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]2nd slide
[Causes of epidemics
Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several
reasons.
One of the reasons are floods, a disaster itself contain many
pathogens in the dirty water it contains. Other than that its water is a
perfect home for some of the vectors. (for example plasmodium s
rd
vector the mosquito breeds in water.)
]3 slide
Logo of epidemic
[The conditions which govern the outbreak of epidemics include infected food supplies such as contaminated drinking
water and the migration of populations of certain animals, such as rats or mosquitoes, which can act as disease
vectors. Certain epidemics occur at certain seasons.]5th slide
For example, whooping-cough occurs in spring, whereas measles produces two epidemics, one in winter and one in
March. Influenza, the common cold, and other infections of the upper respiratory tract, such as sore throat, occur
predominantly in the winter.
[Types of epidemics
Common source outbreak
In a common source outbreak, the affected individuals had an exposure to a common source. If the exposure is
singular and all of the affected individuals develop the disease over a single exposure, it can be termed a point
source outbreak. If the exposure was continuous or variable, it can be termed a continuous outbreak or intermittent
outbreak, respectively. ]5th slide
[Propagated outbreak
In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person. Affected individuals may spread the disease
further.
Many epidemics will have characteristics of both common source and propagated outbreaks
For example, secondary person-to-person spread may occur after a common source exposure ]6th slide
[Transmission of epidemics
Airborne transmission: Airborne transmission is the spread of infection by droplet nuclei or dust in the air.
Without the intervention of winds or drafts the distance over which airborne infection takes place is short, say 10
to 20 feet.
Arthropod transmission: Arthropod transmission takes place by an insect, either mechanically through a
contaminated proboscis or feet, or biologically when there is growth or replication of an organism in the
arthropod.
Biological transmission: Involving a biological process, e.g. passing a stage of development of the infecting
agent in an intermediate host. Opposite to mechanical transmission.]7
th
slide
[Contact transmission: The disease agent is transferred directly by biting, sucking, chewing or indirectly by
inhalation of droplets, drinking of contaminated water, traveling in contaminated vehicles.
Cyclopropagative transmission: The agent undergoes both development and multiplication in the
transmitting vehicle.
[Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in
defined populations. .]9th slide
Examples
[
deat
Plac
hs
2,03
India
When occurred
comments
Pathogen
2015present
H1N1
America
2015
present
present)
Zika virus
Afric
201
2016)
Angola
]10
th
yellow fever
slide