Tankeshwar Acharya

Notes On: Main Properties of Antibodies and Isotype,

Allotype and Idiotype

By: © Tankeshwar Acharya

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© Tankeshwar Acharya

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 Tankeshwar Acharya

Antibody: main properties.

Properties IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
Monomer(7S Ig) Monomer in Pentamer(19S Ig) Monomer Monomer
Most versatile Ig serum N dimer Theoretically Extra
– sIgA(11S valency10.Becau domain(CH4)on
Ig). se of steric Epsilon chain
Sub-class Diff. in No. of s-s IgA1 an IgA2. hindrance only 5
bond&length of H antigens can
region. SC: IgG1> bind. Extra
IgG2>IgG3>IgG4. domain in CH4
IgG2; low affinity on µ chain
for Fc receptor.
Concentra Major Ig in serum & 2nd 10-15% of 3rd. 5-10% of the 4th. Constitute Least common in
tion extra-vascular space. the total serum total serum Ig. about 0.2% of serum.
80% of serum Ig is Ig. SC:1.5mg/ml. total serum Ig. SC:0.3 µg/ml
IgG. SC:13.5mg/ml SC:3.5mg/ml SC:30µg/ml
Half life 23 days. Except 6 days 5 days 3 days 2.5 days.
IgG3: 8 days.
Complem Most effective order Don’t fix More efficient NO NO
ent IgG3>IgG1>IgG2. complement than IgG at
fixation IgG4 does not fix unless activating
complement. aggregated. complement.
Placental Only class of Ig that NO NO NO NO
transfer crosses the placenta.
IgG2 does not cross.
Placenta has
receptor for Fc
regions of IgG.
Chronolog 1st Ig to be made
y of by a virgin B
production cell/fetus when
stimulated by
antigen.
Agglutinat Good
ion agglutinating Ig.
Opsonin Good opsonin
Other Bind to Major class of B cell surface Ig. No biological Mediate
properties Macrophages, Ig in secretion. Cell surface IgM effector function immediate
monocytes, PMN’s Confer local function as a has been hypersensitivity
and some (Mucosal) receptor for identified. reaction: IgE
lymphocytes which immunity. Can antigen on B Primarily found cross linkage
have Fc receptors bind to PMN’s cells. Binds to on B cell induces
for the Fc region of and some some cell via Fc surfaces. Acts as degranulation.
IgG. Affinity lymphocytes. receptors. receptor for Role in Parasitic
IgG1≥IgG3>IgG4> antigen. helminth disease.
IgG2 extremely low.

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Isotype, allotype and idiotype
Properties Isotypes
Definition Antigenic determinant that
characterize classes and
subclasses of heavy chains
and types and subtypes of
light chain within species.
Location Heavy chain isotypes on
CH1-CH3 (or CH4). Light
chain isotypes on CL.
Occurrence All members of a species
carry the same constant
region genes (which may
include multiple alleles).
Within a species, each
normal individual will
express all isotypes in the
serum.
Ab When Ab from one
Production species is injected into
another species, the
isotypic determinant will
be recognized as foreign,
inducing an antibody
response.
Functions Abs to isotypes are used
1. For the quantitating Ig
classes and sub classes
in various disease.
2. In the characterization
of the B cell leukemia.
3. In the diagnosis of
various
immunodeficiency
disease.
Allotypes
Antigenic determinants specified
by allelic forms of the Ig genes.
Even a single aminoacid
difference can give to an allotypic
determinant.
On constant regions of heavy and
light chains ie CH1-CH3 (or CH4)
and CL.
Individual allotypes are found in
individual members of a species.
All allotypes are not found in all
members of the species.
Ab to allotypic determinant can be
produced by injecting Abs from
one member of a species into
another member of same species
who carries different allotypic
determinants.
Can produce by mother during
pregnancy, from blood transfusion.
1. monitoring bone marrow
grafts:bone marrow grafts that
produce a different allotype
from the recipient can be used
to monitor the graft.
2. Forensic medicine: Km and
Gm allotypes are detectable in
blood stains and semen and are
useful in forensic medicine.
3. Paternity testing: the Ig
allotypes are one of the
characteristics used in legal
cases involving paternity.
Idiotypes
Unique antigenic determinants
present on individual Ab
molecule or on Ab of identical
specificity ie having exact
HVR or
Antigenic determinant created
by the combining sites of
antibody.
Localized on the fab fragment
of the Ig molecule specifically.
They are localized at or near
the HVR of the heavy and light
chain.
Anti-idiotype antibody is
produced by injecting Abs that
have minimal variation in their
isotypes and allotypes (ie
myeloma protein or
monoclonal Ab into a recipient
who is genetically identical to
the donor.
1. V region marker: Id’s are
useful marker for particular
variable region.
2. Regulation of immune
response.
3. Vaccines used to immunize
against highly dangerous
pathogen that can not be
safely used as vaccine.
4. Treatment of B cell tumors.