Be Amca Deng Data

BEAMCAD + 16.
User manual
Concrete S.r.l.
March 2003
INDEX
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
2.3.1
2.4.1
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.5
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
4.
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
GENERAL INFORMATION................................................................................................ 7
COPYRIGHT AND USER LICENSE AGREEMENT................................................................... 7
RESPONSIBILITY ............................................................................................................ 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... 8
REQUIRED HARDWARE CONFIGURATION .......................................................................... 8
GENERAL WARNING ....................................................................................................... 8
PROGRAMS DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................ 9
GENERAL FEATURES ...................................................................................................... 9
PROGRAMS FEATURES .................................................................................................. 9
CALCULATION METHOD OF STRESSES ........................................................................... 11
Continuous beams in elevation or foundation beams and partial frames .............. 11
Beams on elastic soil as Winklers ......................................................................... 12
APPLICATION OF EUROCODE 2 TO R/C BEAMS ............................................................... 12
Generalities............................................................................................................. 12
Materials and loads ................................................................................................ 12
Ultimate limit state bending check .......................................................................... 13
Ultimate state limit shear check.............................................................................. 13
Serviceability limit state check................................................................................ 13
CRITERIA AND HYPOTHESIS OF CHECKS ON STEEL BEAMS ............................................. 14
CRITERIA AND HYPOTHESIS OF VERIFICATION ON WOOD BEAMS ...................................... 16
Eurocode 5 ............................................................................................................. 16
Allowable stress method......................................................................................... 18
PROGRAMS INSTALLATION ........................................................................................ 21
GENERALITIES ............................................................................................................. 21
CD ROM INSTALLATION .............................................................................................. 21
INITIALIZATION OF THE PROGRAM .................................................................................. 22
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INSTALLATION AND USE OF THE NET KEY. .................................. 23
Software SentinelSuperPro .................................................................................... 23
How to recognize the PCs name ........................................................................... 23
GENERAL MENU............................................................................................................. 27
BEAMCAD+ MAIN MENU ................................................................................................ 27
File .......................................................................................................................... 28
Output ..................................................................................................................... 32
Index
4.1.3
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3.
7.
7.1
7.2
8.
8.1
8.2
9.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.4
10.
10.1
10.2
11.
11.1
11.2
12.
12.1
12.2
13.
13.1
iv
BeamCAD 16 User manual
Options.................................................................................................................... 35
DATA INPUT FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM ....................................................................... 67
THE WIZARD ................................................................................................................ 67
GENERAL DATA ............................................................................................................ 68
SPAN LENGTHS, SECTIONS AND TOPS............................................................................ 69
SUPPORTS .................................................................................................................. 70
SCHEME WITH PILLARS ................................................................................................. 72
TORSIONAL RESTRAINTS (ONLY FOR STEEL BEAMS)........................................................ 73
LOADS FOR ELEVATION BEAMS, JOISTS OR STIFF FOUNDATION BEAMS............................. 74
DATAS INPUT FOR BEAM ON ELASTIC SOIL ............................................................ 77
SPANS, SECTIONS AND TOPS ........................................................................................ 78
SUPPORTS .................................................................................................................. 79
LOADS FOR BEAMS ON ELASTIC SOIL ............................................................................. 80
Elementary load conditions..................................................................................... 80
Type of loads........................................................................................................... 80
Combination ............................................................................................................ 81
DATA INPUT OF THE WOOD-CONCRETE MIXED BEAM ............................................ 83
SPAN LENGTHS, SECTIONS AND TOPS............................................................................ 83
CONNECTORS .............................................................................................................. 84
CORRECTION OR VISUALIZATION MENU ................................................................... 87
GENERALITIES ............................................................................................................. 87
CORRECTION MENU FOR BEAM ON ELASTIC SOIL ........................................................... 92
MANUAL DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENTS................................................................... 93
GENERALITIES ............................................................................................................. 93
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS ................................................................................. 94
TRANSVERSAL REINFORCEMENT ................................................................................. 105
Foundation sole reinforcement ............................................................................. 107
ENDING OF THE PHASE OF REINFORCEMENTS EDITING.................................................. 109
CHECK ON STEEL BEAMS .......................................................................................... 111
INPUT OF STEEL BEAMS .............................................................................................. 111
CHECK ON STEEL ELEMENTS....................................................................................... 112
CHECK ON WOOD BEAMS .......................................................................................... 115
INPUT OF WOOD BEAMS .............................................................................................. 115
CHECK ON WOOD ELEMENTS ...................................................................................... 116
CHECKS ON WOOD-CONCRETE MIXED BEAM FRAMES ........................................ 119
GENERALITIES ........................................................................................................... 119
CHECK CALCULATION START ....................................................................................... 120
PILLARS CALCULATION .............................................................................................. 125
GENERALITIES ........................................................................................................... 125
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
Index
PILLARS MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 125

LEVELS ..................................................................................................................... 126
BEAMS ...................................................................................................................... 127
ELABORATION ........................................................................................................... 127
14.
USE OF DETAIL.LSP PROGRAM................................................................................. 129
15.
PRINT-OUT SYMBOLS OF CHECKS ON SECTIONS. ................................................ 131
15.1
15.1.1
15.1.2
15.1.3
15.1.4
15.1.5
15.2
15.2.3
15.2.4
15.2.5
15.2.6
15.2.7
15.2.8
15.2.9
15.3
15.3.1
15.3.2
15.4
15.4.1
15.4.2
CHECK ON R/C SECTION ............................................................................................. 131

Allowable stress method....................................................................................... 131
Limit States method DM96 ................................................................................... 132
Metodo Eurocodice 2............................................................................................ 133
Method ACI 318.................................................................................................... 135
Metodo NSR. ........................................................................................................ 136
CHECK ON STEEL SECTIONS ....................................................................................... 137
General symbols used for steel beams ................................................................ 137
Method SLU.......................................................................................................... 138
Eurocode 3 method .............................................................................................. 139
Method AISC LRFD.............................................................................................. 139
Metodo AISC ASD. ............................................................................................... 140
NSR. Method ........................................................................................................ 140
CHECK ON WOOD SECTIONS ....................................................................................... 141
Eurocode 5 method .............................................................................................. 142
CHECK ON WOOD-CONCRETE SECTIONS ..................................................................... 143
Eurocode 2, 5 ....................................................................................................... 144
1. General information
1.1 COPYRIGHT AND USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Material included in the package:
CD ROM with program-files;
personalization and initialization floppy disk;
hardware lock;
user manual;
Intellectual Property Rights. This Software is intellectual property of and is owned by
Concrete Srl. The Software is protected by Italian Copyright Law. Concrete grants a nonexclusive license to use the Software for the purposes described in the documentation.
Copy of original disks is forbidden. One backup copy of the Software is allowed, provided
the copy is not installed or used on any computer.
Reproduction of manuals and software documentation is forbidden.
1.2 RESPONSIBILITY
A great effort has been made in terms of time, work and resources for the program to be
as far as possible immune from defects and working anomalies and to respect the
technological performances described in the documentation material.
Program has been used and tested.
All materials forming the package (magnetic disks, CD ROM, user manual, hardware
lock) will be substituted with other brand-new in the case any material or manufacture
defect will be discovered in the terms provided for by law. Besides this warranty, no other
implicit or explicit one accompanies the software product.
1 General information
It is thus evident that nor the producer, nor the retailers can be for any reason held
responsible for any direct or indirect damage, for profit miss or other as a consequence of
procedures utilization.
Utilizing the package, the licensee acknowledges and accepts that its correct use, the
conscious interpretation, and the necessary check on elaboration results remain its own
responsibility.
1.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Word and WINDOWS are Microsoft Corporation registered trademark;
AutoCAD, AutoCAD LT and AutoLISP are Autodesk INC registred trademarks.
IntelliCAD is a registered trademark of Intellicad Technology Consortium
1.4 REQUIRED HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

The computer must be able to support Windows 95B, 98, Me, NT 4 SP3, 2000 SP1, XP.
A pointer tool is indispensable (i.e. mouse).
1.5 GENERAL WARNING

For safety reasons, we suggest to keep a backup copy of disks.
Manual content: BEAMCAD+. BEAMCAD users will ignore sections on steel, wood and
mixed wood-concrete beams.
2. Programs description
2.1 GENERAL FEATURES

The program is dedicated to the calculation of some r/c, wood, steel or mixed wood r/c
structural typologies frequently used in building planning.
More specifically, the program allows the analysis of flat structures whose static schemes
can be related to those of continuous elevation beams and foundation beams, partial
frames, and beams on elastic soil as to Winklers. The soil coefficient is different for
compression or tensile stress.
The inclination of the axis is allowed to continuous elevation beams and to partial frames.
The presence of sections with variable linear height is allowed to continuous elevation
beams and to partial frames with constant extrados.
Supports elastically yielding are also allowed.
The program provides a procedure for the planning and check (only with normal stress) of
the pillars belonging to a flat frame. The procedure is based on the outcomes resulting
from the analysis of frames sub-structures.
2.2 PROGRAMS FEATURES

Programs characteristics are:
Transversal sections with a rectangular, or T, or reversed T, or double T shape,

which are constant along the bay and variable from bay to bay;
Steel section database with more than 3000 profiles;
Wood sections definable by the user as composed of circular or rectangular

elements;
Mixed wood r/c sections; wood shape may be rectangular with rounded corners or
circulat; r/c may have rectangular or T shape.
2 Programs description
10
Bays of continuous beam and of partial frame with constant extrados can have
sections with variable linear height;
Pillars forming the static scheme of a partial frame can have different height one
from the other and be bound to a fixed support or joint at their ends;
Supports not defined as pillars can be elastically yielding;
For elevation beams and foundation beam with static scheme as continuous beam
or partial frame, loads reacting on the bay can be linearly partialized type,
concentrated or couple-concentrated and divided into total load and varying load up
to a maximum number of 50 per bay. It is allowed to apply to the end supports
concentrated couples of load with total (maximum) and permanent (minimum) value.
The program divides the bay into 31 sections and calculates on them the maximum
and minimum value of the stress components (moment and shear). The diagrams
are shown on video all along the beam length or part of it.
For beams on elastic soil as to Winklers, there is the possibility of assigning to each
bay different values for the tensile-stress and compression soil coefficients so that
soil variability for different action is taken into account. It is also possible to assign to
each bay support-base values different from that of the beam under examination so
possible underpinning is considered;
Load actions on beams on Winklers type soil are distinguished by introducing

elementary load conditions. For each elementary condition, it is possible to assign
linear type loads placed on all span to each bay. Couples, concentrated loads,
imposed rotation and assigned subsidence to each beam connection.
Calculations are carried out in accordance with the load combinations chosen by the
user.
It is to notice that if kinematical restraints are simulated in the model through the
assignment of short displacements or rotation, these assignments must be
reproduced for each elementary load condition;
Reinforcement planning is automatically obtained by fixing some characteristic

parameters or the user is the one who chooses shape and dimension of the
longitudinal and transversal reinforcements through the pointing tools;
Section check is graphic interactive type: active and resistant stresses diagrams
associated with the arrangement of reinforcements are shown on video. The
diagram of resistant stresses is updated at every variation of shape and dimension
occurring to reinforcements so to allow the immediate check of the covering. By
using the pointing tool, it is also possible to select a generic section of the beam so
that stress and deformation can be known;
As the user prefers, checks can be carried out by: Allowable stress method; Semiprobabilistic method at the state limit in accordance with DM 9-1-96; Semiprobabilistic method at the state limit in accordance with EUROCODE n.2, law ACI
318, law NSR-98.
Check on wood sections can be carried out according to the allowable stress
method, DIN1052 and Eurocode 5.
While checking, areas with anchored bars are taken into account and adherence
areas are highlighted. Resistant stresses diagrams are drawn on the base of the
maximum tangential stresses that steel bars can transmit to the conglomerate
beyond the section under examination;
2.3 Calculation method of stresses
Automatic writing of the transfer file (dxf) for AutoCAD or other CAD showing the
executive graphs elaborated by printer or plotter.
Calculation report, reinforcement data and quantities list showing the analysis of
quantities output by printer or file ASCII
Possibility of managing calculation data through the general calculation program

elaborated by CONCRETE;
Possibility of managing calculation data through the general calculation program

Primus of Acca Software;
Automatic elaboration of design files in dwg format for r/c beams;
Possibility of creating charts in dwg format using CONCRETE editing program for
dfx files.
2.3 CALCULATION METHOD OF STRESSES
2.3.1
Continuous beams in elevation or foundation beams and partial frames

The program is able to analyze continuous foundation beams, elevation beams and
frames whose static scheme is comparable to a beam with a generally inclined axis. The
connections of this type of beam support vertical pillars with joints at their ends or fixed
supports (partial frames).
Beams here considered strain with normal stress, shear force and bending moment,
while pillars strain exclusively with shear force and bending moment.
With these conditions, the generic connection of partial frames has two degrees of free
moving (rotation and horizontal translation) provided that a pillar is connected to it. It has
three (rotation, translation along the horizontal and vertical axis) when it is free. The static
scheme coming out has generally equipped displaceable connections.
Beams have rigid offsets whose width is equal to half dimension of the pillar connected to
it or to half dimension of the sliding support if present. A special option allows reducing
the length of rigid offsets.
The calculation method adopted to define the stresses on mast-ends is that used for
displacements. It considers any rotation and displacement of beam connections as
unknown. Stiffness matrixes of each component (6*6 for beams straining with bending,
shear and normal stress, 4*4 for pillars straining with bending and shear only) are all
reported to the global matrix in the form of compact vector. This latter matrix is associated
with the vector of pointers at its diagonal terms. From the stiffness matrix, the product of a
triangular inferior-and-superior matrix is to be found in a compact way through Crouts
modified method.
Loads on beams are of the most generic type possible and made up of uniform loads,
trapezoidal loads, loads and concentrated couples.
For each beam, the evaluation of perfect-joint reactions taking into account rigid offsets
and variations in section height is carried out. For each load condition, the reactions are
reported to the global vector of the forces.
11
Once the equivalent connection loads have been calculated for each mast (forces and
perfect-joint couples change sign), the global load connection vector can be created for
every single elementary load condition. This vector allows to obtaining the connection
displacements with substitution to and from of the decomposed stiffness matrix. Starting
from the connection displacements, it is possible to value for each mast the stresses
related to them. When the perfect-joint stresses are added, the connection stresses are
eventually defined.
2.3.2
Beams on elastic soil as Winklers

In this structural type, beams are assumed as deformable only with bending and the
stiffness matrix is formulated considering the exact solution of the differential equation
regulating the elastic equilibrium problem.
Soil coefficient varies in accordance with the considered bay; the coefficient can assume
different values for compression and tensile stress. While considering the soil coefficient
equal to zero soil dont react for rising. Loads can be assigned to the connections as
concentrated loads, concentrated couples or loads distributed linearly on all the bay
length. A numeric artifice allows to applying vertical subsidence or imposed rotation to
every structural connection. While considering values close to zero, it is easy to
approximate restraint conditions such as perfect joint, double plumb-rule or fixed support.
In this case too the calculation method adopted is that used with displacements, where
rotation and displacements of each connection are unknown.
Establishing low values to the soil coefficient (10E-2), it is possible to simulate the
behavior of a beam with isostatic foundation through a linear diagram of reaction.
2.4 APPLICATION OF EUROCODE 2 TO R/C BEAMS
2.3.1
Generalities
The program carries out the project of beams and informs about the ultimate limit state
(breakage of sections) as well as the serviceability limit state (stress control, deformations
and crack span calculation). Specifically steel reinforcements is automatically planned by
referring to the ultimate limit state. When reinforcements are planned manually, video
diagrams consider the ultimate limit state (flexion and shear). Its possible to visualize
serviceability limit diagrams too (crack span and deformation). At this stage the user can
check every section and be provided with values relative to the serviceability and ultimate
limit state. At the end of the planning, the program highlights possible unchecked or
fragility situations in any section.
2.4.1
Materials and loads

The user is required to provide partial security factors for the materials and the loads. The
program proposes those values suggested by Eurocode 2. The user is also required the
combination coefficients for variable actions in serviceability limit state, in case of rare,
frequent and quasi-permanent combinations.
12
2.3.3
2.4 Application of Eurocode 2 to r/c beams
Ultimate limit state bending check

Assuming rectangular distribution of the stress on concrete along 0.8 x height from the
compressed edge, where x is the distance between the neutral axis and the extreme
compressed fibers, it is possible to check. Stress on concrete is assumed as equal to:
*fck/c, where:
=0.85 (additional reduction factor for long lasting loads)

fck=0.83*rck (characteristic concrete cylindrical resistance)
c= (partial reduction factor for concrete) defined by the user
The program highlights fragility situations due to concrete cracks through
x/d>0.0035/(0.0035+fyk/s/Es), where
x distance between neutral axis and extreme compressed fibers
d considered height of the section
fyk
characteristic steel yield stress
s steel partial security factor

Es steel elasticity module
2.3.4
Ultimate state limit shear check

Check is accomplished in accordance with the standard method.
Supports are divided into direct and indirect. To check Vrd1 (calculated resistance of the
element without shear reinforcement) and Vrd3 (calculated resistance of the element with
shear reinforcement) requires Vsd value (calculated value of the shear force acting at the
ultimate limit state), which is calculated at the distance d from the edge support. Direct
support in the area between edge support and section at distance d (height considered)
from the edge support are the necessary conditions in these checks.
Evaluation of Vrd 1 is carried out with reference to stretched reinforcement anchored
beyond the possible shear crack. This reinforcement evaluation equals that resulting from
the maximum flexible moment in the section when expressed in absolute value.
The presence of profiles is evaluated as equivalent area of stirrups distributed on 2*d
length on the profile.
2.3.5
Serviceability limit state check

Actions are calculated considering combination coefficient 1 for permanent loads and
combination coefficient as defined by the user for variable loads.
For cracked section, stress on concrete and steel are calculated at every serviceability
limit state at the rare condition that concrete tensile stress is over the fct.eff. value in a
totally reacting section.
13
The calculation of the crack width is carried out in accordance with EC2 4.4.2.4, where:
1=1
2 defined by the user
k1=0.8
k2=0.5
sr calculated for the homogenized section, the homogenization coefficient is defined by
the user.
fct,eff
defined by the user.
For symbols meaning see EC2 4.4.2.2 and 4.4.2.4.

Calculation of deflection is carried out both in the case of a totally reacting section and in
the case of a cracked section.
In the former case, the inertia moment in each bay is to be considered as constant and
equal to the value of the totally reacting non-reinforced section (only r/c). In the latter
case, the inertia moment is to be considered as varying within the bay. In those areas
where stresses cause cracking, the ideal inertia moment increased of the homogenized
section must take into account the stiffening effect. In those areas without cracks, the
value of the inertia moment relative to the non-reinforced section is to be adopted (only
r/c). The latter hypothesis clearly makes sense when longitudinal reinforcements cover
the entire bay.
In quasi-permanent condition deflection calculation of cracked sections is carried out
also at exhaustion of creep, adopting a longitudinal elastic module E* = E/(1+) indicating
as final coefficient of creep.
Moreover the program evaluates the deformation level of continuous beams at exhausted
shrinkage, following indications given in section 4 of EC2 and in particular the expression
of bending given by the equation.
(A.4.4) 1/r = cs*e*S/I
With hyper-static beams the evaluation of the deformation due to shrinkage is preceded
by the evaluation of induced constrained state , which is not considered for resistance
checks.
2.5 CRITERIA AND HYPOTHESIS OF CHECKS ON STEEL BEAMS

The program runs tests of resistance for simple bending and shear force, of instability for
buckling and deformation of steel beams, in compliance with the following norms of
design
CNR 10011 Allowable Stress;
CNR 10011 Limit States;
CNR 10022 Allowable stress;
14
2.5 Criteria and hypothesis of checks ON steel beams
Norme A.I.S.C. - Allowable Stress Design;

Norme A.I.S.C. - Load and Resistance Factor;
Eurocodice n. 3.
Check of each element used is carried out according to norms of design that are
established in configuration phase visualizing results and errors that have been found.
The present version of the program runs checks on beams having constant section for
each span, and consisting of one element only, since sections of multiple templates are
not allowed.
In presence of loads considered to be exceptional (Type II, see configuration option),
tests are carried out separating stresses of permanent loads and stresses of exceptional
ones.
The design of ideal stress for bending and sharing (CNR 10011 e CNR 100s2) is carried
out considering significant parts of the section such as edges etc, and is based on a
series of cases analyzed by the program which depends on the sections shape.
Criteria adopted in the verification process and corresponding to each standard, are as
follows:
CNR1001 Working stress and limit states: Concerns verification of all sections as
provided in the program and not included in CNR 10022; limit states design refers to last
elastic state of sections.
CNR 10022 Working stress: Concerns verification of all molded sections as provided
in the program and included in CNR 10022, as well as quadrangle walls with thickness
inferior to 4mm; the program determines which section elements are compressed or
bended, and calculates static values or ideal reduced stress of all sections elements.
A.I.S.C. Standards Working Stress Design: Concerns the verification of all sections
that are classified as compact and non-compact as provided in the program. Does not
include verification of elements defined as slender, subjected to the reduction of static
parameters of resistance (in this case the anomaly is rated by the program as nonverifiable). Tests for Plastic Design (see Manual of Steel construction Allowable stress
th
Design 9 edition, part 5 Specifications and codes, Chapter N)
A.I.S.C. Standards Load and Resistance Factor Design: Concerns the verification of
all sections that are classified as compact and non-compact as provided in the
program. Does not include verification of elements defined as slender, subjected to the
reduction of static parameters of resistance (in this case the anomaly is rated by the
program as non-verifiable).
Eurocode n.3: Concerns the verification of all sections that are classified as category 1,
2 or 3; tests for sections of category 4, subjected to reduction of static parameters of
resistance (in this case the anomaly is rated by the program as non-verifiable). The
program selects as category of section the highest category among those caused by
stress of single components. Non-dimensional slenderness design (buckling), is carried
out following Appendix F of Eurocode 3; the user can choose to assign 1,0, and 1 as
coefficient values for all design combinations or to select the automatic system.
15
2.6 CRITERIA AND HYPOTHESIS OF VERIFICATION ON WOOD BEAMS

Checks on wood elements are carried out considering simple bending. A specific section
of this manual explains Eurocode and Working Stress verifications as well.
2.6.1
Eurocode 5
The following procedure is applied:
Corrective value of resistance type Kmod is defined in function of serviceability categories,
therefore projecting values are:
Xd=Kmod(Xk/m) (see part 3.1.7 of EC5)
In case of reaction having different duration the shortest one is taken as reference.
Tests are divided in the following categories:
Parallel tensile test
t ,0 ,d f t , 0, d
Parallel compression test
c ,0,d f c ,0,d
Axial bending
Km
m, y , d
f m, y ,d
m, y , d
f m, y , d
+ Km
m, z , d
f m, z , d
m, z , d
f m, z , d
1 with Km = 0.7 per rectangular section, and for the other ones
Traction and biaxial bending
t , 0, d
f t , 0, d
t , 0, d
f t , 0, d
+ Km
m, y , d
f m, y , d
m, y , d
f m, y , d
+ Km
m, z , d
f m, z , d
m, z , d
f m, z , d
1
with Km = 0.7 for rectangular section and 1 for others
Compression and biaxial bending
16
c , 0, d
f c , 0, d
)2 + K m
m, y , d
f m, y , d
m, z , d
f m, z , d
c , 0, d
f c , 0, d
2.6 Criteria and hypothesis of verification on wood beams
m, y ,d
)2 +
f m, y , d
+ Km
m, z , d
f m, z , d
1
with Km = 0.7 for rectangular section and 1 for others
Shear force
d = 1 .5
V
K v f v, d
b he
with Kv=1 for beams notched at extrados, otherwise Kv is given by [5.1.7.2c] and
[5.1.7.2d]. In presence of simultaneous shear along both directions is calculated as:
tot = x2 + y2
Buckling
Defines eulerian stress:
c , crit , z = 2
rel, z
2z
f c ,0, k
rel , z =
if
E0,0.05
c, crit , z
and
rel, y
are 0.5 normal axial bending test is carried out, otherwise tests are
done as follows (letter y corresponds to bending of y area, the same applies for z)
c ,0, d
K c , z f c , 0, d
c,0, d
K c , y f c , 0, d
m, y ,d
f m, y , d
+ Km
+ Km
m, y , d
f m, y , d
m, z , d
f m, z , d
m, z , d
f m, z , d
1
1
with
K c, y =
1
K y + K y2 2rel , y
K y = 0.5(1 + c (rel , y 0.5) + 2rel , y )
(same
K c, z )
(same
Kz )
c =0.2 for massive wood

c =0.1 for lamellar wood
17
The elastic line of the beam is carried out considering the deformation of each design
condition. Each condition is evaluated with coefficient Kdef (see part 4.1 of EC5), related
to serviceability and load duration.
Ufin = Uinst(1+Kdef)
Data are combined giving total bending value. Standards here applied evaluate complete
deformation considering the combined effect of creep and humidity.
2.6.2
Allowable stress method

With the allowable stress method verifications are carried out using the normal formula for
stress design:
My
M
N
x + Cx x y
+ Cy
A
Jy
Jx
Each apex stress of section is calculated and compared with the admissible one.
For rectangular massive wood sections the program determines multiplier coefficients of
bending moment (h in cm):
Cx= 1
Cx= 1 / 0.9
15 h 23
0.85 0.9
Cx= 1 / 0.9 + (h 23)
26 23
23 < h 26
0.8 0.85
Cx= 1 / 0.85 + (h 26)
30 26
26 < h < 30
Cx= 1 / 0.8
As for Cy the most critic condition is considered as follows:
18
h < 15
My
M
N
+ Cy
x + Cx x y
Jx
Jy
A
My
M
N
+ Cy
x + 1 x y
Jx
Jy
A
My
M
N
+ 1
x + Cx x y
Jx
A
Jy
My
M
N
+ 1
x + 1 x y
Jx
A
Jy
H > 30
2.6 Criteria and hypothesis of verification on wood beams
Lamellar wood coefficient are equal to one.

When normal stress and bending moment are present simultaneously, the program
compares admissible tensile stress with parallel fiber compression (considering stress <
0, >0, = 0). In case of admissible bending stress, bending moment is multiplied with ratio
between admissible stress for compression to fibers (or tensile stress if N >0).
Case N > 0 (bending stress )
N
M
+ Cy t ,0, amm y x + Cx t ,0, amm x y < t ,0, amm
A
m , amm J y
m , amm J x
Case N < 0 (axial force)
N
M
+ Cy c ,0, amm y x + Cx c ,0, amm x y < c , 0, amm
A
m , amm J y
m, amm J x
Case Mx , My = 0 < 0 (simple compression)
N
< c ,0, amm
A
Case Mx , My = 0 < 0 (simple tensile stress)
N
< t , 0, amm
A
Case N = 0 (simple bending or deflection)
= Cy
My
M
x + Cx x y < m , amm
Jy
Jx
Following Italian standards coefficient is calculated as follows:
=1
=
37.5
37.5<75
100
145 1.2
75<120
3100
Shear force check is carried out comparing with admissible stress value. Tensile stress
is calculated using the simplified formula below:
T S
J b
Simultaneous presence of shear force along the two directions considers total with the
formula:
19
tot = x2 + y2
20
3. Programs installation
3.1 GENERALITIES
Before starting the program, the user must install Windows version 95, or 98, Me, NT
2000 or Xp.
The user must check that the hardware lock is in the parallel port between the computer
and the printer wire.
3.2 CD ROM INSTALLATION

The floppy containing the users personal data is to put in drive A or B and the CD in the
proper CD player.
If the operative system used is Windows 95, 98, ME, NT 4.0 or 2000, AutoPlay function
will open up the installation program automatically.
Those users who disactivate AutoPlay function will have to follow these steps:
-from Start Menu, choose Start;
-type the CD-ROM unity letter followed by :\setup (d:\setup, for example), click on OK or
press Return.
All the possible installations (the user is the owner of by license) will be shown on screen.
The selection of each installation can then follow.
to start the program, click twice on the icon.
3 Programs installation
3.3 INITIALIZATION OF THE PROGRAM

In first installation, the user will be presented with a video window requiring the definition
of the language to select:
Writing on video, the printing of the calculation report and of the quantities list will be in
the selected language.
If Italian + German are chosen, video writing will be in Italian; printed writing will be in
Italian and German.
The user is then required to define the work directory.
22
3.4 Instructions for the installation and use of the net key.
3.4 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INSTALLATION AND USE OF THE NET KEY.
The net key allows the use of Concrete programs from several PCs connected to one
another with only one key which registers the number of licenses requested by the user.
The key must be connected to one PCs parallel port, knowing its name (see fllowing
pages on how to retrieve Pcs name) The name must be specified at first start up of
Concrete program.
The computers name will be saved for each program on file ServerChiave ini in the
installation directory. In case the key needs to be moved to another PC, or if the
programs has to read the key connected to the Pc where the key is installed.
3.4.1
Software SentinelSuperPro
Minimum software requirements
Windows NT 4.0 con SP 4, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows
2000 o Windows XP
One of the following protocls: TCP/IP o Microsoft IPX/SPX
Internet Explorer 5
Installation
In order to be recognized from different clients, the net key must have installed
SentinelSuperPro Server which is installed automatically together with Concretes
programs The installation can also be managed manually by the program Install
SuperProServer.exe, used exclusively by Concretes support team to solve eventual
problems.
3.4.2
How to recognize the PCs name

The Pcs name where these operations have been performed, must be specified when
Concretes programs are launched.
The Pcs name is shown under network features (95,98,ME) or network system (NT,
2000)
For example in Window 2000 user should select
Start Settings Control Panel System Network identification
23
3 Programs installation
In Windows ME user shuold select:

Start Settings Control panel Network Identification
24
3.4 Instructions for the installation and use of the net key.
25
4. General menu
4.1 BEAMCAD+ MAIN MENU

Main menu presents four options on the control bar:
File
Output
Options
Help
And below it, there are eight icons for quick controls:
Exit
4 General menu
Beam saved
New continuous beam
New beam on elastic soil
New stiff foundation beam
New steel beam
New wood beam
New mixed wood r/c beam
r/c section database
wood sections database
mixed wood r/c sections database
Pillars
Quantities list
DXF Automatic regeneration
Print
4.1.1
File
Selecting File from the control bar, the menu with its options opens up:
28
New
Open
R/c sections database
Wood sections database
Mixed woor r/c sections database
Pillars
Work directory
Language
Exit
4.1 Beamcad+ main menu
Selecting one of the options in New, or the corresponding icon, user starts a new r/c
beam (foundation or elevation beam) of wood or steel input of data
To analyze r/c stiff foundation beams select r/c stiff foundation beam where supports
remain aligned. The beam will be designed with pillars on the upper side; upper
reinforcements will be considered as span reinforcements while lower ones as support
reinforcements. Loads applied to spans of the beam will be marked as negative (from
bottom to the top), since they represent soil effect on foundation.
Selecting r/c slab does not produce shear reinforcements and section beam on plan.
Selecting Open, or clicking on icon user opens windows to recall beam previously
designed.
Database files have the following extensions:
-
.bcd (r/c elevation and slab beam);
.fcd (stiff foundation beam and on elastic soil);
.acd (steel beam);
.lcd (wood beam).
.mcd (mixed wood r/c beam)
Files of BEAMCAD previous to version 15 have .bmc extension ( r/c elevation beam, stiff
foundation beam, slab beam) and .fmc extension (beam on elastic soil).
Selecting Database r/c section or clicking the corresponding icon, window of main
section database opens up (insert, delete, re-order).
BEAMCAD proposes the four most frequently used beam shapes, that are: rectangular,
T-shaped with superior wing, T-shaped with inferior wing, double-T-shaped. With the
input of measures, it is possible to use further sections such as the Lor the C ones.
29
4 General menu
The program checks that the input values are compatible one with the other.
For pillar sections, height is the dimension of the section parallel to the beam axis
(support width). C1 and C2 are the minimum superior-and-inferior distances from the
formwork to the stirrup surface (cover).
It is to remind the user that checks will be done with the hypothesis of neutral horizontal
axis, also in the case of non-symmetrical sections to the stress surface.
Program asks upper, lower and lateral covers.
Covers represent minimum distance form formwork to stirrups surface.
Checks are carried out in the hipothesis of horizontal neutral axis also in case of
non simetric sections referred to forces plane.
Grey areas cannot be activated and will be available with new version .
Selecting Database Wood section program opens window to modify or delete wood
section data .
The section is thought as being composed of rectangular or circular elements. Dimensions

and position of center of gravity needs to be specified as shown in the picture:
30
First window shows geometrical parameters of each section referred to center of gravity.
Selectionf Database Mixed sections wood-concrete window opens up to insert, modify
or dolete data of wood-concrete mixed beam sections.
When adding or modifying a section, window opens up, which allows to define the
following data in a very simple way.
31
4 General menu
User should specify dimensions of slabs which can have, if selected, T section. The lower
beam can be circular or rectangular with connected edges. It is also possible to give a
description of the section which will be shown in the windows of bays input, and of
calculation report.
Selecting Pillars, or clicking the corresponding icon, user starts the planning procedures
for the pillars of an item at normal and simple strain, or the correction procedures for
pillars already planned on the basis of beam reactions to the supports. To use the option
pillars correctly, all the beams of the building must have been calculated previously.
Selecting Work directory, it is possible to define a new work directory or to check that
one in use.
Program puts all the elaborated files in the work directory.
Selecting Language is possible to change the language in use.
Selecting Exit (Alt+F4), user leaves the program.
4.1.2
Output
Selecting Output in the control bar, the menu with its options opens up:
DXF automatic regeneration
32
Quantities list
Print
Printer setting
Font setting
Selecting Output and then DXF Automatic regeneration (Crtl+R) from main menu or
clicking on the corresponding key, the user starts the file transformation from . DXF file,
to . DWG file, which is then followed by its page arrangement.
To know more about it, see ally 2 Automatic regeneration in this manual.
It is to remind that regeneration program must be installed from CD ROM CONCRETE
and started for its configuration at least once from the menu Application Programs
Concrete. If this operation is not done, selecting Output and then DXF Automatic
regeneration (Crtl+R) from BEAMCAD Main menu or clicking the corresponding key, a
video window opens up warning user to follow the procedure previously described.
Selecting Output and then Quantities list, or the corresponding icon, from BEAMCAD
Main menu, user starts calculation stage. To use this option, user must have installed the
calculation program of quantities list.
For more details, see ally 1 Calculation in this manual.
Selecting Output and then Print, or the corresponding icon, from BEAMCAD Main menu,
user starts printing of calculation report and quantities list.
Selection the option Print you activate procedure to send a single and formatted ASCII
file to the printer or RFT format for Word files produced for the different beams.
33
4 General menu
The program allows to select the calculation file (extension .bst for continuous beams and
slabs, .fts for beams on elastic soil, .rep for pillars) and the quantities list file (extension .bct
for continuous beams and slabs, .fct for beam on elastic soil, .cpb for pillars).
Activating option RTF format for Word the option for the heading of the page became
available. The bottom of the page is always produced.
Activating option Print on printer following options became available:
Number of initial page: typing 0 the number of the page in the report is not written. Typing
another number the progressive numbering of the page starts by that number.
Delete heading at the bottom of the page: is possible to exclude the underline of the
heading at the bottom of the page; in this case at the bottom of the page will be written just
the name of the program, the series number and the name of saving file.
For both print modalities following options are available:
Change of page for each beam: the report relative to each beam starts in a new page.
Calculation criteria: input in the report the relative file present in the installation directory
Calculation criteria for foundation beams: : input in the report the relative file present in
the installation directory
34
Calculation criteria for elevation beams: : input in the report the relative file present in
the installation directory
Meaning of symbols: input in the report the relative file present in the installation directory;
Selecting Output and then Printer settings, the user starts printer setup (see WINDOWS
manual).
Selecting Output and then Font settings, the user starts font setup (see WINDOWS
manual).
The choice of print font demands the users attention. Different choices from the default
one could generate incomplete calculation reports.
To draw tables with perfect columns, user needs to use a non-proportional font.
4.1.3
Options
Selecting Options from BEAMCAD Main menu, the menu with its options opens up:
This configuration concerns new beam Beams designed previously have configuration
values assigned to them when they were designed and later stored in database.
35
4 General menu
4.1.3.1 Main options
Selecting Options and then General options from BEAMCAD main menu, user can
define general options.
Window opens up for input of main configuration data regarding various beam typologies
and print options.
Calculation methods
Possibile calculation methods are:
- admissible stress (DM 9-1-96, CNR 10011, CNR 10022, DIN 1052);
- limit states, Italian Standard (DM 9-1-96, CNR 10011, CNR 10022);
- limit states Eurocode (EC2, EC3, EC5);
- ACI 318 limit states (with AISC LRFD);
36
- NSR-98 limit states (with AISC LRFD);

- AISC - ASD.
Diagrams of bending moments on supports
User can choose diagram shape of bending moments on pillars. When Theoretical is
chosen, diagram corresponds to theoretical situation. When Parabolic is chosen, support
values at the right and left edge are connected with parabolic line. When linear is
chosen, support values at the right and left edge are connected with a straight line.
Increasing moment coefficient in bays (01)
The user can increase the positive moment value (or negative for foundation beams) with
a fraction of the supports average moments value. For example, considering 0.2 as
fraction, moment diagrams concerning bay reinforcement are increased with 20% of the
average of moment acting on supports.
Perfect-joint multiplier for minimum bay moment
When activating this option, the positive moment assigned to each section (negative in
the case of foundation) is the maximum value (the minimum in the case of foundation)
between calculated value and corresponding value to the perfect-joint situation multiplied
by the attributed value. This option is for continuous beam scheme or partial frame only.
Stiff ends coefficient (0-1)
In stress calculation, beams ends interior to supports can be considered extremely stiff
(by selecting 1) or as belonging to the same bay section (by selecting 0).
Shear deformation
User can consider or not the possible shear deformation of masts forming continuous
beam or partial frame.
Pillars table opens window for input of pillars in static scheme.
Automatic evaluation of weight
Beam weight is added to permanent load automatically. If this option is not activated
by the user, weight has to inserted manually.
Partial safety factors according to material characteristics
s (steels partial safety factor): value 1.15 is to be adopted (EC2 2.3.3.2, DM 9-196)
c (concretes partial safety factor): value 1.5(EC2 2.3.3.2) or value 1.6 (DM 9-196) is to be adopted
Partial safety factors according to actions
G inf (permanent actions, favourable effect)
G sup (permanent actions, unfavourable effect): according to EC2 2.3.2.3 P(2),

user should assume the most unfavourable situation between G inf =G sup=1.35
and G inf =G sup=1. According to DM 9-1-96, user should consider G inf =1 and
G sup=1.5.
Q sup (variable actions, unfavourable effect) User should adopt the value 1.5
(EC2 2.3.3.2, DM 9-1-96)
37
4 General menu
Combination coefficients of variable actions for serviceability limit state
38
rare actions
frequent actions
2
quasi-permanent actions. The coefficient considered is used by the
program as variable loads multiplier for serviceability limit state checks (deformation,
crack width, stresses on concrete and steel). To show the values to adopt, we report
the following table enclosed to circ. MM.LL.PP. 24 June 1993 n.37406/STC.
Loads
frequent
quasi-permanent
Unsteady loads in civil buildings
0,35
0,2
Offices and shops
0,6
0,3
Garage
0,7
0,6
Wind, snow (varying with the region)
0,2
4.1.3.1.2 Print
Number of bay fractions: it is possible to establish the number of sections

(30,15,10,6,5,3) whose check is to be reported in the calculation. These sections are
to be added to those in axis with the supports, those at the support edge and those
at the maximum moment.
Delete print of sections on pillar. Activating the option the are not printed in the
report verifications of section internal to supports.
No indication of uncheck: it is possible to inactivate any signaling of non-check on

sections in which allowable or limit stresses have been exceeded.
No indication of uncheck on pillars: it is possible to inactivate any signaling of

non-check on sections in which allowable or limit stresses internal to the supports
have been exceeded.
Symbols on the report: when the answer to the calculation report is affermative,
the printing symbols are the Greek ones (e.g. ). Otherwise, the corresponding Latin
letters are used (e.g. sigma or s).
39
4 General menu
Pictures in the relation. Selecting the box relative to different pictures the program
provides to input in the RTF file of calculation report, together with numeric tables
pictures metafile format of input data, static scheme, verification situation to bending
and shear and of deformation.
4.1.3.2 R/c configuration

4.1.3.2.1
General
Coefficient of homogenization.
It is possible to set n = Ea / Ec = 10 o n = Ea / Ec = 15. This value is used with the limit
states method for calculation of stress in serviceability limit states check
Coefficient of homogenization for checks on cracks
The coefficient is used for calculation of the ideal strength modulus of the homogenized
section for the evaluation of sr (circ. Ministero LL.PP. 24 June 1993 n. 37406/STC).
Adhesion stress reduction in areas of bad adhesion.
40
As per D.M. 14-2-92 5.3.3 and DM 9-1-96, in areas of bad adhesion the coefficient for
tensile stress adhesion needs to be different from the one adopted in areas of good
adhesion. The default value is 0.7, as per EC2 5.2.2.2. The value can be modified by the
user and range from 0.5 to 1. The option is not available for with EC2 calculation
method.
Warning of minimum reinforcement incidence (kg/mc).
A warning will be provided when the value exceeds the limit here reported.
Beta2 coefficient for crack width calculation (0.51).
See EC2 4.4.2.4 P(2) . M.LL.PP. 24-6-93 37406/STC.
fct,eff / fctm for crack width calculation
Ratio of effective tensile stress and medium tensile stress in conglomerate (0.7/EC2).
Allowable stress of soil (daN/cm).
This value is used for beam on elastic soil when it has exceed its limit.
Width control of flanges in T sections.
It is possible to avoid the control or reduction of width in T-section flanges (D.M. 9-1-96 o
da EC2 2.5.2.2).
41
4 General menu
4.1.3.2.2
Materials
Rck (characteristic yield stress of reinforcement (daN/cm).

It is to remind that fck=Rck! 0.83 . The following r/c are not allowed: Rck < 150 daN/cm o
Rck > 550 daN/cm.
R/c elasticity modulus (daN/cm).
R/c elasticity modulus is used for calculation of deformations.
fyk (steels characteristic yield stress) (daN/cmq)
It is used with the limit states method
Minimum moment redistribution ratio
This is the ratio between the redistributed moment and the moment before the
redistribution. The value established by the Italian law is 0,75 and it is not required when
the calculation method chosen is the Limit State Italian law. EC2 (section 2.5.3.4.2)
establishes that the ratio is 0,7 or 0,85 related with section ductility.
42
Material partial safety factors

s (steels partial safety factor)
Value 1.15 is to be adopted (EC2 2.3.3.2, DM 9-1-96)
c (concretes partial safety factor)
Value 1.5(EC2 2.3.3.2) or value 1.6 (DM 9-1-96) is to be adopted
Actions partial safety factors
G inf (permanent actions, favourable effect)
G sup (permanent actions, unfavourable effect)
According to EC2 2.3.2.3 P(2), user should assume the most unfavourable situation
between G inf =G sup=1.35 and G inf =G sup=1. According to DM 9-1-96, user
should consider G inf =1 and G sup=1.5.
Q sup (variable actions, unfavourable effect) User should adopt the value 1.5 (EC2
2.3.3.2, DM 9-1-96)
Limits for serviceability limit state
Limit sigmac/fck in rare combination
Limit sigmac/fck in quasi-permanent combination
Limit sigmac/fyk in rare combination
Max crack width in rare combination
Max crack width in frequent combination
Max crack width in quasi-permanent combination
Slow (inelastic) phenomena.
Final coefficient of creep (EC2 Chart. 3.3)
Final value for deformation due to shrinkage (EC2 Chart. 3.4)
43
4 General menu
4.1.3.2.3
Drawing
The program does not draw the beam. It only writes a file dxf interchanging with the most
used CADs (e.g. AutoCAD).
The result is a file with a fixed name and extension .DXF, which, for example, can be
read by AutoCAD through the DXFIN key.
The drawing will be based on centimeters as drawing unity measure.
Plotting scale of prospect
Plotting scale of sections
Dimensions height (mm)
Headlines height (mm)
Insert required values
Drawing of sections: it is possible not to draw sections. In the case of joists, program
inactivates this option automatically.
44
Beam prospect: it is possible to draw the reinforcements exploded view only (without
the beam prospect). In the case of joists, program inactivates the option automatically.
Reinforcement positions writing: it is possible the numbering of longitudinal bars.
Reinforcement positions quantities list: it is also possible to have the quantities list of
longitudinal and transversal reinforcements on A4 sheets (dxf file). On activating this
option, Reinforcement positions - writing activates automatically.
Real stirrup span writing: the program in the case of definite width range defines stirrup
span with the closest value to the span required by the user. Then the calculation of the
number of stirrups follows. When the option is activated, the real stirrup span will be
shown on the prospects drawing and on the sections. When inactivated, the span
indicated by the user will be shown on the drawing.
Diagrams writing on plotting files: with an affirmative command, the transfer file
containing the beams drawing will also provide the drawing of moment-and-shear
diagrams.
45
4 General menu
4.1.3.2.4
Longituduanl Reinforcement
Selecting projection, the projections length of longitudinal bars from bearing axis are set
to the multiple of 10. Selecting length, the length of bar is taken to the multiple of 10. In
both cases bars ends with bending are automatically taken to 3cm inside the form-work if
designed within 5 cm from one end or beam peg. In the same way, bending points of
profiled bars are fixed to the pillars peg, if designed within 5cm from the pillar itself.
Deactivating the function, the bar will be positioned exactly where designed by the user.
Diameter of added reinforcements (mm)-(#).: the diameter of added wall
reinforcements, which are included automatically by the program as stirrup links, is
provided. This affects T-shaped sections, reversed-T or double-T ones, or wall
reinforcements when wall dimensions exceed the value defined in the next point.
Vertical span of added reinforcements within core: vertical span of added wall
reinforcements is given. If dimensions of sections vertical faces are not over the value
given, no arrangement of wall reinforcements will be provided.
Maximum length of bars (cm): the maximum bars length is defined. This value is used
in the automatic reinforcement proposal.
46
Length of stirrup anchorage hooks: the length of the stirrup anchorage hooks is
defined.
Stirrups spacing in cm: it is possible to obtain stirrup spacing that is multiple of the
assigned value in cm. When the value is 1 cm, stirrup spacing will be established by norm
terms only.
Closed stirrups realized with two pieces. It is possible to obtain closed stirrups
realized with two pieces connected along vertical legs. Option is not active for the stirrups
of wings of double T sections.
Stirrups over pillars: user has to decide whether he wants to continue or not with the
beam stirrups within the support.
Ends of bars bend: with this option, bar horizontal ends are drawn in dxf file with 15
bending in their final 10 cm. Otherwise they have a horizontal end.
Turn up contained inside support. Activating this option the length of the ending bent
turned up (turned horizontally after the vertical turn) is kept inside the support. Not
activating the option the dimension of the turn is given by the necessity of anchorage
Diameters in # ( 1/8 inch): both at the input and at the output stage, it is possible to
define bar diameter in 1/8 inch rather than in mm.
Three-dimension analysis: its possible automatically check if bars position in the
section respects imposed distances bar-formwork and bar-bar.
Distance between bar layers (cm): with three-dimension analysis reinforcements are
placed on different bar layers, if necessary. User defines distance between bar layers.
Distance to allow form vibrator use (cm): distance to allow form vibrator use is in axis
with section core.
47
4 General menu
4.1.3.2.5
Stirrups
Shape of second stirrup.
Stirrups can have two, four, six or eight arms. They can be designed with a first stirrup
which serves as perimeter to the entire section and with one or more internal stirrups of
horizontal dimensions which will position arms at equal distance. In this last hypothesis
the second stirrup can be of closed shape (closed) as the first one or of open shape
(open). In alternative the four arms stirrup can be designed with two stirrups. (double)
Bend shape of stirrup anchorage.
Shape of anchorage hooks is set. They can be

(parallel) and turned inside the stirrup itself.
orthogonal (orthogonal) or parallel
Stirrup elevation
User should input whether stirrup arms can be referred to their axis (axis) or external
dimension. (external)
48
Length of stirrup anchorage bend .
The hook anchorage length of stirrups is set Viene fissata la lunghezza del gancio di
ancoraggio delle staffe.
Multiple stirrup distance
It is possibile to design stirrups having multiple distance of the assigned value in cm.
Setting value equal to 1 cm, stirrup distance will be determined only by conditions
imposed by standards.
Closet stirrups designed in two pieces
It is possibile to design closet stirrups designed in two pieces joint along vertical arms.
The option is not activated for double T sections stirrups wings.
Stirrups above pillars
User should decde whether he wants to procede with beam stirrups internal to its
bearing.
4.1.3.2.6
Columns
49
4 General menu
Pillar cover (cm)
The value shows the distance between the form-work and the external area of pillar
stirrup. It is used for pillar design with the limit state method where it is necessary to
predict load eccentricity also for check to simple pressure.
Minimum dimensions for bars in pillar walls
The program proposes longitudinal reinforcements if the dimensions of the pillars side is
higher or equal to the one inserted.
% increase of reinforcement for overlaps in pillars quantity list.
Width stirrup areas for pillars adjacent to slabs (cm).
4.1.3.2.7
50
Reinforcement proposal
1 longitudinal
2 longitudinal
3 longitudinal
1 stirrups
2 stirrups
3 stirrups
Three diameters are to be attributed to longitudinal reinforcement (30 6 mm) and

other three to transversal reinforcement (30 4 mm). The program will put them in
increasing order; the maximum diameter of stirrups you input here is used by the program
to evaluate the cover for the upper and lower longitudinal bars, independently if existing
or not stirrups position with that diameter.
Bmax for 2-wing stirrups: 4-wing stirrups will always be provided when the width of
beam core of the upper beams is greater to the assigned one. In case the calculation
is made according to EC2, the number of wings is fixed by 5.4.2.2 (9) and option is
no longer used.
Minimum stirrup spacing: program must not place stirrups with pitch values under
established spacing (5 cm, for example). The program modifies indicated value
when it is greater to the minimum by law.
Maximum stirrup spacing: it is the maximum spacing to respect (30 cm, for
example).
% of shear reinforcement assigned to bent up bars: in beam areas where shear

reinforcement is to be placed, shear reinforcement can be composed of bent bars
and stirrups. If the user refers to DM 9-1-96, values superior to 60 cannot be
assigned. If the user refers to EC2, values cannot exceed 50. If the user intends to
shear reinforce by means of stirrups only, he has to input the value 0. Option is
activated only when beams have constant top.
Interrupted reinforcement % in bays: user has to indicate the % of the necessary

maximum bay reinforcement, which is not to be extended till the supports.
% in bay of max support reinforcement: user has to define the percentage of max
support reinforcement that he wants to cover with stringer reinforcement. For
example, if he chooses the value 20, the program will plan support reinforcement
giving 60% to segments astride the support, 20% to iron bars coming from the left
and interrupted on the right of the support. The remaining 20% will be given to iron
bars coming from the right and interrupted on the left of the support.
Multiplier of anchoring length in lap splices. Input the increase of overlapping

length respect to the anchoring length. Datum is utilised for the connection of
longitudinal bars outside supports.
Penetration of joist reinforcement inside supports. Option is signified for joists.

Inputting a value greater than the support dimension the program designs
reinforcements depending to support dimension.
Modality of connection for upper longitudinal bars (lower). Following modalities

are offered:
1. each support
2. each span
3. on support L<Lmax
51
4 General menu
4. on span L<Lmax
5. L<Lmax
4.1.3.3 Steel configuration
Verification data are listed in the chart below:
4.1.3.3.1
General
Buckling check.
According to CNR 10011 and Eurocode n.3 buckling check is available for intradox or
extrados acting loads of beam. The option is used only for rolled sections and for double
T welded ones . The option is not relevant with Allowable Stress Design standards .
Minimum span/deflection ratio.
Set comparing value for deformation check .
Percentage usage.
The option is used when checks are displayed.
Allowable sigma amplification factor for checks of type II condition.
CNR 10011/10022 Standards (allowable stress) and A.I.S.C. - Allowable Stress Design,
allowable values for load condition type II (exceptional) can be amplified; it is
recommended to use value 1.125 for Italian Standards, maximum, 1.333 for American
52
Standards. The option is activated only if value II is set under Condition type variable
load
Material.
Set beam required material.
Variable load condition .
Following CNR 10011/10022 (allowable stress) and A.I.S.C. Standards - Allowable Stress
Design it is possible to evidence whether variable load points on beam are normal
(condition type I) or exceptional (condition type II). For details see option Allowable
Sigma amplification factor for checks of condition type II .
4.1.3.3.2
CNR 10022
b0/t ratio of elements stiffened by web and bending .

Set maximum allowable ratio width(bo)/thickness (t) for elements of compressed section,
stiffened by web on one side and on the other side by a simple fold, as per Standards
CNR10022 - 3.1.4.1 (adopt default: 60).
b0/t ratio of elements stiffened by two webs.
Set maximum allowable ratio width(bo)/thickness (t) for elements of compressed section,
stiffened on both sides by a web as per Standards CNR10022 - 3.1.4.1 (adopt default:
250).
53
4 General menu
b0/t ratio of non-stiffened elements.

Set maximum allowable ratio width (bo)/thickness (t) for non-stiffened elements of
compressed section as per Standards CNR10022 - 3.1.4.1 (adopt default: 30).
h/t ratio of bending webs.
Set maximum allowable ratio height (h)/thickness (t) for webs of bending sections as per
Standards CNR10022 - 3.1.4.2 (adopt default: 150).
4.1.3.3.3
EC3
m0 (resistance of sections category 1, 2, 3).

Set security coefficient of material for resistance check of sections category 1, 2 or 3 as
per Eurocode n. 3 (default 1.05 as per D.M 9-1-1996).
m1 (buckling of sections category 1, 2, 3).
Set security coefficient of material for checks of instability due to buckling of ties as per
Eurocode n.3 (default 1.05 as per D.M 9-1-1996).
Reduction factor for vector effect
Set security coefficient of material for checks of instability (torsional bending) due to
buckling vector effect as per Eurocode n.3, paragraphs 5.5.3 and 5.5.4 - (default 0.7 as
per D.M 9-1-1996).
Calculation of coefficients C1, C2, C3 for Mcr.
54
Set coefficients C1, C2, C3 calculation mode for checks of instability due to buckling as
per Eurocode n.3 Appendix F for calculation of corresponding breaking-down moment.
Until precise standards will be issued by the authorized Institutions, regarding the use of
prospects reported in Appendix F, coefficients can be calculated independently from load
combinations (C1=1; C2=0; C3=1) by selecting mode non-automatic. When selecting
automatic the program automatically calculates coefficient values.
4.1.3.3.4
AISC-LRFD
Resistance factor due to bending.

As per A.I.S.C.-Load and Resistance Factor Design, 2nd ed. Vol.I - Part 6 user is to
adopt 0.9.
Shear force resistance factor .
As per A.I.S.C.-Load and Resistance Factor Design, 2nd ed. Vol.I - Part 6 use is to adopt
0.9.
Automatic calculation of coefficient Cb.
When the option is activated and applicable, buckling coefficient Cb is automatically
calculated following Standards reported in A.I.S.C.-Load and Resistance Factor Design,
2nd ed. Vol.I - Part 6, Chapter F1.2a. Otherwise 1is the coefficient value is adopted.
55
4 General menu
4.1.3.4 Wood configuration
First chart (general) requires:

Duration of variable load
It is required to assign a duration value to the load condition represented by the variable
load (EC5 only)
Gamma comb. Basic
It is required to provide the partial security coefficient for basic combinations (EC5 only)
Gamma comb. Exceptional
It is required to provide the partial security coefficient for exceptional combinations (EC5
only)
Gamma comb. Serviceability
It is required to provide the partial security coefficient for serviceability combnations ( EC5
only)
Combination type variable load
56
User is required to specify whether the load is to be inserted in a basic or exceptional

combination. This option determines the choice of gamma coefficient for the calculation of
design resistance factor. With the Basic option, the gamma coefficient will be used in
ultimate limit states checks, otherwise the coefficient for exceptional combination will be
utilized.
Material
Select material to be assigned to the beam.
Omega curve
Select type of omega prospect for instability check (instability checks are not activated in
the current version).
Class of serviceability
Specify wood class of serviceability (1, 2, 3) - ( EC5 only)
Type of wood
Specify if wood is massive or lamellar.
The following tables include data that are useful only if Eurocode is used
57
4 General menu
Second table (Resistance) Kmod reports coefficient values that combined with gamma
coefficients determine design resistance starting from the most common ones:
Xd = Kmod "(Xk/m)
In the last table (Deformations) user is required to provide values of coefficient Kdef for
calculation of deformation:
ufin = uinst"(1+Kdef)
4.1.3.5 Mixed wood r/c beams configuration
The following window opens up divided into three sections.
58
In the first card general data and about the connection are reported.
Beam propped during casting phase: user should activate this window if beam will be
sustained by props during casting phase of upper slab. In this case the model will be
considered with both elements (wood beam + r/c slab) collaborating in all load conditions.
Otherwise, the beam will be considered self-load carrying , which means that during the
initial phase it will carry the slab weight not yet solidified. In case of wood self-load
carrying beams a simple static bearing scheme is assumed. Corbels will always be
considered as propped on their free ends.
Load application only on wood beam: if this option is activated, the load will be
attributed only to the wood beam, otherwise it will be distributed among wood beam and
r/c slab, in proportion to their bending stiffness.
Unrestrained upper slab: activating this option, the upper slab works only axially.
Pins sliding module: only for personalized connections; user should input value in
daN/cm in sliding module of connection.
Resistant shear (daN) : only for personalized connections; user should input value in
daN of shear force.
Permanent Kdef: insert creep wood coefficient to use for the condition of permanent
load; it influences both the elastic longitudinal module of the wood beam and the sliding
59
4 General menu
module of the connection. It does not influence the sliding module for the axial
connection.
Variables Kdef: insert creep wood coefficient to use for the condition of variable load.
Connectors number per row: insert number of connectors rows
Air connecting hole : specify difference between connector radius and hole on wood
beam. Valid only for axial connections.
Axial connectors inclination: valid only for connectors of axial type, specify inclination
angle of pins.
Diameter multiplier for anchorage length: specify multiplier of connecting pins
diameter, to have the length of anchorage part which is connected to wood beam. Valid
only for axial connections
Screw diameter : diameter of screw in case of connections of screw type.
fu,k v screw (daN/cmq) : typical screw yielding stress.
Type of connections: specifiy type of connection used. For calculation of characteristics
see theorical part. The connection bending-shear type is considered of shear type if the
distance between the slab and the beam is specified.
The second card allows to manage data input for wood slab.
The parameters required are the same as those of the wood beam, with the type of plant
which is added to it where the wood has been drawn and creep coefficients for
calculation of the effects at definite time.
60
On the last card there is the possibility to change the reinforcement stirrup and creep
coefficients at initial and finite time.
61
4 General menu
Reinforcement is considered as having two types of reinforcements on the cover, plus a

core reinforcement for cover with T section.
4.1.3.6 Steel materials
The summary table includes all the materials of the beam in use, considering the type of
standards adopted.
Selecting New, input windows opens up, presenting the mechanical features (elastic
module, Poisson coefficient, specific weight, etc.) and check data of selected material
and standards .
Allowable stress, in compliance with Italian Standards, require thickness 40mm higher or
lower and prospect for instability check of compressed bars. Same data is required for
cold formed profiles as per CNR 10022.
Selecting Change and Delete you modify or delete the material evidenced on the
summary table .
Selecting OK and Cancel you exit from window and save changes.
62
4.1.3.7 Wood materials
63
4 General menu
Windows opens Up. User is required to define parameters of wood materials for each
adopted Standard.(allowable stress and Eurocode5):
-elastic module;
-tensile stress module;
-thermal expansion coefficient.

Allowable stress method requires allowable stress of load different directions; limit states
method requires resistance values in order to obtain design values related to generic
configuration data already inserted.
64
4.1.3.8 Save configuration configuration load
Current configuration can be stored. It is also possible to set and load a configuration
from a previous memory file.
In both cases windows for file management opens up.
4.1.3.9 Configuration
Save local configuration in global one

Activating option, will save changes to local configuration, which have been applied
during the elaboration of the beam, also in global configuration.
Data correction after r/c beam elaboration
65
4 General menu
Activating option, once r/c beam elaboration is completed, program will always display
correction window. If option is not activated, user is asked whether to go back to
correction window in presence of anomalies, or proceed with the
Save r/c sections in new global database
When a beam is elaborated user might be required to define new sections that are not
available in the programs database. Activating the option will add new sections to global
database.
66
5. Data input for continuous beam
5.1 THE WIZARD

Selecting one function of New from main menu, (excluding foundation beam on elastic
soil) or the corresponding icon
relative to a new beam
user starts to input data
Input is managed by a wizard i.e. by a sequence of windows that can be displayed

clicking on Forward> and Back . Selecting Cancel the program leaves the wizard.
5 Data input for continuous beam
5.2 GENERAL DATA
The title assigned to the work represents the heading under which the program will
produce the calculation report, the quantities list and the reinforcements drawing. This
title is not to be confused with the name of the memorization file (which will be requested
later). Title cannot contain the "," character.
The number of bays does not include possible corbels on the left and on the right of the
end supports.
68
5.3 Span lengths, sections and tops
5.3 SPAN LENGTHS, SECTIONS AND TOPS
Input window is divided into 3 parts: grid to input data in numerical form; window to
manage sections database and window where the beam is displayed to insert or change
data.
Program proposes 3m bay spans to allow the user to work on graphic windows. It is to
remind that data proposed by the program is represented in yellow boxes and needs to
be checked by the user. Color changes as data is modified.
Graphic changes are carried out using the sensitive points of the image. The
circle allows the variation of spans; squares allow variation of extrados.
Bay spans are measured between supports axis, or, in the case of corbels, in relation
with ends.
In the case of beam with constant top, cells relative to extrados arent to be filled in.
If bay has the section with height varying linearly, the final height of section (on the right
end) is to be attributed.
Only bay with constant top can have sections with variable height.
In case there arent corbels, 0 is to be assigned to their span length or their cell is not to
be filled in.
69
Y-axis represents the coordinate of the core axis in a system orthogonal to the beam
axis.
To assign the section number to a bay or a corbel, user can refer to the sections
window by which it is possible to browse through the archive and assign the section or
create a new one.
5.4 SUPPORTS
Input window is divided in 2 parts: grid to input data in numerical form and window that
displays the beam where the user can insert further data.
Program proposes the dimension of 30 cm for beams to allow the user to work on
graphic windows. It is to remind that data proposed by the program is represented in
yellow boxes and needs to be checked by user. Color changes as data is modified.
Graphic changes are carried out using the sensitive points of the image.
Lower circles allow width changes, upper circles allow the variation of upper pillars.
70
5.4 Supports
Supports definition requires: denomination that user wants to give to end corbels and to
each support, width of each support measured according to the direction of beam axis
and the type of direct support (pillar or wall) or indirect support (other beam), the possible
elastic constant, which will be taken into account only in case pillar isnt defined as
support.
The denomination is used by the program in the drawing of beam prospect, in the
drawing of sections, in the calculation report to single out the bays and in the procedures
for pillar automatic design.
It is possible to have supports without denomination; it is necessary for pillars calculation.
Width is used for prospect drawing and for possible manipulation of bending moment
diagrams on the supports. Supports with width equal to zero means the lack of support to
the program (displaceable connection).
Direct or indirect support types have effect on the calculation as to EC2 o ACI 318. In
shear verifications with direct support, the Vsd value is considered in the final part of the
bay and its calculated at the distance d (height considered) (EC2 4.3.2.2(10)). This
assumption is not valid for determining Vrd2.
Elastic constant will be considered when pillar is not indicated as support.
For each beam support, its here possible to assign the superior pillar width and the
relative offset of its axis with respect to the axis of the inferior support. The inputted data
have effect only on the drawing of the beam prospect. This offset is positive or negative
in accordance with displacement of upper pillar axis, either towards right or left with
respect to the lower one.
User can define areas without lightening in adherence with the supports. This option
makes sense only in the case when non-rectangular sections are present and is
particularly useful in the calculation of burnt clay joists (T-shaped section), lattice or
polystyrene sheet joists (double-T shaped section). In bays with non-rectangular section it
is possible to define areas near the supports in which bending and shear checks will be
carried out by considering a rectangular section whose width is equal to the wing one.
71
5.5 SCHEME WITH PILLARS
Window opens only if option Scheme with pillars is activated. It is possible to insert the
lower and upper pillars and attribute a partial frame scheme to the beam.
Only rectangular section is available. Database of pillar sections is local i.e. related to the
beam that is being planned. User has no access to global database of bay sections from
this window. Sections here defined will not be included in the general database even if
option Save r/c sections in global database was activated in configuration phase.
In case of pillar sections height refers to the dimension of section parallel to beam axis
(support width).
Data inserted here have influence on data relative to supports.
72
5.6 Torsional restraints (only for steel beams)
5.6 TORSIONAL RESTRAINTS (ONLY FOR STEEL BEAMS)
User here defines parameters for buckling check of iron compressed section. Once the
restraint is assigned to the bay, program requires to set restraint position considering the
distance from the left end of the bay.
Data is used only if buckling check is selected in General Steel configuration
73
5.7 LOADS FOR ELEVATION BEAMS, JOISTS OR STIFF FOUNDATION BEAMS
Window is divided into 3 parts: grid to input data in numerical form; window to define
loads and window that displays the beam to insert further data.
In order to evaluate stress, shear and moment diagrams, program requires the definition
of permanent load [G] and variable load [V]. This procedure allows the automatic
definition of load conditions so that they result the most unfavorable to single checks.
Loads can be assigned numerically on the grid or with the following buttons:
Uniform on complete bay
Uniform partialized
Trapezoidal on complete bay
Trapezoidal partialized
Point load
Concentrated couple
74
5.7 Loads for elevation beams, joists or stiff foundation beams
End couples
Input of end couples data can be done inserting values directly into proper boxes V1, G1,
V2, G2. In alternative it is possibile to define end couples as perfect-joint reactions ratio
typing ratios of values in proper boxes.
Icons activate windows of data input.
Action values, which can be either positive or negative (in the case of foundation beams,
for example), are to be provided by using daN and cm as usual. As far sign conventions
relative to loads are concerned, those forces directed downwards are given as positive
while the couples are attributed as positive if anticlockwise directed.
In case of state-limit calculation method, characteristic loads are to be defined as in the
case of allowable-stress calculation method. To evaluate ultimate stresses, BEAMCAD
loads bays with a minimum load equal to G*Ginf and a maximum load equal to G*Gsup
+ V*Qsup.
Beam load is assigned automatically if option Automatic weight assignment is
activated. Activation is displayed on upper caption. If the option is not activated weight is
to be added to permanent load. If the beam scheme is proposed in BEAM2000+ through
the reading of the plan, loads are comprehensive of beam own weight.
In case of inclined beams, uniform or trapezoidal load can be defined through the
projecting value on plan
on the icon
or through the value measured along the beam axis clicking
Loads are assigned through the input window clicking on the icons.
Assign to single bay; span must be indicated on the abscissa through the graphic
window.
Assign to all bays.
Loads can be modified by acting on numerical values displayed on the grid.
75
Selecting option Load inquiry
Input window opens up where values can be
changed and then confirmed with button Save changes

To delete load click on
click on
and select new load on graphic window. To delete all loads
Notice that possibility of including trapezoidal loads whose extension is specified allows
the assignment of any load function to the beam, provided that its properly linear in parts.
Notice, in particular, that input relative to concentrate forces (and couples as well)
requires their width value. This happens because the program turns concentrated forces
into uniform loads on the given width and couples into two opposing triangular loads,
each one acting on half the width provided. Distributed loads are applied in axis of load
application point defined at the voice left distance.
Beam weight is added automatically. The program determines the weight of the beam
considering the geometry of the inserted section. In case of joists the weight of lightening
elements and any other permanent load weight is to be inserted manually by the user.
Weight is to be inserted manually by the user in case of permanent load condition
76
6. Datas input for beam on elastic soil
Datas input for a beam on elastic soil is in many ways similar to the continuous beam
one, which is dealt with in the previous chapter.
We will manage this data in details only in those parts where some differences with the
other emerge.
Selecting File from the control bar in the menu and then New beam on elastic soil, or by
clicking on icon, user starts input of the data relative to a new beam on elastic soil. First
two windows of wizard are like the continuous beam ones.
6 Datas input for beam on elastic soil
6.1 SPANS, SECTIONS AND TOPS
Input window is divided into 3 parts: grid to input data in numerical form; window to
manage sections database and window where the beam is displayed to insert further
data.
Program proposes 3m bay spans to allow the user to work on graphic windows. It is to
remind that data proposed by the program is represented in yellow boxes and needs to
be checked by the user. Color changes as data is modified.
Graphic changes are carried out using the sensitive points of the image. The
circle allows the variation of spans.
For each bracket and bay, user has to provide following data: span, section number,
width of foundation beam laying on soil, compression soil coefficient, tensile soil
coefficient (when zero is given as value, beam does not react to rising) and y- axis coordinate of beam core.
Bay spans are to be measured in relation with the support axis or, in the case of
projections, in relation with ends.
In case there are no brackets to assign, 0 is to be attributed to relative span.
78
6.2 Supports
To assign section number to a bay or a corbel, user can refer to the section window by
which it is possible to browse through file and assign a section or create a new one.
The program considers the beam width in relation with assigned section. User can
change this value.
6.2 SUPPORTS
This window is like the continuous beam one. Some fields related to data not referred to
beam on elastic soil are missing.
Scheme of partial frame is not allowed for beam on elastic soil.
79
6.3 LOADS FOR BEAMS ON ELASTIC SOIL
6.3.1
Elementary load conditions
Beam on elastic soil does not present the distinction between permanent and variable
load. Loads are to be defined considering elementary load conditions, to which
combinations are then attributed through combination coefficients. The program attributes
to the different sections the maximum and minimum stress values calculated in the
combinations.
Load condition is defined by its description, by its color which will distinguish loads in
graphic window and by its coefficient . Coefficients are used only with the limit states
method for automatic proposal of all combinations.
Color is selected clicking on window that appears when clicking on the related
rectangular.
6.3.2
Type of loads
It is possible to load a beam on elastic soil with concentrated loads on supports and
uniform or trapezoidal distributed loads on bays.
To insert different types of loads select upper boxes and check relative values.
Input is only numerical.
80
6.3 Loads for beams on elastic soil
Each inserted load will be displayed with the color of the load condition.
Standards define vertical load positive when directed downward; moment on support
positive when respecting anticlockwise direction; vertical support yield as positive when
directed downwards rotation attributed to the support (in radiant), positive when
respecting anticlockwise direction.
Attributing a value different from zero to vertical yield, the program doesnt consider the
effect of the possible vertical load applied. Attributing a value different from zero to
rotation, the program doesnt consider the effect of the possible moment applied.
Value zero attributed to the yield or to the rotation is a conventional value indicating the
absence of attributed yielding or rotation to the program. If the user wants to assign a
fixed end to a support, he has to consider very little, but not zero, vertical yield or rotation
(e.g. .0000001) value.
Uniform and trapezoidal load must cover entire bay
6.3.3.
Combination
For each desired combination, user has to define the multipliers to attribute to each
elementary load condition.
In case limit state calculation method is referred to, user has to provide combination
coefficients relative to ultimate limit state, to the three-serviceability limit state and to the
evaluation of stress on soil.
81
In combinations for the serviceability limit state, combination coefficients for

variable actions g and q and coefficient of variable actions oi are to be shown
(rare combinations) as the law provides for.
When using the limit state calculation method (Italian Standards) or the limit state
Eurocode five combinations are provided relative to: ultimate limit state, rare
serviceability, frequent serviceability, quasi-permanent serviceability, and serviceability to
the evaluation of stress on soil.
In case of limit state calculation method ACI 318 or NSR-98 two combinations are used:
ultimate limit state and serviceability to the evaluation of stress on soil.
Default button proposes all combinations of load conditions in compliance with different
Standards and considering maximum and minimum multiplier value of permanent loads
as well as minimum and maximum value of variable loads. In particular if the limit state
method is applied by Italian Standards or Eurocode the program shows for each variable
action all type of combinations deriving from the basic one. User can delete unnecessary
combinations clicking Delete combination.
82
7. Data input of the wood-concrete mixed beam
Data input of mixed beam is in many ways similar to to data input of continuous beam of
previous chapters.
Selecting File from tool bar followed by New mixed wood-concrete Beam or clicking on
user starts data input of a new mixed wood-concrete beam. The first wizard
icon
window is similar to the continuous beam one.
7.1 SPAN LENGTHS, SECTIONS AND TOPS
The input is similar to the one of wood or steel beams, with the only difference that the
section is taken from the database of wood-concrete mixed sections.
7 Data input of the wood-concrete mixed beam
7.2 CONNECTORS
For each span user must define connection data. The connection is considered on three
areas: (A= area close to left bearing, B= middle zone, C= area close to right bearing) for
each span. Of each field user should define width and connection diameter and distance.
In case of personalized connections, the program requires only the distance.
In the first two boxes of each span, user should determine the width of the areas close to
the bearings (A, C), the width of the middle area C will be calculated by the program as
reduction of light.
In sequence user should determine, for all the three areas, the connection diameter and
the spacing. First the user should input the diameter (in millimeters) and then the pitch (in
centimeters), separated by /. For defined sections, the user must input only the
connection spacing.
84
7.2 Connectors
The last two boxes allow to define the distance of the wood beam ends as to the bearing
axis.
85
8. Correction or visualization menu
8.1 GENERALITIES
Correction window opens up at the end of input procedures managed by the wizard or
when user recalls a beam from the database.
The caption i.e. the blue panel above the name of the window Correction, includes
some information related to the beam: calculation method, type of beam, activation of 3D
analysis, name of beam, data not saved <*>.
Each of the six commands will activate submenus. Some submenus functions can also
be activated from buttons placed under menu string.
8 Correction or visualization menu
File
Save
Save as
Activate window to name beams files in database.
Files will be reported in the directory included in the window (default work directory is
proposed) and will have extension
.bcd (memorization of r/c beams in elevation and slabs)
.fcd (memorization of stiff foundations and on elastic soil)
.acd (memorization steel beams)
.lcd (memorization wood beams)
.mcd (memorization mixed wood r/c beams)
.bst (calculation report of elevation beams and slabs)
.fst (calculation report of stiff foundation beams and beams on elastic soil)
.dxf (drawing for r/c beams)
.bct (ascii quantities list for r/c beams, in elevation and slabs)
.fct (calculation report for stiff foundation beams and on elastic soil)
88
8.1 Generalities
.bcc (quantities list program file for r/c beams, in elevation and slabs)
.rtf (calculation report in RTF format for Word).
If the user asks for the reinforcement quantities list, files whose name is made up of the
name assigned and _list_n will be saved; n stands for the progressive number of the
A4-drawing containing the reinforcement quantities list of the beam under examination.
If the name proposed is already existing, a window signaling the existence of the beam
opens up and proposes the overwriting of the same:
If the user answers No, the program reproduces the previous window in order for the user
to decide another file name. Otherwise the files are re-written.
No extensions should be added when naming files, since the program inserts them
automatically.
Save BMP
It is required to name the file that will include the image displayed on video. The image
will be saved in the work directory with bmp. extension.
Exit
Data
Initial data
Spans, sections and extrados
Supports
Scheme with pillars
Torsional restraints
Loads
Selecting one of the options will activate wizard window that allows the user to modify
data.
Calculation
Solver is activated.
In case of r/c beam the program offers a reinforcement proposal. Affirmative answer
opens window of r/c configuration - Proposal.
Zoom
89
Window
Pan
All
In
Out
Tools
Modify spans
Modify extrados
Support width
None
Activate sensitive points of beam prospect in order to proceed with graphic correction.
Materials
DB sections
Options
Generalities, Configuration
They activate the same option windows from general menu, excluding those that are not
related to the material used. Changes are saved in local configuration of the beam,
unless the option Save local configuration in global one has been activated from general
menu.
Visualization
90
8.1 Generalities
Background color
For definition of background color on the video scheme of considered beam.
Cancel
Cancel last modification.
The right side of the bar shows how weight is evaluated. The following symbols are used:
Beam weight is added automatically. The program determines the weight of the beam
considering the geometry of the inserted section. In case of slabs or any other permanent
loa weight has to inserted manually by the user.
Weight has to be inserted manually by the user in case of permanent load condition
91
8.2 CORRECTION MENU
FOR BEAM ON ELASTIC SOIL
Window differs from that of continuous beams for part of menu related to the correction of
loads.
92
9. Manual design of reinforcements
9.1 GENERALITIES
Once the project has been completed, before starting with next stage, the program will
point out the presence of possible anomalies and in particular:
not according to minimum bar-bar distance, in the hypothesis of reinforcements on

one layer only, if 3D analysis has not been activated.
interference between bars if 3D analysis is activated;
high percentage of reinforcements;
stirrup spacing lower than minimum assigned.
lenght of bars over 12 m;
Reinforcement not completed for exceeding number of bars.
Useful information is obtained in order to proceed

reinforcements and make corrections.
with non automatic planning of
Requiring reinforcement proposal for beam already planned, will cancel previous
reinforcements if the file is saved with the same name.
If reinforcement proposal is not required the program will display the diagrams of the
bending moment. If the beam has been saved, the program will show previous project of
reinforcements already planned.
9 Manual design of reinforcements
9.2 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS
The Bending window works out manual project of longitudinal reinforcements.

In the upper part of the window appears the beam prospect overlapping the diagram of
the bending moment (green line if checked, black line if not-checked) and the resistant
moment diagram (red line).
If the ultimate-limit calculation method is adopted, the moment diagram presents the
translation along the longitudinal axis as provided for D.M.9-1-96 4.2.2.3.3 and EC2
5.4.2.1.3.
If reinforcement previously planned is taken into consideration or if reinforcement
planning is asked for in automatic, the exploded view of longitudinal reinforcement
appears in the lower part of the window.
In the upper part of the window, just below the title, there are the keys activating the
functions described here below together with their symbols:
Exit: user exits editing phase of reinforcements;
Zoom window: it visualizes a video section selected;
Zoom All: it visualizes the whole video;
Pan
Zoom +
94
9.2 Longitudinal reinforcements
Zoom New: a new reinforcement position is attributed;

New stringer: a new stringer reinforcement position is attributed;
Cancel: one or more reinforcement positions previously defined are cancelled;
Cancel all: all the reinforcement positions previously defined are cancelled;
Change: the pop up menu proposes
Change diameter: change just the diameter for a reinforcement position previously
defined;
Change number: change just the number of bars for a reinforcement position previously
defined;
Change number and diameter: change just the number and the diameter of bars for a
reinforcement position previously defined;
Change shape, number and diameter: change all data for a reinforcement position
previously defined;
Details: there is the change of a detail relative to a reinforcement position previously
defined;
Copy: one or more reinforcement positions previously defined are copied from one point
of a beam to the next;
Mirror: one or more reinforcement positions previously defined are generated by mirror
symmetry Panel: there is the generation of one or more reinforcement positions
previously defined through mirror symmetry;
Reinforcement into the section:
the visualization procedure relative to the section detail is activated. This control allows
the user to give a new position to round bars;
New section: the user chooses the sections that he wants to report on the drawing with
the position detail relative to bars;
Cancel section: sections chosen with the previous control are cancelled;
Shear: the user enters the transversal reinforcement planning stage, that is, the Shear
window;
Verification: the user visualizes the verification detail of the section;
Re-distribution: the moment redistribution takes place (it is activated only with the state
limit method);
95
Hard copy: the image presented on video is saved in bitmap file, the program will ask the
name of this file;
Undo: the last operation typed is undone;
Exit: the function operating in that moment is interrupted;
Deformation: there is the visualization of deflection diagram. Moving the mouse and
keeping the left button pressed values are printed on screen. With the ultimate limit state
calculation method (DM 9-1-96 or EC2) the pop up menu proposes:
Rare
Frequent
Quasi permanent (vertical displacement for exhaust creep is also displayed)
Due to shrinkage
Crack: there is the visualization of the diagram relative to crack width. Moving the mouse
and keeping the left button pressed values are printed on screen. With the ultimate limit
state calculation method (DM 9-1-96 or EC2) the pop up menu proposes:
Rare
Frequent
Quasi permanent
3D view: the 3D visualization procedure relative to the beam is activated.
DWG Preview: launch a procedure to visualize the executive drawing of the beam
Display grid: is activated or inactivated the visualization of the horizontal grid for the
stress scale.
Fire verifications: the users is asked to indicate the section to check; then the program
ThermoCAD is launched for the verification of resistance to fire. ThermoCAD is not
included in the package.
Option New stringer, Reinforcement into the section, New section, Cancel section, 3D
view and Fire verifications are activated only if 3D analysis has been required.
The program uses two buttons of the pointer instrument. Button n.1 attributes various
values, while button n.2 confirms values present in the temporary file area. To make
manual reinforcement input faster, the program memorizes in this area all the data
relative to the position that has been cancelled or to the position that the user wants to
change. It can also memorize the data of the last position attributed, provided that the
input has generated no more than one reinforcement position.
In details:
96
Clicking on New or New stringer there is the visualization of the keyboard window on
which the user can dial the position and diameter with the pointer instrument. This
operation takes place when the user is defining the position.
(Eg 2 12 , the user dials 2 1 2 START).
Dialing C, the user cancels the input provided.
In the lower part of the keyboard window, there is the value filed in the temporary memory
area. To confirm it, the user has to lead the arrow to the inside of the keyboard window
and press key n.2 of the pointer instrument.
In this way, a position and a diameter equal to that present in the temporary file area will
be assigned to the new position (no matter the position that the arrow occupies within the
window).
Once number and diameter have been assigned to the position, the keyboard disappears
and the Profile window is visualized. It contains the 28 possible reinforcement profiles.
Using the pointer instrument and clicking on key n.1 user chooses the profile of the
position.
Leading the pointer to the inside of the window and clicking on key n.2 (no matter the
position of the arrow on video), the profile of the position present in the temporary file
area is assigned to the position that the user is defining.
Once the profile has been established, the initial point, the initial points of possible bar
bending and the final point of the bar are to be defined.
The user is invited to highlight the position of the characteristic points of the bar starting
from left.
To select the initial point of the bar (left end), the user has to place the arrow on the
desired point and click on key n.1.
Moving the pointer again within the beam prospect in order to highlight the remnant
points (initial bending or final end of the bar), there is the visualization of the
reinforcement profile assigned till that moment. Moreover in the lower part of the window,
97
there are the distances of the arrow tip from the axes of the right-and-left bay supports
where is found as well as the bar length (including possible bending).
Pressing key n.2, the profile completed with the position present in the temporary file area
is assigned to the position the user is defining.
If the user chooses non-bended reinforcement but with bending at the ends, the bending
length is automatically assigned by the program to guarantee the anchorage of the bar
beginning from the initial point.
If the user chooses a reinforcement profile with bending and end bracket, the program
automatically produces, if necessary, a bending with the appropriate length guaranteeing
the anchorage of the bar at the closest point to the ends.
It is not possible to define a final end on the left of the initial one (bar with negative
length).
After assigning every reinforcement position, there appears on video, besides the updated reinforcement exploded view, the resistant moment diagram relative to the
reinforcement considered till that moment.
Difference between New and New stringer concern the check of bars distance. Stringer is
a bar that can be lap spliced with another stringer, so the distance between stringers can
be zero. Stringers are distinguished by the letter c.
During manual planning program introduces stringer reinforcements in stirrups
corners. Bars in excess are cancelled.
Reinforcements that arent stringers are placed automatically respecting dimensions of
sections, longitudinal reinforcements position, hangers position and allowing the use of
vibrator.
Reinforcements that havent a correct collocation in the first layer (in contact with stirrup)
are placed in the internal layer.
Reinforcements parts not in the first layer have different colors with the other ones.
By clicking on Cancel, it is possible to select one or more reinforcement positions with
key n.1. The reinforcement whose text is the closest to the selection point is selected.
The positions selected change color. When the selection has been completed, the user
has to confirm it with key n.2. Reinforcements selected are cancelled.
Clicking on Change diameter, it is possible to select one or more reinforcement positions
with key n.1. The user has to confirm the selection with key n.2. There appears the
numeric keyboard for assigning the new diameter.
Clicking on Change number, it is possible to select one or more reinforcement positions
with key n.1. The user has to confirm the selection with key n.2. There appears the
numeric keyboard for assigning the new number of bars.
Clicking on Change number and diameter, it is possible to select one or more
reinforcement positions with key n.1. The user has to confirm the selection with key n.2.
The numeric keyboard then appears to assign the new values.
Clicking on Change shape, number and diameter, it is possible to select one or more
reinforcement positions with key n.1. The user has to confirm the selection with key n.2.
By now you can follow as in the case of new keeping in account that in the temporary
file area there are the values relative to position changing at that moment. They can be
confirmed at all or in part pointing the arrow inside different windows and clicking button
n. 2 of pointer.
98
Clicking on Details, it is possible to select a reinforcement position whose dimensions the

user wants to control or define precisely. Once the selection has been done, the user has
to confirm it with key n.2.
There appears on video the window containing the detail of the bar selected, its
dimensions, and the surrounding formwork. Dimensions can be referred to the support
axes by pressing the control Dimension in axes .
Keeping the right button of the mouse pressed in the area external to the beam the
following menu will appear
to manage visualization or to cancel the last operation the user did.

The control of visualization is also managed with the arrow cursors and by buttons +
and - in the number pad.
Clicking with the left button of the mouse close on the vertex of the polyline representing
the bar a small square is displayed in the vertex. Clicking on this small square with the
left button and moving the mouse keeping the button pressed you produce a stretching of
the bar. Selecting two vertices of the bar (you will get two small squares) the stretching
will keep unchanged the distance between the two squares.
99
Keeping the right button of the mouse pressed close to a side of the polyline representing
the bar, the interested side will change the color and the following menu will appear:
Selecting Change the program open a window allowing to input a new measure and to
indicate the point to keep fixed during variation.
Selecting Allign Central selected side is placed symmetrically respect to the closest
vertical reference axis.
Pay attention to the fact that the program accepts the variation also if not compatible with
the formworks dimensions.
Clicking on Copy, it is possible to select one or more reinforcement positions with key
n.1. Selected reinforcements change color. Once the selection has been done, the user
has to confirm it with key n.2. The copy is completed in relation with the support or bay
axes. The user has to show the starting and destination axes in order of succession.
The program makes the copy if compatible with the formworks dimensions.
Clicking on Mirror it is possible to select one or more reinforcement positions with key n.1
Selected reinforcements change color. Once the selection has been completed, the user
has to confirm it with key n.2. Mirror generation is carried out in relation with the axis of a
support or to that of a bay.
The program completes the mirror operation if compatible with the formworks
dimensions.
Clicking on Reinforcement into the section the user activates the procedure of
visualization of the section in detail. Once the point has been selected, the section is
visualized as well as all the bars crossing it.
100
Moving the pointer, there is the visualization of its coordinates. Going closer to a round
bar, there is the visualization of its data and all the coordinates of its center of gravity.
Keeping the left key of the mouse pressed, user can move the bar to the inside of the
horizontal or vertical section. The starting position is visualized with a circle. Acting on
keys + e -, the zoom function activates. Acting on keys arrow, image moves. Before
leaving the video, the program checks possible corrections made by the user and signals
any anomalies. The program forces the manual vertical moving of a round bar along the
axis of the closest layer.
Clicking on New section, the user asks for the position of possible sections to report on
the drawing with the round-bar positions in detail. Selections are visualized with a vertical
segment. The user can interrupt the operation with the right key of the mouse.
Clicking on Cancel section, the user can cancel selections of sections chosen through
the preceding operation. This is possible with the right key of the mouse.
Clicking Check, program asks user to mark the section that he wants to check, with key
n.1 of the pointer. Later, information on resistance, cracking and section deformation are
provided on screen.
In case of continuous beam, deflection is calculated in two hypotheses. In one of them,
inertia moment in each bay is constant and equal to the value of the gross section (cls
only) totally reacting. In the other, inertia moment is variable within the bay. In those
areas where stresses produce cracks (rare combination considering the limit state), the
ideal inertia moment of the homogenized section is taken into consideration. The
homogenization coefficient for the cracking verification defined in the window of general
options is increased according to EC2 Appendix 4; in those areas without cracks, the
value of the inertia moment relative to the homogenized section totally reacting is instead
considered. The second hypothesis make senses obviously if longitudinal reinforcements
interest the entire bay. When the limit-state calculation is referred to, the sag is evaluated
by adopting the combination coefficients for variable actions defined by the user.
101
The sag for exhausted creep is evaluated in the quasi permanent condition by attributing
to the concrete effective elasticity module Ec,eff = Ecm/(1+).
The sag due to shrink is evaluated adopting formula for the curvature (1/r)cs=cs*e*S/I
given by EC2 (A.4.4). In the case of hyper-static structure the program calculates stress
parameters due to co-action state. These parameters are not kept in account in
resistance verification.
In case of beam on elastic soil there is the visualization of the maximum and minimum
yield of the section and the corresponding soil tensions (product of the yield by the soil
coefficient).
Clicking on Redistribution, (only at the limit state and for more than one bay) the user is
asked whether he wants to proceed with the redistribution to supports (1) or bays (2). By
choosing 1 or 2, the list of the supports or of the bays where distribution is possible
appears on screen.
For each of them, parameter x/d and the correspondent value of according to D.M. 9-196 4.1.1.3 or EC2 2.5.3.4.2 are reported and the desired value is asked for.
Redistribution consists of overlapping a diagram of moment with rectilinear course to the
envelope diagram of moment derived from elastic linear calculation. In so doing, safety of
structure is increased.
In case of support, redistribution concerns the two adjoining bays with null value of
moment to the opposite supports and value (-1)*M corresponding to the support chosen
where M represents the minimum bending moment (maximum in case of foundation
beam).
In case of redistribution in bay, parameter x/d and redistribution value are evaluated in
the section with maximum moment (minimum in case of foundation beam). For end bays,
moment diagram added concerns the bay under consideration and the adjoining one. For
those in between, the diagram of moment added concerns the bay under consideration
and the two adjoining.
The program checks that redistributions in bays dont cause an increase in moment to the
upper supports greater than 25% of minimum value to the support (maximum in case of
foundation beam).
Example of redistribution:
102
Clicking on 3D view, the 3D visualization procedure of beam starts
The controls present are:
103
Exit
Showing/Hiding formworks
Gouraud/Iron wires: it changes visualization from rendered model to model at iron wires
and viceversa.
Pan: it allows the user to move through on the current plane. It is necessary to move the
pointer keeping the left key of mouse pressed.
Spin: it allows the user to change the point of view keeping the origin of the scene fixed. It
is necessary to move the pointer keeping the left key of the mouse pressed.
Point of view: it allows the user to select one of the six predefined views and forces the
zoom extension.
Zoom: it allows the user to select one of the five possible zooms.
104
9.3 Transversal reinforcement
9.3 TRANSVERSAL REINFORCEMENT
Manual planning of transversal reinforcement takes place in the Shear force window.
Theres the visualization of the envelope diagram of shear stresses, which is represented
by a green line (satisfactory checks) or a black one (unsatisfactory checks), overlaps with
the diagram of allowable shear (red color) proper to the correspondent section. In case of
allowable-stresses calculation, allowable shear corresponds to co, or, if superior, to the
shear absorbed by possible reinforcement present. In case of state limit calculation, the
red line represents Vrd3 in sections with shear reinforcement or Vrd 1 in sections without
shear reinforcement.
In case of calculation as to EC2, the envelope diagram of shear stresses divides into two
near to direct supports. Continuous line represents the comparing line for Vrd3 or for
Vrd1. Dotted line represents the comparing line for Vrd2 (breaking of connecting rods).
The program considers possible presence of bended bars as equivalent stirrup area for
as long a length as the double of the zone directly concerned by the bended bar laid
symmetrically astride zone concerned by the bended bar. According to DM 9-1-96,
equivalent stirrup area relative to the bended bars cannot be superior to 1.5 times the
stirrups area (40% stirrup, 60% bent bar). According EC2, equivalent stirrups area
relative to the bended bar cannot be superior to the stirrup area (50% stirrup, 50%
bended bar).
If the user refers to reinforcement already planned or asked for the project in automatic,
transversal reinforcement previously planned appears in the lower part of the window.
In the upper part of the window, just below the title, there are the keys activating the
functions described here below:
105
Bending: exits the projecting phase of transversal reinforcements and returns to the
bending window ;
Zoom window: the user visualizes a part of the screen selected;
Zoom all: the user visualizes the entire screen;
Pan
Zoom +
Zoom New: it defines a new position for transversal reinforcement;
Cancel: it cancels one or more transversal reinforcement positions previously defined;
Cancel all: all the positions relative to transversal reinforcement are cancelled;
Change: a transversal reinforcement position changes;
Change position: values relative to a transversal reinforcement position change;
Copy: it copies one or more transversal reinforcement positions;
Mirror: it copies one or more transversal reinforcement positions in a mirror way;
Stretch: selecting a boundary line in a stirrup field is possible to move it by keeping the
mouse button pressed;
Check: it visualizes the information relative to the shear check of the selected section;
Hard copy: the program catch the image on screen in a bitmap file, then the name of the
file is asked;
Undo typing: it undoes the last operation typed;
Exit: it interrupts the function operating in that moment.
DWG Preview: launch a procedure to visualize the executive drawing of the beam
Display grid: is activated or inactivated the visualization of the horizontal grid for the
stress scale.
106
9.3 Transversal reinforcement
The way to operate is totally similar to that previously shown in longitudinal reinforcement
planning. The following details are also to take into consideration:
It is possible to define stirrups with two, four, six or eight wings. ( 2 10/15 stands
for: stirrups with two wings, 10 mm diameter and 15 cm inter-axis; it is loaded by
dialing: "2
10/15 ENTER")
It is not possible to define the same stirrup position in bays with different sections.
It is not possible to overlap two positions with different stirrup in the same beam
area.
It is not possible to define the final point of the stirrup area (right end) on the left of
the initial point.
Stirrup inter-axis of a position confined by the condition already defined or by pillar
wires is forced within the closer integer number.
If a stirrup position does not respect the practical planning standards provided for by DM
9-1-96 section 5.3.2.or EC2 5.4.2.2, there appears a signal on video and the position is
drawn in red instead of white.
9.3.1
Foundation sole reinforcement

Procedures of check on transversal reinforcements include also lower reinforcements of
sole foundation beams with T reverse or double T section. Sole reinforcements usually
consist of stirrups with same diameter and pitch of transversal web reinforcements. If the
steel section provided by a stirrup is insufficient to check on sole, in the functioning of the
transversal bracket, the program will introduce new transversal reinforcement positions
multiple of stirrup pitch. The presence of an additional reinforcement is indicated by the
double dimension line.
107
Added reinforcements are composed by straight bars.
108
9.4 Ending of the phase of reinforcements editing
9.4 ENDING OF THE PHASE OF REINFORCEMENTS EDITING
You exit the phase of reinforcements editing by clicking the button Exit
in the
window for the editing of longitudinal reinforcements. Here the program runs a series of
checks and if necessary displays a message reporting the presence of anomalies.
If option Data correction after elaboration of r/c beams is activated, the program returns
to the correction window. Otherwise the user is asked if he wants to go back to
correction window only when anomalies are present.
By giving an affirmative answer, the user returns to the general correction menu.
109
10. Check on steel beams
10.1 INPUT OF STEEL BEAMS

Input of beams is carried out in the same way as the input of r/c beams. The only
differences are in the definition of the section and in the impossibility of defining spans
with sections of variable height.
In case of steel beams checks are performed according to allowable stress method as to
Eurocode 3 or in compliance with AISC Standards.
Once the geometry of the beam has been defined, select material previously defined form
configuration menu and set required data according to adopted Standards.
10 Check on steel beams
10.2 CHECK ON STEEL ELEMENTS

Once beam input has been completed, pressing the button (or selecting from menu
Calculation# Elaboration) will carry out calculation report and visualize complete
diagrams of bending, shear force and buckling checks (if requested) .
Each span diagrams are drawn in non-dimensional format (0 1), representing the ratio
between acting values (stress, depending on adopted standards) and resistance values
(allowable values or limit ones); accordingly, unchecked situation corresponds in all
cases to the exceeding of limit value 1.
Where required by Standards (CNR10011 allowable stress and AISC ASD) checks
refer separately to condition 1 (normal loads only, i.e. permanent) and condition 1+2
(normal or exceptional loads, as in the case or variable loads).
In particular referred diagrams for each Standards are:
- CNR10011
- CNR10022
a) resistance in condition 1 and in condition 1+2, intended as ratio

id / adm
(allowable stress)
id / fd
(limit states)
a) resistance in condition 1 and in condition 1+2, for compressed

and stretched, intended as ratio
id / adm
(allowable stress)
b) dimensional limit for compressed elements (width/thickness

ratio) and bending webs (height /thickness ratio), in condition 1
and in condition 1+2, intended as ratio
112
10.2 Check on steel elements
maximum value/allowable value

- EC3
a) bending and buckling resistance, intended as ratio

Msd / Mrd
b) shear strength, intended as ratio
Vsd / Vrd
- AISC ASD
a) resistance (with buckling) of compressed fibers and stretched

fibers in condition 1 and in condition 1+2, intended as ratio.
fbx / Fbx
b) resistance to tensile stress in condition 1 and condition 1+2,
intended as ratio
f v / Fv
- AISC LRFD
a) bending resistance (with buckling), intended as ratio

Mu / ( * Mn)
(symmetric sections as to bending

axis)
or
fun / ( * Fy)
(non-symmetric sections as to
bending axis)
b) shear strength, considered as ratio

Vu / ( * Vn)
(symmetric sections as to bending

axis)
or
fuv / (0.6 * * Fy)
(non-symmetric sections as to
bending axis)
It is to remind that ideal stress id (case CNR 10011 and CNR 10022) are calculated
following Huber-Hencky-Von Mises criteria of resistance, which gives the following
formula as generic bending case with shear force:
id = 2 + 3 2
This calculation, as well as the one of normal and tensile stress fbx, fv in compliance with
AISC ASD and fun, fuv according to AISC - LRFD is carried out on all significant points
of section (wings webs, edges) based o proper schemes of the program.
Tensile stresses are designed referring to shear areas that have been calculated
according to profile.
Dimensional checks according to CNR 10022 can be displayed as alternative to
resistance ones, selecting Display#
# Geometric ratio or corresponding icon.
Selecting Display # Buckled (or corresponding icon ) and Display # Bending, Display
# Shear , allow user to have access to diagrams of deformation check and acting
stress. Acting stresses are divided according to condition type (1 and1+2, where
required, or ultimate limit state and serviceability) and to Standard adopted.
113
10 Check on steel beams
Selecting Display # Checks user can visualize diagrams of checks again, as proposed
on initial window.
Moving mouse slider and clicking on the left, it is possible to display information on
diagrams.
Selecting Inquiry # Section and clicking on section to obtain detailed check report,
complete of all related data.
Selecting Display#
# Maximum Values , will show maximum values related to beam
check. Check is carried out considering bars. The term bar here means a set of several
consecutive spans having same profile for each section. In case of constant beam,
without considering the number of inserted spans, the word bar is synonym of beam .
It is to remind that when CNR 10011 and CNR 10022 are used, buckling checks are
displayed exclusively on window reporting maximum values and they are not displayed
as diagrams, since calculation is relevant only if related to the bar and not to the single
section.
User should refer to Standards mentioned in previous chapters to understand symbols
used here and for the visualization of tests.
Selecting End#
#Exit or corresponding icon, user returns to correction menu.
114
11. Check on wood beams
11.1 INPUT OF WOOD BEAMS

Input of beams is carried out in the same way as the input of r/c beams. The only
differences are in the definition of the section and in the impossibility of defining spans
with sections of variable height.
Checks are performed with the allowable stress method or with the Eurocode 5 one.
Once the geometry of the beam has been defined, select the material previously defined
from the configuration menu and set the required data according to adopted Standards.
11 Check on wood beams
11.2 CHECK ON WOOD ELEMENTS

Once beam input has been completed, pressing the button (or selecting from menu
Calculation# Elaboration) will carry out calculation report and visualize complete chart.
In particular (both for allowable stress and EC5) two curves are displayed representing
bending check (lower red curve) and shear check (upper green curve). Values of curves
are shown as absolute value on one side of beam.
Moving the pointer tool and keeping the left key of the mouse the user can visualize
information related to checks that were carried out. Values stress values are shown when
using the allowable stress method, while check report is visualized for Eurocode 5.
Besides zoom commands, user can select the section in order to have further details
displayed. Selecting Inquire Section, then clicking on section to be checked, windows
opens up with drawing and data related to it.
116
11.2 Check on wood elements
In case check is not performed, the presence of anomalies is evidenced by a stop sign,
otherwise the thumb up indicates no anomalies were found.
User can visualize diagrams of bending and shear moments.
117
11 Check on wood beams
Once check has been completed and the beam has been saved the program creates
input files and calculation report as well as list of wood elements that build up the beam.
118
12. Checks
frames
on
wood-concrete
mixed
beam
12.1 GENERALITIES
The input is process is similar to the wood and steel one. The only differences are in the
definition of the section and of the connections.
Check are carried out with the allowable stress method or according to Eurocode 5.
After the definition of the beam frame geometry, from the configuration menu, the user
must select the material previously defined and input data accordino to selected
standards.
12 Checks on wood-concrete mixed beam frames
12.2 CHECK CALCULATION START
After completing beam-frame input process, clicking button

(or choosing from menu
Design Elaboration), check will be carried out and window with complete graphic will be
displayed.
Visualization of check is displayed through the mathematical model used when launching
the finite elements solver. Each single bar has a different color depending on check
results.
Selecting check command followed by the beam element to be enquired, window opens
up which summarizes check results of the selected element. Check situation at initial and
indefinite time is displayed.
120
12.2 Check calculation start
Example of check on slab in cls
121
12 Checks on wood-concrete mixed beam frames
Example of check on wood beam
Example of check on one connection element

In case of non-check, the program will vince the anomaly with a stop sign, On opposite
case, a small hand with thumb up will appear.
Besides checks carried out, deformations can be be visualized, and diagrams of bending
moments and shear forces for each element.
122
12.2 Check calculation start
Clicking button
simple window is visualized, which allows the user to select type of
diagram, the element (stirrup, pins, lower beam), the time phase to which results refer
and only in case of EC5, the load combinations group.
Once check has been completed and the beam has been saved the program will creates
input files, calculation report and prospect drawing format in dfx format.
With command
it is possibile to have access to the window for the modification of the
upper reinforcement hood. When confirming the data, the program will perform again the
check on the stirrup again with the new inputted reinforcement.
123
13. Pillars calculation
13.1 GENERALITIES
To calculate and check a pillar, it is necessary to solve all the elevation beams of building
that affect it with the same calculation method (or allowable stresses or state limit) that
will be used to calculate the pillars. It is also necessary to assign the correct identification
indexes to the beam supports. The user can include or not capital characters in the
indexes.
It is necessary to define then the numbers and dimensions of the building stories and to
assign the beams to each one (a beam can be repeated in more stories).
In beams solution, BEAMCAD has calculated the maximum and minimum support
reactions, that is, the shear that the beams transfer to the pillars. It therefore knows all
the necessary data allowing the planning of pillars subjected to simple compression.
In case of limit state calculation, minimum eccentricity is taken into consideration (DM 52-96 4.2.1.2 and EC2 4.3.5.5.3) and if slenderness ratio exceeds 50, this is signaled to
the user.
The program provides the calculation report, the summarizing table and a model vertical
section of the planned pillars, with the sections used and the reinforcement quantities list.
This version of the program does not include the calculation of pillars on account of
standards ACI318 and NSR-98.
By selecting File from the control bar in the Main menu and then Pillars in the pop-up
menu, or clicking on the icon, user starts planning procedures relative to the pillars or the
correction procedures of pillars already planned starting from the beam reactions on
supports.
13.2 PILLARS MANAGEMENT

A video window opens up to manage the pillars:
13 Pillars calculation
Main menu presents four options on the control bar:
Levels
Beams
Elaboration
Exit
13.3 LEVELS
When selecting Levels from the control bar in the Pillar Management menu, the following
window opens up:
126
13.4 Beams
It defines the levels of the pillar, with dimensions and thickness. Dimensions are used for
evaluating the weigh of the pillar and the slenderness ratio value assuming story-height
distance as inflexion length, and for elaboration of the calculation report.
Thickness instead is taken into consideration only in the schematic drawing of the model
pillar, which is reported in file pilastri.dxf.
13.4 BEAMS
When selecting Beams from the control bar in the Pillar management menu, a window
appears: it assigns beams to the different stories. A beam can be repeated equally in
more stories. Proceed with the selections as shown on screen.
Once the choice of beams for the different stories has been completed, beam correction
window relative to the different stories appears on screen.
Those beams that have not been calculated in accordance with the active calculation
method at this elaboration stage are highlighted in gray. The program does not consider
them.
13.5 ELABORATION
When selecting Elaboration from the Main pillar menu, an excel outline appears on
video:
It is to be used for pillar planning subject to normal stress.

The program identifies the pillars by considering beam-support names.
For each pillar to plan (that is, for each different support name) and for each story, there
is the visualization of the total load on pillar, when the allowable-stress calculation
method is referred to. Otherwise, there is the visualization of loads for checks at ultimate
and serviceability limit state.
127
13 Pillars calculation
The user has to provide the dimensions of the pillar sides.

When circular pillar is considered, null value is to be attributed to y-dimension.
Once the dimensions are given, normal check stress is updated so to include its own
load. The minimum steel area (0,3% of the crude section or 0,8% of the necessary area,
or the necessary area, in accordance with Italian standards, or the corresponding
minimum values as to EC2) and the allowable stress (or the ultimate resistant normal
stress) are also visualized. Reinforcement data is then asked for (both longitudinal and
transversal) and section checks are highlighted at last (in case of limit state calculation,
the value of concrete serviceability stress is reported). Non-checked sections are
highlighted with a different color.
When selecting Load list:
there is the visualization of the list of loads, with the indication of the pillar they are
referring to and the level on which the cross cursor is placed.
In the cells for added-load values, maximum and minimum loads can be attributed to
each level as well as a description that will be reported in the calculation report. In this
way, it is possible to take into account those particular load situations that do not derive
from beam reactions. In case of state limit calculation, added loads, divided one from the
other by ultimate and serviceability checks, certainly have to consider partial security
factors for each load.
128
14. Use of detail.lsp program
Functions described in this chapter are not available at the moment with AutoCAD LT or with
IntelliCAD.
AutoCAD LT users can find the functions here described together with many other drawingmanipulation functions in RCCAD program.
Using detail.lsp program requires:
AutoCAD, 12, or 13, 14 or 2000 release, installed and perfectly running.
BeamCAD, BeamCAD+, installed and perfectly running.
Preliminary operations:
1) Run BeamCAD at least once.
2) Copy the following files:
[Directory installazione di BeamCAD]\ Dettagli.lsp
[Directory installazione di BeamCAD]\ Laterizi.sld
[Directory installazione di BeamCAD]\ Lastra1.sld
[Directory installazione di BeamCAD]\ Lastra2.sld
[Directory installazione di BeamCAD]\ Beam.cfg
in AutoCAD installation directory (which can be recognized for the main AutoCAD file Acad.exe
there contained)
This operation must be done just once. In case there is another AutoCAD installation or any
unwanted cancellation of files, execute the operation again.
Start AutoCAD and digit load details on the command line. In this way, new AutoCAD controls
are loaded. They will complete the drawing of beam sections.
Digit bricks,lastra1 or plate2. In this way, user starts the drawing routine relative to the
details of slab on beam side. Follow suggestions on screen.
Digit crosses. In this way, user starts the procedures for including round-bar details in the section.
First select in the prospect text of the reinforcement position to include in the section. Then indicate
the position in which the text adjoining the section will be re-written and dial, within the same
section, the positions in which crosses, symbol of bars, will appear.
15. Print-out symbols of checks on sections.
15.1 CHECK ON R/C SECTION
15.1.1 Allowable stress method

x
left distance from section check
Asup
effective upper steel area
cs
distance between upper reinforcement mass center and section border.
Ainf
lower effective steel area.
ci
distance from lower reinforcement mass center and section border.
M+
positive bending moment
M+amm
positive allowable moment
scs
r/c upper fiber compression stress
sfi
lower reinforcement tensile stress
M-
negative bending moment
M-amm
negative allowable moment
sci
compression stress in lower r/c fiber
sfs
tensile stress in upper reinforcement
Ast
stirrup area (cmq/cm)
Afp+
stirrup area equivalent to bent rods for positive shear force (cmq/cm)
Afp-
stirrup area equivalent to bent rods for negative shear force (cmq/cm)
T+
positive shear force
T+amm
positive allowable shear force
T-
negative shear force
15 Print-out symbols of checks on sections.
T-amm
negative allowable shear force
fg
deflection in the hypothesis of r/c section entirely reacting (not on elastic

soil)
fs
freccia valutata considerando lo stato di fessurazione della campata (non

suolo elastico)
stma
maximum pressure on soil (only on elastic soil)
stmi
minimum pressure on soil (only elastic soil) for beams with span variable
height
Htot
total height in check of section
Tteor+
positive design shear force
Tver+
positive design shear force (consider stress inclination)
Tamm+
positive allowable shear force
Tteor-
negative design shear force
Tver-
negative design shear force (consider stress inclination)
Tamm-
negative allowable shear force
15.1.2 Limit States method DM96
132
Asup
cs
distance between mass center of upper reinforcements and section edge.
Ainf
effective lower steel area
ci
distance between lower reinforcement mass center and section border
Mela
bending moment resulting form linear elastic design
Msd
calculation moment (following translation and eventual redistribution
Mrd
end moment
x/d
ratio between neutral axis height and working height
Ast
Afp+
Afp-
Vrd2
shear which produces the breakage of compressed r/c rods
Vod
check to shear on section (for beams with section having variable height in
span)
Vsd
shear design (includes the effect of section variability)
Vsd.rid
reduced shear design (of the section having d distance from the direct
bearing peg)
15.1 Check on r/c section
Vcd
shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement
Vrd3
shear resistance of section with shear reinforcement
Mese.R
working moment in rare condition
sc.R
r/c compression stress in rare condition
sf.R
tensile stress in rare condition
Mese.QP
working moment in quasi permanent condition
sc.Qp
r/c compression stress in quasi permanent condition
srmi
gap between cracks at lower edge
wkiR
typical cracks width at lower border in rare condition
wkiF
typical width of cracks at lower border in frequent condition
wkiQP
typical width of cracks at lower border in quasi permanent condition
srms
gap between cracks at upper border
wksR
standard width of cracks at upper border in rare condition
wksF
standard width of cracks at upper border in frequent condition
wksQP
standard width of cracks at upper border in quasi permanent condition
fg.R
deflection with r/c entirely reacting in rare condition
ff.R
deflection with cracked r/c in rare condition
fg.QP
deflection with r/c entirely reacting in quasi permanent condition
ff.Qp
deflection with cracked r/c in quasi permanent condition
f.Qpcreep
deflection with cracked r/c in quasi permanent condition with no creep
f.max
maximum settling (on positive elastic soil in case of settlement)
st.max
maximum pressure on soil (positive on elastic soil in case of pressure)
f.min
minimum settling (for elastic soil positive in case of lowering)
st.min
minimum pressure on soil (positive on elastic soil in case of pressure)
15.1.3 Metodo Eurocodice 2

x
Asup
cs
distance between mass center of upper reinforcements and section edge.
Ainf
ci
distance between lower reinforcement mass center and section border
Mela
bending moment resulting form linear elastic design
133
134
Msd
calculation moment (following translation and eventual redistribution
Mrd
end moment
x/d
ratio between neutral axis height and working height
Ast
Afp+
Afp-
Vrd2
shear force which produces the breakage of compressed r/c rods
Vod
shear force on section (for beams with section having variable height in
span)
Vsd
design shear force (includes the effect of section variability)
Vsd.rid
reduced design shear force (of the section having d distance from the direct
bearing peg)
Vcd
shear resistance of the section without shear reinforcement
Vrd3
shear resistance of section with shear reinforcement
Mese.R
working moment in rare condition
sc.R
r/c compression stress in rare condition
Mese.QP
working moment in quasi permanent condition
sc.Qp
r/c compression stress in quasi permanent condition
srmi
gap between cracks at lower edge
wkiR
typical cracks width at lower border in rare condition
wkiF
typical width of cracks at lower border in frequent condition
wkiQP
typical width of cracks at lower border in quasi permanent condition
srms
gap between cracks at upper border
wksR
standard width of cracks at upper border in rare condition
wksF
standard width of cracks at upper border in frequent condition
wksQP
standard width of cracks at upper border in quasi permanent condition
fg.R
deflection with r/c entirely reacting in rare condition
ff.R
deflection with cracked r/c in rare condition
fg.QP
deflection with r/c entirely reacting in quasi permanent condition
ff.Qp
deflection with cracked r/c in quasi permanent condition
f.Qpcreep
deflection with cracked r/c in quasi permanent condition with no creep
f.max
maximum settling (on positive elastic soil in case of settlement)
st.max
maximum pressure on soil (positive on elastic soil in case of pressure)
15.1 Check on r/c section
f.min
minimum settling (for elastic soil positive in case of lowering)
st.min
minimum pressure on soil (positive on elastic soil in case of pressure)
15.1.4 Method ACI 318.

x
left distance from check on section
Asup
cs
distance between upper reinforcements mass center and edge section
Ainf
lower effective steel area
ci
distance between lower reinforcements and section edge
Mela
bending moment resulting from linear elastic design
Mreq
design moment (following translation and eventual redistribution)
strength reduction factor
Mnom
nominal moment
x/d
height ratio
Ast
stirrup area (cmq/m)
Afp+
Afp-
maxV
shear force that produces r/c compressed rods breakage
Vu
design shear force
Vu.red
reduced shear force (of the section at d distance from direct bearing peg)
Vc
nominal shear resistance without shear reinforcement
Vnom
nominal shear resistance of section with shear reinforcement
Mmax ser. maximum working bending moment (positive)

fs inf.
lower steel tensile stress
z inf.
check coefficient lower edge
Mmin ser.
minimum working bending moment (negative)
fs sup.
upper steel tensile stress
z sup.
upper edge check coefficient
gross defl.
deflection considering entirely reacting gross section
cracked defl. deflection of cracked section

min.defl.
minimum lowering (only on elastic soil)
max.defl.
maximum lowering (only on elastic soil)
135
sig.t.
soil pressure (oly on elastic soil)
15.1.5 Metodo NSR.

x
left distance from checked section
Asup
cs
distance from the upper reinforcement mass center and the section edge.
Ainf
ci
distance from lower reinforcement mass center and section edge
Mela
bending moment resulting from elastic linear design
Mreq
design moment (following translation and eventual re-distribution)
strength reduction factor
Mnom
nominal moment
x/d
neutral axis/height ratio
Ast
stirrup area (cmq/m)
Afp+
Afp-
maxV
shear that produces concrete rods failure
Vu
design shear force
Vu.red
reduced design shear force (of the section at d distance from the direct
bearing peg).
Vc
nominal shear force resistance of the section without shear force

reinforcement
Vnom
nominal shear force resistance of the section with shear force reinforcement
Mmax ser. maximum working moment (positive)

fs inf.
tensile stress in lower steel
z inf.
check coefficient of lower edge
Mmin ser.
minimum working moment (negative)
fs sup.
tensile stress on upper steel
z sup.
check coefficient at upper edge
gross defl.
deflection considering entirely reacting gross section
cracked defl. Deflection of cracked section
136
min.defl.
minimum lowering (only on elastic soil)
max.defl.
maximum lowering (only on elastic soil)
sig.t.
15.2 Check on steel sections
pressare on soil (only on elastic soil)
15.2 CHECK ON STEEL SECTIONS
15.2.3 General symbols used for steel beams

Jx
moment of inertia according to x axis of profile mass center (horizontal)
Wx
elastic resistance module according to x axis of profile mass center

(horizontal)
Wplx
plastic resistance module according to x axis of profile mass center.
At
profile shear area
gamma
specific weight
axial elastic module
ni
Poisson coefficient
Abscissa along the beam axis

Sadm sp<=40mm
allowable stress for thickness inferior or equal to 40 mm
Sadm sp>40mm
allowable stress for thickness higher than 40 mm
Fd
design resistance for cold formed profiles
Sigma1
normal stress for condition 1
Meq1
bending moment equivalent for condition 1
Sigma12
normal stress for condition 1+2
Meq12
bending moment equivalent for condition 1+2
Omega1
amplified factor of normal stress for dislocation
deflection
L/f
ratio span/deflection
M1
bending moment for condition 1
T1
shear force for condition 1
Sid1
ideal stress for condition 1
Sadm1
allowable stress for condition 1+2
M12
bending moment for condition 1+2
137
T12
shear force for condition 1+2
Sid12
ideal stress for condition 1+2
Sadm12
allowable stress for condition 1+2
cond.
Load condition (1 or 1+2)
M.c
bending moment for compressed fibers
T.c
shear force for compressed fibers
Sid.c
ideal stress for compressed fibers
Sadm.c
allowable stress for compressed fibers
M.t
bending moment for stretched fibers
T.t
shear force for compressed fibers
Sid.t
ideal stress for stretched fibers
Sadm.t
allowable stress for stretched fibers
M.bf
bending moment for check on compressed wings width
bf
maximum width of compressed wings
bf.adm
maximum allowable width of compressed wings
M.bo/t
bending moment fr check on width/thickness of compressed wings
bo/t
maximum ratio width/thickness of compressed wings
bo/t.adm
maximum allowable ratio width/thickness of compressed wings.
M.h/t
bending moment for check to height/thickness on bent cores
h/t
maximum ratio height/thickness of bent cores
h/t.adm
maximum allowable ratio height/thickness of bent cores
15.2.5 Method SLU

Fd sp<=40mm design resistance for thickness lower or equal to 40 mm
Fd sp>40mm design resistance for thickness higher than 40 mm
138
Msd
design bending moment
Vsd
design shear force
Sid
ideal stress
Fd
design resistance
Sigma
normal stress
Meq
equivalent bending moment
Omega1
amplifying factor of normal stress fot yielding
f qp
deflection (quasi permanent combination)
L/f qp
span/deflection ratio (quasi permanent combination)
f ra
deflection (rare combination)
L/f ra
span/deflection ratio (rare combination)
f fr
deflection (frequent combination)
L/f fr
span/deflection ratio (frequent combination)
15.2 Check on steel sections
15.2.6 Eurocode 3 method

Gamma M0 material security coefficient for resistance
Gamma M1 material security coefficient for yielding
Fy sp<=40mm yielding stress for thickness inferior or equal to 40mm
Fy sp>40mm yielding stress for thickness higher than 40 mm.
Msd
design bending moment (resistance)
Mrd
resistant bending moment (resistance)
Classe
section class (resistance)
Ro
shear force ratio
Vsd
design shear force
Vrd
resistant shear force
Msd.sv
design bending moment (dislocation)
Mrd.sv
resistant bending moment (dislocation)
Classe.sv
section class (dislocation)
Chi
parameter for check to dislocation
Lambda.ad a-dimensional slimming for check to yielding

f qp
deflection (quasi-permanent combination)
L/f qp
span/deflection ratio (quasi permanent combination)
f ra
deflection (rare combination)
L/f ra
span/deflection ratio (rare combination)
f fr
deflection (frequent combination)
L/f fr
span/deflection ratio (frequent combination)
15.2.7 Method AISC LRFD.

Fy
yielding stress
Fi
resistance factor
139
Mu
Mn
bending resistant moment
Classe
classe section (co = compact; nc = no compact; sl = slender)
Vu
design shear force
Vn
H/tw
core height/thickness ratio
fun
normal stress
fuv
tangential stress
f es
deflection (working combination)
L/f
span/deflection ratio
15.2.8 Metodo AISC ASD.

Fy
yielding stress
cond.
Load condition (1 or 1+2)
M.c
bending moment for compressed fibers
fbx.c
normal stress for compressed fibers
Fbx.c
allowable stress for compressed fibers
cl.c
section class for compressed fibers (co=compact; nc=non compact;

sl=slender)
M.t
bending moment for stretched fibers
fbx.t
normal stress for stretched fibers
Fbx.t
allowable stress for stretched fibers
cl.t
section class for stretched fibers (co = compact; nc = non compact; sl =

slender)
shear force for tensile stress
fv
tensile stress
fv
allowable tensile stress
deflection
L/f
15.2.9 NSR. Method
140
Fy
yielding stress
Fi
resistance factor
Mu
15.3 Check on wood sections
Mn
bending moment resistance
Classe
section class (co = compact; nc = no compact; sl = slender)
Vu
design shear force
Vn
H/tw
height/thickness core
fun
normal stress
fuv
tensile stress
f es
deflection (working combination)
L/f
15.3 CHECK ON WOOD SECTIONS

B
base
height
length
Area
section area
Vol u.(mc)
unitary volume in cubic meters
peso u.
unitary weight
s.v.u.(mq)
unitary painted surface
number of equal pieces
p.tot
total weight
s.v.tot(mq) superficie verniciata totale

mat
used material

x
abscissa
bending moment
s,max
maximum longitudinal stress
s,lim
allowable longitudinal stress
shear force
tau,max
maximum tau
141
tau,lim
allowable tau
Sm,amm
bending allowable stress
St,0,amm
allowable stress for parallel reaction to fibers
St,90,amm allowable stress for orthogonal traction to fibers

Sc,0,amm
allowable stress for parallel compression to fibers
Sc,90,amm allowable stress for orthogonal compression to fibers

Tau,amm
shear force allowable stress
longitudinal elastic module
tangential elastic module
Gamma
material specific weight
alfa
thermal expansion coefficient
deflection
L/f
ratio span/deflection
15.3.2 Eurocode 5 method
142
abscissa
bending moment
vf,max
bending check value
Kmod
coefficient value for the calculation of design resistance
Gamma
material security partial coefficient
shear force
vt,max
shear force check value
fm,k
bending characteristic resistance
ft,0,k
typical resistance for parallel traction to fibers
ft,90,k
typical resistance for orthogonal traction to fibers
fc,0,k
typical resistance for parallel compression to fibers
fc,90,k
typical resistance for orthogonal compression to fibers
fv,k
typical resistance to shear force
longitudinal elastic module
tangential elastic module
gamma
material specific weight
15.4 Check on wood-concrete sections
alfa
thermal expasion coefficient
f qp
deflection quasi permanent combination
f ra
deflection in rare combination
f fr
deflection in frequent combination
L/f qp
span/deflection ratio in quasi permanent combination
L/f ra
span/deflection combination in quasi permanent combination
L/f fr
span/deflection ratio in frequent combination
15.4 CHECK ON WOOD-CONCRETE SECTIONS

ID = univocal number of section identification
Nome = section description
Bt- = wood beam base, or diameter in case of circular beam
Ht = wood beam height
rr = wood beam connections
Bs = upper hood width
Ss = hood thickness
Bas = hood core width
Has = hood core height
Gap = coupling distance beam-hood
x = abscissa
M = bending moment
N = axial force
T = shear force
Tmax = maximum shear force
Zona = pins area A,B,C
beam = beam element index
nodo = node index
Af,sup = upper steel area in r/c slab
cop,sup = upper cover in r/c slab
Af,inf = steel inferior area in r/c slab
143
cop,inf = lower cover in r/c slab

sc,max = longitudinal maximum stress in r/c slab
sf,max = longitudinal maximum stress in steel slab
Tadm = allowable shear force
s,max = wood maximum longitudinal stress
s,lim = wood longitudinal allowable stress
tau,max = maximum tau
tau,lim = allowable tau
Sm,amm = bending allowable stress
St,0,amm = allowable stress for parallel traction to fibers
St,90,amm = allowalbe stress for orthogonal traction to fibers
Sc,0,amm = allowable stress for parallel compression to fibers.
Sc,90,amm = allowable stress for orthogonal compression to fibers
Tau,amm = shear force allowable stress
E = longitudinal elastic module
G = tangential elastic module
gamma = material specific weight
alfa = thermal expansion coefficient
f = deflection
L/f = ratio span/deflection
15.4.2 Eurocode 2, 5
c.s. = security coefficient
Tr = resisting shear force
vf,max = check to bending value
Kmod = coefficient value for resistance design
Gamma,m = partial security coefficient of material
T = shear force
vt,max = check to shear force values
fm,k = characteristic resistance due to bending
ft,0,k = characteristic resistance for parallel traction to fibers.
144
15.4 Check on wood-concrete sections
ft,90,k = characteristic resistance for orthogonal traction to fibers.

fc,0,k = characteristic resistance due to parallel compression to fibers.
fc,90,k = characteristic resistance due to orthogonal compression to fibers.
fv,k = characteristic shear force resistance
E = longitudinal elastic module
G = tangential elastic module
gamma = material specific weight
alfa = thermal expansion coefficient
f qp = deflection in quasi permanent combination
f ra = deflection in rare combination
f fr = deflection in frequent combination
L/f qp = ratio span/deflection in quasi permanent combination
L/f ra = ratio span/deflection in quasi permanent combination
L/f fr = ratio span/deflection in frequent combination.
145

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BEAMCAD + 16.

BeamCAD 16 User manual

BeamCAD 16 User manual

PILLARS MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 125

USE OF DETAIL.LSP PROGRAM................................................................................. 129

PRINT-OUT SYMBOLS OF CHECKS ON SECTIONS. ................................................ 131

CHECK ON R/C SECTION ............................................................................................. 131

1.1 COPYRIGHT AND USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

BeamCAD 16 User manual

1.4 REQUIRED HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

1.5 GENERAL WARNING

2.1 GENERAL FEATURES

2.2 PROGRAMS FEATURES

Transversal sections with a rectangular, or T, or reversed T, or double T shape,

Steel section database with more than 3000 profiles;

Wood sections definable by the user as composed of circular or rectangular

BeamCAD 16 User manual

Supports not defined as pillars can be elastically yielding;

Load actions on beams on Winklers type soil are distinguished by introducing

Reinforcement planning is automatically obtained by fixing some characteristic

BeamCAD 16 User manual

2.3 Calculation method of stresses

Possibility of managing calculation data through the general calculation program

Possibility of managing calculation data through the general calculation program

Automatic elaboration of design files in dwg format for r/c beams;

2.3 CALCULATION METHOD OF STRESSES

Continuous beams in elevation or foundation beams and partial frames

BeamCAD 16 User manual

Beams on elastic soil as Winklers

2.4 APPLICATION OF EUROCODE 2 TO R/C BEAMS

Materials and loads

BeamCAD 16 User manual

2.4 Application of Eurocode 2 to r/c beams

Ultimate limit state bending check

=0.85 (additional reduction factor for long lasting loads)

characteristic steel yield stress

s steel partial security factor

Ultimate state limit shear check

Serviceability limit state check

BeamCAD 16 User manual

defined by the user.

For symbols meaning see EC2 4.4.2.2 and 4.4.2.4.

2.5 CRITERIA AND HYPOTHESIS OF CHECKS ON STEEL BEAMS

BeamCAD 16 User manual

2.5 Criteria and hypothesis of checks ON steel beams

Norme A.I.S.C. - Allowable Stress Design;

BeamCAD 16 User manual

2.6 CRITERIA AND HYPOTHESIS OF VERIFICATION ON WOOD BEAMS

Traction and biaxial bending

Compression and biaxial bending

BeamCAD 16 User manual

2.6 Criteria and hypothesis of verification on wood beams

K y = 0.5(1 + c (rel , y 0.5) + 2rel , y )

c =0.2 for massive wood

BeamCAD 16 User manual

Allowable stress method

Cx= 1 / 0.9 + (h 23)

Cx= 1 / 0.85 + (h 26)

BeamCAD 16 User manual

2.6 Criteria and hypothesis of verification on wood beams

Lamellar wood coefficient are equal to one.

Case N < 0 (axial force)

Case Mx , My = 0 < 0 (simple compression)