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Review Article
Probiotics in aquaculture
a,
Ph.D Research Scholar, CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamil Nadu, India
Assistant Professor, CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamil Nadu, India
article info
abstract
Article history:
Aquaculture is the worlds fastest growing food production sector. However, fish culture is currently suffering
from serious losses due to infectious diseases. The use of antimicrobial drugs, pesticides and disinfectant in
aquaculture disease prevention and growth promo-tion has led to the evolution of resistant strains of bacteria.
Thus, the research into the use of probiotics for aquaculture is increasing with the demand for environment e
friendly sustainable aquaculture. The benefits of such supplements include improved feed value, enzymatic
Keywords:
Probiotic
Aquaculture
activity, and increased immune response. These pro-biotics are harmless bacteria that help the well being of
pathogens. The use of probiotics in aquaculture has just begun, due to the fact that gastrointestinal microbiota
Bacillus sp
of aquatic organisms has been poorly characterized, and their effects are not studied extensively. This review
the host animal and contribute, directly or indirectly to protect the host animal against harmful bacterial
summarizes and evaluates brief knowledge about the probiotic organism, the action of probiotic in fish culture
and the safety evaluation of probiotics in aquaculture.
Copyright 2013, JPR Solutions; Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
1.
Introduction
production systems over the same period. World aquaculture has grown
tremen-dously during the last fifty years from a production of less than a
million tonne in the early 1950s to 59.4 million tonnes by 2004. This level
of production had a value of US$70.3 billion. The diseases and
deterioration of environmental conditions often occur and result in serious
economic losses.
During the last decades, antibiotics used as traditional strategy for fish
diseases management and also for the improvement of growth and
efficiency of feed conversion. However, the development and spread of
3,4
56
d r u g i n v e n t i o n t o d a y 5 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 5 5 e5 9
protection.
This review summarizes and evaluates the broader
knowledge about the probiotics, selection of pro-bionts, commonly used
probiotic organism, their mode of ac-tion and safety regulation of
probiotics in aquaculture.
and food ingredients and such actions may result in inactivation of toxins
and detoxification of host and food components in the gut. According to
above summary, all three modes of probiotics actions are all likelihood
associated with gut and/or gut microbiota. Therefore, it has become
apparent that we are in fact dealing with another organ, the so called
microbiotic canal with the increased knowledge of the specific activity
of the gut microbiota.
4.
2.
Definition of probiotics
Probiotic organism
17
13,14
18e20
20,24,25
immunostimulation.
Gram-positive obligate or facultative anaerobes
are dominant in the gastrointestinal microbiota of man and terrestrial farm
3.
Selection of probiotics
30
Streptococcus.
Gram-negative facultative anaerobes prevail in the digestive tract of fish
and shellfish, though symbiotic anaerobes may be dominant in the
posterior intestine of some herbivorous tropical fish.
31
33,34
32
Vibrio and
marine fish
33
35
active.
15
5.
Mechanisms of action
5.1.
d r u g i n v e n t i o n t o d a y 5 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 5 5 e5 9
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus subtilis
Enterococcus faecium
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus farciminis
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Pediococcus acidilactici
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Streptococcus infantarius
57
44
competing bacterial challenge for the same location on the intestine. The
aim of probiotic products designed under competitive exclusion is to
obtain: stable, agreeable and controlled microbiota in cultures based on
the following; competition for attachment sites on the mucosa,
competition for nutrients and production of inhibitory substances by the
microflora which prevents replication and/destroys the chal-lenging
12
5.2.
42
The immune systems of fish and higher vertebrates are similar and both
have two integral components: 1) the innate,
47
with more than 50% plaque reduction. Girones et al, 1989 reported
that a marine bacterium, tentatively classified in the genus Moraxella,
48
6.
5.3. Enhancement of the immune response against pathogenic
microorganisms
Antiviral effects
Safety regulation
58
d r u g i n v e n t i o n t o d a y 5 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 5 5 e5 9
49
7.
Discussion
8.
Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
All authors have none to declare.
Acknowledgments
Authors are grateful to Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (F1-17.1/201112/RGNF-SC-TAM-1686/(SA-III
Website))
University
Grant
Commission, Government of India, New Delhi for the financial support
and sincere thanks and gratitude to Prof. Dr. T. Balasubramanian, Dean
and Director, CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences,
Annamalai University, Parangipettai for the necessary facilities provided.
references
d r u g i n v e n t i o n t o d a y 5 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 5 5 e5 9
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