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor

where det A = a11 a 22 − a12 a 21
Singular
Similarly, for a nonsingular diagonal matrix we
Linear Independent
simply have
Properties
Product of Matrices a11 ... 0  1 / a11 ... 0 

Derivative
   
 . ... .   . ... . 
Inverse
 . ... .   . ... . 
Vectors    
0 ... a nn   0 ... 1/ a nn 

Some Useful formulas for Inverses
(cont.)
Linear Algebra
EXAMPLE: Inverse of a 2x2 matrix
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants 3 1 1  4 − 1  0.4 − 0.1

A=   A
−1
=   = 
− −
Introduction
Order 2 4 10  2 3   0.2 0.3 

Crame’s rule
Minor & Cofactor
Singular EXAMPLE: Inverse of a diagonal matrix

Linear Independent
Properties
− 0.5 0 0  − 2 0 0
  =  0 0.25 0 
Product of Matrices
Derivative A= 0 4 0 A −1
 0 0 1 
Inverse
Vectors
 0 0 1 

Inverse of Product
Linear Algebra
• The inverse of a product AC can be calculated
Introduction
Matrices
by inverting each factor separately and
Determinants
multiplying the result in reverse order
Introduction
Order
Crame’s rule ( AC )
−1
= C −1 A −1 .
Minor & Cofactor
Singular
Linear Independent
• Product of more than two matrices
Properties
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
Product of Matrices
( AC ...PQ ) = Q P ...C A .
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Cancellation Law
Linear Algebra
Let A,B,C be n x n matrices. Then:
Introduction
Matrices • If rank A = n and AB =AC ,then B=C

Determinants • If rank A = n, then AB = 0 implies B=0. Hence if
Introduction
AB = 0, but A ≠ 0 as well as B ≠ 0, then rank A<
Order
Crame’s rule
n and rank B < n.
Minor & Cofactor • If A is singular, so are AB and BA
Singular
Linear Independent
Properties
Product of Matrices
Derivative
Inverse
Vectors

Vector
Linear Algebra
• Introduction of vector
Introduction
Matrices • Operation of Vector

Determinants • Linear Combination
Vectors
• Linear Independent
• Coordinate Transformation
• Gradient of Scalar Filed
• Directional derivative
• Normal Vector
• Divergence of a vector field
• Div (Grad φ)
• Curl of Vector field

Introduction of Vector
Linear Algebra
• Notation of vector
Introduction
Matrices • Magnitude of vector

Determinants • Direction of vector
Vectors
Introduction
• Equality of Vector
Operation • Unit Vector
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
• Component of Vector
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Introduction of Vector
Linear Algebra
• In geometry and physics and its engineering
Introduction
Matrices
applications we use two kinds of quantities,
Determinants
scalar and vectors.
Vectors • Scalar: quantity that is determined by its
Introduction
magnitude. For instance, length temperature,
Operation
Linear Combination
voltage, density, etc.
Linear Independent • Vector: quantity that is determined by both its
Coord. Transform
magnitude and its direction. For instance, force,
Grad. Scalar
velocity, acceleration, etc.
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Notation of Vector
Linear Algebra
• Cartesian System
Introduction
Matrices
Z Cartesius
Determinants
Q(d,e,f)
Vectors
P=initial point
Introduction
Operation P(a,b,c) Q=terminal point

Linear Combination
x
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform y
Grad. Scalar
• We denote vector by
r
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
r
Div. Vector A, A , A, a, a , a
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector Vector A have component (Ax , Ay , Az )

Notation of Vector
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Ax component of Vector A in x-direction
Matrices
Determinants
Ay component of Vector A in y-direction
Vectors
Introduction
Operation
Az component of Vector A in z-direction
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform The length of vector A is called the norm of A

Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
and is denoted by A
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Magnitude of Vector
Linear Algebra
A ( Ax , Ay , Az )
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants
Az
Z
Vectors
Introduction
Operation
Linear Combination A Q
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Ax
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative Ay P X
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Y
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector A= Ax2 + A y2 + Az2

Direction of Vector
Linear Algebra
Direction of Vector A is expressed by
Introduction
Matrices
direction coefficient of that vector to x,y,z axis.
Determinants
Vectors Z
Introduction
Operation
Linear Combination
γ A
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
β α
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative X
Normal Vector
Y
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Direction of Vector A is expressed by ( l, m, n )
Curl of Vector

Direction of Vector
Linear Algebra
Introduction
l = Cos α
Matrices α is an angle between vector A with x-axis
Determinants
Vectors
Ax Ax
Introduction = =
Operation A Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
m = cos β
Direct. Derrivative
β is an angle between vector
Normal Vector A with y-axis
Div. Vector
Ay Ay
Div (Grad φ) = =
Curl of Vector
A Ax2 + A y2 + Az2
Direction of Vector
Linear Algebra
n = Cosγ
Introduction
Matrices γ is an angle between vector A with z-axis

Determinants
Vectors
Az Az
Introduction
= =
Ax2 + A y2 + Az2
Operation
Linear Combination
A
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Two vector A and B is same, if and only if:
A= B
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector Arah sama dengan arah

A B
Equality of Vector
Linear Algebra A = B If and only if :
Introduction
Matrices Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 = B x2 + B y2 + Bz2

Determinants
A( Ax , Ay , Az )  l A = lB →
Ax Bx
=
Vectors
 A B
Introduction
(l A , m A , n A ) 

Operation Ay By
Linear Combination
mA = mB → =
Linear Independent B( B x , B y , Bz )  A B
Coord. Transform
 n A = nB →
Az Bz
=
Grad. Scalar (l B , m B , n B )  A B
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Ax = B x ; A y = B y ; Az = B z
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Two vectors are equal, if and only if they have the
Curl of Vector
same length and the same direction.
Unit Vector
Linear Algebra A vector of length 1 is called a unit vector
Introduction
Matrices z
A = a unit vector, if
Determinants
Vectors
Introduction
k
Operation
Linear Combination
i x A =1= Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2
Linear Independent
j
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar y
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
a unit vector at x-direction= i
Div. Vector a unit vector at y-direction = j
Div (Grad φ) a unit vector at z-direction = k
Curl of Vector

Component of Vector
Linear Algebra
Introduction A Vector A with component ( Ax, Ay , Az ),

Matrices
Determinants
Vectors
can be written A = Ax i + A y j + Az k
Introduction
Operation
Example :
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
A = 3i − 4 j + k
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar = (3,-4,1)

Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Operation of Vector
Linear Algebra • Addition / subtraction of vector
Introduction
– Basic properties of vector addition
Matrices
– Vector addition of 2 - D vector by “Geometric “ way
Determinants
Vectors
• Scalar multiplication
Introduction – Basic properties of scalar multiplication
Operation • Inner Product (dot product)
Linear Combination
– Ortogonality
Linear Independent
– Length in term of inner product
Coord. Transform
– Properties of inner product
Grad. Scalar
– Application of inner product
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector • Vector Product (cross product)

Div. Vector – Properties of vector product
Div (Grad φ) – Application of vector product
Curl of Vector – Anticommutative

Addition / Subtraction of Vectors
Linear Algebra
Introduction A = ( Ax , Ay , Az ) B = ( Bx , B y , Bz )
Matrices
C x = Ax + Bx
Determinants
Vectors A+ B = C
= C xi + C y j + C z k C y = Ay + B y
Introduction
Operation
C z = Az + B z
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
A− B = D D x = Ax − B x
Normal Vector = Dx i + D y j + Dz k D y = Ay − B y
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
D z = Az − B z
Curl of Vector

Basic Properties of Vector Addition
Linear Algebra Commutativity
Introduction
Matrices A+ B = B + A
Determinants
Assosiativity
Vectors
Introduction (A+B) +C = A + ( B +C )
Operation
Linear Combination
Linear Independent A+0 = 0+ A = A

Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
A+0 = 0+ A = A
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Vector Addition of 2 - D Vector
by “Geometric “ Way
Linear Algebra
A = Axi + A yj
Introduction
Matrices B = B xi + B yj Y
Determinants
Vectors
Y
Introduction
Operation
Linear Combination X
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform J
Grad. Scalar I X
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector D = A− B
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ) C = A+ B = A + (− B)
Curl of Vector

Scalar Multiplication
(Multiplication by a Number)
Linear Algebra
Introduction A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k a = constant scalar

Matrices
Determinants
B = a.A = a( Axi + Ay j + Azk) = (aAx )i + (aAy ) j + (aAx )k
Vectors
Introduction
Operation
vector with modulus B = a A and with direction = direction A
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform B = (aAx ) 2 + ( a. Ay ) 2 + (a. Az ) 2

Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative = a Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2

Normal Vector
Div. Vector =aA

Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Basic Properties of Scalar Multiplication
Linear Algebra
• c(A+B)=cA+cB
Introduction
Matrices • (c+k)A=cA+kA
Determinants • c(kA)=(ck)A
Vectors
Introduction
• 1A=A
Operation • 0A=0
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
• (-1)A=-A
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Inner Product (dot product)
Linear Algebra A multiplication of two vectors that gives a scalar
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants
A = Axi + Ay j + Az k
Vectors
Introduction
B = Bx i + B y j + B z k
Operation
Linear Combination A.B = ( Axi + Ay j + Az k ).( Bx i + B y j + B z k )

Linear Independent
= Ax .Bx + Ay .B y + Az .Bz
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
A.B = A . B cos α AB (smallest angle between ve ctor A and B )
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
A.B = B. A
A.B
Div (Grad φ) Cos α AB =
Curl of Vector
A. B

Inner Product (dot product)
Linear Algebra Example:
Introduction
A = 3i − 4 j + 5k B = i + 2 j + 3k
Matrices
Determinants
Vectors A.B = (3i − 4 j + 5k ).(i + 2 j + 3k ) = 3 − 8 + 15 = 10

Introduction
Operation
A = 32 + ( −4) 2 + 52 B = 12 + 2 2 + 32
Linear Combination
Linear Independent = 50 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar A.B 10 10 2 1

Cos α AB = = = = =
Direct. Derrivative
A. B 50 . 14 5 2 . 14 28 7
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
1
Div (Grad φ) α AB = arc Cos
Curl of Vector 7

Orthogonality
Linear Algebra
• A vector A is called orthogonal to a vector B if
Introduction
Matrices
A.B=0. Then B is also orthogonal to A and we
Determinants
call these vectors orthogonal vectors.
Vectors • Clearly, the zero vector is orthogonal to every
Introduction
vector.
Operation
Linear Combination • For nonzero vectors we have A.B = 0 if and only

Linear Independent if cos γ = 0 thus γ = π/2 = (900).
Coord. Transform
This proves the important.
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative • Theorem Orthogonality

Normal Vector
The inner product of two non zero vectors is zero
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
if and only if these vectors are perpendicular.
Curl of Vector

Length in Term of Inner Product
Linear Algebra A . A=|A|2
Introduction a•b a •b
cos γ = = .
Matrices
ab a•a b•b
Determinants
Vectors
EXAMPLE :
Introduction
Inner product. Angle between vectors
Operation
Find the inner product and the lengths of A = [ 1, 2, 0 ] and
Linear Combination
B = [ 3, -2, 1 ] as well as the angle between these vectors.
Linear Independent Solution
Coord. Transform
A • B = 1⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ ( −2) + 0 ⋅1 = −1,
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative A = A • A = 5,
And the angle
Normal Vector
B = B • B = 14,
Div. Vector a •a
γ = arc cos = arc cos(−0.11952 )
Div (Grad φ)
ab
Curl of Vector
= 1.69061 = 96. 865°.
Properties of Dot Product
Linear Algebra
[q1 A + q2 B] • C = q1 A • C + q2 B • C (Linearity)
Introduction
A• B = B• A
Matrices
(Symmetry)
Determinants
Vectors
A• A ≥ 0 (Positive-definiteness)
Introduction
Operation
( A + B) • C = A • C + B • C (Distributivity)
Linear Combination
A• B ≤ A B
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
(Schwarz inequality)
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
A+ B ≤ A + B (Triangle inequlity)
Normal Vector
= 2(A ) (Parallelogram equality)

Div. Vector
A+ B + A− B +B
2 2 2 2
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Applications of Inner Product
Linear Algebra
• Work done by a force
Introduction
Consider a body on which a constant force A acts. Let the
Matrices
body be given a displacement d. Then the work done by A in
Determinants the displacement is defined as:
Vectors
Introduction
W = a d cosα = a • d,
Operation
• Orthogonal Straight lines in the plane
Linear Combination
Find the straight line L1 through the point P: (1,3) in the
Linear Independent xy- plane and perpendicular to the line:
L2 : x − 2 y + 2 = 0;
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Answer . y = −2 x + 5
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector • Normal vector to a plane

Div. Vector
Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane
Div (Grad φ)
4 x + 2 y + 4 z + = −7.
Curl of Vector

Vector Product (cross product)
Linear Algebra
• Dot multiplication gives a scalar as the
Introduction
Matrices
product of two vectors, but there are other
Determinants applications that suggest another
Vectors
multiplication, “cross multiplication” that
Introduction
Operation
again gives a vector as the product of two
Linear Combination vectors in three-space.
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Linear Algebra
Introduction
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k B = B x i + B y j + Bz k
Matrices
Determinants
Vectors
Introduction
C=AxB
Operation
Linear Combination
Vector Cross product
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
i j k
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector C = Ax B = Ax Ay Az
Div. Vector
Bx By Bz
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Linear Algebra
Introduction
i j k
Ay Az Ax Az Ax Ay
Matrices C = Ax B = Ax Ay Az = i −j +k
Determinants
By Bz Bx Bz Bx By
Bx By Bz
Vectors
Introduction = ( Ay B z − Az B y )i − ( Ax Bz − Bx Az ) j + ( Ax B y − B x Ay )k
Operation
Linear Combination
Linear Independent C = Ax B has the length C = A . B . sin α AB

Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Which is the area of the parallelogram.
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector The direction of C = Ax B is perpendicular

lar to both A and B
Div. Vector
and such that A , B , C in this order, form a right - handed
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector Triple.

General Properties of Vector Product
Linear Algebra
• (kA) x B= k(A x B) = A x (kB) for every scalar k.
Introduction
Matrices
• It is distributive with respect to vector addition, that is
Determinants A x (B + C) =(A x B) + (A x C),
Vectors (A+ B) x C = (A x C) + (B x C).
Introduction
• It is not commutative but anticommutative, that is,
Operation
Linear Combination B x A = -(A x B)

Linear Independent • It is not associative, that is,
Coord. Transform
A x (B x C) ≠ (A x B) x C
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Application of Vector Product
Linear Algebra
• Hal 447
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants
Vectors
Introduction
Operation
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Anticommutative
Linear Algebra
Ax B ≠ Bx A = −1( Bx A) axb
b
Introduction
Matrices
Example:
Determinants
Vectors
A = i + j + 2k
Introduction
a
Operation B = 3i − 2 j − 2k
Linear Combination
bxa
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
i j k
Grad. Scalar C = Ax B = 1 1 2 = 2i + 8 j − 5k
Direct. Derrivative
3 −2 −2
Normal Vector
Div. Vector i j k
Div (Grad φ)
D = Ax B = 3 − 2 − 2 = −2i − 8 j + 5 = −1( Ax B).
Curl of Vector
1 1 2
Linear Combination
Linear Algebra A Linear Combinatio n of vectors A1 ,......... , Am
Introduction
Matrices
in a vector space V is an expression
Determinants
c1 A1 + c2 A2 + .................... + cm Am
Vectors
Introduction (c1 , c2 ,............, cm any scalars)

Operation
Linear Combination
Example :
Linear Independent A1 = 3i + 2 j + 4k
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar A2 = −i − j − k
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Linear Combination of A1 dan A2 ditulis :
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ) B = c1 (3i + 2 j + 4k ) + c2 (−i − j − k )

Curl of Vector

Linearly Independent
Linear Algebra
Vectors form a linearly independent if
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants
c1 A1 + c2 A2 + .......... .......... + cm Am = 0
Vectors
implies that
Introduction
c1 = 0,............, cm = 0
Operation
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform Otherwise they are called linearly dependent

Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Linearly Independent (two vectors)
Linear Algebra • Two vectors A and B are called linearly independent
Introduction
if and only if linear combination of those vectors :
Matrices
a A + bB = 0
Determinants
Vectors
implies that a=b=0
Introduction
Operation • Otherwise. If a and / or b ≠ so

Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform a A + bB = 0
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
hence vectors A dan B are linear dependent
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Linearly Independent (two vectors)
Linear Algebra Example :
Introduction
A = 3i + 2 j + 4k
Matrices
aA + bB = 0
Determinants B = −i − j − k
Vectors
3a − b = 0
Introduction
Operation
3 −1 0
a
Linear Combination 2a − b = 0 → 2 − 1 = 0
b
Linear Independent 4 − 1 0
4a − b = 0
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative 3a = b 

Normal Vector =
2a b  a=b=0
4a = b 
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector
So those vectors are linear independent
Coordinate Transformation
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Matrices A = ( Ax , Ay , Az ) refer to coordinate x, y , z

Determinants z = ( A1x , A1y , A1z ) refer to coordinate x1, y1 , z1
Vectors
Introduction z1
Operation
Linear Combination
x1
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
x
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
y
Div (Grad φ) y1
Curl of Vector

(Two Dimension Case )
Linear Algebra A1x = Ax cos ∅ − Ay sin ∅
Introduction
Matrices Y 1 A1y = Ay cos ∅ + Ax sin ∅

Y
Determinants
Vectors
∅  A1x  cos ∅ − sin∅  Ax 
 1 =   
 A y   sin ∅ cos ∅  A y 
Introduction
A1y
Operation
Linear Combination
A
Linear Independent Ay [T ]= modulus transformation
{A}= [T ]{A }
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar 1
Ax X A
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
∅
Div. Vector 1 1
A X
Div (Grad φ) x
Curl of Vector

(Two Dimension Case )
Introduction
Matrices Determine component of A refer to coordinate xy

Determinants
which obtained by turning 30° cw xy - system coordinate
Vectors
Introduction
Operation A = 3i − 2 j = A1x i1 + A1y j 1

Linear Combination
3  3 
Linear Independent = 3 + 1i 1 +  − 3  j 1
Coord. Transform
2  2 
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative  A1x  cos 30° − sin 30°  Ax 

Normal Vector  1 =   
Div. Vector
 Ay   sin 30° °
cos 30   Ay 
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

(Three Dimension Case )
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Matrices
A = Axi + Ay j + Az k
Determinants
Vectors
= A1xi1 + A1y j1 + A1z k 1
Introduction
Operation
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform  A1x   a11 a12 a13   Ax 

 1   
 Ay  = a21 a22
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
a23   Ay 
 A1  a a33   Az 
 x   31 a32
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Linear Algebra
Introduction
x y z
Matrices
Determinants x1 a11 a12 a13

Vectors
Introduction y1 a21 a22 a23

Operation
Linear Combination
z1 a31 a32 a33
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative a11 = cosinus angle between x1 - axis with x axis

Normal Vector
Div. Vector
a21 = cosinus angle between y1 - axis with x axis
Div (Grad φ) etc
Curl of Vector

Linear Algebra
Example : A = 2i + 2 j + 2k
Introduction
Matrices
Coordinate system of x z y turned around to z-axis
Determinants
equal to 600 clockwise.
Vectors
Determine component of A in new co-ordinate
Introduction
Operation
system.
Linear Combination Z a 11 = cos( x 1 , x ) = cos 60 ° = 1 / 2
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
60 a 12 = cos( x 1 , y ) = cos( − 30 ° )
Grad. Scalar
1
Direct. Derrivative
y 1 = + cos 30 ° = 3
X 2
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
a 13 = cos( y . z ) = cos 90 = 0
1. 0
Div (Grad φ)
1
Curl of Vector Y X

Linear Algebra
Solution:
Introduction
Matrices
a 21 = cos( y 1 . x ) = cos( − 210 ° )
Determinants
Vectors = + cos 210 ° = − 1 / 2 3

Introduction
Operation a 22 = ( y 1 . y ) = cos 60 ° = 1 / 2
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
a 23 = cos( y 1 z ) = cos 90 ° = 0
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
a31 = cos( z , x) a32 = cos( z , y ) a33 = cos( z 1 , z )

Direct. Derrivative 1 1
Normal Vector
Div. Vector = Cos 90 = 0 = cos 90 = 0 = cos 90 = 0

Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Linear Algebra
 1/ 2 1 / 2 3 0
Introduction
 
Matrices [T ]= − 1/ 2 3 1 / 2 0
Determinants  0 0 1 
Vectors  
Introduction
Operation
 A1x   1 / 2 1 / 2 3 0 2 
 1   
Linear Combination
 A y  = − 1 / 2 3 1/ 2 0 2 
Linear Independent
 A1   0  2 
Coord. Transform  z  0 1  
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
A 1x = 1 / 2 . 2 + 1 / 2 3 . 2 + 0 . 2 = 1 + 3
Normal Vector
Div. Vector A 1y = ( − 1 / 2 3 ). 2 + 1 / 2 . 2 + 0 . 2 = 3
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector A 1z = 0 . 2 + 0 . 2 + 1 .2 = 2
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Matrices A 1x = 1 / 2 . 2 + 1 / 2 3 . 2 + 0 . 2 = 1 + 3
Determinants
Vectors
A 1y = ( − 1 / 2 3 ). 2 + 1 / 2 . 2 + 0 . 2 = 3
Introduction
A 1z = 0 . 2 + 0 . 2 + 1 . 2 = 2
Operation
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
A = 2i + 2 j + 2k
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
= (1 + 3 )i1 + (1 − 3 ) j 1 + 2 k 1
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Gradient of Scalar Field
Linear Algebra • We shall see that in applications there often occur
Introduction vector fields which have the advantage that they can
Matrices be obtained from scalar fields.
Determinants
• This relation between the two types of fields is
Vectors
Introduction
accomplished by the “gradient”.
Operation • For a given scalar function φ (x,y,z) the gradient grad
Linear Combination φ is the vector function defined by
Linear Independent
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Coord. Transform
Gradien φ = i+ y k vector
Grad. Scalar ∂x ∂y ∂z
Direct. Derrivative
∂ ∂ ∂
Normal Vector Grad φ = ( i + j + k )φ
Div. Vector
∂x ∂y ∂z
Div (Grad φ) = ∇φ
Curl of Vector
operator diferential
Gradient of Scalar Field
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Example :
φ = x2 y + z 3 + 3
Matrices
Determinants
Vectors
Introduction ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Operation = 2 xy = x 2
= 3x2
Linear Combination
∂x ∂y ∂z
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Grad φ = i+ y k
Grad. Scalar
∂x ∂y ∂z
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector Gradφ = ∇φ = ( 2 xy)i + ( x 2 ) j + 3x 2 k

Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Directional Derivative
Linear Algebra
• The rate of change of φ at any point P in any fixed
Introduction
direction given by a vector s.
Matrices
Determinants φ ( xyz) = 0
Vectors
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Introduction
dφ = dx + dy + dz
Operation ∂x ∂y ∂z
Linear Combination
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Linear Independent
=( i+ j+ k ).(dxi + dyj + dzk )
Coord. Transform ∂x ∂y ∂z
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
∇φ . ds
Normal Vector
Div. Vector dφ = ∇φ.ds [ds]= ds

Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Linear Algebra
dφ ds
Introduction = ∇φ
Matrices ds ds
Determinants
Vectors
Vector satuan dalam arah s
Introduction
Operation Grad .φ
Linear Combination
Linear Independent Turunan φ dalam arah vector s

Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
s = xi + yj + zk
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Introduction
Matrices
Find the directional derivative of φ (x,y,z)= 2x2 + y2 - z2 at the
Determinants
point A (2,1,3 ) in the direction of the vector s = i − 2 j
Vectors
Introduction
Solution :
Operation
Linear Combination
dφ s
Linear Independent
s = ∇φ .
Coord. Transform
ds s
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
s
Div. Vector = es = Vector satuan dalam arah
Div (Grad φ) s
Curl of Vector

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ i−2j
es =
Linear Algebra
∇φ = i + j + k
Introduction
∂x ∂y ∂z 5
Matrices
1 1 2
Determinants = 4 xi + 2 yj − 2 z k = −
(i 2 j ) = i − j
5 5 5
Vectors
= 4.2.i + 2.1. j − 2.3k
Introduction
∇φ = 8i + 2 j − 6k . dφ 1 2
Operation
2,1, 3 = (8i + 2 j − 6 k ).( i− k)
Linear Combination
ds 5 5
Linear Independent
s = sx2 + s 2y + s z2 1 −2
Coord. Transform = 8. + 2. − 6 .0
Grad. Scalar = 12 + ( −2) 2 + 02 5 5
Direct. Derrivative 8 4
= 5 = −
Normal Vector
5 5
Div. Vector
s 4
Div (Grad φ)
es = =
5
Curl of Vector
s
Normal Vector (n)
• Let φ be a differentiable scalar function that

Linear Algebra
Introduction
Matrices represents a surface S: φ = (x,y,z) = c = const

Determinants
Vectors • Then if the gradient of φ at point P of S is not

Introduction the zero vector, it is a normal vector of S at P.
Operation
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
• The surface S with various values of c are called
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
the level surface of the scalar function
Curl of Vector

Normal Vector (n)
Linear Algebra
• Jika φ (x,y,z) adalah satu fungsi scalar yang
Introduction
Matrices
diferensiabel dan P adalah satu titik pada
Determinants permukaan φ (x,y,z)=0 (nol) maka ∇φ pada titik P
Vectors mempunyai arah tegak lurus permukaan di titik
Introduction tersebut .
Operation
Linear Combination
• Vector normal satuan = n
Linear Independent
∇φ
n=
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
∇φ
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Vector normal satuan di titik P pada
Div (Grad φ)
permukaan φ (x,y,z) = 0
Curl of Vector

Normal Vector (n)
Linear Algebra • Example :
Introduction
Find a unit normal vector of the cone of revolution
Matrices
Determinants
z2 = 4(x2+y2) at the point P:(1,0,2).
Vectors • Solution :
Introduction
φ ( xyz ) = 4( x 2 + y 2 ) − z 2 ∇φ = 82 + 02 + (−4)2
Operation
Linear Combination = 4x 2 + 4 y 2 − z 2 = 64 + 16
Linear Independent
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ = 80
Coord. Transform ∇φ = i+ j+ k
Grad. Scalar
∂x ∂y ∂z
Direct. Derrivative = 8xi + 8 yj − 2 zk ∇φ = 4 5
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
∇φ 1, 0, 2 = 8.1i + 8.0. j − 2.2k
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector ∇φ = 8i − 4k
Normal Vector (n)
Linear Algebra
Introduction ∇φ
Matrices n=
Determinants ∇φ
Vectors
Introduction 8i − 4k
Operation =
Linear Combination 4 5
Linear Independent
8 4
Coord. Transform
= i− k
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
4 5 4 5
Normal Vector
2 1
Div. Vector n= i− k
Div (Grad φ) 5 5
Curl of Vector

Divergence of a Vector Field
Linear Algebra
The Divergence of the vector A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
Introduction
Matrices defined by :
Determinants
Vectors
div A = ∇. A
Introduction
Operation dot product

Linear Combination vector operator differential
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
∂ ∂ ∂
Grad. Scalar =( i+ j + k ).( Ax i + Ay j + Az k )
Direct. Derrivative
∂x ∂y ∂z
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
div . A = + +
Div (Grad φ)
scalar.
Curl of Vector ∂x ∂y ∂z
Divergence of a Vector Field
Linear Algebra
Example: A = x 2 i + ( xy 2 ) j + z 2 k .
Introduction
Matrices Find
Determinants
∇. A
Vectors 1, 3, 4
Introduction Solution:
Operation
Linear Combination ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az

∇. A = + +
Linear Independent ∂x ∂y ∂z ∇.A = 2.1 + 2.1.3 + 2.4
1, 3, 4
Coord. Transform
∂x 2 ∂ ( xy 2 ) ∂z 2 = 2 +6+8
Grad. Scalar = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Direct. Derrivative
= 16
Normal Vector = 2 x + 2 xy + 2 z
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Div (Gradφ ) = ∇.(∇φ )
Linear Algebra ∂ ∂ ∂   ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ 
∇.(∇φ ) =  i + j + k . i + j+ k .
 ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants
 ∂  ∂φ   ∂  ∂φ   ∂  ∂φ 
Vectors =    +    +   
Introduction
 ∂x  ∂x   ∂y  ∂y   ∂z  ∂z 
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
Operation
Linear Combination
∇.∇ϕ = 2 + 2 + 2
Linear Independent ∂x ∂y ∂z
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar ∇.∇φ = ∇2 .φ.

Direct. Derrivative
= ∆φ
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Div (Gradφ ) = ∇.(∇φ )
Linear Algebra
Introduction
Matrices
Determinants
Vectors
∇.∇. = ∇ 2 = del kwadrat. = ∆ = delta.
Introduction
Operation
∆φ = pers. loplace
φ = besaran potensial
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative
Normal Vector
Div. Vector
Div (Grad φ)
Curl of Vector

Curl of Vector Field
Linear Algebra
Curl of the vector function A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
Introduction
Matrices is defined
Determinants
Vectors
Curl A = ∇x A Vector
Introduction Cross product

Operation
Vector operator diferensial
Linear Combination
Linear Independent
Coord. Transform
i j k
 ∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ ∂
Grad. Scalar = 
Curl A  i + j +  ( + +
k  x Axi Ay j Az k )=
Direct. Derrivative  ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z  ∂x ∂y ∂z
Ax Ay Az
Normal Vector
Div. Vector ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Div (Grad φ) = i ∂y ∂z + j ∂x ∂z + k ∂x ∂y
Curl of Vector Ay Az Ax Az Ax Ay

Curl of Vector Field
Linear Algebra
 ∂Az ∂Ay   ∂Ax ∂Az   ∂Ay ∂Ax 
Introduction
Curl A = i  −  + j  −  + k  − 
Matrices
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
Determinants
Vectors example
Introduction
Operation A = x 2i + xy 2 j + z 2 k di (1,2,3)
Linear Combination
Linear Independent solution

Coord. Transform
Grad. Scalar
Direct. Derrivative i j k
Normal Vector ∂ ∂ ∂
Curl A = = y2k
Div. Vector ∂x ∂y ∂z
Div (Grad φ)
x2 xy 2 z2
Curl of Vector

Matrix Dan Vector

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Matrix Dan Vector

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Linear Algebra

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

3x+2y−4z =10 [C ]m×l = [A]m×n [B]n×l a11 a12 a13 ∂2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Introduction Linear Algebra

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Matrices • curve fitting and other optimization problems,

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Diagram • Linear algebra makes systematic use of

Vectors • The central task of linear algebra is study

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Linear Algebra Ø A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

Vectors Ø The ”mathematical shorthand” thus obtained is

Kind of Matrices Bold

Determinants (x ) =  y  column matrix = vector

Kind of Matrices = ∨ ∨ rectangular matrix

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Calculation [C ]= [A]± [B] C ij = Aij ± Bij

[A]+ [B ]= [B]+ [A]

Introduction Transpose of matrix [A] written down as [A] T

Transpose [B]= [A]T −1

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

[A] = Symmetric Matrices

Matrices Aij = − A ji or [A] = −[A]T

Scalar Multiple [A]=  1 3

Introduction [C ]m×l = [A]m×n [B ]n×l n

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

[C ]3×2 = [A]3×2 [B ]2×2 [A]2×2 × [B]3×2 = [D]

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Introduction If [A] and [B] are square matrices, then :

[C ]m×m = [A]m×m [B ]m×m

[D]= [B]m×m [A]m×m

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Minor & Cofactor

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Matrices a11 a12

Product of Matrices This definition is suggested by systems

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Matrices a11 a12 a13

Coloumn III = (− 1) a13 A13 + (− 1) a23 A23 + (− 1) a33 A33

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Minor & Cofactor

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Crame’s rule Cramer’s rule is

Linear Algebra In the third –order determinant

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Determinants C11 = + M 11 , C12 = − M 21 , C13 = + M 13 ,

Minor & Cofactor

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Crame’s rule Row l-th and m-th linear independent, if :

Inverse  a1l   a1m 

Linear Independent 1 2 0

3c1  4c2  0

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Order • c1 = 0, c2 = 0, linear combination of row 1 and 2 equal zero,

Order Linear combination of column 1 and column 2 is equal to zero

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Minor & Cofactor

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T

Ir. Muhamad Kusni, M.T