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Technical Note N-1213
CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEAWATER

AFTER 12 AND 18 MONTHS OF EXPOSURE
By
Fred M. Reinhart and James F. Jenkins
January 1972
TI
MTERALS
ORROIONOF
NSUFAC SEAATE
Approved for public release;

distribution unlimited
NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Port Hueneme, California 93043
.t.p
d-.eJ by
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
SERVICE
INFORMATION
C' CT--ei
S~nIedVA 22151
IN
CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEAWATER AFTER 12 AND 18 MONTHS OF

EXPOSURE

YF 38.535.005.01.004
by
ABSTRACT
A total of 1150 specimens of 189 different alloys were completely
immersed in surface seawater for 12 and 18 months to obtain data for
comparison with deep ocean corrosion data.
Corrosion rates, types of corrosion and pit depths were determined.
Some highly alloyed nickel alloys, titanium alloys, silicon cast
irons, specialty stainless steels, columbium, tantalum and a tantalumtungsten alloy were uncorroded in seawater both at the surface and at
depth.
The corrosion rates of the copper base alloys,
nickel base alloys,
steels, cast irons, lead, tin, lead-tin solder, molybdenum and tungthe
sten decreased with the concentration of oxygen in seawater, i.e.,
The corrosion
corrosion rates were lower at depth than at the surface.
rates of Ni-200, Ni-Cu 402, 406, 410, K-500 and 45-55, Ni-Cr-Fe X750,
Ni-Mo2, all steels, grey cast iron and alloy cast irons decreased
linearly with the concentration of oxygen in seawater.
The copper base alloys, steels, cast irons, molybdenum, tungsten,
lead and lead-tin solder corroded uniformly both at the surface and at
depth.
The aluminum alloys were attacked by pitting and crevice corrosion
and seawater was more aggressive at depth than at the surface for such
The effect of the concentration of oxygen in seawater on the
alloys.
corrosion of aluminum alloys was inconsistent.
The stainless steels were attacked by pitting, tunneling and crevice corrosion, except 309, 316L, 317, 329, 633, 20Cb-3 and Ni-Cr-Mo-Si.
Surface seawater was more aggressive than seawater at depth in promoting these types of corrosion on the stainless steels.
Approved for public release;
i'i I
do
!E Gi_!
distribution unlimited
PREFACE
The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory has been conducting aI
S.
research program to determine the effects of deep ocean environments

on materials. It is expected that this resaarch will establish the
best materials to be used in deep ocean construction.
A Submersible Test Unit (STU) was designed, on which many test
specimens can be mounted. The STU can be lowered to the ocean floor
and remain there for long periods of exposure.
Thus far, exposures have been made at two deep-ocean test sites
and at a surface seawater site in the Pacific Ocean. Seven STUs have
been exposed and recovered. Test Site I (nominal depth of 6,000 feet)
of Port
nautical miles
is
approximatelyI 81 sepce
18 monthras.
htti west-southwest
earhwl
sals Hueneme,
h
California, latitude 33*44'N and longitude 120*45'W. TesL Site II
(nominal depth of 2,500 feet) is 75 nautical miles west of Port Hueneme,
California, latitude 34*06'N and longitude 120*42'W. A surface seawater exposure site (V) was established at Point Mugu, California,
(latitude 34*06'N and longitude 119*07'W) to obtain surface immersion
data for comparison purposes.
This report presents the results of the evaluation of the differet r allos
exprosr
ato det
esurface immersion sitep orapenviodsrofm
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CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEAWATER AFTER 12 AND 18 MONTHS

OF EXPOSURE
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Naval Facilities Enginettring

Command
Atotal of 1150 specimens of 189 different alloys were completely
immersed in surface seawater for 12 and 18 months to obtain data for
comparison with deep ocean corrosion data.
Corrosion rates, types of corrosion and pit depths were determined
Some highly alloyed nickel alloys, titanium alloys, silicon cast
irons, specialty stainless steels, columbium, tantalum and a tantalumtungsten alloy were uncorroded in seawater both at the surface and at
depth.
The corrosion rates of the copper base alloys, nickel base alloys,
steels, cast irons, lead, tin, lead-tin solder, molybdenum and tungsten decreased with the concentration of oxygen in seawater, i.e.,
the corrosion rates were lower at depth than at the surface. The
corrosion rates of Ni-200, Ni-Cu 402, 410, K-500 and 45-55, Ni-Cr-Fe
X750, Ni-Mo2, all steels, grey cast iron and alloy cast irons decreased linearly with the concentration of oxygen in seawater.I
The copper base alloys, steels, cast irons, inolybdenum, tungsten,
lead and lead-tin solder corroded uniformly both at the surface and ai
depth.
Continued
OV..1
s/N 0101.e07.6801
PG
Unclassified
Seutt
C1.ts6fr0ton
Unclassified
I.LimaR
L'".
Lima
Corrosion
Metals
Alloys
Sea water
Shallow water
Nickel Alloys
Titanium Alloys
Silicon cast irons
Stainless steels
Columbium
Tantalum
Tantalum-tungsten alloy
Copper alloys
Lead
rin
Lead-tin solder
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Steels
Cast iron
DD p"60"V.1473
Unclassified
(BACK)/
(PAGE
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The aluminum alloys were attacked by pitting and crevice corrosion

and seawater was more aggressive at depth than at the surface for such
alloys.
The effect of the concentration of oxygen in seawater on the
corrosion of aluminum alloys was inconsistent.
The stainless steels were attacked by pitting, tunneling and crevice
OCb-3 and Ni-Cr-Mo-Si.
corrosion, except 309, 316L, 317, 329, 633,
Surface seawater was more aggressive than seawater at depth in promoting thesc types of corrosion on the stainless steels.
//I
FI
INTRODUCTION
The development of deep diving vehicles which can stay submerged
for long periods of time has focused attention on the deep ocean as an
This has created a need for information conoperating environment.
cerning the behavior of both common and potential materials of construction at depths in the ocean.
To study the problems of construction in the deep ocean, project
Fundamental to the design, con"Deep Ocean Studies" was established.
"struction and operation of structures, and their related facilities,
is information with regard to the deterioration of materials in deep
This portion of the project is concerned with
ocean environments.
determinirg the effects of these environments on the corrosion of
metals ard alloys.

In order tr determine the differences between the corrosiveness of
seawater at depths and at the surface it is desirable to compare deep
Since surface data
ocean corrosion data with surface immersion data.
was not available in the literature for many of the alloys exposed at
depths in the Pacific Ocean, it was decided to establish a surface ex-
posure site to obtain this information. Therefore, a third site, designated at Site V, was established at Point Mugu, California, latitude
34*06'N and longitude 11907'W.
The locations of the thrce test sites, two deep ocean sites and
the surface site, are shown in Figure 1. The specific geographical
locations of the test sites and the average characteristics of the seawater at these sites are given in Table 1.
Reports pertaining to the performance of alloys in the deep ocean
environments are given in References 1 through 9.
This report presents a discussion of the results obtained of the
corrosion of various alloys exposed at the surface, Site V, for periods
of 12 and 18 months.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results presented and discussed herein also include the corrosion data for the alloys exposed at the surface for the International
Permission for their use has been granted by
Nickel Company, Inc.
I.
Dr. T. P.
May,
Reference 10.
The deep ocean data for de~ths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet after comparable periods of exposure are included for comparison purposes.
Th
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ALUMINUM ALLOYS
The chemical compositions of the aluminum alloys are given in
Table 2 and their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Table 3.

The variations of the corrosion rates and maximum pit depths of the
alloys with depth and with oxygen content of seawater are shown graphically in Figures 2 through 9.
Aluminum alloys corrode chiefly by the pitting and crevice types
in seawater, both of which are localized types, which means that the
greater portion of the surface area of a specimen is unattacked. Therefore,
corrosion rates calculated from weight losses and expressed as
mile per year, which indicates uniform thinning of the material, are
very misleading because they create an erroneous impression of the be-
havior of the material.
In order to present a more realistic picture
of the behavior of aluminum alloys,
the maximum and average pit depths
and the maximum depth of crevice corrosion are also reported.

In Figure 2 the corrosion rates of the aluminum alloys versus
depth are shown.
The variation of the oxygen content of seawater with
depth is also shown in Figure 2.
The corrosion rates of aluminum alloys
1100-H14, 5083-H113 and 3003-H14 increase progressively with depth.

Those of the 6061-T6 and 2219-T81 alloys are greater at deptli than at
the surface but their increases are not progressive since their rates
at the 2,500-foot depth are greater than those at the 6,000-foot depth.
The corrosion rate of 2024-0 at the 6,000-foot depth was greater than
at the surface, but at the 2,500-foot depth it was less than at the
surface. The corrosion rate of 5086-H34 decreased slightly with depth.
It is shown in Figure 2 that based on corrosion rates the corrosion of
5083-H113, 1100-H14 and 3003-H14 aluminum alloys are depth dependent.
The corrosion rates of aluminum alloys 2219-T81 and 6061-T6 increased with the decreasing concentration of oxygen in seawater while
those of 5086-H34 decreased slightly as shown in Figure 3.
The corrosion rates of aluminum alloys 1100-H14, 3003-H14, 2024-0
and 5083-H113 are independent of the concentration of oxygen in seawater as shown in Figure 4. The corrosion rates of three of these
alloys, 1100-H14, 3003-H14 and 5083-H113, were shown to be depth (pressure) dependent, Figure 2.
The maximum depths of pits of aluminum alloys 3003-H14, 2024-0 and
5083-H113 increased with depth (pressure), i.e., they were pressure
dependent as shown in Figure 5. The maximum depths of pits of alloy
5086-H34 decreased with increase in depth. Although those of alloys
2219-T81 and 6061-T6 were deeper at a depth of 6,000 feet than at the
surface, the depths of pits were at the maximums at the 2,500-foot
depth, Figure 5.
The maximum depths of pits of aluminum alloys 2024-0, 2219-T81
and 6061-T6 increased as the concentration of oxygen in seawater decreased, while those of 5084-H34 !c-reased with the concentration of
oxygen, Figure 6.
"The maximum depths of pits in aluminum alloys 3003-H14 and 5083H113 were independent of the concentration of oxygen in seawater, Figure
7. The maximum pit depths of these two alloys were depth (pressure)
dependent as shown in Figure 5.
The corrosion rates of 6061-T6 and the 5000 series alloys (5083,
5086 and 5456) decreased with increasing time of exposure in surface
seawater while their maximum pit depths increased with time of exposure
as shown in Figure 8. The corrosion rates of alloys 3003-H14, Alclad
3003-H12 and 2219-T81 did not decrease constantly with increasing time
of exposure in surface seawater; they decreased with time through 540
days of axposure and thereafter increased sharply as shown in Figure 9.
The depths of the maximum pits in
alloy 2219-T81 increased with
time of exposure, those in alloy 3003-H14 decreased initially and after

400 days increased rapidly, Figure 9. The depths of the maximum pits
in Alclad 3003-H12 increased through the first 400 days of exposure
and thereafter became constant with time.
This constancy is explained
by the fact that the sacrificial
protective alloy layers on the Alclad
3003-H12 are corroded laterally, thus preventing pitting of the protected core alloy.
The corrosion rates as well as the maximum pit depths of 6061-T6
and 2219-T81 increased with decreasing concentration of oxygen in

"
sea-
water, Figures 3 and 6.

However, both the corrosion rates and maximum
pit depths of 5086-H34 decreased with the concentration of oxygen in
seawater.
Although the maximum pit depths of 2024-0 increased with
decreasing concentration of oxygen in seawater, Figure 6, its
corrosion
rate appears to be affected to a much lesser extent by changes in the
concentration of oxygen in seawater, Figure 4.
Neither the changes in
the corrosion rates nor the maximum pit depths of aluminum alloys 3003H14 and 5083-H113 appear to be dependent upon the changes in the concentration of oxygen in seawater as shown in Figures 4 and 7.
They are
generally greater at the lower concentrations of oxygen, although not
progressively.
The ccrrosion rates of aluminum alloys 1100-H14, 3003H14 and 5083-HI13 were depth (pressure) dependent in that they increased
with depth, Figure 2, while those of 5086-H34 alloy decreased slightly
with increasing depth.
The corrosion rates of aluminum alloys 6061-T6,
2024-0 and 2219-T81 were not consistently influenced by depth, Figure 2.
The maximum pit depths of four alloys, 5083-HI13, 2024-0, 5086-H34 and
3003-H14 appear to have been affected by depth; those of 5083-H113,
2024-0 and 3003-H14 increased with depth while those of 5086-H34 decreased with increasing depth, Figure 5.
The maximum pit depths of
alloys 2219-T81 and 6061-T6 were not consistently affected by depth
except that their maximum pit depths at a depth of 6,000 feet were
deeper than at the surface.
In general, the corrosion rates of the
aluminum alloys decreased with increasing time of exposure in surface
seawater while the maximum depths of the pits increased with time of
exposure, Figures 8 and 9.
COPPER ALLOYS
The chemical compositions of the copper alloys are given in Table

4 and their corrosion rates in Table 5.
The effects of depth,
concen-
tration of oxygen in seawater and time on the corrosion rates are

shown graphically in Figures 10 through 12.
Copper alloys corrode uniformly, hence corrosion rates calculated
from weight losses and reported as mils per year reflect the true condition of the alloys. Therefore, corrosion rates for the copper alloys
can be used reliably for design purposes. However, this does not apply
to the copper base alloys which are susceptible to parting corrosion.
The variation of the corrosion rates of copper and the copper
alloys with depth in the Pacific Ocean are shown in Figure 10.
Since
the corrosion rates of all the copper alloys, except those attacked by
parting corrosion, were so comparable, the average values were plotted
in Figure 10. The corrosion of copper was insensitive to depth as well

as to the changes of concentration of oxygen in seawater at depth as
shown in Figure 10. The oxygen concentration curve was included in
Figure 10 to show its variation with depth and to show whether the corrosion rate curves were of comparable shape. The average corrosion
rate curve for the copper alloys, although showing a slight decrease
with depth, did not decrease gradually; hence it is more oxygen than
depth dependent. The corrosion rates of only oxue alloy, Nickel-Silver
#752, increased gradually with increasing depth, Figure 10; hence its
corrosion is mostly depth dependent.
The corrosion of copper was independent of the concentration of
oxygen in seawater as shown in Figure 11. However, the corrosion of

the copper alloys decreased slightly with decreasing concentration of
oxygen in seawater.
The corrosion rates of copper and the copper alloys decreased with
increasing time of exposure in surface seawater as shown in Figure 12.
The following alloys were attacked by parting corrosion in sea-
water: commercial bronze, red brass, Muntz metal, manganese bronze A

and nickel-manganese bronze, containing from 10 to 42 percent zinc,
were dezincified; aluminum bronzq, containing 5, 7, 10, 11 and 13 percent aluminum were dealuminified.
NICKEL ALLOYS
The chemical compositions of the nickel and nickel alloys are

given fn Table 6 and their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in
Table 7. The effects of depth, concentration of oxygen in seawater
and time are shown graphically in Figures 13 to 19.
In stagnant seawater and underneath fouling many of the nickel
alloys are attacked by pitting and crevice corrosion in addition to
general surface attack.
Under the same conditions some of the more
7'
[4
highly alloyed nickel alloys are immune to corrosion, such as Ni-Cr-Fe

718, Ni-Cr-Mo 3 and 625, Ni-Mo-Cr "C", and Ni-Cr-Fe-Ho "F", "G" and "X".
Ni-Co-Cr-Mo 700 alloy was attacked only by incipient crevice corrosion

after 400 days of exposure at a depth of 2,500 feet.
The effect of depth on the corrosion of nickel alloys is shown in

Figures 13, 14 and 15, The corrosion rates of alloys Ni-Cr-Fe 610 (cast)
and 88 decreased with increasing depth, Figure 14. The corrosion rates
of alloys Ni-Cu 400, Ni-Cr 75, 65-35 and 80-20, and Ni-Cr-Ee 600 and X750
decreased from the surface to the 2,500-foot depth and remained constant
to the 6,000-foot depth,Figures '3, 14 and 15. All the other alloys except Ni-Sn-Zn 23 and Ni-Si D were more affected by the oxygen concentration than by depth. The corrosion rates of Ni-Sn-Zn 23 and Ni-Si D alloys were higher at the 6,000-foot depth than either at the surface or at
the 2,500-foot depth, showing that neither depth nor oxygen were exerting
the major influence on the corrosion of these two alloys.
The effect of the concentration of oxygen in seawater on the corrosion rates of nickel alloys is shown in Figures 16, 17 and 18. The
corrosion rates of alloys electrolytic nickel, Ni-200, 201, 210, 211
and 301, Ni-Cu 402, 406, 410, K500, K505 and 45-55, Ni-Cr-Fe X750,
Ni-Mo-Fe "B", Ni-Cr 80-20, and Ni-Mo 2 decreased with decreasing concentration of oxygen in seawater as shown in Figures 16, 17 and 18.
The corrosion rates of some alloys decreased with the oxygen concentration to about 1.35 ml per liter and thereafter remained constant to
0.4 ml per liter - alloys Ni-Cu 400, NI-Cr-Fe 600 and Ni-Cr 75. The
corrosion of alloys Ni-Sn-Zn 23 and Ni-SiD are apprently not affected
to any major extent by the concentration of oxygen in seawater, Figures
17 and 18.
The effect of time on the corrosion rates of some nickel alloys in
surface seawater is shown in Figure 19. The corrosion rates of alloys
Ni-200, Ni-Cu 400, Ni-Cr-Fe 600 and X750,
and Ni-Fe-Cr 902 decreased
with increasing time of exposure.

In general, pitting and crevice corrosion were more rapid in surface exposure than at depth.
Welding Ni-200 with electrode No. 141 and filler metal 61 resulted
in corrosion of the weld bead material and/or in the adjacent heat
affected zone.
There was no accelerated corrosion of Ni-Cu 400 alloy or of the
weld beads when welded with electrodes 130 and 180; however, weld beads
of filler metal 60 and electrode 190 were attacked locally.
The corrosion of Ni-Cu K500 alloy was no affected by welding with
electrode 64 at the 2,500-foot depth, but the weld beads from electrodes
64 and 134 were attacked during 540 days of exposure at the surface and
the weld bead of 134 electrode at the 2,500-foot depth.
The weld beads on Ni-Cr-Fe 600 alloy made from electrodes 132, 182,
62 and 82 were selectively attacked during exposure at the surface and
at the 2,500-foot depth except the bead from electrode 182 at the 2,500foot depth which was only uniformly etched.
The weld beads on Ni-Cr-Fe 718 alloy made from 718 electrodes were
uncorroded.
The weld beads on Ni-Cr-Fe X750 alloy made from electrodes 69 and
718 were selectively corroded during exposure at the surface and at
the 2,500-foot depth, excert the bead made from electrode 69 at the
2,500-foot depth.
The weld beads on Ni-Cr-Mo 625 alloy made with 625 electrodes were
uncorroded.
The weld beads on NI-Fe-Cr 800 alloy made with electrodes 82 and
138 were selectively attacked during exposure at the surface and at the
2,500-foot depth.
The weld beads on Ni-Fe-Cr 825 alloy made with electrode 135 were
selectively attacked while weld beads made with electrode 65 were unattacked at the 2,500-foot depth and only by incipient pitting at the
surface.
STEELS
The chemical compositions of the steels are given in Table 8 and
their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Table 9.
The effects
of depth, concentration of oxygen in seawater and time are shown graphically in Figures 20 to 22.
Since the corrosion rates of the iteels were nearly the same at
any one depth, the average values for any one depth were averaged and
plotted in Figures 20 to 22.
The effect of depth on the average corrosion rate of the stool1s is
shown in Figure 20.
The vdiiaLion of the concentration of oxygen in
seawater with depth is also plotted in Figure 20 foz.;omparison purposes.
The shapes of the curves for the steels and AISI 1010 steel show that
the corrosion rates are not depth (pressure) dependent.
The shapes of
those curves are practically the same as the shape of the oxygen curve,
indicating that the concentration of oxygen exerts a major influence on
the corrosion of steels in seawater.
The effect of the concentration of oxygen in seawater on the corrosion rates of steels is shown in Figure 21.
The curve for the average
corrosion rates of Ail the steels is a straight line, indicating that
the corrosion rates of steels in seawater are proportional to the oxygen concentration.
The corrosion rate of AISI 1010 steel and the averages of the corrcsion rates of all the carbon and low alloy steels after one year of
exposure versus the oxygen content and the temperature of seawater were
analyzed using the technique of linear regression analysis.
By this
technique a relationship between oxygen content, temperature and corrosion rate was obtained for both the average of all carbon and low
alloy steels and for AISI 1010 steel.
The derived formulae are:
Corrosrun rate (MPY)
0.84 + 1.0 (02) + 0.014 (T)
(avg of carbon and

low alloy steels)
Corrosion Rate (MPY)
0.19 + 1.1 (02) + 0.1 (T)
(AISI 1010)
The corrosion rates are in mils per year (HPY), the oxygen content of
seawater in milliliters per liter (ml/i) and temperature in degrees
Centigrade ( 0 C).
These derived formulae illustrate two important points:
(1) The concentration of oxygen in seawater is a major variable and its effect on the corrosion rate of steel in seawater is
linear.
(2) The temperature of the seawater has less effect on the
corrosion of steel in seawater than the oxygen content and its effect
is also linear.
Theie formulae, however, cannot be used to predict the corrosion
rates of steels in seawater at other locations due to the influences of
For
other variables such as time, currents, sediment effects, etc.
example, the above formulae are not satisfactory for predicting corrosion rates for steels in the Tongue-of-the-Ocean, Atlantic Ocean.
Since they are not applicable, it is obvious that other variables in
that location are different from those in the Pacific Ocean off the
Channel Islands.
The effect of time of exposure in surface seawater on the average
corrosion rates of steels is shown in Figure 22.
The corrosion rates
decrease parabolically with increasing time of exposure.
All the steels except AISI Type 502, in general, corroded uniformly
exce'nt for some pitting in surface seawater which was caused by fouling.
AISI iype 502, because it contained about 5 percent chromium, was pitted.
CAST IRONS
The chemical compositions of the cast irons are given in Table 10
and their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Table 11.
The
effects of depth, concentration of oxygen in seawater and time are shown
graphically in Figures 23 to 25.
The effect of depth on the corrosion rates of the cast irons is
shown iii Figure 23. The shape of the corrosion tate curve for the alloy
cast irons was very close to that of the oxygen curve and shows that
The
the corrosion of the alloy cast irons is not depth dependent.
shapes of the curves for gray cast iron, the austenitic cast irons, and
the silicon and silicon-molybdenum cast irons show that depth is not an
important variable in their corrosion behavior.
The effect of the concentration of oxygen in seawater on the corrosion rates of cast irons is shown in Figure 24.
The corrosion rates
of gray cast iron and the alloy cast irons decreased practically linearly with the concentration of oxygen in seawater.
The corrosion rates
of the austenitic cast irons decreased with the concentration of oxygen
in seawater while the silicon and silicon-molybdenum cast irons were
uncorroded; hence were insensitive to the concentration of oxygen.
All the cast irons corroded uniformly except the silicon and
silicon-molybdenum cast irons which were uncorroded.
The effect of time of exposure on the corrosion of cast irons
during surface exposure in seawater is shown in Figure 25.
Data were
available for only two austenitic cast irons and their corrosion rates
decreased asymptotically with increasing time of exposure.
Their corrosion rates became practically constant at between 2 and 3 mils per
year after about two years of exposure.
STAINLESS STEELS
The chemical compositions of the stainless steels are given in
Table 12 and their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Tables 13
through 17. The effect of depth and the concentration of oxygen in
seawater on the corrosion rates of stainless steels are shown graphically in Figures 26 through 31.
In general, stainless steels corrode chiefly by pitting and crevice
corrosion in seawater.
In these types of localized attack the majority
of the surface area is unattacked so that corrosion rates calculated
from weight losses are very misleading because they reflect a uniform
thinning of the material. However, in spite of this, the corrosion
rates of a number of the stainless steels were plotted versus depth
and the concentration of oxygen in seawater to see if any information
of value could be obtained.
The corrosion rates of the 200 and 400 Series stainless steels as
affected by depth are shown in Figure 26.
The corrosion rates of AISI
430 and 18Cr-14Mn-0.5N stainless steels decreased with increasing depth.
The corrosion rates of AISI 201, 202, 410 and 446 were lower at depth
than at the surface, but they did not decrease progressively with increasing depth.
The effects of changes in the oxygen concentration of seawater on
the corrosion rates of the 200 and 400 Series stainless steels are
shown in Figure 27. The corrosion rates of AISI 410 decreased linearly
with the oxygen content while those for AISI 201, 202 and 446 were not
uniformly decreased.
The corrosion rates of AISI 430 and 18Cr-14Mn0.5N stainless steels, although lower at the lower oxygen concentrations than at the highest oxygen concentration, were not uniformly
affected by the oxygen concentration.
Examination of the pitting, tunnelinq and crevice corrosion data
for these stainless steels in Tables 13

and 17 shows only a general
relationship with corrosion rates. Th(
-pes of corrosion were, in
general, more severe or just as severe
ae surface seawater (highest oxygen concentration) than at depths ot 2,500 and 6,000 feet.
However, it is more realistic to assess the performance of these
stainless steels on their localizpd types of corrosion performance
than upon calculated corrosion rates.
The corrosion rates of the 300 Series stainless steels as affected by depth are shown in Figure 28. Only the corrosion rates of the
AISI 304 and 304L stainless steels decreased with increasing depth.
The corrosion rates of AISI 301, 302, 316, 316 (sensitized), 330, 347,
304 (sensitized) and 325 stainless steels were lower at depth than at
the surface, but they did not decrease progressively with increasing
depth.
In addition, the shape of the corrosion rate curve for AISI
325 was similar to the oxygen concentration curve.

The effect of changes in the concentration of oxygen in seawater
on the corrosion rates of the 300 Series stainless steels are shown in
Figure 29.
The corrosion rates of the alloys shown in Figure 29 decreased with decreasing oxygen concentration, although not uniformly.
Examination of the pitting, tunneling and crevice types of corrosion in Table 14 for the alloys whose corrosion rates were plotted in
Figures 28 and 29 shows that, in general, there is no definite correlation between their cotrosion rates and the severity of these types of
corrosion. For example, the corrosion rates of AISI 304L varied from
1.0 co 0.4 to <0.i MPY at the three depths, while pitting corrosion
was to perforation (115 mils) in all exposures while crevice and tunneling corrosion was more severe at the 6,000-foot depth where the
corrosion rate was the lowest (<0.1 MPY).

Oxygen and depth apparently had no effect on the corrosion of the
following 300 Series stainless steels: AISI 309, 310, 311, 316L, 317,
"321 (slightly affected) and 329.
The effect of depth on the corrosion rates of some of the 600
Series precipitation hardening stainless steels is shown in Figure 30.
The corrosion rate of 631-THI050 and 635 decreased with increasing
depth of seawater.
The corrosion rates of 630-H925 and 632-RHI100 were
lower at depth than at the surface but they did not decrease progressively with increasing depth.
The effect of changes in the concentration of oxygen in seawater
on the corrosion rates of the 600 Series precipitation hardening stainless steels is shown in Figure 31. The corrosion rate of AISI 632.RH1100 decreased progressively with the oxygen content of seawater.
The corrosion rates of AISI 630-H925, 631-TH1050 and 635, although
UL
lower at the lower oxygen concentrations than at the highest,
did not
decrease progressively with the oxygen concentration.

Here again, comparison of the corrosion rates with the severity of
the pitting, tunneling and crevice types of corrosion (Table 6) showed
no definite correlations.
The corrosion rates and types of corrosion of the miscellaneous
cast and wrought stainless steels are given in Table 17. Except for
the 18Cr-14Mn-O.SN which contained no nickel, the others contained
greater percentages of chromiun and nickel than the conventional stainless steels in addition to molybdenum and copper. The corrosion rates
of these stainless steels were mostly less than 0.1 MPY and instances
of pitting and crevice corrosion were few except for the l8Cr-15Mn-0.5N
alloy. Significant pitting and crevice corrosion occurred during surface exposures of wrought alloy 20-Cb and cast alloy Ni-Cr-Cu-Mo #2.
TITANIUM ALLOYS
The chemical compositions of the titanium alloys are given in
There was no corrosion of any of the alloys except the welded
13V-IlCr-3AI alloy. It was susceptible to stress corrosion cracking
during surface exposures. Specimens were in two welded conditions,
half were butt welded and a 3-inch diameter circular weld bead was
placed on the other half of the specimens. The welded specimens were
intentionally not stress relieved in order to retain the maximum internal welding stresses in the specimens during exposure. The stress
corrosion cracks extended across the butt welds normal to the direction
of the beads and developed within 398 days of exposure. The stress
corrosion cracks in the specimens with the circular welds extended
radially across the weld beads and they also developed within 398 days
of exposure.
MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS
The chemical compositions of the miscellaneous alloys are given in
The effect of depth, concentration of oxygen in seawater and time are
shown in Figures 32 to 34.
Columbium, tantalum and tantalum alloy Ta60 were uncorroded during

763 days of exposure at the surface and 402 days of exposure at a depth
of 2,500 feet.
The effect of depth on the corrosion rates of the miscellaneous
alloys is shown in Figure 32. The corrosion rates of tin, molybdenum
and tungsten decreased with increasing depth.
The corrosion rates of
lead and lead-tin solder were lower at depth than at the surface but
10
S~did
not decrease progressively with increasing depth.
The corrosion
of zinc, on the other hand, was much greater at the 6,000-foot

:
depth than at either the surface or the 2,500-foot depth.
effect of the concentration of oxygen in seawater on the cor
rosion rates of the miscellaneous alloys is shown in Figure 33.
The
S~corrosion rates of lead, tin, lead-tin solder, molybdenum and tungsten
~were lower at the lower oxygen concentrations than at the highest, but
r
=
the decreases were not linear.
S~the
--
S~of
S~of
Since there were only two points for

molybdenum and tungsten curves, there is no assurance that the
curves would be linear with more points at intermediate oxygen concentrations.
The corrosion rate for zinc was definitely not dependent
upon the oxygen concentration of seawater; it was the same at the lowest as at the highest concentration of oxygen in seawater and twice as
high at the intermediate oxygen concentration.
The effect of time of exposure at the surface on the corrosion rate
molybdenum and tungsten are shown in Figure 34.
The corrosion rate
molybdenum decreased with increasing time of exposure while that of
tungsten definitely increased.
LI
SUMMARY
S~The
purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of

surface seawater on the corrosion of different types of alloys for comparison with their deep ocean corrosion behavior.
To accomplish this
1,134 specimens of 189 different alloys were exposed 5 feet below the
lowest tide level in the Pacific Ocean at Point Mugu, California (Site
V, Figure 1) for from 366

toot763
days.
did
wih
ecraseproressvel
icresingdeph.
Aluminum Alloys
SIn
Sat
?exposure,
SThe
detIhna
rateof
oherhand
ihrtesraeo
incon wa he muc
graterat
he
orrsio
he 6000foo
,0-otdph
general the corrosion rates of the aluminum alloys were greater

depth than at the surface in the Pacific Ocean after one year of
except for 5086-H34 whose corrosion rate was slightly lower.
maximum pit depths of the aluminum alloys were greater at depth
Sthan
at the surface, except for 5086-H34 whose maximum pit depths were
S
less than at the surface.
S~The
corrosion rate of 5086-H34 decreased slightly with the oxygen
S~concentration of seawater, those of 2219-T81 and 6061-T6 increased with
S~decreasing oxygen concentration and those of 1100-H14, 5083-H113 and
S~3003-H14 were higher at the lower oxygen c:oncentrations, but not proS~gressively. The corrosion rate of 2024-0 appears to be independent of
S~the
oxygen concentration of seawater.
tThe
Screased
!of
,depths
maximum pit depths of alloys 2024-0,
2219-T*81 and 6061-T6 in-
with decreasing concentration of oxygen in seawater, while those

5086--H34 decreased with the oxygen concentration. The maximum pit
of 3003-H14 were deeper at the lower oxygen concentrations,
but
not progressively.
The maximum pit depths of 5083-H113 were apparently
not dependent upon the oxygen concentration.
The corrosion rates of the 5000 Series aluminum alloys and 6061-T6
decreased with increasing time of exposure at the surface in the Pacific
Ocean while their maximum pit depths increased.
The corrosion rates
of 2219-T81, 3003-H14 and Alclad 3003-H12 decreased with time of exposure

at the surface through 540 days of exposure and thereafter, for some unknown reason, increased rapidly. Their maximum pit depths, in general,
increased with time of exposure.

The aluminum alloys were attacked by pitting and crevice types of
corrosion; hence, corrosion rates calculated from weight losses are unsuitable for assessing the corrosion behavior.
Crevice corrosion, in general, was more severe at depth than at
the surface.
Copper Alloys
The copper alloys, in general, corroded uniformly except for some
isolated cases of pitting and cratering. Also, there was dezinclfication of Muntz metal and nickel-manganese bronze and dealuminification
of the aluminum bronzes.
The corrosion rate of copper was essentially unaffected by depth
and that of all the copper alloys was lower at depth than at the surface, but not progressively.
The corrosion rate of copper was unaffected by changes in the concentration of oxygen in seawater while the average rate of the copper
alloys decreased with decreasing concentration of oxygen. Tne corrosion rate of Muntz metal, which also was dezincified, also decreased
with the concentration of oxygen in seawater.
The corrosion rates of all the copper alloys decreased with increasing time of exposure at the surface except Muntz metal whose corrosion rate increased with time.
Nickel Alloys
Fourteen (14) of the nickel base alloys were uncorroded: Ni-CrFe 718, Ni-Cr-Mo 3, Ni-Cr-Mo 625, Ni-Fe-Cr 800, Ni-Fe-Cr 804, Ni-Fe-Cr
825, Ni-Fe-Cr 825 (sensitized), Ni-Fe-Cr 825Cb, Ni-Fe-Cr 901, Ni-CrFe-Mo "F", Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo "G", Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo "X", NI-Mo-Fe "B", and Ni-MoCr "C".
The corrosion rates of the other nickel base alloys were higher at
the surface than at depth. The corrosion rates of Ni-Cr-Fe 600 and NiCr-Fe 88 decreased with increasing depth while those of the other alloys
did not decrease progressively with depth.
Most of the alloys which were corroded were also attacked by crevice corrosion.
The corrosion rates of all except two nickel base alloys (Ni--SnZn 23 and Ni-Si D) decreased with decreasing concentration of oxygen in
12
kL_,
seawater. The corrosion rates of Ni-Cr-Fe X750, Ni-Mo 2, Ni-200 and

Ni-Cu 402, 406, 410, K500, K505 and 45-55 alloys decreased linearly
The corrosion rates of Ni-200, Ni-Cu 400, Ni-Cr-Fe 600 and X750,
and Ni-Fe-Cr 902 decreased with increasing time of exposure at the
surface.
In general, pitting and crevice corrosion were more rapid in surface seawater exposure than at depth.
There was either no corrosion or uniform corrosion of weld beads and
in the adjacent heat affected zones when Ni-Cu 400 alloy was welded
with electrodes 130 and 180, Ni-Cr-Fe 718 with electrode 718, and NiCr-Mo 625 with electrode 625.
There was selective corrosion, line corrosion or pitting of either
the weld beads or in the adjacent heat affected zones or both when Ni200 was welded with electrodes 61 and 141, Ni-Cu 400 with electrodes 60
and 190, Ni-Cu K500 with electrodes 64 and 134, Ni-Cr-Fe 600 with electrodes 62, 82, 132 and 182, Ni-Cr-Fe X750 with electrodes 69 and 718,
Ni-Fe-Cr 800 with electrodes 82 and 138, and Ni-Fe-Cr 825 with electrodes 65 and 135.
Steels
nTe steels were all corroded uniformly and their corrosion rates
were comparable - carbon steels, low alloy-high strength steels, nickel
steels, and the very high strength steels.
The corrosion rates of the steels were lower at depth than at the
surface, but they did not decrease progressively with increasing depth;
i.e., they were not depth dependent.
The average corrosion rates of all the steels decreased linearly
The corrosion rates, the oxygen concentration and temperature of
seawater were analyzed using linear regression analysis. The following relationships were obtained for AISI 1010 steel and the averages
of the other steels:
0.84 + 1.0 (02) + 0.014 (T)
0.19 + 1.1 (02) + 0.1 (T)
(Avg of carbon and

low alloy steels)
(AISI 1010)
The corrosion rates are in mils per year (MPY), the oxygen content
of seawater in milliliters per liter (ml/l) and temperature in degrees
Centigrade (C).
13
/
These derived formulae illustrate two important points:

(1) The concentration of oxygen in seawater is a major variable and its effect on the corrosion rate of steel in seawater is linear.
(2) The temperature of seawater has less effect on the corrosion of steel in seawater than the oxygen content and its effect is also
linear.
These formulae, however, cannot be used to predict the corrosion
rates of steels in seawater at other locations due to the influence of
other variables such as time, currents, sediment effects, etc.
The corrosion rates of the steeis decreased progressively with increasing time of exposure in surface seawater.
Cast Irons
Silicon and silicon-molybdenum cast irons were uncorroded in seawater at the surface and at depth in the Pacific Ocean after one year
of exposure.
The corrosion rates of the other cast irons were lower at depth
than at the surface, but were not depth dependent.
The corrosion rates of the alloy cast irons and gray cast iron
decreased linearly with the concentration of oxygen in seawater and
those of the austenitic cast irons progressively.
The corrosion ratesof two austenitic cast irons, Type 4 and Type
D-2C, decreased asymptotically with time of exposure at the surface in
seawater.
Stainless Steels
The following stainless steels were attacked only by incipient
crevice corrosion after one year of exposure in seawater: AISI Type
309, 316L, 317, 329 and 633, 20Cb3 and Ni-Cr-Mo-Si.
All the other stainless steels were attacked by pitting, tunneling
and crevice corrosion in various degrees of severity.
In general, the miscellaneous wrought and cast stainless steels,
except the 18C-14Mn-O.5N steel, were less severely attacked than the
others.
Titanium Alloys
The titanium alloys, unwelded and welded, except the 13V-llCr-3A1

alloy, were uncorroded. Welded 13V-IlCr-3AI titanium alloy was susceptible to stress corrosion cracking when the welding stresses were not
relieved by thermal treatment.
14
Miscellaneous Al loys
Columbium, tantalum ai-d tantalum-tungsten alloy Ta60 were uncorroded.
However, magnesium alloy FS-1 was practically disintegrated
after one year of exposure in seawater.
The corrosion of lead (antimonial chemical and tellurium), tin,
zinc, lead-tin solder, molybdenum and tungsten were not depth dependent.
The corrosion rates of lead, tin,
lead-tin solder, molybdenum and
tungsten decreased with the concentration of oxygen in seawater while
that of zinc was not dependent on the oxygen concentration.
The corrosion rate of molybdenum decreased with increasing time of
exposure in seawater at the surface while that of tungsten increased.
CONCLUSIONS
Seawater at depth in the Pacific Ocean at the NCEL test sites was
more aggressive to aluminum alloys than was seawater at the surface
after one year of exposure, except for 5086-H34 alloy whose corrosion
rate was slightly lower at depth.
In general, the corrosion rates and maximum pit depths of the
aluminum alloys increased with decreasing oxygen concentration of seawater.
Aluminum alloys, because their modes of corrosion are the localized
pitting and crevice types, must be protected for seawater applications
if reasonable service i1fe is desired.
In general, aluminum alloys
could not be recommended for deep sea applications for periods longer
than three years if protective maintenance cannot be performed.
In most cases the copper base alloys corroded either at the same
rates or slightly slower rates at depth than at the surface in seawater.
Copper base alloys which are susceptible to dezincification and dealuminification are not recommended for seawater service.
The other copper
alloys corroded uniformly and can be recommended for seawater service
where their low corrosion rates can be tolerated.
The nickel base alloys which were not corroded in seawater can be
recommended for seawater applications.
Nickel base alloys susceptible to crevice corrosion are not recommended for seawater applications unless satisfactory precautions can be
taken to prevent this type of attack.
The use of welded nickel alloys for seawater applications can be
recommended only for those alloys which are not preferentially attacked
in either the weld beads or the adjacent heat affected zones or both.
Steels and cast irons, because they corrode uniformly, can be recommended for seawater applications and their reliability
can be increased
by the use of adequate protective measures.

The stainless steels, because of their susceptibility to crevice,
pitting and tunnel corrosion, are not recommended for seawater applications.
Alloys 309, 316L, 317, 329, 633, 20Cb-3 and Ni-Cr-Mo-Si could
be used for limited applications of not more than one year if adequate
protective measures are used.
15
10
Titanium alloys, except-welded 13V-llCr-3A1 alloy, are recomnmended

for seawater applications.
Columbium, tantalum and tantalum alloy Ta60 are recommended for
seawater service where the expense can be justified.
Magnesium alloy FS-1 is unsatisfactory for seawater applications.
Molybdenum, tungsten and lead (chemical, antimonial and tellurium),
because of their low uniform corrosion, can be recommended for seawater
applications where their mechanical and physical properties fulfill the
requirements.
Tin, zinc and lead-tin solder are not recommended for seawater
service.
Zinc of special purity, however, is used as sacrificial anodes
to protect more noble alloys in many seawater applications.
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Table 11.
Exposure
Depth,
Days
Ft
Alloy
'
1.
Corrosion of.Caat
Irons in Sea Water
Corrosion
Ratj)
MY
Corrosion
Type(2)
Source(
G(ray
366
2.6
C.
I 'NCO( 1o)
(10)
;ray
Cray
402
403
2370
6780
1.7
1.8
U
U
IM 1)
INC) (10)
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel
366
40(2
403
5
2370
6780
7.h
1.5
2.9
C
t.
U
(10)
TNCO (10)
1NCO (10)
INCO
Ni-Cr 01
Ni-Cr Il
Ni-Cr "1
3hh
402
403
5
2370
6780
5.:
1.
1.7
U
Uv
Ni-Cr #2
Ni-Cr #2
Ni-Cr #2
366
4/02
403
5
2370
h7RO
4.9
1.8
1.8
Ductile 0l
Ductile #1
Ductile 01
366
402
403
5
2370
67801
Ductile 112
Ductile #2
366
402
Ductile #2
Silicon
"Silicon
NCO (10)
INCO(10)
t'
INCO (10)
INCO (10)
INCO (10)
6.2
1.9
3.4
CR(24m)
t
C
INCO (10)
INCO (10)
INCO (10)
5
2370
7.1
1.8
r
U
INCO (00)
INCO (10)
403
366
h780
2.9
o.
INCO (10)
Silicon
i-.c
402
4U3
366
2370
6780
5
S1-Mo
Si-mo
402
403
2)370
6780)
0.1
,o.
-0.1
C
i
INCO(10)
-O.
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NC
NC
ET
ICO (10)
INCO (10)
INCO (10)
NC
I\CO (I0)
(10)
INCO (10)
NC
INCO (10)
Austenitic.
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Type 1
Type 1 I
Type 1
366
402
403
5
2370
6780
2.7
1.5
1.0
U
U
INCO (10)
INCO (10)
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Type 2
Type 2
Type 2
366
402
403
5
2370
6780
2.9
1.1
2.2
v
U
U
INCO (10)
INCO
INCO (10)
I-
[-
47
Table 11.
(cont'd)
Corrosion
Rate
MPY( 1 )
Exposure
Depth,
Ft
Days
Alloy
Corrosion
Type( 2 )
Source(3)
Austenitic, Type 3
Austenitic, Type 3
Austanitic, Type 3
366
402
403
5
2370
6780
2.8
0.6
1.8
U
U
U
INCO( 10 )
INCO( 10 )
INCO(10)
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
366
364
402
402
403
723
763
366
402
403
5
5
2370
2370
6780
5
5
5
2370
6780
2.4
2.4
0.8
0.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.4
1.1
1.2
U
G
U
C
U
C
C
U
U
INCO( 10 )
NCEL
INCO( 1 0)
NCEL
INCO(0')
NCEL
NCEL
INCO 10 )
INCO( 1 0 )
INCO( 10 )
Austenitic, D-2B
Austenitic, D-2B
Austenitic, D-2B
366
402
403
5
2370
6780
2.7
0.9
1.6
G
U
U
INCO(0)INCO( 1 0 )
INCO( 1 0 )
D-2C
D-2C
D-2C
D-2C
364
402
723
763
5
2370
5
5
3.2
1.8
3.1
2.8
G
U
U
U
NCEL
NCEL
NCEL
NCEL
Austenicic, D-3
Austenitic, D-3
Austenitic, D-3
366
402
403
5
2370
6780
3.2
0.7
z,7
C
U
G
INCO( 1 0 )
INCO( 1 0)
INCO(IO)
Austenitic,
Hardenable
Austenitic,
Hardenable
Austenitic.
Hardenable
366
2.6
INCO(0)-
402
2370
1.8
INCO( 1 0)
403
6780
1.1
UINCO(0)
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
Austenitic,
1.
2.
3.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
D-2
D-2
D-2
MPY - Mils penetration per year calculated from weight loss

Symbols for types of corrosion:
CR
ET
G
Crater type pits

Etched
General
NC
No visible corrosion
Uniform
Numbers refer to references at end of paper
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:.
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_2219-T81
\I
5
6 _
23
~Oxygen
:'
2.
67
Wm/1) or Corrosion Rate (mpy)
Corrosion rates of aluminum alloys vs depth after 1 year

of exposure.
6
67
7
Oxyen(m/I
at"(py
Crr"mn
-86
SFigure
900
0.00
0
U)
x
0
(Aduj)~~
91WUIOw:
68K
I
i
0 1100-H14
508B3-14113
S3003-H14
&2024-0
00
123
50
6o
III
-I
Oxygen (miW/)
Figure 4.
Corrosion rates of aluminum alloys vs oxygen content of seawater
after 1 year of exposure.
69
_____/
AI
O
2024-0
6 2219-TSI
0 3003-H14
0 083-14113
* 5086-H34
S6061.T6
7
0
20
40
60
80
10o0
120
140
Maximum Pit Depth (mils)
0/
Figure 5.
Maximum depths of pits of aluminum alloys vs depth after 1 year
4I_______
of exposure.
70
.44
-4
1-4
41w
ILI
0*0
I-4
1
IL-
_1
140__
0 3003-H14
6 e083-H113
P
G2
-Perforated
100-
Eg
1202
40
_46
W/
0
Oxygen Wm/1)
Figure 7.
Maximum depths of pits of aluminum alloys vs oxygen content of

seawater after 1 year of exposure.
72
IZ
-,
*0
0
(to
01-
C6e
.........
I
..
Corrosion
Rate
70
Maximum
Pit Mopth
o)
2219-T81
3003-H14
S
&
=0
408
0
2
2.__/_
_-
__
20
400__
500__
0
20
300
Time (daysl
Figure 9.
Corrosion rates and maximum depths cf pits of aluminum alloys vs
time of exposure in surface seawater.
74
Surieco
Copper alloys
C) Nickel-silver #752
Y;
/____
,*
0 4
Oxygen (mill) or Corrosion Rate (mpy?
Figure
10.
Corrosion of copper alloys vs depth after 1 year of exposure.
75
I-4
$4p
00
C19
-,
(AdW)Sieb
uoisijo:
076
040
N)O
6#0x
U.
IleJ
2A
:-
(AdLj)
aeH
uiso.jo0
[3
lcroyi
nce
N!CkeIS(201,211,210,301):
A N Cu 402, 406, 410,K1500, 505, 4f>55

2_
__
3I
__2
Oxgn(m
Fiue1.Croino0ikl
ILL-
4____
__
o
n
orsonRt
iklcp~
my
losv
et
fe
c;1
I-x
~01.
44
0
-'0
0
00
19
Surfac
80Cr802
t7
o) Electrolytic
0
*
'.e
nickel
Ni
N200
Nickel elloys 201.211. 210. 301
Ni Cu 400
No Cu 402, 406, 410, K500, 505, 45-55
"A
_____/___
I_________
0 .,,
Figure
16.
3
Oxygen (ml/l)
Corrosion of nickels and nickel-copper

1 year of exposure.
of seawater after
81
alloys vs oxygen content
i
S
Ni Cr Fe 600
a) Ni
Ni Cr
Cr Fe
Fe 610,
X750cost7
(Z) Ni Cr Fe 886
&L Ni Mo Fe "B"
7
Ni Sn Zn
23
7J
r-I
O0
3456
Oxygan (onl/I)
Figure
17.
Corru6iUli
year
uf
li4e1l
of exposure.
ailuv'
8
82
vsoxd'fn
Vs
toillen"
Seawater
df
after
0)
r-4.
S-4
06
00)
j~dw)aleUuoisiOc:
830
C-,
44
UO~
U)
0
0
b;
C-4
84)
OL/
00
7-
91.
(Cot
_ _
_ _
1_
__
__
_85
ccI
o.)
fl.
11/1w))
usB)
86)
|/
I
7
A8
6j
e4
44
011
00
0200 10 300
~~
-
~
_
__
Tm
60
00
70
Fiur 221orso fsel stm fepsr ttesrae
87I
So
/-///
Surf
Sci
_____________
2 I
1/
eGrey C,
0 Alloy cast irons (Ni, Ni Cr s1 & 2, ductile =i & 2)
i
-
Austenitic Cl (types a1, 2, 3, 4, D-2,D0-28, D-3 and hardenable)

Si + Si Mo cast irons
IEI
Oxygen (mi/I) or Corrosion RaaU 'moy)

Figure 23.
Corrosion
of cast
irons vs depth
88
after
1 year
of exposure.
'I
I
4)
0
_____
_____
6-
4)
N
'-I
4)
_________
_____________
_________
Nfj
-It
It
'-I
U
C
!A
cot-.
'
ow
4O
H
U)
c-Jo
.-I
to
tj
I.
0-
4)
1.
(11W)
ua6Axo
89
LI
'.0
'Juu
m_
900
rA
Oxygen ImI/I) or Corrosion Rate w'~py)
Figure 26.
Corrosion of 200 and 400 Series stainless Steels vs depth

after 1 year of exposure.
91
I-4
CA
0'
41
0Q)
,40
O4:flco
cu4
___
C'=
___
cn 016.
'0
mJ
co m
o'44
0OQ)
'.4 00
>,o
____(n
0-
"04
(Adwu) #eke
uoisojjoo
92
L.4
!/
Surface
-~~
Al
SAISI
AISI
D
12
__
302, 316. 316 (sensitized). 330, 347

304 and 304L
AISl 304 (sensitized)
ASt 325
0.0
ILI
____________-__________
___________
Oxygen (mi/I) or Corrosion Rate (mpy)
Figure 28.
Corrosion of 300 Series stainless steels vs depth after

1 year of exposure.
93
*11
0 AISI 301
/ AISI 302. 316, 316 (sensitiaed), 330, 347
": AISI 304 and 304L
* AISI 304 (sensitized)
6/
/I
5.
34
.2
3I
/I
Oxygen (mi/I)
Figure 29.
Corrosion of 300 Series stainless steels vs concentration

of oxygen in seawater after 1 year of exposure.
94
Sufc
/,00 xyge
AII60H2
AIS 631TH0
4_
Oxygn
ate
mDI
(I/0
rCrroson
Figue
f60
3.
Seies
Coroson
tailes stels sdeth
I yer ofexpoure
____________________________
_______________
fte
_______________5
0 Q
-40
-4
WEW
-!
0
o0
COE)
NN
j~~d~~u'
stMuisjo
96g
Surface
0 Load (anti monial, chemical end tellurium)
&
Tin
viii
4I
71
12
56
Figur
32.
CorrsionOxygen (mill) or Corrosion Rate (mpV)I
Figue
3.
Crroionof miscellaneous alloys vs depth after 1 year
of exposure.
97
[(D
Loa.d (atmna.chemical, tellurium)

& Tin
EI Zinc
0
Lsed-tin volder
& Molybdenum
~Tungsten,
5-
(3-
Figure 33.
3
Oxygen (ml/I)
Corrosion of miscellaneous alloys vs concentration of

oxygen in seawater after I year of exposure.
98
0 C4
.,4.
U) 4
0
0 41
oJ0
t.4
ii
___
___99
REFERENCES
1. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory.
Technical Note N-781:
Effect
of deep ocean environment on the corrosion of selected alloys, by
Fred M. Reinhart.
2.
Port Hueneme,
Technical Report R-504:
hydrospace, by Fred M. Reinhart.

3.
Ca., Oct 1965.

Corrosion of materials in
Port Pueneme, Ca., Dec 1966.
hydrospace - Part I - Irons, steels, cast irons and steel products, by

Fred M. Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Ca., Jul 1967.
Technical Note N-915: Corrosion of materials in hydro- Nickel and nickel alloys, by Fred M. Reinhart.
Port
4.
space - Part II
_
Hueneme, Ca.,
Aug 1967.
.
Technical Note N-921: Corrosion of materials in hydrospace - Part III - Titanium and titanium alloys, by Fred M. Reinhart.
Port Hueneme, Ca. Sep 1967.
5.
6.
.
Technical Note N-961: Corrosion of materials in hydrospace - Part IV - Copper and copper alloys, by Fred M. Reinhart. Port
Hueneme, Ca., Apr 1968.
7.
. Technical Note N-1008: Corrosion of Materials in
hydrospace - Part V - Aluminum alloys, by Fred M. Reinhart.
Port
Hueneme, Ca., Jan 1969.
8.
'.orrosion of materials in sur-
face seawater after 6 months of exposure, by Fred M. Reinhart.

Hueneme, Ca., Mar 1969.
Port
9.
hydrospace - Part VI - Stainless steels, by Fred M. Reinhart.
Port
_
Hueneme,
Ca., Jul 1971.
10. Dr. T. P. May.

Unpublished data, International Nickel Co.,
New York City, N. Y.
i00
Inc.,

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Technical Note N-1213

CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEAWATER

Fred M. Reinhart and James F. Jenkins

Approved for public release;

NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEAWATER AFTER 12 AND 18 MONTHS OF

Technical Note N-1213

The corrosion rates of the copper base alloys,

nickel base alloys,

Approved for public release;

The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory has been conducting aI

research program to determine the effects of deep ocean environments

esurface immersion sitep orapenviodsrofm

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEAWATER AFTER 12 AND 18 MONTHS

June 1966-June 1971

Fred M. Reinhart and James F. Jenkins

Technical Note N-1213

IV.*IS. (Any attar .I,tob-y

that may 0. SCCiCW.

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Naval Facilities Enginettring

The aluminum alloys were attacked by pitting and crevice corrosion

metals ard alloys.

The chemical compositions of the aluminum alloys are given in

Table 2 and their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Table 3.

corrosion rates calculated from weight losses and expressed as

havior of the material.

In order to present a more realistic picture

of the behavior of aluminum alloys,

the maximum and average pit depths

and the maximum depth of crevice corrosion are also reported.

1100-H14, 5083-H113 and 3003-H14 increase progressively with depth.

alloy 2219-T81 increased with

time of exposure, those in alloy 3003-H14 decreased initially and after

The corrosion rates as well as the maximum pit depths of 6061-T6

and 2219-T81 increased with decreasing concentration of oxygen in

water, Figures 3 and 6.

The chemical compositions of the copper alloys are given in Table

The effects of depth,

tration of oxygen in seawater and time on the corrosion rates are

in Figure 10. The corrosion of copper was insensitive to depth as well

oxygen in seawater as shown in Figure 11. However, the corrosion of

water: commercial bronze, red brass, Muntz metal, manganese bronze A

The chemical compositions of the nickel and nickel alloys are

highly alloyed nickel alloys are immune to corrosion, such as Ni-Cr-Fe

Ni-Co-Cr-Mo 700 alloy was attacked only by incipient crevice corrosion

The effect of depth on the corrosion of nickel alloys is shown in

and Ni-Fe-Cr 902 decreased

with increasing time of exposure.

Corrosrun rate (MPY)

0.84 + 1.0 (02) + 0.014 (T)

(avg of carbon and

Corrosion Rate (MPY)

0.19 + 1.1 (02) + 0.1 (T)

for these stainless steels in Tables 13

In addition, the shape of the corrosion rate curve for AISI

325 was similar to the oxygen concentration curve.

corrosion rate was the lowest (<0.1 MPY).

The corrosion rates of AISI 630-H925, 631-TH1050 and 635, although

lower at the lower oxygen concentrations than at the highest,

decrease progressively with the oxygen concentration.

Columbium, tantalum and tantalum alloy Ta60 were uncorroded during