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INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
"The property that describes randomness or uncertainty is called entropy." This would also imply that
randomness is synonymous to uncertainty.
3.
4.
5.
It must be emphasized, however, that in their vast majority, graduate-level textbooks stay clear from the entropydisorder association [2,3].
It is evident that when the experts (that is the authors of
specialized books) on the subject make such ambiguous
statements about entropy, the non-experts (that is the students, scientists, practicing engineers or even other professors) may fall into fallacies that lead into the gross misuse of
the concept. Because of this, it appears that entropy has been
attempted to be used in several of the social sciences and
religious studies to explain current phenomena or to predict
future trends [3-6]. Of course the second law of thermodynamics, which is an inviolable law of nature, is used (and
often abused) to prove the thesis of the author (whatever this
may be) or to refute someone else's thesis. Invariably, these
abuses stem from a very loose and ambiguous definition of
entropy (and very often no definition at all) that is unrelated
to the concept of the thermodynamic property entropy,
which has rigorously evolved from a physical principle that
is known as The Second Law of Thermodynamics.
A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The origin of the second law of thermodynamics is attributed to Sadi Carnot [7] who first recognized the workproducing limitations of thermal engines and stipulated that
these limitations are independent of the working fluid. It
must be noted that Carnot's work, the foundation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, was published eighteen years
before the scientific formulation of the first law, as we now
2008 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Efstathios E. Michaelides
dQ
T
(1)
dQ0
ds =
T
or S2 - S1 =
dQ0
T
(2)
b)
It were possible to extrapolate physics based on terrestrial phenomena to the length and time macroscales of the universe.
(3)
ples, which may serve as food for thought for any proposed
relationship between disorder and entropy:
1.
2.
3.
s2 - s1 = Rln(2) ,
(4)
where R is the gas constant. One may also argue on qualitative grounds that the "order" of the gas molecules has decreased in the system, or that the "disorder" has increased
because the gas molecules have more space to move. In this
case, the concept of disorder is closely associated to the
amount of space the gas molecules have in their disposal.
The association of entropy and disorder was developed from
qualitative analogies as in the above example. One can see,
however, that the analogy is very superficial and is based on
a loose definition of disorder as analogous to the space occupied by the molecules. If one then keeps the total volume
constant and, by a heat transfer process, decreases the temperature of the gas, would the disorder increase, decrease or
remain the same. Clearly, the entropy would decrease.
4.
5.
There is another classical example of a system consisting of two identical solid masses, one at thermodynamic temperature T1 and the other at T2. The two
solids are allowed to interact until thermal equilib-
Efstathios E. Michaelides
rium is reached and they both are at the average temperature (T1 + T2)/2. There is a specific entropy increase associated with the process:
s2 - s1 = cln{(T1 + T2)2/4T1T2} ,
(5)
like this, however, contrary to all intuitive concepts of order aims at explaining more "order" in terms of entropy
rather than entropy in terms of "order".
7.
8.
One should mention the study of Prigogine and Stengers [13] who calculated the quantity H, which
Boltzman [10] identified with entropy. They did their
calculations with a Gibbsian ensemble using the
phase space instead of the energy levels. The result
was that the quantity H remains constant with time.
After a discussion on the ambiguity of the ideas of
order and disorder they concluded that their results
prove that "there is no change of order whatsoever in
the frame of dynamic theory." Prigogine and Stengers
[13] continue that from the theory of mechanics and
dynamics (on which statistical thermodynamics is
based) one can never make conclusions about
changes in order, regardless of how the concept of order is conceived or defined.
9.
Finally, one may address the notion of certain "scientific historians" or anthropologists who will claim that
the human society (and the same applies to politics
and religions) is continuously becoming more disorderly because it obeys an inviolable scientific principle, namely the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Despite all the calamities of the modern humans, our
society is more orderly and civilized than that of two
centuries ago and certainly by far more orderly than
the society of the Middle Ages. The world may not be
ideal but thermodynamics and entropy should not be
blamed for it.
H CpT - Hn = 0 ,
(6)
and
S CpT/T - Sn > 0 ,
(7)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is indebted to a reviewer who pointed out the
concept of the removal of recognizable structures and resulted in the comment (7), above.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
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