Jeloou 2 2016 PDF

Jeloou 2 Bachillerato
Jeloou 2
Segundo de Bachillerato
Jos Luis Navarro Piqueras
Lesson 1
Importance of exercise
Exercising: hacer ejercicio

Tough: duro
improvement mejora
disease: enfermedad
anxiety:ansiedad
weight peso
degree grado
back espalda
actual real
forecast previsin
among entre
steadily constantemente
fit in ajustar
it's worth vale la pena
risk riesgo
blood pressure tensin sangunea
achieve lograr
bones huesos
sleeplessness insomnio
obese obeso
figures cifras
increase aumentar
both .. and. Tanto... como
give up dejar de
There are many reasons why we can find it hard to start exercising - our everyday lives
require less physical activity than in our grandparents' day, we rely on cars to get around and
spend hours sitting in front of computers.
Dr Gill Jenkins last medically reviewed this article in December 2010.
The excuses
The pressures of home and family life can also mean it feels as if there's little time left to fit in
exercise. It's certainly tough to get started.
So, it's worth thinking about what you gain from regular exercise and making even a partial
improvement to your fitness.
Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease- in other
words, if you don't exercise you dramatically increase your risk of dying from a heart attack
Conversely, exercise means a healthier heart because it reduces several cardiovascular

risks, including high blood pressure
Being physically active can strengthen good mental health and help you to manage
stress, anxiety and even depression
Regular exercise as you age keeps you strong, mobile and less dependent on others
Regular exercise can help you achieve and maintain an ideal weight, which can be
important in managing many health conditions, or may just make you feel happier about your
appearance
All exercise helps strengthen bones and muscles to some degree, but weight-bearing
exercise, such as running, is especially good in promoting bone density and protecting against
osteoporosis, which affects men as well as women
Different exercises help with all sorts of health troubles, such as digestion, poor
posture and sleeplessness, and physical activity can be beneficial for a range of medical
conditions, from diabetes to lower back pain.
Don't be a statistic
There are lots of positive reasons for getting fitter, including meeting new people, discovering
new interests and generally feeling better, but if you need to be scared into doing more
exercise, consider the following:
While in 2007, the Government-commissioned Foresight report predicted that if no

action was taken, 60 per cent of men, 50 per cent of women and 25 per cent of children would
be obese by 2050, the actual figures are rising ahead of the forecast rate.
Between 1993 and 2008, there has been a marked increase in the proportion of people
who were obese, reaching 24 per cent of men and 25 per cent of women in 2008.
The picture is just as worrying for youngsters - obesity rates were 17 per cent in 2008
among boys, and 15 per cent in 2008 among girls. By 2010, it's predicted 22 per cent of girls
and 19 per cent of boys between the ages of two and 15 will be obese, with girls under 11 at
particular risk.
Obesity is responsible for 9,000 premature deaths a year in this country, and is a major
contributory factor to heart disease.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is still the leading cause of death in the UK, accounting
for about a fifth of all deaths, according to the Office for National Statistics.
About a third of deaths caused by CHD are among people aged under 75.
Exercises:
Answer these questions with your own words
1. What are, in your opinion, the three more important reasons to do exercise?
1
2
3.
2. What do statistics show?
Are these sentences true (T) of false (F)? (Verdadero se escribe con T)
COPY the literal words from the text that justify your answer
____1. The way we live makes us do more exercise than in the old times
____2 It is very easy to start doing exercise
___ 3 Exercise helps your mental and emotional life
___ 4 In 2008, nearly one out of four people were obese
___ 5 Girls tend to be more obese than boys
Writing: Do you do any exercise? Should you change your lifestyle?
GRAMMAR
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
FORM: have + past participle:
Ive decided, etc,
USE: The present perfect shows a relationship between past time and present time.
Oh, youve had a haircut.
Used with adverbials that show a connection between the past and the
present, e.g. so far, up to now, lately, already, yet, just and with time expressions referring
to the present e.g. this week, this year, etc.
She's already done her homework.

I've seen Jane a lot lately.
Ive read two books this week.
Acabo de ver a tu hermana
Hasta ahora no han hecho nada
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

USE: A To refer to an activity which has been taking place in the recent period up to
the present.
'You. look tired. What have you. been doing?'
'Ive been playing football
Llevo dos horas esperndote
Estoy estudiando desde que tena 5 aos
Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or present
perfect continuous.
Tim Bryant, a magazine journalist, is interviewing Margaret Rod well, the founder of a
successful company.
TB: So why do you think your company _____________(be) so successful?
MR: Well, our products _____________
(fill) a large gap in the market and I think one of
the most important things is that we _____________(always listen) to our clients and
_____________(act) on their comments and suggestions.
TB: And whats a typical day for you?
MR: Well, take today for example. I _____________ (interview) candidates for a marketing
executive post.
TB: And how many _____________ (you/interview)?
MR: Er, I _____________( interview) four so far. And 1 _____________ (talk) to clients on the
phone on and off all day. 1 seem to spend a lot of time on the phone. I ___________
(discuss) some new ideas with them for the transportation and delivery of our products.
TB: Mm, it sounds like a very busy day.
MR: Oh, thats only part of it. I _____________(have) two meetings, one with Union
representatives and one with departmental heads. And I _____________(also work) on a
proposal for a new marketing strategy.
TB: And it's not two oclock yet!
MR: No, but of course I _____________(be) here since seven o'clock this morning.
TB: Gosh. And, 1 hope you dont mind my mentioning this Ms Rodwell, but some rumours
_____________(circulate) about your possible engagement to Mr Grimaldi, the banker.
MR: No, there will be no engagement, though its true that Mr Grimaldi and I
_____________ (see) each other. Thats no secret.
TB: When you get the time, 1 suppose. And is it also true that you _____________
(learn) Russian with a view to introducing your products there?
MR: Yes, 1 have, but I _____________ (not learn) much yet; theres still a long way for me
to go.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, present perfect simple
or present perfect continuous.
Jake and Michael, two friends, are talking.
J: Hello, I _____________ (not see) you for ages.
M: No. it must be about two years since we last
_____________(meet). What _____________(you/do) with
yourself?
J: I _____________ (do) all sorts of things. Life
_____________ (be) very busy lately. I _____________ (start) a
new job at the sailing centre.
M: Really! Doing what?
J: Well. I _____________
(teach) beginners courses to
school groups this term but when those _____________ (finish),
Ill be teaching more advanced groups on holiday courses.
M: That sounds great. What about your old job at the tourist office then?
J: Well, I _____________ (work) there for ten years and I quite _____________ (enjoy) the
job but I _____________ (want) to do something different. I ___________ (always/enjoy)
sailing in my spare time so I _____________ (think) it would be nice to
do it for a job.
M: So how long _____________ (you/be) at the sailing centre?
J: For about two months now. Im sure I _____________ (do) the right thing. It's a really
enjoyable job. And what about you?
M: Well, Im still at the Rembrandt Hotel. I
(work) there for fifteen years now. But I
_____________
(have) a promotion so that's good. They _____________ (give) me the
job of head receptionist.
J: Oh, thats good news.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

USE: The past perfect simple is used to refer to a past time which preceded the past
time already being referred to.
FORM: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
When I arrived at the station, the train had left
Cuando lo vi estaba muy triste porque su novia le haba dejado
Antes de trabajar en esta fbrica, llevaba diez aos estudiando en Pars
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

We use the future perfect simple (will have + past participle) to show that an action
will be completed by a certain time in the future.
I will have retired by 2020.
Siempre llegamos tarde, cuando lleguemos la pelcula ya habr empezado
A las 8.00 supongo que el tren ya habr llegado a Madrid
1. Rewrite the following passage, making all the necessary tense

changes.
Its 10 oclock at night. The offices of The Daily News' are buzzing with excitement. The
deadline for the paper is in half an hour and they are frantically trying to finish the front page.
Everyone has been working all evening without a break. Some of the journalists have been at
the office since early morning. They have all been trying to get an exclusive story, to find out
something that no other journalist has discovered. The main story is a big one. The Prime
Minister has resigned. Everyone knows that his government has had lots of problems in the
last year but his resignation is nonetheless a big surprise. Rumours have been going round all
day about the real reasons for the announcement. Some say that he has been involved in some
financial scandal. Others say that he has been seeing another woman. All the papers have been
working all day to get the best story. And theyve been doing their best to find out what the
other papers have said. The whole day has been very tense. Suddenly the editor asks everyone
to be quiet. There is a telephone call from the Prime Ministers office.
Example: It was 10 o'clock at night. The offices of The Daily News were buzzing with
excitement.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense.

1.
In a fortnight's time we (take) our exam.
2.
I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening.
3.
By this time tomorrow we (have) our injections.
4.
By the end of next year I (be) here twenty-five years.
5.
I'll still be here next summer but Tom (leave).
6.
I (finish) this job in twenty minutes.
7.
By next winter they (build) four houses in that field.
8.
When we reach Valparaiso we (sail) all round the world.
9.
At the rate he is going he (spend) all his money by the time he is twenty-one.
10.
By this time next year I (save) J250.
CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND RESULT:

Conjunctions (followed by a complete sentence):
o Because , as, since
o Therefore , as a result, consequently, thats why,
for this reason, so
o So + adjective or adverb + that
o Such (a) + (adjective)+ noun + that
Connectors followed by a noun sentence, a noun or a gerund:
o Because of, on account of, owing to, due to, as a result of
Now do this exercise:

1.
Doctors believe some bacteria are more resistant nowadays ______________ the
misuse of antibiotics.
2.
______________ you have no more money to spend, you will have to stop buying
useless things.
3.
Hes embarrassed about being bald ______________ he always wears a wig.
4.
I knew I couldnt win. ______________, I didnt play the match and I decided to do
more practice to improve my performance for the next competition.
5.
______________ the traffic jams I arrive late for work every day.
6.
She was ______________
party.
annoying woman that no one wanted to invite her to a
7.
The students were angry ______________ the teacher didnt keep her promise to let
them out earlier.
8.
You are not following the doctors advice ______________ you wont get better.
9.
Edward is ______________ conceited that he wont even consider the possibility of
not getting the job.
10. ______________ the rain had poured for three days without a rest, there were floods
in the area.
10
Vocabulary
Food and restaurants
1. When you go out for a meal, you usually do a number of things. Look at the
list of actions below and put them into the correct order. The first one has
been done for you.
___ look at the menu
___ give the waiter a tip
___ have dessert
___ pay the bill
___ book a table
_1_ decide to go out for a meal
___ leave the restaurant
___ have the starter
___ go to the restaurant
___ have the main course
___ sit down
___ order the meal
___ ask for the bill
2. What are the people talking about in the following sentences? In some
cases there may be more than one answer.
1.
I never have it late at night because it keeps me awake.
2.
It makes you sneeze if it goes up your nose.
3.
They often make you cry when you chop them.
4.
I often use it in cooking but it makes your breath smell.
5.
If you leave it in the sun, it will melt.
3. Role play: write a dialogue with your partner in which you are going out for
a meal. Use your list on exercise 1
11
Reading: ROD'S EX TO SUE SURGEON WHO BOOBED.

My breast op went wrong claims Alana
By MARK DOWDNEY
Foreign Editor.
POP star Rod Stewart's
ex-wife
Alana
has
launched a multimillion
dollar legal battle claiming
her
breastboosting op went wrong.
The 48-year-old former
Hollywood actress had
her boobs enlarged 11
years ago months before
Rod left her and moved in
with model Kelly
Emberg.
Now she is suing the
surgeon, claiming
negligence, deceit and
intentional infliction of
emotional distress. Her
court case in Los Angeles
also alleges breach of
warranty against two
medical companies.
Alana's action comes as
12,000 women in the US
are suing over breast
implants that have gone

awry.( que han salido
mal)
Many say that their health
has been devastated.
Painful
She has not revealed what

went wrong with her
implants but common
complaints include
leaking silicone and
hardened, painful lumps.
Some women claim they
developed rheumatoid
arthritis.
It has become such a
scandal that two years ago
US government
watchdogs banned the use
of silicone in breast
implants.
One firm Alana is suing
Bristol-Myers Squibb is
among three US cosmetic
surgery suppliers who
have put aside a record
,2.8 billion to settle
lawsuits.
Alana wed Rod in April
1979 but filed for divorce
five years later, just four
moths after her breast op.
She was among many

Hollywood stars to have
implants, including
Melanie Griffith, Mariel
Hemingway, Jane Fonda,
Cher, Loni Anderson and
Heather Locklear.
Divorce
Friends say she had it

done with Rod's approval
but it did not help to keep
the marriage together.
Alana, mother of their
children Kimberly, now
15, and Sean, 14, is said
to have won a 3 million
divorce settlement plus
15,000 a month child
support from Rod.
She also has a son Ashley,
19, from her four year
marriage to actor George
Hamilton.
Alana, now one of
Hollywood's fashionable
hostesses, has since dated
Rambo star Sylvester
Stallone, producer Stan
Dragosi and Texas oil
millionaire Jim Randall.
What company is Alana suing?
What are the most common complaints when the operation goes wrong?
How old is Alana?
How much did she get after her divorce?
How many children has she got?
What other Hollywood actresses are mentioned in the text?
Who has Alana been going out with after her divorce?
Who was Alana married to before Rod?
What is your opinion about breasts operations? Explain your ideas.
12
Listening: smoking
In this radio conversation between Dave, a radio programme presenter, Anna, a listener, and
Mick, a doctor, you are going to hear some new words. Read and listen to them. Make sure
you know what they mean.
Give up = dejar (de fumar, por ejemplo)
Left out = marginado
Grown-up = maduro
Ban = prohibir
Advertising = publicidad
Decrease = disminuir
Here is the beginning of the interview.

Dave: Youre listening to Style UK and this is Dave Moody. And now we move on to the
topic: Smoking and young people. I have with me Mick, the studio doctor, and on the line is
Anna, one of our listeners, whos recently managed to give up the habit. Mick, Anna welcome
to the programme.
Now, read the questions carefully. After that, you are ready to listen
Questions
1. Giving up smoking is difficult because there is no nicotine in cigarettes.
Giving up smoking is not so difficult because of the nicotine.
Giving up smoking is hard because of the presence of nicotine.
2. Anna started smoking because she was left outside her friends house.
Anna started smoking because her friends invited her to smoke.
Anna started smoking because she didnt want to feel left out by her friends.
3. Anna smoked because she didnt feel shy.
Anna smoked because it made her feel more grown up and confident.
Anna smoked two packets a day before she even knew it.
4. Tobacco companies have made cigarettes the symbol of maturity.
Tobacco companies have made cigarettes the symbol of shyness.
Tobacco companies know that smoking means uncomfortable feelings.
5. Governments say that smoking is something we have to learn to live with.
Mick says that governments should ban cigarette advertising.
Mick says that governments should allow cigarette advertising only in some sports.
6. If you have smoked for a long time the risks of being ill will decrease.
If you give up smoking the risks of being ill will never decrease.
If you give up smoking the risks of being ill begin to decrease.
7. If you give up smoking the risk of lung cancer disappears after five years.
If you give up smoking the risk of lung cancer is only half after five years.
If you give up smoking the risk of lung cancer is only half after fifteen years.
13
8. Anna gave up smoking very slowly, little by little.
Anna told her family she was going to give up smoking.
Anna made up her mind and began to smoke again.
9. Dave didnt give up smoking because it is unpleasant for the first couple of weeks
Dave didnt give up smoking because of the problem of addiction to nicotine.
Dave didnt give up smoking because he saves his money
10. People find that when they give up smoking they eat more.
People find that if they dont give up smoking they eat more and more.
People find that if they dont smoke they worry too much.
Writing: smoking
Write as short paragraph about smoking: your attitude towards tobacco, your habits, your
ideas, etc.
14
Jeloou 2 de Bachillerato
Listening: 911 operator

Listen to the text and fill in the blanks with the words in the box
calm down
bottle
condition
warm
stalled
dispatched
operator
landmark
lane
wait
Operator: Hello. This is the emergency 911 ____________.

Taxi Driver: Help. Help. Please help me!
Operator: : Yes sir. Please ____________ down and explain exactly what is happening.
Taxi Driver: Calm down! My car _____________ on the freeway, I have a lady passenger,
and she's going into labour.
Operator: : Now relax sir. Explain exactly where you are.
Taxi Driver: I'm . . . I'm in the southbound _____________ of the Lincoln Expressway, about
15 miles from the Washington Tunnel, and this lady isn't going to wait.
Operator: :Okay. What's your name sir and your passenger's?
Taxi Driver: It's ... it's Bob, and I have no idea about the woman. She's in no _____________
to tell me.
Operator: : Okay, now what's the nearest _____________ to your location? Pay careful
attention.
Taxi Driver: Umm, I see golden arches . . . McDonalds.
Operator: : Okay, is there anyone else with you?
Taxi Driver: No, and I've tried to get someone else to stop. [The sound of a bottle breaking.]
Operator: : Hey, what was that? [Ahhhh!]
Taxi Driver: Ah, someone threw a _____________ at me. How soon can someone get here?
Operator: : I've just _____________ an ambulance to your location. They should be there
any second.
Taxi Driver: Hey, is there anything I can do while we _____________ the ambulance?
15
Operator: : Yes, uh, keep her calm and _____________
Taxi Driver: Okay. Please hurry. Oh, they're too late. It's a boy!
Choose the correct answer:

1.
1.
2.
3.
2.
1.
2.
3.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
5.
1.
2.
3.
If you get in an accident, you just need to _________________ and call for emergency
assistance.
grab some sleep
calm down
stall
The car _______________ in the middle of the intersection, and we got out to help the
driver move his car to the side of the road.
fell
stalled
drove
A police car was _________________ to the scene of the accident to deal with the
accident.
dismissed
delivered
dispatched
_________________ arrived a few minutes after the accident to treat the injured
motorists.
A fire engine
A hearse
An ambulance
Can you tell me if there is an important _______________ near your house so I can
look for it in case I get lost?
landmark
headstone
place setting
Writing: Funny Thai Advert - Healthy Lifestyles Secrets

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJbvllx8UfQ&feature=related
Describe the first situation using these words:
Doctor
hospital
patient
prescription
exercise
female
16
17
18
Listening : Modern Family 1

00:00:48,020 --> 00:00:52,440
I... was out of control growing up, there, you know, i said it.
00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:15,890

I'm Josh, Brian's dad. - Hi, I'm Gloria Pritchett... ... Manny's mother.
Oh, this must be you're dad.
Her dad? Uh, no, no, that's funny.
00:02:59,010 --> 00:03:02,960

We have been together for... five years now?
00:06:33,900 --> 00:06:36,660

I'm quitting soccer, it is a game for children.
No, you're not quitting. You would've stoped that goal if you weren't staring at that little girl.
00:07:41,329 --> 00:07:48,370
Manny is very passioned, just like his father. My first husband is very handsome but, to crazy.
It seemed like all what we did was, fight and make love.
One time, Im not kidding you, we fell out of the window together.
00:09:06,942 --> 00:09:10,707

Well, that's reassuring, right Lilly?
Yeah, we tore you away from everything you know but don't worry, things are normal here.
Your fathers are floating fairy's!
00:09:27,602 --> 00:09:29,209

Okay, what's up?
00:15:55,831 --> 00:15:59,555

You're to close, it's gonna hurt. - It's supposed to hurt!
00:18:25,563 --> 00:18:28,910

Hi Gloria, how are you? What a beautiful dress!
Thank you, Phil! - Oh, Okay.
19
Lesson 2
The Young And The Jobless: Hopes On Hold In Spain
unemployment rate tasa de paro

jobseekers buscadores de empleo
cope enfrentarse a
downtown centro urbano
internship beca de prcticas
turn into convertirse en
Move out trasladarse
Put on hold poner en suspenso
Beyond ms all
Steady fijo
1.
line cola
benefits prestaciones
debt deuda
flood inundar
investment inversin
full-time job trabajo a jornada completa
Degrees grados
Frightened asustado
Therefore Por lo tanto
Hire contratar
SCOTT SIMON, HOST:

Spain has Europe's highest unemployment rate - about 25 percent. And for people in their 20s,
it's double that. Every weekday morning, lines snake around the block at unemployment
offices across Spain, where jobseekers go to register for benefits or training courses. Reporter
Lauren Frayer went to one such office in her own Madrid barrio to talk with the unemployed
about how they're coping nearly three years into Europe's debt crisis.
LAUREN FRAYER, BYLINE: The crowd of jobseekers at this unemployment office in
downtown Madrid looks different than it did a few years ago. Back when the housing market
went bust, it was construction workers who flooded into this lobby. Now, labour reforms have
made it easier for corporations to fire workers without seniority (antigedad). So, the latest
wave has been white collar, youth unemployment. People like Jaime Garcia de Sola, who
studied economics and then got an internship at an investment bank. It had just turned into a
full-time job.
20
JAIME GARCIA DE SOLA: Actually it was everything OK, but there was not too many
things going on, so finally they had to fire someone. I was like the new one, so it was me.
FRAYER: At 30, Garcia was really looking forward to moving out of his parents' house.
SOLA: I was about to, and then I got fired. I had found like perfect apartment, with some
friends and everything, and then - I guess I'm lucky that I didn't get into the contract and stuff,
'cause that would have been hard today to pay and everything.
FRAYER: Unemployment has also come at a particularly inconvenient time for the person
just behind him in line, 30-year-old Vicky Fernandez.
VICKY FERNANDEZ: I'm going to get married 16th of June. You know, it's going to be
quite hard being without work after the wedding.
FRAYER: Fernandez racked up (acumul)advanced degrees in hopes she would never find
herself here in the unemployment line.
FERNANDEZ: I have a diplomatura and I have two masters, and I have two languages:
French and English and Spanish, of course. And I have a lot of problems to find work. It's not
easy for young people.
FRAYER: Many of those here are well-educated 30-somethings - the demographic Spain's
economy relies on to do things like buy houses or start families. But those things get put on
hold in this economy, Fernandez says.
FERNANDEZ: I'm quite frightened, because also I want to be a mother. So, it's quite difficult
right now because you don't have enough money to get your life to the end of the month. So,
you can imagine with the children?
FRAYER: Garcia and Fernandez are both frustrated that financial autonomy seems beyond
reach. But here in Spain, young people do tend to live with their parents longer - with or
without an economic crisis. And that's one of the traditions that allows Spain to survive with
50 percent unemployment among youth, says economist Gonzalo Garland, at Madrid's IE
Business School.
GONZALO GARLAND: They stay with the parents, and if one of the parents works, then
they will be able to survive, and therefore the impact of unemployment is not as strong as it
would be in another society. Sometimes it's even grandparents with their pensions who are
supporting other families where none have employment. So, there's this family network, let's
say, that also tends to alleviate to some extent the impact of very high unemployment.
FRAYER: The problem is when those well-educated 20-somethings become 30-somethings
and 40-somethings and still can't find steady, meaningful work. And that's what's happening
now. Garland says that paradoxically, Spanish laws that aim to protect jobs are at least partly
to blame.
GARLAND: Because firing is so difficult and the cost is so high, there's also a resistance to
hire. Therefore, what happens is you have a lot more long-term unemployed in Western
Europe, than what you have in the U.S.
21
FRAYER: Back at the unemployment office, Garcia eyes construction workers digging up the
road out front, and he wonders whether going to college and getting internships was the right
path after all. He's thinking of going abroad now. And I ask him how he's feeling.
SOLA: Afraid, I think. Yeah, 'cause I don't know what's going to happen, I don't know what
can I do.
FRAYER: For NPR News, I'm Lauren Frayer in Madrid.
1. Questions on the text:

1.
Which country has the highest unemployment rate in Europe?
2.
How is the queue of unemployed different form some years ago?
3.
What is the effect of new labour laws?
4.
Why was Jaime fired?
5.
What is Vicky going to do in June?
6.
Why is she frightened?
7.
Why is the impact of youth unemployment not so strong in Spain?
8.
What is Garcia planning to do in the future?
22
2 . Are these sentences true (T) of false (F)?

___ 1. Youth unemployment in Spain is about 50 %
___ 2. Garca likes living with his parents
___ 3. It is difficult to have children because you have to work long hours
___ 4. Some families live on the grandfathers pension
___ 5. Both Garcia and Fernandez are afraid
3. Look at the pictures: when were they taken?

Write a short paragraph about the 15-M movement
23
Grammar
Reported speech
Reported statements
In reported speech (also known as indirect speech], the tense used in the speakers original
words is usually (but not always] moved back a tense when the reporting verb (said, told, etc.]
is in the past. The tense does not change if the reporting verb is in the present, present perfect
or future.
Tense changes
Speaker's words
Reported speech
present simple
-> past simple
present continuous
past continuous
present perfect simple
-> past perfect simple
present perfect continuous
-> past perfect continuous
past simple
past perfect simple
past perfect
-> past perfect
going to future
-> was going to
shall/will
-> would
shall in offers and suggestions
-> should
must
-> had to
can
-> could
Example: Sales have dropped dramatically in the last year.

A representative said (that) sales had dropped dramatically in the last (or previous) year.
Note: It is possible to omit that.
The past simple and continuous often remain unchanged in reported speech, in both written
and spoken English, if this can be done without causing any confusion about the time of the
actions.
When they arrived, I was still cooking the dinner.
He said that when they arrived, he was still cooking the dinner.
24
Some common changes
now
> then
tonight
> that night
yesterday
> the day before/on + name of day
tomorrow
> the following day/the next day/on + name of day
this morning
> that morning
last week
> the previous week
next Saturday
> the following Saturday
ago
> before/previously
here
> there
this + the place -
> that/the + the place
this
> that/the
Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.

1. Ill come and see you on Friday if thats all right. (She said)
2. She said (that) she would come and see us on Friday if that was all right.
3. The shops closing in half an hour. (She explained)
4. Hes planning to set up his own business. (Gareth tells me)
5. 5' Were going to have to make quite a few cutbacks. (The managing director said)
6. The police have been investigating new allegations of fraud. (A spokesperson said)
7. When the project first started, there was a lot of interest in it. (She explained)
8. Its pouring with rain down here. (She told me)
9. Ill have finished writing the report by the time you get here. (She promised me)
10.
My new computer has made a lot of difference to me. (She says)
25
Reported questions
The rules about tense changes apply to questions in the same way as they apply to statements.
Wh questions
The subject and verb are NOT inverted in reported speech:
Why didnt you tell me the truth?
She asked me why I hadnt told her the truth.
Yes/no questions
Put if or whether before the subject + verb:
Have I seen you before?
She asked me if she had seen me before.
toinfinitive in reported speech
In reported requests, advice, commands, etc., use io-infinitive:
Can you help me write my speech?
She asked me to help her write her speech.
Dont stay out too late.
She told me not to stay out too late.
Write the following in reported speech.
1.
Where do you think we should advertise? (He asked me)
2.
Are you going to audition for the play? (Emma asked me)
3.
Give me a ring if you need any help. (She told me)
4.
How is Laura getting on? (She often asks me ... you ...)
5.
Shall I ask her out for a meal? (Hes been wondering)
6.
Why did Matthew look so embarrassed when he saw Carole? (He asked)
7.
Must we stay here all evening? (He asked)
8.
What are they doing about publicity for the event? (She wondered)
9.
Will you send me the report when its finished? (He asked me)
10.
What have you done with the student records? (She asked me)
11.
Do you think you could keep your voices down a bit? (She asked us)
12.
Where did you buy that hat? (He wanted to know)
13.
Have you been eating properly? (The doctor asked me)
14.
Dont make any noise during the performance. (They asked us)
15.
Were you still teaching music when you met Oliver? (Mike asked me)
26
Verbs used in reporting

Many different verbs are used in reporting. We do not usually report every word that was said
or written and these different verbs can help to summarize the original words:
Would you like to come and stay for the weekend?
He invited us to stay for the weekend.
No, no, I dont want your money. Im definitely going to pay for the meal and thats that.
She insisted on paying for the meal.
Put the sentences into reported speech, summarizing what was said and
using the following verbs:
Decide, complain, accuse, advise, apologize, offer, persuade, remind, warn, refuse
1.
I know youve got a lot of work to do at the moment. Ill help you type up that report
if you like, he said.

He offered to help me type up the report.
2.
A: I dont think you should hand in your resignation immediately. Give yourself more
time to think about it.

B: OK. I suppose youre right. Ill leave it for a while then.
He persuaded me not to hand in my resignation immediately.
3.
No, Im not going to discuss it with you. I think its a waste of time, he said.
4.
I really think I should have been invited to the meeting. Im very unhappy about the
fact that I wasnt, he said.

5.
Youve been quite ill and you need to recover. I really think you should take it easy
for a few days, the doctor said.

6.
You must not go near their house again or there will be trouble, the police said to
him.
7.
After giving the matter some serious thought, we have now reached a final decision.
We are going to close down the naval base in two years time, said the Ministry of Defence.
8.
Someones been reading my diary. I know they have. I found it in the wrong drawer
this morning. It was you, wasnt it?

9.
Remember that youve got to apply for a new passport. Yours is out of date now, he
said to me.
10.
Im really sorry about all the trouble Ive caused. I didnt mean to, she said.
27
Rewrite these sentences using the Reported Speech

He said:
1.
Im sorry hes ill
2.
I havent done my homework
3.
I have something to give you, Mary
4.
I dont know what shell say
5.
I am sorry I didnt come yesterday
6.
You must leave the country
7.
Im going to meet him tomorrow
8.
Are you enjoying yourself?
9.
What is the time?
10.
Will the taxi be here by eight?
11.
Can you hear the noise, David?
12.
Have the children put away their clothes?
13.
Did Bill give you that ring two days ago, Mandy?
14.
Where are you from?
15.
Do you speak Russian?
16.
When are you going to visit me?
17.
Why are you so sad?
18.
Dont drive too fast
19.
Are you listening to me?
20.
Come here!
28
Connections of purpose
Para: to , in order to , so as to, so that
so that (para que) va siempre seguida de un modal : can/ could; may/might; will/would
A. Rewrite these sentences, using the linking words in brackets.
1. A lot of people learn English because they want to study in England. (in order to)
2. Try to write clearly. That way you will avoid being misunderstood. (so as to)
3. What do I need to know, if I want to be a good doctor? (in order to)
4. She turned up early because she wanted to get the room ready (in order to)
5. She used both hands, because she didnt want to drop anything. (so as to)
6. We went over everything carefully, because we didnt want to make any mistakes. (so
as to)
7. She left quietly, because she didnt want to make any trouble. (so as to)
8. We covered the furniture, because we didnt want to get paint all over it. (so as to)
B. Rewrite these sentences using so that

1.
(example) He lifted me up because he wanted me to see what was happening.
1.
He lifted me up, so that I could see what was happening.
2.
The houses were knocked down to build car parks and office blocks.
3.
I sat next to the window, because I wanted to see out.
4.
He tied a knot in his handkerchief, because he didnt want to forget her message.
5.
I waved my arms. I wanted them to see me.
6.
He wanted the report early, because he wanted to discuss it with colleagues.
7.
We will take a telescope. We want to see the birds without getting too close.
8.
Ill fasten the donkey, because I dont want it to escape.
9.
She left her address. She wanted us to forward her letters.
10.
He wears a disguise. He doesnt want his friends to recognise him.
29
C. Rewrite as indicated below
1. He does gymnastics in the bathroom to keep fit.
a) He does gymnastics in the bathroom in order to ...
2. She chose her words very carefully. She didnt want to offend him.
She chose her words very carefully so that ...
3. The secretary gave her all the instructions. She wanted to apply for the job.
The secretary gave her all the instructions so that ...
4. He drove as fast as he could. He wanted to reach the airport in time.
He drove as fast as he could so as to ...
5. He took a taxi to the airport. That way he didnt miss the plane.
He took a taxi to the airport so as to ...
He took a taxi to the airport so that ...
6. He took all the due precautions. He didnt raise any suspicions.
He took all the precautions so as not to .....
7. He took a medicine. He wanted to recover
He took a medicine in order to ...
He took a medicine so that ...
8. The teacher spoke very clearly. He wanted the students to fulfil his instructions exactly.
The teacher spoke very clearly so that ...
9. I told him everything. I wanted him to know how to do it.
I told him everything so that ...
10. She is singing sweetly. She doesn't want to disturb the sleeping child.
She is singing sweetly in order not to ....
30
Vocabulary: jobs
A Getting a job
When Paul left school he applied for (= wrote an official request for) a job in the accounts
department of a local engineering company. They gave him a job as a trainee (= a very junior
person in a company). He didnt earn very much but they gave him a lot of training (=
organised help and advice with learning the job), and sent him on training courses.
B Moving up
Paul worked hard at the company and his prospects (= future possibilities in the job) looked
good. After his first year he got a good pay rise (= more money), and after two years he was
promoted (= given a higher position with more money and responsibility). After six years he
was in charge of (= responsible for / the boss of) the accounts department with five other
employees (= workers in the company) under him (= under his responsibility/authority).
C Leaving the company
By the time Paul was 30, however, he decided he wanted a fresh challenge (= a new exciting
situation). He was keen to work abroad, so he resigned from his company (=officially told the
company he was leaving his job; you can also say he quit the company) and started looking
for a new job with a bigger company. After a couple of months he managed to find a job with
an international company which involved (=included) a lot of foreign travel. He was very
excited about the new job and at first he really enjoyed the travelling, but ...
D Hard times
After about six months, Paul started to dislike the constant moving around, and after a year he
hated it; he hated living in hotels, and he never really made any friends in the new company.
Unfortunately his work was not satisfactory either and finally he was sacked (= told to leave
the company / dismissed / given the sack) a year later.
After that, Paul found things much more difficult. He was unemployed (- out of work /
without a job) for over a year. He had to sell his car and move out of his new house. Things
were looking bad and in the end Paul had to accept a part-time job (= working only some of
the day or some of the week) on a fruit and vegetable stall in a market.
E Happier times
To his surprise, Paul loved the market. He made lots of friends and enjoyed working out in the
open air. After two years, he took over (= took control of) the stall. Two years later he opened
a second stall, and after ten years he had fifteen stalls. Last year Paul retired (= stopped
working completely) at the age of 55, a very rich man.
1. Write a single word synonym for each of these words/phrases.
given the sack =
out of work =
left the company =
was given a better position in the company =
future possibilities in a job =
stopped working for ever =
workers in a company =
31
2. Find the logical answer on the right for each of the questions on the left
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Why did they sack him?

Why did they promote him?
Why did he apply for the job?
Why did he retire?
Why did he resign?
Why did he go on the course?
___Because he was nearly 65.

___Because he was late for work every day
___Because he needed more training.
___Because he was out of work.
___Because he was the best in the department.
___Because he didnt like his boss.
3. Complete these sentences with a suitable word or phrase.

a.
I dont want a full-time job. Id prefer to work _____________
b.
Shed like to go on another training _____________
c.
Im bored in my job. I need a fresh _____________
d.
He works on a stall in the _____________
e.
At the end of this year we should get a good pay _____________
f.
Shes got more than a hundred workers under _____________
g.
I didnt know he was the new manager. When did he take _____________
h.
Its a boring job and the pay is awful. Why did he _____________
How to find a fulfilling work

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veriqDHLXsw
4. Write a short paragraph about a job you would like to have: explain why you
like it, the working condition, the time-table, etc. Use words on exercise 1
32
Listening and writing
A JOURNALIST IN THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE

In the following interview you are going to hear some new words. Read and listen to them.
Make sure you know what they mean.
Pulitzer Prize: un premio periodstico muy importante
slaughterhouse: matadero
obituary: esquela
numbness: insensibilidad
feedback: reaccin, respuesta
stand up: afrontar / hacer frente a
outlook: perspectiva
Ready? Now read the questions. Read them carefully before listening to the
conversation.
Charlie LeDuff, 34, is a reporter for The New York Times. He started his journalism career at
age 29, after earning a bachelors degree from the University of Michigan and a masters
degree in journalism from the University of California. Part Native American, LeDuff was
one of several reporters who worked at The New York Times series that was awarded a
Pulitzer Prize in April 2001. He spent one month working at a pork slaughterhouse in North
Carolina.
Text adapted from <JournalismJob.com> (March 31, 2001)
[Now listen to the interview.]
QUESTIONS
Choose the best answer according to the recording. Only ONE answer is correct.
Look at number 0 as an example.
0. Charlie earned a masters degree in journalism
from the University of California.
_ from the University of Michigan.
_ in North Carolina.
_ when he was 29.
1. Charlie wrote his first article in
_ The New York Times.
_ the Alaska Fishermans Journal.
_ the local paper.
_ the high school paper.
2. Why did Charlie decide to become a journalist?
_ Because some friends convinced him.
_ Because he thought it would be cool.
_ To make his parents proud.
_ Because of the good salary.
3. Charlie LeDuff picked the North Carolina slaughterhouse for his history
because
_ its the biggest in the world.
_ its in North Carolina.
33
_ his editor told him to pick it.
_ of the different races that worked there.
4. When he applied for the job at the slaughterhouse, Charlie was
_ both scared and excited.
_ excited to write about something important.
_ excited because he was working for The Times.
_ interested in the kind of work done there.
5. What surprised Charlie most about his work in the slaughterhouse
was that
_ the workers had a 15-minute break every hour.
_ all the workers worked as mechanics.
_ the workers were so numb and that there were so many Mexicans.
_ there were not many Mexican workers.
6. When Charlie wrote his articles, the feedback he got was
_ positive.
_ negative.
_ both positive and negative.
_ non-existent.
7. Winning the Pulitzer Prize
_ is important to Charlie.
_ is not important to Charlie, but it is to other people.
_ would be funny, according to Charlie.
_ is not important to anyone.
8. Charlie thinks that being part Native American
_ affects his work as a journalist because it is part of who he is.
_ does not affect his work as a journalist.
_ makes him more honest.
_ affects his work as a journalist only when he lives in New York.
Writing: Do you think animals have rights? Can we do with them as we like?
34
35
36
Modern Family 2
00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:04,800
What's the key to being a great dad?
That's a tough one.
00:02:01,382 --> 00:02:03,083
Well, we'll add more black tape.
00:04:18,419 --> 00:04:21,154
It's important that we teach him how to do things for himself.
In my culture, men take great pride in doing physical labor.
00:06:10,732 --> 00:06:14,167
Jay: Manny thinks his dad is like superman.
The truth? He's a total flake. In fact, the only way he's like superman
00:09:25,899 --> 00:09:27,199
Hey! Hi!
Hi. Hi, uh, this is really embarrassing,
00:10:36,903 --> 00:10:39,505

So, to teach him a lesson, I took his bike, And then -- crazy thing --I put it down for one
minute, And someone swiped it from me.
00:15:17,865 --> 00:15:20,000
I, uh, found your bike.
Oh, good! You -- the -- at the gas station?
No, at my house.
00:16:59,702 --> 00:17:02,770

Well, we tape all of our classes. It takes them out of the moment
00:19:10,065 --> 00:19:12,667
Say, listen...I, uh...Sorry, but I got some bad news.
What?
Your dad couldn't make it.
Why not?
00:19:32,087 --> 00:19:34,122
Are you kidding me? He was very upset. He was dying to see you. In fact, look what he sent.
A limo?
Yeah!
37
UNIT 3 SHOPPING
1.
allow ______________
rip off ______________
2.
charge ______________
apply for ______________
3.
suspicious ______________
wary ______________
4.
neither ______________
survey ______________
5.
groceries ______________
increasingly
6.
order form ______________
convenient ______________
7.
concern ______________
threat ______________
8.
tip ______________
trust ______________
9.
purchase ______________
padlock ______________
Online shopping
E-shopping or online shopping simply means shopping via the Internet. An example is the
integrated online shopping-cart system that allows the user to order directly over the Web.
Then, there is the online shopping-cart system that allows the user to generate an order form
to be sent to the merchant via fax or ordinary mail.
Today, many people are taking advantage of this convenient way of shopping. However,
together with this luxury of convenience, new concerns on information security have
emerged, with online frauds or cyber crimes being one of the biggest threats.
To make e-shopping safer, here are some tips: First, choose e-shopping sites that are wellknown or provide trusted services like Amazon.com as these sites "put their name on the
line". When in doubt, always check out the merchant website. Contact someone there who can
verify the company's privacy policy for you before you make a purchase. Ask if they will
send you a catalogue. If they do not list phone numbers and only have an e-mail address, you
have to be careful.
Before typing in your credit

card information, look for the
"plural URL." That is, when
you go to the site's checkout
page, the "http" in the URL
should change to "https." A
closed padlock or key should
also appear on the page,
letting you know your
personal information will be
encrypted or scrambled. If
you don't see either of these
"locked" icons or a change in
38
the URL, log out and shop elsewhere. Even if you see a proof of encryption, such as the plural
URL, you should not equate that with the site's trustworthiness. To verify the site's
trustworthiness, call the company to ask about its privacy policy.
You have found a trustworthy site with a secure checkout page. Now you are ready to pay.
With what do you pay ? Cheque, money order, debit card or credit card ? Experts say credit
cards are the safest method for online purchases as most credit cards have protection on them.
Even if someone rips you off, you can dispute the charge. Secondly, by using a credit card, it
is not just your money on the line but also the creditor's. If you have a problem with your
transaction, the credit card company will help you resolve it. If you are at the checkout page
and the site asks for your date of birth and identity card number, be very careful as people can
manipulate this combination to start applying for new credit cards in your name. If anything
seems suspicious, call up the company. Also, be wary of sending out credit card information
via e-mail or instant messaging as neither is encrypted.
According to the latest survey, books are one of the things bought most online. This is
followed by accessories. Cosmetics and groceries are increasingly being purchased online.
Today, most of the travellers are buying tickets online because it is a quick and easy way to
make a purchase.
Is online shopping safer than shopping offline? It is difficult to say. When shopping online,
caution is the word.
Answer these questions:
From paragraph 1,
(a) define e-shopping.
From paragraph 2,
what is one of the biggest threats to e-commerce ?
From paragraph 4,
what do the "plural URL" and the "locked icon" indicate ?
From paragraph 5,
(a) give two advantages of paying by credit car.
(b) why is it dangerous to send credit card information via e-mail or instant messaging ?
Writing:
Given a chance, would you shop online ? Give a reason for your answer.
39
GRAMMAR BASICS
THE PASSIVE
FORM: to be + past participle
USE: We use the passive when the receiver of the action is more important than the
performer or when the performer of the action is not someone specific. We dont use
vague subjects like someone or some people.
The local cinema was closed down ten years ago
1. Rewrite the sentences, putting the underlined verbs into the passive.
Make any other necessary changes.
Do you want someone to wake you up in the morning?
Do you want to be woken up in the morning?
1.
I dont like someone telling me what to do.
2.
The windows are really dirty: no-ones cleaned them for weeks.
3.
After the company made him redundant, he became very depressed.
4.
I would like them to have given me the chance to explain my point of view,
5.
Im hoping they will choose me for the college football team.
6.
People believe that many more people will die of skin cancer .
7.
If it hadnt rained so much, we would have finished the job on time.
8.
We cant take the car: the people at the garage are repairing it.
40
2. Rewrite the following texts, putting the underlined verbs into the
passive and making any other changes that are necessary. Use by +
agent where appropriate.
The company is sorry to announce that the situation has forced it to introduce a
range of cost-cutting measures as from the beginning of the new year. Unfortunately,
we can no longer provide free tea and coffee. Someone is going to install new coinoperated drinks machines in every department and you can purchase a wide range
of drinks from these. We will also stop overtime payments after the end of this
month and we will expect all members of staff to complete their duties within their
contract hours. You must no longer make personal calls from office phones and we
request you to use the pay phone in the basement for this purpose.
Fire almost completely destroyed the Royal Hotel last night. By the time someone
called the Fire Brigade, the hotel was already blazing. Ambulances took fifteen
people to hospital suffering from severe bums. They say that seven of them are in a
serious condition. People think that a discarded cigarette started the fire.
Last month the Council put forward a plan to make the seafront traffic-free. Many of
the shop and restaurant owners support the plan as they believe that a more pleasant
environment will improve their trade. However, the hotel owners are less
enthusiastic and I say that the traffic restriction will make access to their car parks
very difficult. There have also been protests from some local residents who complain
that the closure of the seafront road will make their journeys around the town much
longer.
41
3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense and form. Some of the
verbs should be in the passive and some in the active.
Animals on the roads
More cars and lorries 1 _____________
(drive) on our roads every year and, sadly, as a
result of this, more and more wild animals 2_____________ (kill) by vehicles. Roads often 3
_____________(cross) the routes that 4
_____________ (take) by animals when
they are migrating, breeding or feeding.
Every spring, many thousands of toads 5 _____________ (kill) as they 6
_____________(make) their way to the traditional breeding ponds. All over the world,
animals are victims of the road and their dead remains can 7 _____________ (often see) lying
on the roadside. Many badgers and hedgehogs 8 _____________ (hit) by cars at night as
they 9 _____________
(move around) in search of food. Rabbits sometimes seem to 10
(hypnotize) by the headlights of cars and 11 _____________
(not move] quickly
out of the way. Birds 12 _____________(sometimes hit) too as they 13_____________ (fly)
low over roads.
14 (can anything do)_____________ to protect these animals from the dangers of the road?
Well, in 1969, a toad tunnel 15 _____________ (build) in Switzerland and was a great
success. Since then, other tunnels 16 _____________ (construct) elsewhere in Europe, not
just for toads but for badgers and salamanders too. In Florida, where the rare Florida panther
17 _____________ (live), panther tunnels 18
_____________ (build) under the
highway and fencing 19 _____________
(put up) beside the highway to guide the animals
safely into these underpasses. Road signs warning drivers to 20 _____________ (look out) for
particular animals 21 _____________ (often see) in the US and it is to 22 _____________
(hope) that they 23 _____________ (become) a more common sight on the roads of Europe.
4. Translate using the passive voice:
1.
Maana se la llevarn al hospital
2.
Deberan cambiar algunas leyes
3.
Alguien se ha comido mi sopa.
4.
Qu te regalaron en tu cumpleaos?
5.
El ftbol se juega en todo el mundo
6.
No nos han dicho nada an
7.
Me ordenaron que no dijera nada
8.
Los nios siempre me piden que me quede
9.
Han encontrado las llaves que perdiste
10.
Nadie lo va a escuchar porque siempre est diciendo tonteras
11.
Se debera ensear latn en todos los cursos
12.
Los leones estn atacando a los turistas
13.
Tenamos que avisarla
14.
Nunca olvidaremos sus palabras
15.
Nos cont una historia maravillosa
42
GRAMMAR BASICS
The causative have and the causative get
FORM: have/get + object + past participle
USE: We use the causative have or the causative get when we are not concerned about
the person doing the action.
We have/get the windows cleaned once a month.
1. Rewrite the words underlined using have or get + object + past participle.
Example:
Theres a photographer over there. Why dont we ask her to take our picture?
Why dont we have/get our picture taken?
1.
Theres a leak in the roof. We should arrange for someone to repair it.
2.
What time is it? Im afraid someone hasnt repaired my watch vet.
3.
Someone is going to redecorate the kitchen for us next month.
4.
If I were you. Id ask someone to fell that tree. It shuts out all the light.
5.
Im having a bit of trouble with my eyes at the moment so someones going to test
them next week.

6.
I love someone massaging my shoulders.
7.
The dentist hasnt checked my teeth this year.
8.
The baby was crying because someone was washing her hair.
9.
He looks much younger. I think someone's dyed his hair.
10.
I dont know if Ive passed the course because the tutors havent marked all my work
yet.
11.
That wasps nest is dangerous. You must ask someone to remove it.
43
Listening: shopping
Fill in the gaps with the words in the box
Comfortable
for ages
difficult
tasty-looking
Shoes
street
exactly
search
Bought
Pair
take a look
myself
Man: Hey, nice_____________!

Woman: Thanks!
Man: Could do with a ____________like that myself.
Woman: Oh really? Theyre very_____________.
Man: Yeah. Where did you get them?
Woman: Just that place on the high_____________.
Man: On yeah, Ill have to go and _____________sometime.
Man: Hey!
Woman: What?
Man: Ive been looking for that book_____________!
Woman: Really?
Man: Yeah...where did you get it?
Woman: I _____________it online. I just did a _____________and found it, you know...
Man: Really?
Woman: Yes. Its not that_____________.
Man: Ill have to have a look.
Man: Hey!
Woman: What?
Man: Thats a _____________sandwich!
Woman: Its a tasty-tasting sandwich too...
Man: Where did you er...
Woman: Where did I get it?
Man: Yeah! Thats _____________what I was going to say....!
Woman: I made it_____________.
Man: Oh.
Woman: Here have it!
Writing: shopping habits
Write a short paragraph describing your shopping habits. Use these questions as a writing
guide.
How much of your week is spent shopping? What are your shopping habits? Do you go alone
or with someone else? Do you always go to the same shops? Do you compare prices? , etc.
Is the internet a good way to buy things? Why/why not?
44
Connectors
Fill in the gaps with the proper connector in the box:
so that
as long as
while
until
as if
1 You can come to the meeting ______ you don't say anything.
2 I'm not leaving ______ I get an apology from you.
3 I came here ______ you could give me an explanation.
4 Bob is very tall ______ Bill is very short.
5 You look ______ you've seen a ghost.
6 I refuse to pay anything ______ you do the work properly.
7 I'm going shopping for food this evening ______ I don't have to go at the weekend.
8 You look ______ you haven't eaten for a week.
9 I came early ______ I could talk to you privately.
10 ______ I don't think she's perfect for the job, she's better qualified than Steve.
11 I don't mind if you go out for lunch ______ you're back for the meeting at two.
12 Are you OK? You look ______ you have a problem.
13 ______ the job is very interesting, it's also very badly paid.
14 We'll go to the mountains on Saturday ______ it doesn't rain.
15 The winters here are very cold ______ the summers are very hot.
16 You can write the report when you want ______ it's ready by the end of the month.
17 It looks ______ the government has got a lot of problems.
18 I want Mary to be in charge ______ I get back from holiday.
19 ______ I don't approve of what you did, I'm not going to punish you for it.
20 I'm learning English ______ I can get a better job.
45
Listening and writing: fashion

In this interview with fashion designer Tiffe Coleman you are going to hear some new
words. Read and listen to them. Make sure you know what they mean.
Fashion = Moda.
Designer = / Diseador/a.
Sketch = Dibujar, hacer un bosquejo. Fabric =
Tela, tejido.
Silk = Seda
Pattern = Dibujo, patrn, estampado, diseo.
Here is the beginning of the interview. You will hear it three times
Interviewer: Fashion is a competitive business. I wanted to know more about the industry, and
I was lucky enough to have young, successful fashion designer, Tiffe Coleman, with me to tell
me. Tiffe's clothes are fun, colourful and inspired. She met me yesterday, in her black pants, a
white jacket and a red handbag.
Questions
1. When did Tiffe become interested in fashion?
a)
When she watched pop and rock programmes on TV.
b)
When she was very young.
c)
When she first bought a Barbie Doll.
2. When did she start fashion design using the Internet?
a)
When she was at school.
b)
She started last year.
c)
She started in the 1980s.
3. When does she get the ideas for most of her clothes?
a)
Lying in bed in the mornings before she gets up.
b)
When she is sketching patterns.
c)
When she is lying in bed at night.
4. When does she sometimes design a pattern?
a)
Before she has had any ideas.
b)
After finding a fabric she likes.
c)
When she is satisfied.
5. Does she wear the same kind of clothes as the ones that she designs?
a)
No, but she would like to.
b)
No, but she uses her own ideas and style.
c)
No, and she wouldnt like to wear them.
6. When does she do her own shopping for clothes?
a)
Practically never: she doesnt have time.
b)
She does it in the afternoons.
c)
Later in the day than she used to.
7. What kind of people buy their clothes at Top Shop?
a)
Most of them are quite rich young people.
b)
People who have to be careful of what they spend.
c)
People who can easily spend 200 pounds on their clothes.
8. What changes does she make to the clothes for Top Shop?
a)
She sometimes uses cheaper fabrics.
b)
She puts on different buttons and changes the styles.
46
c)
She sometimes uses silk instead of polyester.
9. Which of the following sentences is true? In the fashion industry

a)
People, surprisingly, like to help each other.
b)
People only want to earn more money.
c)
Young designers have no chance to earn money.
10. What are her general impressions about being a fashion designer?
a)
There have been many disappointments.
b)
She is very positive about her experience.
c)
She only likes the money she earns.
Writing:
Are you fashionable? What do you think about fashion? Do you think there are people who
worry too much about appearance? What do you think about those people?
Watch the video and answer the questions:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fitxofd7kOA
1.
Describe the situation
2.
How does the boy feel?
3.
What would you do?
4.
What is being advertised?
47
48
49
Modern family 3
00:00:25,976 --> 00:00:27,703
- Dylan.
-- Hey, Mrs. Dunphy.
- I'm just waiting for Haley.
--- Did you ring the bell?
00:02:33,098 --> 00:02:35,571
- Wait, what are you doing?
It'll just take a second.
Yeah, which is where we buy diapers.
I texted.
- We're gonna buy some diapers.(paales)

-This is Costco.
00:04:15,766 --> 00:04:17,923

Manny brought his favorite game to play with Luke. It's called "Empire."
00:06:19,556 --> 00:06:22,286
I know what your thing is. Your thing is to provoke,
00:09:15,929 --> 00:09:17,079
You seem sad.
- It's just stuff with Alex. You know, kid stuff. Ugh, kids.
00:12:17,142 --> 00:12:19,293

- I told you to stay still.
- I didn't move!
00:12:38,140 --> 00:12:40,903

Maybe Alex doesn't want to compete with her big sister. Maybe she's trying to create her own
identity. Put her in a dress and she disappears.
- For one afternoon.
-I wouldn't give up being myself for even one second.
00:13:51,096 --> 00:13:53,385
So, anyways, after charades, we went out for coffee,
00:15:06,101 --> 00:15:08,196
I'm not pretty like Haley and you.
- I'm not. But that's okay.
- That's ridiculous! You're beautiful!
00:15:39,196 --> 00:15:40,979

So, you ever kiss another girl?
00:16:02,778 --> 00:16:05,443
Alex, I've been thinking, and...
00:19:25,964 --> 00:19:28,684
- What's going on?
- There was a little accident, but Jay's telling Phil how much he loves him. Well, that's nice
for Phil.
00:20:40,704 --> 00:20:42,565
But just for a few times. I didn't want to mess with his head.
50
UNIT 4 RELATIONSHIPS
social network red social
site sitio
content contenido
code cdigo
to comment on comentar
to mimic imitar
ring a bell sonarle algo a alguien

interact interactuar
browse a site buscar en un sitio
post entrada de un blog
to take by storm arrasar
platform plataforma
Social Networks
Do the names MySpace, Facebook, Orkut, etc. ring a bell? They probably do because they are
some of the most popular sites on the internet today. These sites are all called 'social
networking' sites because they help people meet and discuss things online. Each of these
social networking sites has its own strengths: MySpace is especially popular among teenagers,
Facebook is popular with college age people, Orkut is especially loved in Brazil, and
CyWorld is the site to visit in South Korea. The common thread between all of these social
networks is that they provide a place for people to interact, rather than a place to go to read or
listen to 'content'.
Web 2.0
Social networks are considered to be web 2.0. What does this mean? To understand this, it's
important to understand what the original web did (often called web 1.0). Back in the nineties,
the internet - or web - was a place to go to read articles, listen to music, get information, etc.
Most people didn't contribute to the sites. They just 'browsed' the sites and took advantage of
the information or resources provided. Of course, some people did create their own sites.
However, creating a site was difficult. You needed to know basic HTML coding (the original
language the internet uses to 'code' pages). It certainly wasn't something most people wanted
to do as it could take hours to get a basic page just right. Things began to get easier when
blogs (from web log) were introduced. With blogs, many more people began writing 'posts',
as well as commenting on other people's blogs.
MySpace Surprises Everybody
In 2003 a site named MySpace took the internet by storm. It was trying to mimic the most
popular features of Friendster, the first social networking site. It quickly became popular
among young users and the rest was history. Soon everyone was trying to develop a social
networking site. The sites didn't provide 'content' to people, they helped people create,
communicate and share what they loved including music, images and videos. They key to the
success of these sites is that they provide a platform on which users create the content. This is
very different from the beginning of the internet which focused on providing 'content' for
people to enjoy.
Key to Success
Relying on users to create content is the key to the success of web 2.0 companies. Besides the
social networking sites discussed here, other huge success stories include: Wikipedia,
Digg.com and the latest success - Twitter. All of these companies rely on the desire of users to
communicate with each other, thereby creating the 'content' that others want to consume
51
Q: Which social networking site was not mentioned in the reading?
MySpace
LinkedIn
Facebook
Q: What is Facebook?
A blog
A content site
A social networking site

Q: Which phrase best describes what people do at social networking sites?
They interact with other people
They browse articles and other content.
They code pages in HTML.

Q: Social networks are considered:
Web 1.0 sites
Web 2.0 sites
Web blogs
Q: What was the original web mainly used for?
Interacting with other people
Browsing content
Creating pages in HTML

Q: Why didn't many people create web pages in the beginning?
They didn't like communicating with others.
They didn't feel comfortable coding HTML pages.
They didn't know they could create web pages.

Q: Which is the best description of web 2.0 sites?
They are content driven sites.
They are platforms for interaction.
They are like blogs, but better.

Q: What do web 2.0 sites rely on?
Articles written by professional journalists
Users creating content
Fast internet connections

Q: What is most important for these new sites?
Users' desire to communicate with each other
Users' desire to read interesting content written by professionals
Users' desire to learn coding

Writing: Do you use the social networks? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
52
Grammar
GRAMMAR BASICS
THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
FORMS: There are four main types of conditional sentences
1. First Conditional: If I see
(FUTURE)
(PRESENT) Andrew
at the meeting, I ll give
him your message
2. Second Conditional: If my parents were (SIMPLE PAST) alive, they

would be (WOULD + INFINITIVE) proud of me.
3. Third Conditional: If she had worked (PAST PERFECT) harder, she
would have passed (WOULD HAVE + PARTICIPLE) the exam
4. Zero conditional: If I get up (SIMPLE PRESENT) early, I work
(SIMPLE PRESENT) better
1. The following sentences are first, second or third conditional. Put the
verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.
We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible.
If it had been (be) a nice day, we would have gone (go) for a picnic.
1. Why dont you explain everything to him? If you _____________ (not tell) him the truth,
Im sure you _____________(regret) it one day.
2. Jennifer was here not long ago. If you _____________ (come round) earlier, you
_____________ (see) her.
3. Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town. If that
____________(happen), the town ____________ (lose) a great deal of money.
4. I_____________ (help) you with it if I _____________ (have) more time, but Im afraid I
havent got any spare time at all at the moment.
5. The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it _____________ (lose), the
Prime Minister _____________ (resign) from politics.
6. I am so glad that you took me to your friends party. If we _____________ (not go) there, I
_____________ (never meet) Adrian.
7. Its ridiculous that trains are so expensive. If fares _____________ (be) cheaper, Im sure
more people _____________ (use) the train and leave their cars at home.
53
8. If she _____________ (get) that job shes applied for, she _____________ (be) delighted .
And I think shes got a good chance of getting it.
9. Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty. It
____________ (be) a disaster if it _____________ (happen) in the middle of the day.
10. The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down. If they _____________ (break
down) again, it is possible that there _____________ (be) a war between the two countries.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form

Oh dear, I think were a bit late. If the concerts already started, we wont be allowed (not be
allowed) to go in.
1.
He wouldnt be coming here if he ____________
(not want) to.
2.
If you were planning to leave your husband, I ____________ (advise) you against it.
3.
He could be earning lots of money now if he really ____________(want) to, but I
dont think thats what he wants.

4.
You can stay here tonight if you _____________ (not have) anywhere else to stay.
5.
If I could have phoned you, I ____________ (tell) you what was happening.
6.
If you ____________(have) any problems, give me a ring.
7.
We could have got there in time if you _____________ (phone) us earlier.
8.
If this should happen again, _____________ (come) and _____________ (tell) me
about it immediately.
9.
You cant expect kindness and support from your family if you _____________ (not
give) the same to them.

10.
If shes been working all day, she _____________ (be) very tired when she gets in.
11.
If the management were to reinstate the strike leader, the strike _____________ (be
called off).
12.
If I _____________(keep) working on this essay, Ill have finished it by tonight.
13.
If I could borrow some money, I _____________ (definitely come) on the holiday
with you, but I think its unlikely.

14.
I might have been able to help you if you _____________ (explain) the problem to
me.
15.
If I could live wherever I wanted to, I think I _____________ (choose) to live on a
Scottish island.
54
GRAMMAR BASICS
WISH CLAUSES
Wish + past simple: to express dissatisfaction with a present situation
I wish she didnt (but she does) / I wish she did ( but she doesnt)
Wish + would: To express dissatisfaction and annoyance about something that we
would like to be different but that we do not expect to be different.
I wish it would stop raining (but it wont, I dont think it will)
Wish + past perfect: to express regrets about the past
I wish I had studied harder (but I didnt and now I regret it)
Rewrite
I havent got a car. I would very much like to have one.
I wish I had a car.
I went to bed late last night. I regret it now.
I wish I hadnt gone to bed late last night.
1.
We dont live in a nice big flat. I would like us to.
2.
I didnt buy that dress. I regret it now.
3.
He wont stop shouting. I would like him to
4.
I lost my temper I regret it now.
5.
You didnt tell me the truth. I am very sorry that you didnt.
6.
Youre playing that music. I would like you to stop it but I dont expect that you will.
7.
I didnt go to that concert. I regret it now.
8.
I dont have an interesting job. I would like my job to be more interesting.
9.
My family live a long way from here. I would like them to live nearer to me.
10.
Youre not listening to me. I feel annoyed about it and I would like you to listen to me
but I dont think you will.

11.
I am not with him now. I would very much like to be.
12.
I spent all my money on that new coat. I regret it now.
13.
Im really hungry now. We didnt eat before we came out and I regret that.
55
Connectors practice
Fill in the gaps with the proper connector in the box
So
so that
although
when
since
1 I need an office to myself ______ I can get some work done.

2 Write it down ______ you don't forget.
3 I need to get to work early ______ I can finish the report before the meeting.
4 I'll tell her ______ I see her.
5 ______ you left, the atmosphere in the office has not been as nice.
6______ he was the best qualified candidate, he didn't get the job.
7 He is learning English ______ he can get a better and more interesting job.
8 ______ you think of all the people who could have got the job, it seems ridiculous that he
was chosen.
9 I'm going to buy a new Beetle, ______ I do think they are over-priced.
10 ______ you're next in Chicago, give me a call.
11 ______ you already know Mary, you should go to meet her at the airport.
12 ______ we would like to open a branch in Oxford now, we will probably wait for another
year or so.
13 The job is badly paid ______ I'm looking for another one.
14 I hate living in London ______ I'm moving to the country.
15 I don't know him very well, ______ I have met him socially on a couple of occasions.
16 I don't know ______ I'll be back.
17 I haven't seen her ______ last Summer.
18 ______ we have so much to do, let's delay discussing this until our next meeting.
19 We're not making much profit ______ we need to raise our prices.
20 The exercise was boring ______ I stopped
56
Reading and writing

Worth Working For
Paola and Imran have been married for 8 years. They have had many good times together.
They have travelled the world together. They have two little girls together.
They have started a chocolate business together.
Lately, Paola and Imran have been fighting a lot. Business at the chocolate store is slow.
Imran thinks it is Paolas fault. They are having trouble with money. Paola thinks Imran
spends too much.
One evening, Paola decides to visit her mom for advice. Paola knocks on her moms door.
Paolas mom is happy. It is a surprise visit. She quickly sees, however, that something is
wrong.
Paola looks sad and tired. Paola, what is the matter? Mom asks. Paola tells her mom all that
is going on.
Mom smiles gently. She rubs Paolas back. Then she tells Paola a story.
Your father and I have a wonderful marriage. But we dont always get along. There was a
time when things were very bad between us. We fought all the time. You were just a little girl.
One day we watched you playing on the floor. We knew we wanted to make our marriage
work. We loved you very much. We loved each other very much. We knew we had to work
harder on our marriage.
What did you do? asks Paola.
We agreed to talk more. We planned a special night each week for the two of us. We went to
see someone who helps people with their marriages, Mom says. It was worth it. I cant
imagine not having your father in my life.
Paola begins to feel better. You are right, she says. What Imran and I have is worth
working for.
1) Why does Paola want to see her mom?
A.
to have dinner
B.
to get advice
C.
to have a laugh
D.
to see how she is doing
2) Where does the talk take place?
A.
at Mom's house
B.
at a restaurant
C.
at Paola's house
D.
at the chocolate store
3) What good times have Paola and Imran had?
Check all that are correct.
They have travelled the world.
A.
B.
They have had two children.
They have built a house.
C.
57
D.
They have started a business
4) How long have Imran and Paola been married?
5)Why does Mom seem to know how Paola feels?
A.
She is a good guesser.
B.
She has been told by Imran
C.
She and Paola have discussed this problem before
D.
She has experienced the same problem before in her own marriage
6 )What advice does Mom give Paola? Check all that are correct.
A.
Give up.
B.
Talk to each other.
C.
Work hard.
D.
Tell the children.
7) How does Paola feel at the end of the talk with her Mom?
A.
sad
B.
better
C.
grim
D.
stupid
8)What kind of relationship does Paola seem to have with her Mom?
Check all that are correct.
A.
open
B.
tense
C.
angry
loving
D.
9) What does the reader NOT learn in this story?
A.
what Imran has to say
B.
why Paola visits her mom
C.
how many kids Paola and Miran have
D.
what kind of business Paola and Imran have
10) What lesson does Paola learn?
A.
Two children is too many.
B.
Marriage should be easy.
C.
Eight years of marriage is too long.
D.
Even a good marriage can sometimes be hard work.
Writing: what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a

boyfriend/girlfriend?
58
Water commercial
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ez9mySrjrk
First clip (up to 22 seconds)

What colour is the horse?
What does the woman say?
How is the woman dressed?
Why does the man go back to the horse?
What do you think is going to happen?
Second clip (up to the end)

What is the woman doing in the mans imagination of the future?
Who is getting out of the bathroom? What does she have in her hand?
What is the man doing?
How many children are there?
How does the story finish?
What is being advertised?
Writing: why do think he left?
59
Listening and writing:

Letters
In these letters from girls to a magazine, and the magazines answers, you are going to hear
some new words. Read and listen to them. Make sure you know what they mean.
Marriage = matrimonio
Drug = droga
Success = xito
Teeth = / dientes
Here is the beginning of letter number 1:
Dear Moira:
Im going out with a married man. Hes only two years older than I am, but he has a daughter
and has been married since April of this year. He means everything to me. How do I deal with
the situation?
Mary, 17
Questions
1. Letter 1. Which of the following is true?
This situation will probably have a happy ending.
There is no chance of a happy ending to this situation.
There are some easy ways of solving the situation.
2. Letter 1. Who has had a daughter?
Its Mary who has had a daughter.
Mary and the man have had a daughter.
The man has had a daughter with his wife.
The man takes drugs.
The man uses her like a drug.
The girl and the man take drugs.
4. Letter 1. In the future, Moira says Mary ...
will find another man.
will insult this man.
will marry this man.
5. Letter 2. Why does Roxy feel bad?
She hates her teeth.
She hates boys.
Boys hate her.
6. Letter 2. What does Moira tell her to do?
She must go to the orthodontist.
She can look at different options.
She should change her teeth.
The fashion photographer liked Moiras teeth very much.
The fashion photographer hated Madonnas teeth.
60
The fashion photographer hated Roxys teeth.
8. Letter 2. Did Moira go to the orthodontist?
Yes, when she was at the high school.
No, she didnt.
Yes, when she was working at a fashion magazine.
9. Letter 2. What does Moiras husband think about her teeth?
They are like everyone elses teeth.
They are his favourite part of her face.
He doesnt like them much.
10. Letter 2. In the future Roxy ...
should be more confident about herself.
should forget about boys.
should be interested in having perfect teeth.
Writing:
Your friend has just been left by his/her fianc. He/she is very sad. Write a letter to cheer your
friend up.
61
62
63
Modern Family 4
00:00:34,958 --> 00:00:36,959
Why aren't they trying to hurt each other?
00:01:21,972 --> 00:01:22,905
Hi, honey.
Hi. I-I didn't know you were in town. You didn't call.
00:03:04,474 --> 00:03:07,776
In a tiny, little office of a judge in colombia.
00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:06,635
Then it was gross.
00:07:33,318 --> 00:07:37,921
I just can't give myself to him sexually.
- Okay, mom.
Did not see that coming.
Oh, don't get me wrong. We satisfy each other down there.
Yeah, don't want to...
00:08:35,180 --> 00:08:36,647
Hey.
- Hey.
Boy [clears throat] Things with your mom got pretty intense down there, huh?
All like east coast/west coast. You feelin' me?
00:10:02,767 --> 00:10:04,368
So, do you -- do you remember How mom gave up a career to raise us?
Promising career.
Oh, god.
- Claire?
- Mom.
- Why so long?
-Mm, I know.
00:10:37,635 --> 00:10:39,470
Like a whip.
00:12:17,068 --> 00:12:20,537
Dylan is no Ricky.
- Ricky -- ricky was a poet.
00:14:58,596 --> 00:15:00,797

And I'm not going to like it one bit.
No, that's great.
00:16:26,417 --> 00:16:28,218
Which is why this is a terrible idea by you!
-Okay, that's just great.

- So it's all up to me.
. Jay, manny, let's go.
00:18:48,759 --> 00:18:50,327

But it's -- it's not just that. It's that she's got this killer confidence -You know, the kind of confidence That you get from having a family like this,
00:20:29,994 --> 00:20:31,561
* maybe that would heal you *
64
UNIT 5 TOURISM
A tour of London street survival
brothel burdel
squats ocupas
homeless sin techo
doorways umbrales
neighbourhood barrio
Unlike no como
entertaining ocio
haunted habitado
lavish lujoso
insight punto de vista
share compartir
own poseer
distressing inquietante
abuse maltratar
passers by transentes
far more mucho ms
support apoyar
enterprise empresa
On a typical London walking tour, you dont expect to hear about buildings that are used as
brothels, places that are squats for homeless people and doorways that are considered great
places to sleep - but this was no ordinary visit.
Our guide Vinny (who didnt give his surname) was leading an Unseen Tour of Mayfair,
Londons most exclusive neighbourhood. Unlike most of the surrounding population, he
literally lived on these streets for years, and in a little over an hour he showed us a very
different side to Mayfairs glamour.
The Unseen Tours of London are coordinated by the Sock Mob, a network of volunteers
working with Londons homeless population, and led by trained guides who are or have been
homeless. Each guide takes groups around their district of London and mixes personal
stories of life on the street with interesting anecdotes and trivia about the neighbourhood.
I thought I knew Mayfair well but Vinny shared many stories with our group that were both
surprising and entertaining. He took us to what is reputed to be Londons most haunted house
(in the lavish surroundings of Berkeley Square), he told us about the worlds first telephone
call, which was made from Browns Hotel, and just off Bond Street he pointed out a littleknown piece of graffiti by Britains most celebrated street artist, Banksy. But it was Vinnys
insights into the world of the homeless that really struck a chord. He stopped at a few of the
many empty buildings (there are around 100,000 in London) that homeless people try to enter
in the winter months to survive the cold nights. He also shared his own experiences of life on
the street; it was particularly distressing to hear about the occasional abuse he suffered from
passers by.
While Unseen Tours offer valuable employment to the guides, there are far more reasons to
support the enterprise than merely helping a good cause. By sharing these stories of survival,
the guides offer visitors a chance to experience the city from a very unusual perspective.
Having seen the brothels next door to the fancy restaurants and the squatters homes alongside
the millionaires mansions, I for one, will never see Mayfair through the same eyes again.
Web link
http://www.bbc.com/travel/blog/20120627-a-tour-of-london-street-survival
65
2.
Express with your own words what street survival means
3.
1.
What do you hear you dont expect?
2.
How long does the tour last?
3.
What is the Sock Mob?
4.
Why are the touring guides different?
5.
Who is Banksy?
6.
What was really moving about Vinny?
7.
What happened to Vinny from time to time?
8.
What is the main purpose of the Unseen Tours?
9.
What do the guides share?
10.
Why will the authors view of London change?
4.
Are these sentences true (T) of false (F)?
1. ______ There is a bus that takes tourists around London
2. ______ The author prefers not to say Vinnys surname
3. _____ All the guides are homeless and untrained
4. _____ The surroundings of Berkeley Square are a poor neighbourhood
5. _____ All the guides are Sock Mob volunteers
5.
Writing
Have you ever seen a homeless in your town? What do you think should be done?
66
Grammar
GRAMMAR BASICS
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
The family who live next door moved here from Ireland.
Who live next door is a defining relative clause, because it informs us which family
moved to Ireland.
The relative pronoun can be the subject or the object of the relative clause
That is the woman who/that I met in Paris
Subject
Object
Possessive
For people
who/that
no Dronoun/who/that
whose
For things
that/which
no pronoun/that/which
1. Join the two sentences together, making the second sentence a defining
relative clause
1.
I dont like the people. They are staying with the Browns.
2.
I like books. They make you think about things.
3.
Im looking for the person. Ive just hit their car.
4.
Most of the books are still popular today. I read them as a child.
5.
You can buy the pasta from that Italian shop. It has just opened in the high street.
6.
The woman is coming back to work soon. Im doing her job.
7.
Is she the new television presenter? Everyones talking about her.
8.
People have very little money to spend on leisure. They have a lot of leisure time.
9.
Is Technico the company? Sarah works for them.
10.
This is the job. Ive always wanted it.
11.
The swimming pool is only open to the public in the mornings. I use it.
12.
Weve just bought a computer package. It teaches you how to play the piano
13.
My favourite holiday was that one. We spent it in a cottage in the mountains
67
14.
We havent seen the friends for ten years. They are coming to visit us this weekend
GRAMMAR BASICS
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
The boy who lives next door is having a party tonight.
The underlined clause is a defining relative clause. It tells us which boy is being talked
about.
There are no commas before and after a defining relative clause.
Darren, who lives next door, is having a party tonight.
The underlined clause is a non-defining relative clause. It does not tell us which boy we
are talking about; we already know that from the name. It gives us extra information
about Darren.
A non-defining relative clause in the middle of a sentence has a comma before and after
it. A non-defining relative clause at the end of a sentence has a comma before it and a full
stop at the end.
The relative pronoun cant be omitted
1. Rewrite these sentences making the second sentence into a non-defining

relative clause and putting it into the correct place.
When I was in town, I met your sister. She was shopping for some clothes.
When I was in town, I met your sister, who was shopping for some clothes.
1.
Their house needs a lot of work doing to it. It is near the beach.
2.
Sandras just got a new job with Capital Insurers. Its a much better company than the
last one she worked for.

3.
The new manager seems to be a very capable woman. I met her last week.
4.
This case is full of books. I carried it all the way from the station.
5.
The Games International Company has just gone bankrupt. We have done business
with them for many years.

6.
The hospital has handed out redundancy notices to all its staff. It is due to close down
next year.
7.
The prisoners are requesting more time out of their cells. Their families are
campaigning on their behalf.
68
8.
The new government is now facing major problems. It came to power with a lot of
public support.
9.
Her latest novel is really good. I read it on holiday.
10.
The Home Affairs Minister is suspected of being involved in a financial scandal. The
opposition have accused the minister of lying.

11.
The Education Department is changing its policy on single sex schools. Mrs Parkinson
is in charge of the department.

12.
The Lilley and Swan department store has made reductions on most of its goods. The
store has a sale on at the moment.

13.
The principal actor could hardly speak last night due to a sore throat. He normally has
a wonderful voice.
14.
The sales manager is planning a new advertising campaign. I support her ideas.
2. Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence, using a relative clause with
when, where or why.
1.
The early morning is the time. I work best then.
2.
The early morning is (the time) when I work best.
3.
His mid-teens were the time. He first became interested in politics then.
4.
His dishonesty is the reason. Thats why I left him.
5.
Edinburgh is the city. Id most like to live there.
6.
The outdoor swimming pool has now been closed down. We often went there as
children.
7.
This is a picture of the place. Were going there for our holidays.
8.
His refusal to tell her the truth is the reason. Thats why she is so angry with him.
9.
This is the place. I fell off my bike here.
10.
The people I work with are the reason. Thats why I stay in the job.
69
Vocabulary: tourism
1. Put these sentences in a logical order.
I paid my bill.
I checked in at reception.
I left the hotel.
I went up to my room.
I spent the night in the hotel.
I had an early morning call at seven oclock.
I booked a room at the hotel.
I went out for dinner in a local restaurant.
I arrived at the hotel.
I got up and had a shower.
I had breakfast.
I tipped the porter who carried my luggage upstairs.
2. What would you say in these situations?

You want to stay in a hotel for two nights next week with your husband/wife. You phone the
hotel. What do you ask or say?
You want to wake up at 7 a.m. but you dont have an alarm clock. What do you ask at
reception?
You have a drink in the hotel bar. The barman asks how you want to pay. Whats your reply?
When you turn on the shower in your room, the water comes out very, very slowly. What
could you say at reception?
You want to go to the nearest bank but dont know where it is. What do you ask at reception?
70
Connectors Practice
Draw a circle around the proper connector
1. You should stay home _____________you get your household chores finished.
as long as
until
while
but
so that
2. I will ignore him _____________ he behaves like a fool.

until
while
but
so that
as long as
3. Abner has dark curly hair, _ Answer _ he is starting to get bald.

while
but
so that
as long as
until
4. The only reason she called him was _____________ he could apologize
but
so that
as long as
until
while
while
but
5. Nero played the violin ____________ Rome burned.

so that
as long as
until
6. Samantha had always wanted to go to Istanbul _____________ she read about the heat.
While
so that
until
as if
yet
7. Marvin felt _____________ he would have the flu forever

so that
until
as if
yet
while
8. The monster moved slowly across the street _____________ it was almost upon us. until
as if
yet
while
so that
9. I have to call _____________the family knows I am going to be late.

as if
yet
while
so that
until
10. The tax collector checked my tax papers_____________ I sat there and sweated.
yet
while
so that
until
as if
11. It's hard for me to believe Clark Kent is Superman_____________ they say he really is.
as long as
and
or
because
but
but
as long as
12. I like pizza _____________ it is salty and tasty.

and
or
because
13. Cinderella could go to the ball _____________ she promised to return by midnight
or
because
but
as long as
and
14. The job is too stressful _____________ the hours are good.
Because
but
as long as
and
or
15. The space shuttle will launch _____________the weather is good

But
because
as long as
and
or
16. Goblins pounded on the door ____________ the fairy godmother came and saved them.
Yet
or
as
if
until
71
17. I am only working _____________ I wait to win the lottery
Or
as
if
while
until
18. He gives orders to his co-workers _____________ anyone cares

as if
while
until
yet
or
19. "Give me a dollar _____________ give me a sandwich," said the beggar

while
until
yet
or
as if
20. She wants to go out to see a movie, _____________ she feels a strange compulsion to stay
home.
until
yet
or
as if
while
Contrasting connectors:
Choose the correct connector.
HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH, WHEREAS, ALSO, DESPITE, IN SPITE OF
1.
_____________we left late, we still got there in time
2.
It was a great evening _____________the terrible food.
3.
They had a good holiday_____________ they had little money.
4.
I love the sea _____________most of my friends prefer the mountains
5.
We told Jim the car was too expensive. _____________he still bought it.
6.
It is very busy during the week. At the weekend,_____________ , it's very quiet.
7.
My cousin owns the factory opposite. He _____________runs the restaurant next
door.
72
Listening: Life in Greenland

In this radio programme you are going to hear some new words. Read and listen to them.
Make sure you know what they mean.
ice sheet: manto de hielo
snowplow: mquina quitanieves
dog sleds: trineos tirados por perros
stink/ apestar
sniff: oler
spare change: calderilla
Northern Lights: aurora boreal
whistle: silbar
Now read the questions on the following page. Read them carefully before listening to the
conversation.
JOURNALIST: With us today is Chris Ryan, a student of Spanish Studies at the
University of Lleida, who grew up in one of the worlds remotest nations, Greenland.
Today we will have the chance to learn more about Greenland and Greenlandic life.
QUESTIONS
Choose the best answer according to the recording. Only ONE answer is correct.
Look at number 0 as an example.
0. How much of Greenland is covered on ice?
_ 20%
80%
_ The size of Spain.
_ Half its surface.
1. What makes Chris uncomfortable about the hot weather?
_ Hes never hot in Greenland.
_ The way he has to dress for hot weather.
_ He doesnt like wearing shorts or t-shirts.
_ He doesnt know: hes never been in Lleida in July.
2. According to Chris, whats the main difference between winters
in Greenland and in Spain?
_ Everything stops in Spain if theres 5 cm of snow.
_ There are no snowplows in Spain to take snow away.
_ In Greenland, people go wild when driving in the snow.
_ Most shops close in Greenland when it snows.
3. Why did Chris like to go to Spain on holidays? Because
_ it was almost as if he had always lived there.
_ he found Greenland boring.
_ films and clothes in Spain were more updated.
_ he could meet her grandparents.
4. Why are you NOT allowed riding dog sleds in Nuuk?
73
_ Because dogs are dangerous; they are not pets.
_ Because dogs are kept as pets.
_ Because a child was killed by a dog once.
_ Because dog owners do not respect them.
5. How do people travel from town to town in Greenland?
_ People have cars and bicycles.
_ People fly by helicopter.
_ People ride on dog sleds.
_ People ride on reindeer sleds.
6. Why do Danish teachers and doctors go to work in Greenland?
_ Its only a four-hour flight to Denmark.
_ Its compulsory practice before working in Denmark.
_ The pay is not very high but life is not expensive in Greenland.
_ They are very well paid even if life in Greenland is expensive.
7. Which two things does Chris mention as strange habits on your birthday
in Greenland?
On your birthday, you
_ are sniffed and you throw coins in the air.
_ have a piata with coins instead of sweets.
_ are sniffed and you are said to stink.
_ throw coins in the air which the children collect.
8. Which is the local story behind the Northern Lights?
_ The lights are spirits who take you if you whistle while they play.
_ The lights are heads playing football.
_ The lights are whistles that play with balls.
_ People should whistle when the lights die out.
Writing: What do you think about life in Greenland? Would you like to spend some time
there? Why/why not?
74
Listening: Sightseeing in town

1. Where are they planning to go in the morning?
A. to a park
B. to an art museum
C. to a shopping center
2. What kind of restaurant do they want to visit for lunch?
A. Italian
B. Indonesian
C. Indian
3. Why does the man want to visit the zoo in the afternoon?
A. The zoo will be closed the rest of the week.
B. The zoo is free to visitors that day only.
C. There are unusual animals on display.
4. Why does the woman want to go shopping instead?
A. She wants to buy mementos of their visit.
B. She saw some great prices at a shopping center.
C. She wants to buy a gift for her friend.
5. How do they plan to get to the seashore at the end of the conversation?
A. by taxi
B. by bus
C. by subway
Talk to your partner

Imagine that you are visiting a new city for the first time as a tourist, whether it be Paris,
London, Sydney, Rome, or New York City. Many people are looking for cheap travel ideas.
What things would you like to do? What places would you visit? What would you buy? Does
your choice of activities depend on whether you are on a Hawaiian honeymoon, a travel
adventure, or on business?
75
Funny Commercials
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRiYkwtBK34
Clip one (up to 30 seconds)
Where are the men?
What is the man on the left looking at?
Why do you think he is so interested?
Why is it an embarrassing situation?
Clip two (up to 44 seconds)

What was the man looking at?
Clip 3 (up to 1.03)

Why is the baby crying?
Who takes it from the cot?
What does the baby do?
Why is the message: get in shape?
Clip 4 (up to 1.44)

What is the girls problem?
What does the man do when she is going to leave?
What does the girl do then?
How does it all end?
What is the message of this commercial?
Clip 5 (up to the end)

What are the two women doing?
Where is the camera?
What do the men do with the camera?
Why do they do it?
76
77
78
Listening: Modern family 5

00:00:20,018 --> 00:00:23,041
What part of Colombia are those French toaster sticks from?
00:00:51,211 --> 00:00:52,161
Hey, mom?
00:01:32,628 --> 00:01:34,844
<i>He's like this little Einstein.</i>
00:03:14,818 --> 00:03:16,403
<i>Hey, honey. What's up?</i>
00:04:38,769 --> 00:04:42,323
It's best if you work this out at home so the boys can go back to class, okay?
00:05:37,627 --> 00:05:39,546
- I'm not a sweeper.
- Trust me on this.
00:08:32,283 --> 00:08:33,583
I like football.
- Haley hates it.
00:10:10,524 --> 00:10:13,695
- Gloria, I'm really angry at Phil.
- Let's respect the process.
00:10:45,124 --> 00:10:47,270
I am sorry if you feel that way. I really am.
00:13:45,409 --> 00:13:47,471
Can I talk to you for a second?
Claire likes to say, you can be part of the problem or part of the solution.
00:15:11,579 --> 00:15:13,679
Claire just needs a little time.
00:16:39,421 --> 00:16:42,183
Gloria? Come on, let's talk about this. I've seen her kick in a door before.
00:18:07,636 --> 00:18:09,951
79
UNIT 6 CELEBRATIONS
Fasting ayunar
fast-paceda a paso ligero
nightlife scene ambiente nocturno
expats emigrantes
sunset atardecer
booth caseta
prayer oracin
flavour sabor
abide obedecer
Worship rezo
business days das laborables
shut down cerrar
sunrise amanecer
banned prohibido
cleanse purificar
otherwise si no
fine multa
punish castigar
Guidelines for spending Ramadan in Dubai

18 Ju|y 2012 1
By Georgina Wilson-Powell
Ramadan -- the annual Muslim festival of fasting, sacrifice and worship - begins on 20 July. (Brent Winebrenner/LPI)
Ramadan -- the annual Muslim festival of fasting, sacrifice and worship -- gets underway
across the world on 20 July and will last for 29 or 30 days, depending on lunar sightings.
Those used to Dubai's fast-paced nature will see a different side to the city as locals
conservative Muslim roots come to the fore, with shorter business days, a quieter nightlife
scene and an emphasis on spending time with loved ones. And for visitors to the city, there
are a few dos and don'ts that will help you best enjoy this time of charity and peace.
Dos
Do visit. Dubai does not shut down completely during Ramadan. Many expats and visitors
to the city enjoy this time of year because most things remain open but the city empties out
as both Muslims and expats head off for cooler shores. Public transport and taxis operate
as normal, although come sunset most taxi drivers will stop for a while to break their fast.
Muslims do not eat, drink or smoke between sunrise and sunset for the length of Ramadan,
and in Dubai everyone must follow this rule. Alcohol is not banned during the Holy Month
(like it is in nearby Qatar or Bahrain) and Dubai's tourist attractions like the Burj Khalifa
(the tallest building in the world) or Wild Wadi Waterpark will not be as busy.
Make an effort to understand this religious time of year and what it means to the city. Visit
Jumeirah Mosque where tour guides can explain how important this time of year is to
Muslims for reflection and prayer, as they use the month to focus on their actions over the
past year and to cleanse themselves for Eid Al Fitr, the festival at the end of Ramadan
otherwise known as Islamic New Year.
80
Go to an iftar--the meal Muslims break their fast with every evening at sunset. Almost
every hotel offers an all-you-can-eat iftar feast during Ramadan, serving traditional
Emirati and Arabic foods like slow cooked lamb and rice, as well as plenty of dates for
energy for the next day. Beachside hotels like the Atlantis and Jumeirah Beach Hotel often
erect grand iftar tents where people come to eat, play board games and smoke shisha, the
flavoured tobacco synonymous with the Middle East that is smoked through a hookah
pipe.
Donts
During Ramadan, dress codes get more conservative. Dubai is usually relatively liberal,
but during the Holy Month women should cover their shoulders and their legs down to
their knees when out in public -- carry a pashmina or a shawl if you do not want to wear
lots of layers. For men, it is shirts or T-shirts as usual but make sure shorts are knee length.
Expect uncomfortable stares or even a fine if you ignore this rule during the Holy Month.
Everyone has to abide by the do not eat, drink, smoke or chew gum in public between
sunrise and sunset rule -- and that includes tourists. These laws can be punished with
fines or even jail time if broken. Restaurants will not be open during the day, but there are
some designated cafes open for non-Muslims hidden away behind curtains in most
shopping malls; ask at mall information booths for their location if you need a soft drink or
a snack. It's easy to get dehydrated if you are not used to the summer heat.
Don't expect bars to open before 8 pm (depending on the time of sunset). Bars are open
(clubs are not) during Ramadan, but they will be quieter and will not play any music, live
or otherwise. You can still get a drink, however, once the sun goes down.
81
1.
What is Ramadan?
2.
What does it depend on?
3.
Why is Dubai different those days?
4.
Where do many people go those days?
5.
Why do taxis stop at sunset?
6.
Which two tourist attractions are cited in the text?
7.
When is the beginning of Islamic New Year?
8.
Which is the traditional dish at the end of the day?
9.
What could happen to you if you ignored the dressing code?
10.
What can you do if you need a drink in the middle of the day?
Are these sentences true (T) of false (F)? (Verdadero se escribe con T)
____1. Ramadan takes place at the same time every year
____2 During Ramadan, shops are open less time
___ 3 Women must cover their shoulders in public during Ramadan
___ 4 They keep some cafes open, but they are hidden behind a curtain
___ 5 Music in bars is quieter in Ramadan
Write a sentence for each of the signs of the cartoon above:
EXAMPLE: You mustnt eat and drink during the daytime
Speaking:
Roleplay: you want to go to Dubai, but your partner doesnt. Discuss the pros and cons.
82
Grammar
BASIC GRAMMAR
Modal auxiliaries
These are the modals:
Present
can
may
will
shall
must
ought to
need
Past form
could
might
would
should
FORM: Positive: subject + modal + bare infinitive:
I must see you tomorrow.

We must go now.
Negative: subject + modal +
not/nt + bare infinitive: You
shouldnt go to bed so late.
They neednt come if they dont want to.
Question: modal + subject + bare infinitive:
Can you help me?

Will she be here soon?
Short answers: subject + modal auxiliary:
Yes, we can. No, they wont.
Ability
1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, could or be able.
He is very fit for his age. He can run (run) really fast.
Id like to be able to work. (work) with you one day.
He _________________ not climb) up to the top: he was too scared.
1
I love _________________ (spend) all morning in bed at the weekends.
We ____________ (go) to that concert tomorrow if the tickets havent sold out.
I think you should go in the spring: it _____________(be) very crowded there in the
summer.
4
I ________________ (not understand) what he says: he speaks too quickly.
Do you know where Nicks glasses are? He _______________ (not see) very much
without them.
83
6
(speak)_____________________ another language fluently is a great advantage when
youre looking for a job.
7
Jonathan ______________________ (not say)anything until he was about three years
old.
8
We __________________
(not phone her up)because her phone had broken, but
fortunately we ________________ (get) a message to her.

9
Amys exam results werent very good. She _________________ (do) better.
10
I_______________ (not sleep) very well for the last four nights. Its been too hot.
11
She tried to think of other things but she ___________________ (not put) that awful
memory out of her mind.

12
You should ____________________ (go out) when you want to.
13
I____________________ (ride) this bike soon: I just need more time to practise.
14
He doesnt do very much when hes here. He _________________ (be) more helpful.
15
I _____________ (play) tennis really well a few years ago, but not anymore.
Certainty, possibility, deduction: can, could, may, might, must, will,

should, ought to
1. Complete the sentences with can, could, may, might, will, should, ought to or
must and an infinitive in the appropriate form.
1
Kerrys rather late. She _________________ (miss) the train.
Travellers cheques _____________________(be exchanged) at most banks.
Theyre not answering the phone so they ________________________ (be) out.
Dont phone her now. It _________________________ (be) the middle of the night in
Australia.
5
They _______________________ (not move) house yet. I saw them in town this
morning.
6
I havent seen Molly this week. I think she __________________ (visit) her parents
but Im not sure.

7
Her exam results are coming out soon. She worked very hard so she
_______________ (do) well.

8
That womans just fallen over. Lets go and see her: she ________________ (be) hurt.
I dont know where she is. She _________________ (not still play) tennis: its been
dark for the last hour.
84
10
I sent the letter two days ago so he _________________ (get) it by now, but you can
never be sure.
11
The encyclopaedias _________________ (be found) on the second floor of the library.
12
Jims been very quiet since his girlfriend went away. He _______________
(miss) her.
13
I ___________________________ (come) and visit you at the weekend. Anyway, Ill
give you a ring to let you know.

14
She was with a man I didnt recognize. It ___________________ (be) her brother
because he looked a bit like her.

15
The roads are fairly quiet today so we ________________________ (have) a good
journey.
16
Do you think Josephine ________________________ (be) at home now? No, she
________________________She __________________ (have) a swim. She always does at

this time in the morning.
17
Why do you think Tricia was in such a hurry? I dont know. She
___________________ (run) to catch the bus.

18
These glasses __________________________ (be) Tims: they look a bit like his.
19
It ___________________________ (not rain): the grounds completely dry.
20
I _____________________________ (join) the sports club in the summer but I
havent decided yet.

21
What a terrible thing to have happened. You ____________________ (be) terrified.
22
I told her you were coming so she _____________________ (expect) you.
23
Theyve just rung the bell so the children ________________________(be) out of the
classrooms in a minute.
24
That looks like Jack but it _________________(not be) him. He went to live in
Australia last year.

25
Ive got a stomachache this morning. I __________________ (eat) too much last
night or I
(have) some sort of virus.
85
Advice, obligation, necessity: should, ought to, must, have to, have got
to, need
1. Complete the sentences using the modals should, ought to, must, need or
the verb have to in the correct tense and form. Put the infinitive into the
appropriate form.
We .had to (leave) at 11 oclock last night because the last bus went at 11.20.
1
I dont think you __________________(offer) to help him. Youve got enough work
to do yourself.
2
They _________________ (not pay) to stay in a hotel. They can stay with us.
Weve been staying in a hotel for the last two weeks so we ________________ (not
cook) our own meals.

4
You ______________ (come round) for dinner one evening. We havent had a good
talk for a long time.

5
We _____________________ (run) all the way to the station because we were late for
the train.
6
Its your own fault that youre so tired. You _________________ (not go) to bed so
late.
7
Why ____________________the prisoners (be locked) in their cells all day?
Hurry up. You __________________ (not have) a bath now. The taxis coming in
twenty minutes
9
You (not tell) him what happened. He would never forgive us.
10
You ______________________(not allow) Max to walk home from school every day
on his own. Hes too young.

11
I dont like _____________ (do) everything my boss tells me to do.
12
You ________________ (go) to that new French restaurant in town. Its the best
restaurant Ive ever been to.

13
Tom _________________(not get up) early in the morning but everyone else in the
house does.
14
If I fail any one of my exams, I ___________________(take) all of them again in
November.
86
Offers, requests, permission, suggestions: can, could, may, might,

would, must, shall, would you mind
Write what to say using can, could, may, might, shall, must, would, would you
like, would you mind. There may be several possible answers.
Offer to open the door for a stranger.
Shall I open the door for you?
Ask someone to answer the phone for you.
Would you answer the phone for me, please?
1
Invite a friend to go for a swim this morning.
Offer to make someone a sandwich.
Request an appointment to see your bank manager, Ms Arnold.
Give someone permission to use your phone.
Suggest going for a picnic this afternoon.
Ask someone to wait here for you.
Give your son permission to go out but tell him to be back before dark.
You are in a train. Ask another passenger if you can open the window.
87
Translate using a modal:
1.
No podr llamarte porque estar muy ocupado
2.
Hace un ao yo no saba nadar
3.
Lo siento, no he podido terminar los deberes
4.
No puedes aparcar aqu, est prohibido
5.
Puedo entrar, por favor?
6.
Puede que el tren haya llegado tarde
7.
No debis hablar durante el examen
8.
Tienes que pararte cuando llegues al stop
9.
Deberas haberlo dicho antes
10.
No deberas comer tanto chocolate
11.
Lo siento, pero tuve que hacerlo.
12.
No hace falta que vengas, yo te lo contar maana
13.
No tuve que pagar porque me invitaron
14.
Yo estaba all, pero no pude ver lo que pasaba
15.
No debe estar en casa porque no coge el telfono
16.
No pude pasar porque no soy miembro de ese grupo
17.
Cuando tena dos aos no saba montar en bici
18.
Gracias por el vino, pero no haca falta que trajeras nada
19.
Debe haber estudiado mucho porque ha aprendido muy deprisa
20.
No deberas mentir a tus padres, deberas ser ms valiente y decir la verdad
88
Connectors of time
1. Time connectors Combine each pair of sentences to make a title of a pop song. Use the
following time connectors : as soon as (en cuanto), before (antes), since (desde), when (cuando),
while (mientras), until (hasta). Follow the example.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Think of me Im away.
Ill love you I die
I hear music I see you.
Come home Its too late.
Ive been sad You left.
I fell in love We met.
Think of me while Im away

_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
2. Cross out the incorrect answers. Sometimes both answers are correct.
1.
Ill give them your message as soon as I get / will get there.
2.
Maria cleaned the kitchen as/while I did the bathroom.
3.
We must go to that gallery before leave/leaving.
4.
I had a lot of problems at the shop but eventually/finally they agreed to give me a
refund.
5.
The phone rang while / just as I was leaving the house.
6.
The letter arrived while/as we were getting ready.
7.
Ill give them your message as soon as I get / will get there.
8.
Maria cleaned the kitchen as/while I did the bathroom.
9.
We must go to that gallery before leave/leaving.
10.
I had a lot of problems at the shop but eventually/finally they agreed to give me a
refund.
11.
The phone rang while / just as I was leaving the house.
12.
The letter arrived while/as we were getting ready.
OTHER CONNECTORS
Put in these words: although (aunque); because (porque); but (pero); if (si); in case (por si); in
order to (para); in spite of (a pesar de); so (por eso); so that (para que); unless (si no).
1.
__________________ it was late, Alex didnt seem in a hurry to leave.
2.
They put video cameras in shops ____________________ stop people stealing things.
3.
I decided not to go out for a meal ______________________ I couldnt afford it.
4.
__________________________ youre ready, we can start now.
5.
Our room was very small, ___________________________ we didnt mind it at all.
6.
No one was watching television, ________________________ I switched it off.
89
7.
You cant drive a car _______________________________ youve got a license.
8.
___________________________ having absolutely no talent, the man became a
popular TV personality.
9.
Voicky sent us a map ________________________ we could find her house.
10.
I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours
______________________ Ive made a mistake?

Choose the correct linking word.
A: We hadnt any bread, ______________________ 1 (because/so) I went to the shop. I

needed some __________________ 2 (so that/to) make sandwiches. I got there just
____________________ 3 (after/before) the shop closed and luckily they had some left.
B: Does the little shop stay open _____________________ 4 (after/before) the supermarket
has closed?
A: Yes, it stays open till ten oclock. Its very convenient, _______________ 5 (but/in spite
of) its rather expensive. I always go there __________________ 6 (if/in case) I need just one
or two things. I dont go to the supermarket ________ 7 (if/unless) I need a lot.
B: The shop must have done much less business ________________________ 8 (since/until)
the supermarket has been there.
A: I dont like the supermarket __________________________ 9 (although/in spite of)
having a much bigger choice. I go there ____________________ 10 (because/so) its cheaper.
90
Listening and writing

Listen and fill in the gaps with the words in the box
Consumer
huge
annoying
turkey
Holidays
tune
drizzle
birth
pleasure
asleep
sustainable
rude
Christmas - the Good, the Bad and the Ugly

by Keith Sands
Christmas is one of those _____________which means very different things to different
people. It can be a spiritual time, a family time, a time for giving, a time for partying or a time
for just overeating... Most people (in those countries where it is the main religious festival of
the year) find something to enjoy about Christmas, whether they are Christians or not. But
hasnt Christmas in the ____________age become just a bit too big? And a lot too
commercial?
I think so. The secret of a good Christmas is to be selective. Here is my personal list of the
things Christmas (at any rate, Christmas in Britain) would be infinitely better without. Lets
get rid of ...
Plastic Christmas trees
Fussy people dont like trees that drop their needles on the carpet. Surely, in the age of
vacuum cleaners, this is not a problem any more? Worst of all are those plastic trees that
come with their own decorations already attached, so depriving children of the great
____________ of hanging the decorations themselves.
Replace with: Real fir trees, from _____________forests.
Fairy lights that dont work
We have sent people to the moon. Computers have changed our lives. On the Internet,
_____________amounts of information travel all over the world at the speed of light. So it
shouldnt be too difficult to put a few coloured light bulbs in a row, so they last until New
Year without breaking down.
Replace with: Candles. And fireproof fir trees.
Slades "Merry Christmas Everybody"
A stomping, two-chord song from the dark days of 1970s rock. Played endlessly in British
pubs and on the radio through December. It is the musical equivalent of jumping up and down
with heavy boots on and trying to drink beer at the same time. I remember once, at a
Christmas party, picking up my can of beer and taking a sip to find out someone had used the
can as an ashtray. And this song is the theme _____________of that kind of party.
Replace with: The Pogues and Kirsty MacColls Fairytale of New York: a great, soulful
Christmas song.
Bing Crosbys White Christmas
91
While were on the subject of Christmas songs, lets not forget that this sentimental 1950s
tune is the biggest selling single of all time. Its ideal for falling _____________in an
armchair but finally just too nostalgic. And very_____________.
Replace with: Silent Night, a beautiful German carol known all over the world.
Office parties
Doesnt a computer decorated with tinsel, and an office with paper chains hanging from the
ceiling, look just a tiny bit depressing? And office Christmas parties are worse. Under the
influence of cheap wine in paper coffee-cups, strange things happen with the photocopier.
_____________messages are faxed to clients. Most people cant relax in the office. And those
that can will probably do something theyll regret later.
Replace with: an extra afternoon off work.
British Christmas Weather
In Richard Curtis films (like the recent hit "Love, Actually"), it always snows at Christmas in
London. The city is covered with a beautiful white blanket, the perfect setting for a romantic
happy ending. Whats the reality of Christmas weather in the South of England? Grey skies
with a good chance of cold _____________in the late afternoon.
Replace with: Russian Christmas weather.
TV
Its a fact that we spend more time in front of the TV at Christmas than at any other time of
year. The TV schedules are filled with old films, comedy Christmas Specials, soap operas
with Christmas-related plots, and of course hundreds of adverts. Switch it off and visit your
relatives instead.
Replace with: log fires, board games.
Turkey with Cranberry Sauce
In Britain, the usual Christmas dinner is _____________with cranberry sauce - although ultra
traditionalists may prefer goose. Cranberry sauce is basically a kind of jam. We dont put jam
on meat at other times of year, so why at Christmas?
Replace with: No cranberry sauce.
Consumerism
You know what I mean. Adverts for toys on childrens TV. Department stores which put out
Christmas decorations as early as September. The stress of Christmas shopping. Everywhere
the message is spend, spend, spend. Christmas is a Christian religious festival, to celebrate the
_____________of Jesus Christ. Its not just an excuse for making money.
Replace with: Midnight carols at church, peace on earth, and goodwill to all men.
So thats my advice. Avoid these things and youll have a good chance of having a truly
Merry Christmas. Which is what I wish you now. And a happy new year
http://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-themes-christmas.htm
Below are 11 statements about the text. For each one decide if it is True or
False. Quote the text to justify your answer.
1.
The writer doesnt like Christmas.
2.
He doesnt like the commercialisation of Christmas.

92
3.
Its not really difficult to clean up the needles from a real tree.
4.
He is impressed by the technology of fairy lights.
5.
He doesnt like any Christmas songs.
6.
He mentions two kinds of party he doesnt like.
7.
He thinks the film Love Actually is realistic.
8.
Christmas should be a time for visiting your family.
9.
He thinks Cranberry sauce goes well with turkey.
10.
He enjoys Christmas shopping.
11.
He seems to prefer a rather traditional Christmas
Writing: What are the good, the bad and the ugly of your Christmas? How
would you change it?
93
94
95
Modern family 6
00:00:20,080 --> 00:00:22,147
I was supposed to keep a journal all summer. It's due today.
00:02:13,793 --> 00:02:16,562

I've done madonna, the early years. Stevie wonder.
00:02:45,191 --> 00:02:46,492

A little help here?
00:04:21,654 --> 00:04:23,655

Breakfast for dinner last week -- my idea.
00:06:45,374 --> 00:06:46,674

No, what I'm saying...
00:07:05,728 --> 00:07:09,197

He's always surprising me with little presents, Fun getaways.
I listen with my mind, and if you pay attention,

00:14:12,183 --> 00:14:13,951
I support Manny no matter what.
00:15:54,853 --> 00:15:56,553

I'm actually jealous of you.
00:18:35,947 --> 00:18:38,015

But after seeing that t-shirt, I realized something.
.
00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:26,363
Did I lose the race to make him feel better?
Maybe.
But it just seemed like he could use a win today.
96

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Jeloou 2 Bachillerato

Exercising: hacer ejercicio

Conversely, exercise means a healthier heart because it reduces several cardiovascular

While in 2007, the Government-commissioned Foresight report predicted that if no

Writing: Do you do any exercise? Should you change your lifestyle?

She's already done her homework.

Hasta ahora no han hecho nada

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Estoy estudiando desde que tena 5 aos

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

A las 8.00 supongo que el tren ya habr llegado a Madrid

1. Rewrite the following passage, making all the necessary tense

2. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense.

I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening.

By this time tomorrow we (have) our injections.

By the end of next year I (be) here twenty-five years.

I'll still be here next summer but Tom (leave).

I (finish) this job in twenty minutes.

By next winter they (build) four houses in that field.

When we reach Valparaiso we (sail) all round the world.

By this time next year I (save) J250.

CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND RESULT:

Now do this exercise:

Hes embarrassed about being bald ______________ he always wears a wig.

annoying woman that no one wanted to invite her to a

It makes you sneeze if it goes up your nose.

They often make you cry when you chop them.

I often use it in cooking but it makes your breath smell.

If you leave it in the sun, it will melt.

Reading: ROD'S EX TO SUE SURGEON WHO BOOBED.

implants that have gone

She has not revealed what

She was among many

Friends say she had it

What company is Alana suing?

How old is Alana?

How much did she get after her divorce?

How many children has she got?

What other Hollywood actresses are mentioned in the text?

Who was Alana married to before Rod?

What is your opinion about breasts operations? Explain your ideas.

Here is the beginning of the interview.

Listening: 911 operator

Operator: Hello. This is the emergency 911 ____________.

Choose the correct answer:

Writing: Funny Thai Advert - Healthy Lifestyles Secrets

Listening : Modern Family 1

00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:15,890

00:02:59,010 --> 00:03:02,960

00:06:33,900 --> 00:06:36,660

00:09:06,942 --> 00:09:10,707

00:09:27,602 --> 00:09:29,209

00:15:55,831 --> 00:15:59,555

00:18:25,563 --> 00:18:28,910

unemployment rate tasa de paro

SCOTT SIMON, HOST:

1. Questions on the text:

Which country has the highest unemployment rate in Europe?

How is the queue of unemployed different form some years ago?

What is the effect of new labour laws?

Why was Jaime fired?