Heating Coil in the Main Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Once the cold season is hot water or steam is supplied to the heating coils in the
AHU. This coil heats the leaving the AHU, sending warm air to all of the rooms.. The
coil consists of a copper header supplying steam to a copper tube which passes
through a continuous aluminium fin for added heat transfer surface area

HEATING COIL CALCULATION

When a certain volume of air passes a heating
coil, air temperature is increased from t1 to t2.
This process takes place at constant air
humidity. The effect of the heating coil is
calculated as follows:
Q = L . 1.2 .D t [kW], where:
L = air flow rate, [m3/s]
D t = increase in temperature across the coil,
[C]
Example on calculation of required heating coil
effect:
t1 = 0 C, RH = 50%
t2 = 20 C
L = 1.4 m3/s
Q = 1.4 . 1.2 . 20 = 34 kW
Air velocity
The air velocity across the heating coil is
calculated as follows:
L
v = L [m/s], where: V = A
A

L = air flow rate m3/s

A = gross area m2
Water volume
To calculate pressure drop on the water side
of the heating coil and determine the size of
the shunt valve, the water volume in a heating
coil must be given.
This is calculated as follows:
q = Q [kg/s], where
Cp.D t
Q = heating coil effect, [W]
t = temperature increase of water through the
heating coil, [ C]
Cp = 4.175 j/kg C at a water temperature of
50 C

VRV SYSTEMS
A VRV system provides considerable savings on energy, costs, and space
requirements. The VRV's innovative inverter technology ensures the kind of
performance required by building owners in every stage of operation. And the
unique REFNET piping system and compact, lightweight unit design give flexibility in
system planning and quick and easy installation.
Individual control
Conventional systems air condition a building as a whole, whereas the VRV system
air conditions each room individually. Hence it is ideal for the constantly changing
occupancy of a typical building. Even further, precise level control is possible that
reacts to the exact conditions in each room. Individual control promotes a far more
economical and efficient system.
Other advantages
Saves energy
The heat recovery system supports separate heating and cooling in different rooms,
making the system ideal for the constantly changing occupancy of a typical
building.
Using the HRV for ventilation dramatically boosts energy efficiency.
Conserves space

Space efficiency is enhanced by the compact size of the individual units, the long
maximum piping length, and the ability to realize a large-scale air conditioning
system with a single piping circuit.
Offers a wide selection of models
Lineup of heat pump types is 5 to 48 HP, and heat recovery types is 8 to 48 HP,
both in 2 HP increments*. Indoor units consist of 10 types with a total of 63 models.
This wide selection of models makes it possible to build a system that perfectly suits
the customers requirements.
* Except for 5 HP
Operates over a broad temperature range
The lower end of the operating temperature range in heating has been extended
from 15C to 20C.
Provides superior design flexibility
The extended maximum piping length gives more flexibility when designing the
system.
Layout changes can be made easily because the capacity of the indoor units can be
up to 130% that of the outdoor units.
New compressor technology eliminates the need for piping calculations, which
shortens the time needed for design.
Outdoor units can be placed on the roof where they have no effect on the design of
the building interior.
Enhances ease of use
Units are designed to operate quietly, and are also equipped with a function for
silent operation especially at night.
The controller is easy to operate and has many useful functions. Units can be
controlled in each individual room.
Delivers ultimate reliability
The self-diagnostic system identifies problems within the system quickly and
accurately.
The Auto Restart function ensures that operation is restored with the previous
settings even if the power has been shut off.
Units are controlled in each individual room, so local malfunctions does not cause
the entire system to shut down.
Simplifies installation
The lightweight, compact units can be transported using a regular lift.
Units can be installed on each floor.
The pipes are narrow and few in number, making layout simpler.
Inspection after installation is straightforward

VAV systems
VAV systems are designed to supply only the volume of conditioned air to a space
that is needed to satisfy the load. Fan energy is saved when the volume of air
handled by the fan is reduced. Air volume control is accomplished by installing
modulating dampers, or in some cases, an air valve, in the supply duct to each
zone. As the room temperature demand becomes satisfied, the thermostat signals
the damper to move the supply air zone valve toward the closed position.
When zone valves are throttled, the static pressure in the supply duct changes. A
static pressure sensor located in the supply duct senses the static pressure change,
and either increases or decreases the airflow from the source, using variable speed
control or dampers on the main air supply fan.
A key component in the VAV system is the air valve. It is commonly installed inside
an insulated sheet metal box suspended in a ceiling plenum. The air valve has a
damper that regulates the air flow in response to the room's thermostat. A multiport pressure sensing ring provides both accurate airflow sensing and control in
response to duct static pressure.
As VAV systems have evolved, so have the terminals. There are six popular VAV
systems. They are:
Shutoff
VAV Reheat
Parallel Fan Powered
Series Fan Powered
Dual Duct
Changeover/Bypass
There are many different types of
vav units:
Single Duct
Dual Duct
Reheat
Fan Powered
Series Fan
VAV boxes can also be classified as pressure independent and pressure dependent.
A pressure independent VAV measures cfm and will maintain the proper airflow
regardless of the box inlet static pressure provided by the main air handling unit. A

pressure dependent VAV does not measure airflow. The cfm will change depending
on the inlet static pressure. VAV systems are also usually designed with a diversity
factor which means that the main air handler design airflow is less than the sum of
the total airflow of all the VAV's. This is a common design because not all of the
VAV's in a building will be in full cooling or maximum cfm all at once. There are
three ways that a VAV can be controlled; pheumatic, electric, or Automated Control
Systems (ACS). Pneumatic control systems are becoming obsolete. The VAV damper
is opened and closed by a controller sending air pressure to an actuator hooked to
the VAV damper. Electric simply sends a signal from the thermostat in volts to an
electric motor connected to the VAV damper. ACS works the same as electric except
there is a main computer set up in the building that gets information from all the
VAV's and air handlers displaying it in text and graphics form. The possibilities are
endless with automated controls and is truly a huge leap forward in the HVAC
industry.

Chiller
A Chiller is a machine that produces chilled water (usually mixed with ~20% glycol
and corrosion inhibitors) which is used to cool and dehumidify air in commercial and
industrial facilities (see air conditioning). A typical chiller is rated between 15 to
1000 tons (180,000 to 12,000,000 BTU/h or 53 to 3,500 kW) in cooling power. There
are basically four different types of chillers: Reciprocating, centrifugal, or screwdriven chillers are mechanical machines that can be powered by electric motors,
steam, or gas turbines. Absorption chillers are powered by a heat source (such as
steam or hot water). They have very low electrical power requirements - very rarely
above 15 kW combined consumption for both the solution pump and the refrigerant
pump.
Chilled water is then distributed to air handling units as a refrigerant. The air
handling unit is a heat exchanger consisting basically of a fan, a filter bank, and
heating/cooling coil, inlet/outlet chilled water port, and air inlet port. These air
handling units provide air conditioning to the building by running the incomming
warm air through the coil of chilled water, transferring the heat from the air to the
chilled water, thus, cooling the air.
Chillers can be air-cooled or water-cooled. Water-cooled chillers incorporate the use
of cooling towers which improve heat rejection more efficiently at the condenser
than air-cooled chillers.
Industrial Chillers cool water using refrigeration cycles to provide a constant stream
of coolant for manufacturing and laboratory processes. Industrial chillers use
refrigeration to cool water that is then pumped through process or laboratory
equipment. Industrial chillers are used in the controlled cooling of plastics during
fabrication, manufacturing elements such as printer rollers, and high-heat

specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers. Industrial chillers typically come
as complete packaged closed-loop systems, including the chiller unit, condenser,
and pump station with recirculating pump, expansion tank, no-flow shutdown, and
temperature control.
Closed loop industrial chillers recirculate a clean coolant at a constant temperature
and pressure to increase the stability and reproducibility of water-cooled machines
and instruments. Open loop industrial chiller systems are also available. Open loop
industrial chillers control the temperature of a liquid in an open tank or sump by
constantly recirculating it. The liquid is drawn from the tank, pumped through the
chiller and back to the tank. An adjustable thermostat senses the makeup liquid
temperature, cycling the chiller to maintain a constant temperature in the tank.
Most industrial chillers use refrigeration as the media for cooling, but some rely on
simpler techniques such as air or water flowing over coils containing the coolant to
regulate temperature. Water is the most commonly used coolant within process
chillers, although coolant mixtures (mostly water with a coolant additive to enhance
heat dissipation) are frequently employed. Industrial chillers are used for controlled
cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of
industries. They are often used in injection and blow molding, metal working cutting
oils, welding equipment, die-casting and machine tooling, chemical processing,
pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, lasers, vacuum
systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and power generation stations, analytical
equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling.
Important specifications to consider when searching for industrial chillers include
the power source, cooling capacity, fluid discharge temperature, and compressor
motor horsepower. Process pump specifications that are important to consider
include the process flow, process pressure, and pump rating. Other important
specifications include the reservoir capacity full load amperage. Control panel
features that should be considered when selecting between industrial chillers
include the local control panel, remote control panel, temperature indicators, and
pressure indicators. Additional features include emergency alarms, hot gas bypass,
city water switchover, and casters. An important environmental parameter to
consider is the operating temperature.
To cool down a large building, it is often better to have a central air conditioning
system. It is simpler to have the refrigerant unit located at one place, and
distributing the coolness using water. Chilled water is easily pumped and it is able to
reach all floors in the building. The heart of the central air conditioning system is
the chiller.
Chillers make use of the refrigeration principles to work. A compressor is used to
compress the refrigerant gas to a higher temperature. The hot gas is then cooled by
a heat exchanger. The heat from the hot gas is dissipated to the outdoors through
cooling towers or fans. The hot gas, after being cooled, reverts back to a liquid

state. This is the property of most refrigerants, to be liquid at normal room

temperatures and pressures. This liquid is then led through a valve or orifice. The
liquid becomes expanded in volume after passing through this restriction. The
expansion of volume through the expansion valve or orifice brings about a cooling
effect. Heat is absorbed when the liquid becomes a gas. The cooling effect is used
to cool chilled water through a heat exchanger. The chilled water system is then
pumped and distributed to all the air handling units at various floors in the building.
The air handling units contain fans for moving air through cooling coils. The indoor
air is thus cooled.
The flow of the heat in central air conditioning system can be summarized as
follows:
Heat is transferred from the air in the rooms to chilled water at the air handling
units.
The chilled water is pumped through the chiller and the heat is transferred to the
refrigerant.
The refrigerant is cooled by cooling water circulating in the condenser of the chiller.
The heated cooling water is passed through cooling towers where the heat is
dissipated to the atmosphere by fans.
Types of Chillers
Chillers are a general term for air conditioning units using chilled water as a
distributing agent. They are named according to the type of compressors they use.
Centrifugal chillers use centrifugal impellers and high rotational speeds to work.
Reciprocating chillers contain pistons, crankshafts, suction valves and discharge
valves. Screw chillers use screw shafts to compress the refrigerant gas. Different
manufacturers produce their own designs based on these basic ideas of
compression. Some manufacturer design for multistage compression, some have
enclosed electrical motors in the refrigerant circuit, while others have external
motors. Many of the control systems are designed to suit the different
manufacturers. The settings of controls and machine design also depend on the
refrigerant they use. There are also different configurations for air or water cooled
condensers.
The lubrication oil for chillers is special oil that is compatible and able to mix freely
with the refrigerant. All manufacturers have their own arrangements to suit their
own designs, with oil heaters, oil bath, oil pumps, and others.
Centrifugal Chiller
Large sized chillers have centrifugal fans to compress the refrigerant gas. As with
any high-speed centrifugal fans, these chillers are susceptible to surging if the
system is not matched properly. Whenever there is a sudden change in the heat
loads or speeds, there is a possibility of surging. Many manufacturers design their
machines to cater for these sudden changes. For normal usage, there is almost no

problem in this area. Normally the condensers are water cooled, and they work in
conjunction with cooling towers.
Reciprocating Chiller
The motors of reciprocating chillers are usually totally enclosed inside the
refrigerant circuit. The pistons are made small in size. Because of the reciprocating
movements of the several pistons (6 to 8 pieces), these chillers are usually noisy.
They commonly use R-22 refrigerant. Very often the condensers are air-cooled.
Screw Chiller
Screw chillers are usually totally enclosed. They use R-22 refrigerant.
Cooling Tower
Cooling towers are evaporative coolers used for cooling water or other working
medium to near-ambient temperature. Cooling towers use evaporation of water to
reject heat from the system. They vary in size from small roof-top units to very large
hyperbolic structures (as in Image 1) that can be over 120 meters tall and 100
meters in length or rectangular structures (as in Image 2) that can be over 40
meters tall and 80 meters long.Cooling towers can generally be classifed by use into
either industrial or HVAC (air-conditioning) duty.
Industrial cooling towers can by used to reject heat from various sources such as
machinery or heated process material.
An HVAC cooling tower is a subcategory rejecting heat generated by a chiller. As
heat loads increase, water-cooled chillers are more energy efficient than air-cooled
chillers. Large office buildings, hospitals, schools typically use a cooling tower as
part of their air conditioning systems.
Generally, industrial cooling towers are much larger than HVAC towers and are
entirely erected on site. HVAC cooling towers can be compact enough to factory
assemble and ship nearly complete.

Cooling
towers are
used in
central air
conditioning
systems. The
function of
the cooling
tower is to
cool the warm
water from
the chiller
condenser.
Following the
central air
conditioning
system cycle,
the heat from
the rooms in a
building is
transferred to
chilled water,
which is then
transferred
into the
refrigerant,
and finally to
the cooling
water. The
cooling tower
is at the final
point of the
heat transfer.
The heat is
transferred to
the
atmosphere.
The heat in
the cooling
water is
removed by
letting moving
air come into

contact with
it. Water is
normally
spread out
and allowed
to drop down
by gravity
from a height.
Plastic fillings
are arranged
so as to
increase the
wetted
surface of the
water while it
is dropping,
while at the
same time
provide better
contact
between the
air passages
and the water.
There are
basically 2
types of
designs:
Cross Flow
Counter Flow
Cross Flow

As the name suggests, the flow of water is at right angles to the flow of air. The
cooling tower for this type of design is usually shaped like a box. Warm water is
pumped to the top of the cooling tower where it is distributed to the sides and
allowed to drop through small holes. Plastic air intake louvers at the sides of the
cooling tower allow the water to spread out while dropping. Air from the outside is
sucked into the cooling tower by several fans located at the top. The incoming air
comes into contact with the dropping water, and the latter is cooled. The cooled
water is collected at the bottom of cooling tower. This water is then pumped out
again and circulated through the chiller. The heat from the chiller is transferred to it

again. The warm water then returns back to the top of the cooling tower and the
cycle starts again.
Counter Flow
Counter flow cooling towers have the air passage flowing directly against the flow of
the water. As with the cross flow design, water is allowed to spread out with the help
of air inlet louvers. Their bottle like shape characterizes this type of cooling towers.
There is only one single fan at the center. Fitted below the fan is a rotating water
pipe distributor. The pipes of the water distributor shoots water only from one side.
The action of the water pressure shooting from one side rotates the distributor. The
water is thus dropped evenly over the air inlet louvers. The water dropping by
gravity meets head on with the up moving air current sucked in by the fan. The air
cools the water. The water collected at the bottom of the cooling tower is pumped
to the chiller, becomes heated up again, and is then returned back to the cooling
tower for cooling.
Water Treatment
In cooling towers, the cooling effect is achieved by evaporation of a portion of the
water passing through it. As the water is evaporated, impurities remain in the
recirculating water. The concentration of the dissolved solids increases rapidly and
can reach unacceptable levels. In addition, airborne impurities are often introduced
into the water. If the contaminants are not controlled, they can cause scaling,
corrosion, and sludge accumulations which can reduce heat transfer efficiencies.
In order to control the concentrations, it is necessary to bleed a small amount of
circulating water from the system and top up with fresh water. If the site conditions
are such that constant bleed-off will not control scale or corrosion, chemical
treatment is necessary. Even with bleed-off or chemical treatment, it is still
necessary to control biological contamination. The growth of algae, and other
microorganisms can reduce system efficiency and may even contribute to
potentially health hazards. Biocides are used to treat the water to control the
biological growths
Cooling Tower Water Management
Humidification
Whether it is a question of people feeling comfortable and staying healthy in
enclosed rooms; or high performance computers continuing to function at their
peak; rejected goods being kept at a minimum, or fruit, vegetables and meat
staying fresh in cold stores to keep their appetizing appearance (colour, form etc.)
the correct level of humidity is crucial for an optimal room climate.
Experts agree that a minimum of 40% relative humidity is essential in order to
guarantee a room climate that is both healthy and comfortable.

In order to create the optimal conditions for high-tech industrial processes and for
peoples health, sterile, odourless and mineral free steam must be produced. All
these requirements are met with the steam humidifiers from Nordmann
Engineering!
Isothermal and adiabatic humidification
The degree of moisture in the air can be increased using two different types of
procedures:
* through isothermal humidification (vaporization)
* through adiabatic humidification (atomisation)
During the isothermal humidification process, water is brought to boiling point
causing water vapour to be dispersed into the air. To change the state of water, an
external source of energy is required. The temperature of the air is more likely to
increase due to the high temperature of the water vapour.
During the adiabatic humidification process the water is finely atomised (aerosol)
and mixes with the air. Through this process, the temperature in the ambient air can
decrease so much that it is necessary for it to be reheated.
Electrode steam humidification
The heating system using electrodes
came into use at the beginning of the
20th Century in countries with advanced
electrification. At that time industrial
water was brought to around 70
degrees in large kettles using graphite
electrodes.
In the sixties, electrode heating was
further developed for the purposes of
steam generation. Electrode heating is
for evaporators in which the water is
brought to boiling point. The water itself
plays the part of the heating resistance.
This guarantees an extremely effective
transformation of the electrical energy.
Due to the high working temperature a
microbe-free steam of the highest
quality is generated. They can be used
with normal tap water and do not need

an excessive amount of servicing. Due

to the high steam temperature of
approx. 100C all types of bacteria are
destroyed and the risk of
microorganisms building up is
eliminated. The pure, hygienic
humidification by using sterile steam is
isothermal. Using this process is more
economical as the room air is not cooled
down, therefore eliminating the
necessity to reheat it.
Electrode steam humidification manufacturer *Nordmann Engineering
Definition of Humidification Terms
Calculation of humidification load
Dehumidification

ehumidifier
Dehumidification is the removal of water vapor from air, definition, and sorption
dehumidification equipment has been designed and operated successfully for
system pressures ranging from subatmospheric to as high as 6000 psi. The term
dehumidification is normally limited to equipment that operates at essentially
atmospheric pressures and is built to standards similar to other types of air-handling
equipment. For drying gases under pressure, or liquids, the term dryer or
dehydrator is normally used.
Nothing turns a hot day more oppressive than high humidity. In rooms that don't
really merit an air conditioner, or to cut down on the use of an air conditioner,
simply run a dehumidifier to make living more bearable.
The recommended humidity level inside your home during the summer is around 40
to 50 percent, and high indoor humidity can make you uncomfortable and adversely
affect your home. Musty smells, peeling wallpaper, warped wood, blistering paint
and moisture dripping from water pipes indicate excessive humidity and the need
for a dehumidifier.
Dehumidifiers remove excess humidity by drawing moist room air over cold
refrigerated coils. The moisture in the air condenses into droplets as it passes over

the cold surfaces in the dehumidifier and into a container. "Dried" air then returns to
the room at approximately its original temperature.
Some commercial applications of dehumidification include
Lowering relative humidity to facilitate manufacturing and handling of hygroscopic
materials
Lowering the dew point to prevent condensation on products manufactured in lowtemperature processes
Providing protective atmospheres for the heat treatment of metals
Controlling humidity in warehouses and caves used for storage
Preserving ships, aircraft, and industrial equipment that would otherwise
deteriorate
Maintaining a dry atmosphere in a closed space or container, such as the cargo
hold of a ship or numerous static applications
Eliminating condensation and subsequent corrosion
Drying air to speed the drying of heat-sensitive products, such as candy, seeds,
and photographic film
Drying natural gas
Drying gases that are to be liquefied
Drying instrument air and plant air
Drying process and industrial gases
Dehydration of liquids
Frost-free cooling for low-temperature process areas such as
brewery fermenting, aging, filtering, and storage cellars; blast
freezers; and refrigerated warehouses
Frost-free dehumidification for processes that require air at a subfreezing dew
point humidity
Methods of dehumidifications
Cooling
Refrigeration of the air below its dew point is the most common method of
dehumidification. This method is advantageous when the gas is comparatively
warm, has a high moisture content, and when the outlet dew point desired is above
40F. Frequently, refrigeration is used in combination with desiccant dehumidifiers
to obtain an extremely low dew point at minimum cost.
Liquid Desiccant
Liquid desiccant conditioners (absorbers) contact the air with a liquid desiccant,
such as lithium chloride or glycol solution . The water vapor pressure of the solution
is a function of its temperature and its concentration. Higher concentrations and
lower temperatures result in lower water vapor pressures.