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GyromagneticratioWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Gyromagnetic ratio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio (also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in
other disciplines) of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to its
angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol , gamma. Its SI unit is the
radian per second per tesla (rads1T1) or, equivalently, the coulomb per kilogram
(Ckg1).
The term "gyromagnetic ratio" is sometimes used[1] as a synonym for a different but
closely related quantity, the g-factor. The g-factor, unlike the gyromagnetic ratio, is
dimensionless. For more on the g-factor, see below, or see the article g-factor.
Contents
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For this reason, values of /(2), in units of hertz per tesla (Hz/T), are often quoted
instead of .
The derivation of this relation is as follows: First we must prove that the torque resulting
from subjecting a magnetic moment
to a magnetic field
is
. The
identity of the functional form of the stationary electric and magnetic fields has led to
defining the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment equally well as
, or in
the following way, imitating the moment p of an electric dipole: The magnetic dipole can
be represented by a needle of a compass with fictitious magnetic charges
on the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyromagnetic_ratio
two poles and vector distance
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two poles and vector distance between the poles under the influence of the magnetic
field of earth . By classical mechanics the torque on this needle is
But as previously stated
so the
desired formula comes up.
The model of the spinning electron we use in the derivation has an evident analogy with
a gyroscope. For any rotating body the rate of change of the angular momentum
equals the applied torque :
Consequently
This relationship also explains an apparent contradiction between the two equivalent
terms, gyromagnetic ratio versus magnetogyric ratio: whereas it is a ratio of a magnetic
property (i.e. dipole moment) to a gyric (rotational, from Greek: , "turn") property
(i.e. angular momentum), it is also, at the same time, a ratio between the angular
precession frequency (another gyric property) = 2f and the magnetic field.
The angular precession frequency has an important physical meaning: It is the angular
cyclotron frequency. The resonance frequency of an ionized plasma being under the
influence of a static finite magnetic field, when we superimpose a high frequency
electromagnetic field.
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where q is its charge and m
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where q is its charge and m is its mass. The derivation of this relation is as follows:
It suffices to demonstrate this for an infinitesimally narrow circular ring within the body,
as the general result follows from an integration. Suppose the ring has radius r, area
A = r2, mass m, charge q, and angular momentum L = mvr. Then the magnitude of the
magnetic dipole moment is
where
is the fine-structure constant. Here the small corrections to the relativistic result
g = 2 come from the quantum field theory. The electron g-factor is known to twelve
decimal places by measuring the electron magnetic moment in an one-electron
cyclotron: [2]
The g-factor and are in excellent agreement with theory; see Precision tests of QED for
details.
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Since a gyromagnetic factor equal to 2 follows from the Dirac's equation it is a frequent
misconception to think that a g-factor 2 is a consequence of relativity; it is not. The
factor 2 can be obtained from the linearization of both the Schrdinger equation and the
relativistic KleinGordon equation (which leads to Dirac's). In both cases a 4-spinor is
obtained and for both linearizations the g-factor is found to be equal to 2; Therefore,
the factor 2 is a consequence of the wave equation dependency on the first (and not the
second) derivatives with respect to space and time. [5]
Physical spin-1/2 particles which can not be described by the linear gauged Dirac
e
equation satisfy the gauged Klein-Gordon equation extended by the g 4 F term
according to,
1
Here, 2 and F stand for the Lorentz group generators in the Dirac space, and the
electromagnetic tensor respectively, while A is the electromagnetic four-potential. An
example for such a particle, according to, [6] is the spin-1/2 companion to spin-3/2 in the
D(1/2,1))D(1,1/2) representation space of the Lorentz group. This particle has been
shown to be characterized by g = -2/3 and consequently to behave as a truly quadratic
fermion.
where
is the nuclear magneton, and
question.
The gyromagnetic ratio of a nucleus plays a role in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These procedures rely on the fact that bulk
magnetization due to nuclear spins precess in a magnetic field at a rate called the
Larmor frequency, which is simply the product of the gyromagnetic ratio with the
magnetic field strength. With this phenomenon, the sign of determines the sense
(clockwise vs counterclockwise) of precession.
Most common nuclei such as 1H and 13C have positive gyromagnetic ratios. [7][8]
Approximate values for some common nuclei are given in the table below. [9][10]
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has counterclockwise
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(106 rad s1 T 1 )
Nucleus
(MHz T 1 )
1H
267.513
42.576
2H
41.065
6.536
3He
203.789
32.434
7Li
103.962
16.546
13C
67.262
10.705
14N
19.331
3.077
15N
27.116
4.316
17O
36.264
5.772
19F
251.662
40.052
23Na
70.761
11.262
27Al
69.763
11.103
29Si
53.190
8.465
31P
108.291
17.235
57Fe
8.681
1.382
63Cu
71.118
11.319
67Zn
16.767
2.669
129Xe
73.997
11.777
See also
Charge-to-mass ratio
Chemical shift
Dirac Equation
Land g-factor
Larmor equation
Protongyromagnetic ratio
References
Note 1 note
^Note 1: Marc Knecht, The Anomalous Magnetic Moments of the Electron and the
Muon (http://parthe.lpthe.jussieu.fr/poincare/textes/octobre2002/Knecht.ps),
Poincar Seminar (Paris, Oct. 12, 2002), published in: Duplantier, Bertrand;
Rivasseau, Vincent (Eds.); Poincar Seminar 2002, Progress in Mathematical Physics
30, Birkhuser (2003), ISBN 3-7643-0579-7.
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General note
1. For example, see: D.C. Giancoli, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 3rd ed., page 1017. Or see:
P.A. Tipler and R.A. Llewellyn, Modern Physics, 4th ed., page 309.
2. B Odom, D Hanneke, B D'Urso and G Gabrielse (2006). "New measurement of the electron
magnetic moment using a one-electron quantum cyclotron". Physical Review Letters 97 (3):
030801. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97c0801O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030801. PMID16907490.
3. NIST: Electron gyromagnetic ratio (http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?gammae). Note that
NIST puts a positive sign on the quantity; however, to be consistent with the formulas in this
article, a negative sign is put on here. Indeed, many references say that < 0 for an electron; for
example, Weil and Bolton, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Wiley 2007), page 578. Also note that
the units of radians are added for clarity.
4. NIST: Electron gyromagnetic ratio over 2 pi (http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?gammaebar)
5. Greiner, Walter. Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction. Springer Verlag. ISBN9783540674580.
6. E. G. Delgado Acosta, V. M. Banda Guzmn, M. Kirchbach (2015). "Gyromagnetic gs factors of the
7.
8.
9.
10.
spin-1/2 particles in the (1/2+-1/2--3/2-) triad of the four-vector spinor, , irreducibility and
linearity". International Journal of Modern Physics E 24 (07): 1550060.
doi:10.1142/S0218301315500603.
M H Levitt (2008). Spin Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN0470511176.
Arthur G Palmer (2007). Protein NMR Spectroscopy. Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN012164491X.
M A Bernstein, K F King and X J Zhou (2004). Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences. San Diego:
Elsevier Academic Press. p.960. ISBN0-12-092861-2.
R C Weast, M J Astle, ed. (1982). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
p.E66. ISBN0-8493-0463-6.
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