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Class
Q0
Description
Method of
Reflectance
R1
0.10
Mostly diffuse
R2
0.07
Mixed
(diffuse and specular)
0.07
Slightly specular
R4
0.08
Mostly specular
Table 40
Road reflectance materials table of RP-8-00 (r-Table).
NOTE 1 DMA recommends using Q0 of 0.07, clients requirements to be considered, factor finally
used to be approved by the client. Please see current applicable DMA Lighting Specifications for
more detailed information.
Figure 210
Angles upon which the luminance coefficient is dependent.
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E
J
G
isotropic.
Although different road materials have different reflection properties, and those properties change over time and
with wear, there is only one of the r-Tables commonly used in the Abu Dhabi, for asphalt-based roads and for
concrete roads. This r-Table is called the representative road surface table.
r-Tables are characterised by two parameters, one concerned with lightness and one concerned with specularity.
The parameter for lightness is the average luminance coefficient, Q0; this is highly correlated to the average
luminance produced on the road surface.
The parameter for specularity is
S1 = r (0, 2) / r (0, 0) where:
r (0, 2) is the reduced luminance coefficient for
tan
= 0 degrees and
and tan
= 0 degrees
=0
NOTE 1 The representative British, European and US road surface for asphalt road surface is characterised as
Q0 (R2 or R3 in US/RP-8-00) = 0.07 (commonly used in Abu Dhabi) and S1 = 0.97. For concrete road surfaces
the corresponding values are Q0 (R1 in US/RP-8-00) = 0.10 and S1 = 0.24.
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Figure 211
Sample of modern Abu Dhabi LED street lighting design after installation.
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NOTE 1 Spacing and indications given above are of theoretical character therefore they are to be selected by the
lighting consultant and approved by the client in relation to the specifications given.
Figure 212
Sample of well-designed modern LED street lighting in Abu Dhabi after installation
The S/P ratio is with 1.6 in a good range see Chapter F / Figure 153.
used.
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Figure 213
Sample of modern LED street lighting with central twin and opposite layout.
The S/P ratio in front (white light LED) is with approx. 1.6 in a good range, the old lighting
(monochromatic yellow) in the back is with poor S/P ratio of approx. 0.4, see Chapter F / Figure 153.
With an r-Table matched to the pavement material, the luminous intensity distribution for the
luminaire and the layout of the luminaires relative to the carriageway, the luminance produced by
a single luminaire at any point P on the road surface can be calculated using the equation:
L=
lr
h2
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This process can then be repeated for adjacent luminaires and the contributions from all luminaires summed to
get the luminance at that point for the whole lighting installation. This process can then be repeated over an array
of points on the road so as to get the luminance metrics used to characterise the road lighting for traffic routes.
Although this process can be done manually, for straight roads (means standard road calculations in maintained
average given in cd/m2), it is almost always done using software.
For all other roads and conflict zones the software will show results in maintained average lux (lx) levels.
This allows the designer to access the photometric file for the selected luminaire and then to manipulate the
mounting height, clearance, set-back, tilt and layout of the luminaires necessary to determine the spacing
required to meet the appropriate lighting criteria. All of these variables, clearance and set-back have limits.
To allow safe passage, the clearance of all parts of the lighting equipment above the carriageway should be
at least 5.7m to 6.0m.
NOTE 1 Clearance above road surface is subject to specifications given by DMA or the client.
To reduce the risk of death or injury caused by collision with a lighting column, the minimum set-back of the
lighting column from the edge of the carriageway is related to the design speed of the road, and given as a
guideline by the client:
Avenue / Boulevard set-back approximately 2.5m
Road / street set-back approximately 2.0m
NOTE 1 Please refer to current Municipal standards in recent version for more details.
Minimum set-back of lighting columns from the edge of the carriageway Bends in the road with a radius greater
than 300 m can be considered as straight as far as lighting is concerned. For bends with smaller radii, the layout
of the luminaires should be designed to ensure the necessary road surface luminance and good visual guidance.
NOTE 1 Please refer to current Municipal standards in recent version for more information.
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For all smaller types of carriageways, the placement of the luminaires should be arranged in a single
sided plan, where ever possible, the bend will follow the placement of the straight parts to allow
clear orientation.
For wider roads, an opposite layout or placement in the median should be used. A staggered layout
should not be used on bends at all, as it gives poor visual guidance. The spacing of luminaires on a
bend is less than on a straight road.
For comparison of examples refer to Table 32 and 33.
Straight run off street spacing is calculated with 52m (100%), curvy road (street) spacing is
calculated with between 33m (approx. 65%) and 40m (approx.. 80%).
To check that the road surface luminance criteria are met for bends, an isoluminance template can
be used. This consists of a contour on the road where the luminance in cd/m from a single
luminaire is at 12.5% and 25% of the maximum road surface luminance. Given a layout of luminaire
positions, the luminance templates of the individual luminaires can be superimposed on the plan of
the road to determine the luminance uniformity Emin/Eav.
Conflict areas have different shapes and use illuminance (lx) as a criterion rather than luminance
(cd/m). The illuminance produced at a point P from a single luminaire is given by the formula:
E=
where:
I cos 3 J
h2
This process can be repeated for adjacent luminaires and the contributions from all luminaires
summed to get the illuminance at that point for the whole lighting installation. This process can then
be repeated over an array of points on the road so as to get the illuminance metrics used for the
lighting of conflict areas.
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Today manufacturers must provide an isolux diagram (File versions like; *.ldt, *.uld, *.ies) these files can be
used in common lighting calculation software like DIALux- or Relux program. This being the illuminance pattern
provided on the road surface by a single luminaire relative to the maximum illuminance and plotted in terms of
mounting height, tilt, etc., for more information refer to sample calculations provided under Chapter G / 3.3 and
following.
Given a layout of luminaires around a conflict area, the mounting height and information about the maximum
illuminance, the overall illuminance pattern can be generated. Some suggested luminaire layouts for commonly
occurring conflict areas, e.g. roundabouts, are given in this handbook as is advice for special locations, such
as bends, conflict zones, pedestrian crosswalks. Bridges and elevated roads and around airfields to be calculated
in same way as if they are on ground level. Special requirements for avoiding glare to approaching airplanes are to
be considered in case they are required by air-traffic control authorities. Guidance on the lighting of tunnels is a
special topic; detailed description will follow in Chapter G / 7.0.
The above design guide is only to understand how luminaires are to be placed and, in any cases detailed lighting
calculations are to be made for each standard street layout, showing designed luminance levels in cd/m2
(straight parts), in illuminance levels (lx) for bends and conflict zones, to allow check and approval with current
local standards.
All such calculations are the basic input to measurements after finalisation and implementation of the project.
For all intersections, roundabouts, pedestrian crosswalks, bends and other conflictor higher, low or medium
risk areas the calculations are to be done showing designed levels illuminance in lux (lx).
3.8.4 Plotting of Luminaire Positions
Having determined the ideal spacing, the luminaire positions are identified, starting with the conflict areas.
After these are settled, the luminaire positions for the traffic routes and adjacent areas are identified.
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The area over which these illuminances should be applied varies with the application. When considering roads
with associated areas, it is recommended that a single lighting class be applied to the carriageway and any
adjacent footway and verge, from boundary to boundary. If a road is a shared surface residential road, the
relevant area is the shared surface only. When considering footpaths and cycle tracks separated from roads,
consideration should be given to extending the lit area beyond the width of the footpath or cycle track so as to
give a wider field of view.
Glare from luminaires should be controlled. To limit disability glare, where luminaires have clear bowls or reflectors,
these should conform to at least class G1 of Chapter G / 3.2 / Table 28. For discomfort glare, the simplest
approach is to select a luminaire where the light source is not visible, either directly or as an image, from any
relevant direction. If a more quantitative approach is desired, glare index can be used. This is calculated from the
equation:
Glare index = I A-0. 5
where:
I = maximum luminous intensity at 85 from the downward vertical, in any direction (cd)
A = apparent area of the luminous parts of the luminaire on a plane perpendicular to the direction of I (m2).
NOTE 1 The manufacturer to provide Glare Index along with data sheet of luminaire.
Figure 214
Sample of modern LED street lighting with good S/P ratio and low glare.
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Figure 215
Old street lighting with low S/P ratio and not well controlled glare.
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Figure 216
Lighting of modern town centre with LED sources daytime look.
Figure 217
Lighting of modern town centre with LED and good S/P ratio during night.
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Figure 218
Stairs and landings with wall mounted lighting as part of pedestrian underpass in Abu Dhabi.
Figure 219
Ramp within pedestrian underpass with wall integrated lighting.
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Figure 220
View of pedestrian underpass as lit with wall integrated lighting as part of the overall street lighting, to achieve appropriate illumination.
Figure 221
Portal and exit of pedestrian underpass with reduced daylight controlled internal lighting during daylight.
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Figure 222
Portal and exit of pedestrian underpass with maximum light level during night.
NOTE 1 In both situations (day and night) the entrance and the exit of the pedestrian underpass are with
acceptable illumination which will allow for safe ingress and egress through.
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Tunnel classification:
Class I
Class II
The uni-directional tunnels that are within 8 minutes time distance from
the fire brigade stations or where fixed fire suppression systems like
sprinklers are installed. All types of fire may be controlled either by fire
brigade or by fixed fire suppression systems. Typical urban tunnels with
high fire load.
Class III
Class IV
Table 41
Tunnel Classification
NOTE 1 The descriptions in this part of the handbook are based on common place practice and it
is mandatory to use local Municipal standards and/or specifications.
NOTE 2 All details and pictures provided within this part are from different tunnels in the Abu Dhabi
area, and the information is for illustration purposes only.
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Figure 223
Modern tunnel lighting, LED based, installed in Sheikh Zayed Street tunnel, and taken shortly before opening.
The purpose of tunnel lighting is to enable drivers to see vehicles and obstructions within the tunnel.
The lighting of tunnels has to address two different problems:
The first is the black-hole effect experienced by a driver approaching a tunnel.
The second is the black-out effect caused by a lag in adaptation as experienced upon entering the tunnel.
Figure 224
Driver experiencing a black hole effect during daytime by entering a short street tunnel having daylight controlled street lighting support.
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Figure 225
Driver experiencing a black hole effect by entering a long street tunnel having daylight controlled street lighting support
and where the exit is not visible.
Figure 226
Driver experiencing a black
hole effect at the entrance
to an underground parking
facility, internal lighting is on,
but at the entrance not as
strong as it should be.
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Figure 227
Typical black-out effect after entering the tunnel, the lighting is switched on to daylight level, but due to the
much higher light levels outside the eye needs some time for adaptation to the lower light level inside the tunnel.
Neither of these problems occurs at night, because the average road surface luminance inside the tunnel
is recommended to be at least with same brightness as the street lighting guiding towards the tunnel entrance.
NOTE 1 The light level inside the tunnel has to follow the light level of the street lighting in front of the tunnel and
after the exit of the tunnel. This means a value similar to if not greater than that of the road surface outside the
tunnel should be provided.
NOTE 2 Especially tunnel lighting is very important to guarantee drivers safety! Therefore all the explanations and
information given within this handbook are to explain the different topics of tunnel lighting design and to help in
developing the required tunnel lighting. It is mandatory to strictly follow strictly the local Municipal guidelines and
specifications in this matter.
NOTE 3 Pictures and lighting calculation samples are based on local projects recently built, but each new tunnel
lighting design shall follow its confirmed design parameters.
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By day, the luminances around the tunnel portal will be much higher than those inside the tunnel,
so both the black-hole effect and the black-out effect may be experienced and driver safety may
suffer. See Figures 225, 226 and 227.
The black-hole effect refers to the perception that from the distance at which a driver needs to be
able to see vehicles and obstructions in the entrance to the tunnel, that the entrance is seen as a
black hole. The major cause of the black-hole effect is the reduction in luminance contrasts of the
retinal images of vehicles and obstructions in the tunnel entrance caused by light scattered in the
eye. There are two design approaches that can be used to alleviate the black-hole effect.
The first is to reduce the luminance of the surroundings to the tunnel. This can be done by
ensuring that the tunnel portal is of low reflectance, by shading the tunnel portal and the road
close to the tunnel entrance with louvers designed to exclude direct sunlight, where less only
diffuse daylight may pass through, also by using low reflectance road surface materials outside
the tunnel and by landscaping to shield the view of high-luminance sources, such as the sky.
The second is to increase the luminance contrast of vehicles and obstacles inside the tunnel
entrance. This can be done by the choice of materials used in the tunnel entrance.
The road surface inside the tunnel entrance should be of higher reflectance than that immediately
outside and including the walls of the tunnel up to a height of 2 meters, against which vehicles inside
the tunnel are usually seen. Such internal tunnel walls shall have a luminance within the range of
60 to 100 of the average road surface luminance. The actual minimum luminance must also depend
upon the particular tunnel design standard and the tunnel classification, as selected.
The black-out effect occurs because although the approach to the tunnel starts the process of
visual adaptation there is no guarantee that this process will be complete by the time the tunnel
entrance is reached. The approach used to diminish the blackout effect is to gradually decrease the
road surface luminance from a threshold zone, starting at the tunnel portal, through a transition
zone, and into the interior zone.
The length of these zones is determined by the stopping distance (SD), this being the distance
required to bring a vehicle travelling at the maximum allowed speed to a complete halt. The length
of the threshold zone is one SD (stopping distance). The average road surface luminance of the
threshold zone is determined by the access zone luminance.
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The access zone is the part of the road approaching the tunnel within one SD of the entrance portal. The access
zone luminance is the average luminance of a conical field of view subtending 20 degrees at the eye of a driver,
as located at the start of the access zone and looking at the entrance portal.
The threshold luminance ranges from 3% to 10% (in some cases up to 100%) of the access zone luminance
depending on the tunnel design, the tunnel class and the speed limit. The length of the transition zone is
determined by the assumed vehicle speed, the distance being set so as to allow about 18 seconds for
adaptation. The road surface luminance of the interior zone in daytime depends on the speed and density of
traffic in the tunnel and covers a range of 0.5 to 10 cd/m2, the higher the speed limit, the higher the traffic density
and the more mixed the traffic, the higher the average road surface luminance recommended in the interior zone.
The minimum overall uniformity ratio along each lane of the tunnel should be 0.4 and the minimum longitudinal
uniformity ratio is in the range 0.6 to 0.7 depending on the tunnel class. Disability glare from lighting in the tunnel
is controlled by limiting the threshold increment to less than 15 percent.
At the end of the interior zone is an exit zone where drivers leave the tunnel. The length of the exit zone in metres
is numerically equal to the speed limit in kilometres/hour. The road surface luminance of the exit zone should be
five times the average road surface luminance of the interior zone. Detailed guidance on the lighting
of tunnels can be obtained from BS 5489-2: 2003.
Figure 228
Typical lighting set-up for street tunnels.
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Figure 229
Tunnel lighting (luminance) developed for a specific tunnel class II with approx.160m length.
CIE luminance
Designed luminance
Figure 230
Comparison of luminance as required by CIE and the designed luminance for this specific tunnel, daytime scene.
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nance but high luminances for vehicles so the vehicles tend to be seen in positive contrast. Various
Figure 231
Different typical systems of light distribution used for tunnel lighting.
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to nearly zero.
Figure 232
Spacing diagram of luminaires for a specific tunnel.
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Figure 233
Car Park entrance during night with glare free security lighting.
Figure 234
Entrance to pedestrian underpass, where the underpass is well lit, but the area in front looks dark because
of the glare produced by the street light pole to the rear.
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9.1 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Low-Risk Car Park next to Streets
Figure 235
3D Rendering of a
typical low-risk parking
lighting layout.
Figure 236
3D false-colour rendering of a typical low-risk parking lighting layout,
including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
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Table 42
Table of results for a typical low-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
9.2 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Medium-Risk Car Park next to Streets
Figure 237
3D Rendering of a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout.
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Figure 238
3D false-colour rendering of a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout,
including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
Table 43
Table of results for a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity
with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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Figure 239
3D Rendering of a typical car park with medium-risk lighting layout.
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Figure 240
3D false-colour rendering of a typical medium-risk car park lighting layout,
including approximate lux (lx) levels shown by different colours.
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Table 44
Table of results for a typical medium-risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
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Figure 241
3D Rendering of a typical car park with high risk lighting layout.
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Figure 242
3D false-colour rendering of a typical high risk car park lighting layout, including approximate lux (lx) levels
shown by different colours.
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Table 45
Table of results for a typical high risk parking lighting layout, showing conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications requirements,
results provided by DIALux in lx.
Underground car parks (treated as indoor areas) should provide clean and safe lighting without disability
glare or direct glare to allow safe driving and car parking. Luminaires should be placed to give a uniformity
of at least 0.4. The glare index should be with maximum UGRL 25. Average maintained illumination level
as per Table 48 below:
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Type of area
Em
(lx)
UGRL
U0
RA
Specific requirements
In/out ramps
(during day)
300
25
0.40
40
In/out ramps
(during night)
75
25
0.40
40
Internal traffic
lanes
75
25
0.40
40
Parking areas
75
n.a.
0.40
40
Ticket office
300
19
0.40
80
Table 46
Places of public assembly - public car parks (indoor underground).
NOTE 1 All indoor car park facilities shall be designed as required by latest standards of local
guidelines, above information is to be seen as a sample taken out of international standards.
Figure 243
Typical, one direction glare controlled,
non-efficient car park lighting.
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Figure 244
Typical underground car park facility with non-efficient luminaires.
Figure 245
High-way petrol station during daytime with modern post-top LED lighting.
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Figure 246
High-way petrol station during night time, average illumination level provided by the high-way
lighting on left hand side, ground mounted lights are helping in orientation, station area is
well lit with good S/P ratio.
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Chapter H
Exterior
Workplace
Lighting
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in Exterior Workplaces
construction site.
without discomfort.
2.1 Scale
recommended.
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2.4 Obstruction
areas.
2.7 Impact on the Surrounding Area
2.5 Interference with
Complementary Activities
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Average
maintained
Illuminance (lx)
Illuminance
uniformity
(min. average)
Typical application
Safe pedestrian
movement in
low risk areas
0.15
Pedestrian areas in
general
Safe
movements of
slow vehicles
10
0.25
Safe movement
in medium risk
areas
20
0.25
Pedestrian movement
mixed with slow traffic
movement
Very rough
work
20
0.25
Construction sites in
general
Table 47
Illuminances for outdoor work areas, general guideline gives some lighting
recommendations for generic activities.
GR = 27 + 24 ln
where:
LV
L0e.9
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See Chapter B / 2.10 and following, for more information on the calculation of
equivalent veiling luminance.
For many applications, Le is approximated by the formula Le = 0.035 E p/n where p is the
reflectance of the surface, e.g. a sports field, and E is the illuminance on the field (lx).
For grass sports fields, a reflectance in the range 0.15 to 0.25 is appropriate.
The higher the glare rating, the greater is the visual discomfort. It is necessary to calculate glare
rating for all critical viewing directions.
Anti-glare lamella
Figure 247
Luminaire seen from 2.5m below which will cause glare, because of position, aiming
and type. Pedestrians have direct view into the reflector and source. The glare
protection implemented (black lamella) will not work in this case.
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Figure 248
Playground with very good colour rendering.
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Figure 249
Playground where local pole luminaires are fitted
with good quality of colour rendering, but because of
light distributed from street lighting with poor colour
rendering index, the possibility of confident colour
naming is not existent.
NOTE 1 (Figures 248, 249) A monitored playground can be considered a workplace in some situations.
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Figure 250
A business yard lit by high power floodlights. The combination of a medium beam flood light distribution,
obstruction and low surface reflectances results in hard contrasts with strong shadows.
Such lighting installations will not help to improve security.
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Table 48
Maximum obtrusive light permitted for exterior lighting installations
* Allowed from public road lighting installations only
** Where the site boundary lies adjacent to a Lighting Zone of a lower category, the
requirements of the lower category must be met at and beyond that boundary
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Application
Minimum
maintained
average (mean)
Illuminance (lx)
Illuminance
uniformity
(minimum average)
Notes
0.1
The illuminance is
measured on the
horizontal surface
of the area.
Fences
(public/private)
0.1
The illuminance is
measured on the ground level
on either side of the fence.
Entrances / Gates
100
n.a.
Table 49
Illuminance recommendations for security lighting of secure areas.
Application
Minimum
maintained
average (mean)
Illuminance (lx)
Illuminance
uniformity
(minimum average)
Notes
0.1
Medium risk or
medium crime risk
car parks
10
0.1
Public parks
10
n.a.
Table 50
Illuminance recommendations for security lighting of public areas.
NOTE 1 Above light levels are to be taken as guidance only, actual requirements to be
obtained from the client and/or from the DMA Lighting Specifications.
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public safety/wellbeing, fixture mounting requirements and recommended lighting levels etc. whilst
statutory for public realm might not necessarily be applicable for private areas.
However it is recommended this Chapter and the DMA Lighting Specifications references should
still be considered on all landscape lighting projects even those falling outside the statutory
jurisdiction of Municipal public realm, because these are generally aligned with international best
practice. As such any references to applicable standards in this Chapter are made primarily to
DMA Municipal and/or clients requirements.
1.1 Guiding Principles for Public Realm Lighting
The Handbook takes the people-first approach that is fundamental to the establishment of
a world-class public realm. The primary focus is how the public realm meets the needs of the
residents and visitors of the Emirate. In this respect the nighttime lighting for public realm areas
needs to be designed to ensure the physical daytime design of spaces is not lost after dark and
where possible lighting is used to visually enhance spaces, rather than just to illuminate surfaces
or activities.
When designing lighting schemes for the public realm it is important to work collaboratively with
other design disciplines such as the landscape architects / urban designers / architects to agree on
the desired night time ambiance as well as the intended usage patterns and functions of a space.
There are key principles in undertaking lighting design for public realm:
Function
Task, levels, safety and security, environmental considerations, efficiency
Aesthetic
Look, feel, colour, texture, equipment, mounting and locations
Balance
Holistic design approach, hierarchy, transitions, surrounds
In this Chapter J, the Handbook provides details on how to approach and develop
lighting design for public realm under these key principles.
Refer to UPC PRDM for additional information on the design of the public realm and
other public realm/landscape documentation prepared by Municipalities and/or clients.
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The first step for initiating a public realm lighting design is to understand the space to be designed
or refurbished and any conceptual approach or theme with the client and design team. Thereafter
the lighting designer should develop an initial lighting strategy considering all factors that may have
impact on lighting and the final scheme design. In turn these factors will lead to the setting of key
lighting parameters which can be simply illustrated as shown below in Figure 251 for discussion and
assessment with the client and design team. The technical background information associated with
all these parameters is described in Chapters A to F of this Handbook.
Brightness (effects)
Colour (light)
Uniformity (on surfaces)
Control (movement)
Technique (light distribution)
Figure 251
Sample graphic illustrating lighting parameter selection
From this initial establishment of the lighting strategy and parameters, the lighting designer should
create a more detailed palate of lighting solutions required and decide how they connect and work
holistically addressing the key principles.
This should be done through implementing the following considerations for the specific public realm space.
1.2.1 Visual Hierarchy
Define the balance of brightnesses between the various public realm elements. Adjusting the
brightness of public realm lighting establishes a visual hierarchy which can assist with the legibility
of a space and assist users to navigate through it.
For example secondary pathways should have a lower lighting level than main pathways.
Landmarks, gateways and key focal elements within a space can be accentuated through the
use of higher lighting levels. Establish with the landscape architect/urban designer/architect where
landmarks and focal points are and which pathways, are considered primary/main transitional routes
and use this to form the basis of hierarchy for the lighting design.
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However it is important to ensure that the contrast in lighting levels is not excessive as this may result in
adaptation issues which could impact public safety. The section below on Public Wellbeing and Safety provides
more specific advice on this.
The following Table 51 is an extract from the DMA Lighting Specifications and illustrates appropriate lighting levels
to create a safe visual hierarchy within the public realm.
Specific area, use, task
Average maintained
illumination Em (lx)
Uniformity ratio
(minimum to average)
Main pathway
Secondary pathway
Public squares, piazzas
and open public space
10
5
15
0.25
0.25
0.30
Playgrounds
Steps & Hazards
Access points, exists
Footbridges
Cycle racks
Outside audience areas
30
50
50
40
10
20
0.30
0.60
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.40
Table 51
Illumination levels as per DMA Lighting Specifications; please refer to the latest version of the standards,
as above figures may be subject to change.
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Figure 252
Computer visualisation of a playground lighting concept; an important technique to agree and convey the overall lighting
design early in the project design stages. Later stages should refine this down to eye-level perspectives.
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1.2.3 Colour
Define and specify clearly the colour temperature of the various light sources. This is a critical part of design of the
lighting scheme. Having the same CCT (Correlated Colour Temperature) for all light sources can often result in a
visual flattening of the space which is a missed opportunity. Chapters A and C provide more specific information
on colour temperature and lamp technology respectively.
Use of strong colour and RGB colour-changing light can be dramatic and useful for adding interest within the
public realm if applied sporadically and in a controlled manner. However the use of too many coloured light
sources and/or colour changing effects creates visual confusion and can detract from the visual impact and
aesthetic of a space. Refer to Chapter B Vision for more detailed information of these issues.
Figures 253 and 254 show, respectively, examples of public realm spaces with the same colour rendering index
light sources used throughout and another where there are various CCT sources applied.
Figure 253
Lighting of entire public realm with lighting equipment having the same CCT of lamp sources.
It demonstrates how flat and uninteresting visually the same CCT can be and especially when adjacent to roads
and parking areas also having a similar CCT.
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Figure 254
Lighting of public realm showing lighting used with varying CCT lamp sources; neutral white for bollards along pathways,
warmer CCT for planters and cooler for street areas. Providing a better, more interesting visual environment.
When considering the use of colour or colour changing light sources it is recommended that this is
developed in close collaboration with the design team to establish where coloured light sources
might be best used and to understand the impact this might have on other material selections or
planting used. Often it is worth considering and proposing to the design team the alternative option
of introducing colour into the public realm design directly, for example into the materials, planting or
surface finishes, and then select good white lighting to illuminate them.
The DMA Lighting Specifications defines the permissible band of CCT for Municipal public realm
projects which should also be considered as best practice for any public realm or landscaping
project, but within this band, warmer and cooler light temperatures should be selected and applied
to specific elements/treatments helping to create visually interesting and diverse spaces.
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Figure 255
Initial lighting concept using concealed direct and indirect white-light fixtures to support and enhance the colourful souk
theme of a playground.
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Ensure fixtures, with the exception of spike lights, are mounted in hardscape/nonirrigated areas and not in
softscape. This is especially applicable to column and bollard lights which can be damaged by machinery such
as lawn mowers and from irrigation overspray. See Figure 256 below.
Figure 256
Lighting fixtures, other than spike lights when appropriate, should not be installed in softscape areas due to potential trip hazard,
due to damage from irrigation overspray and damage from lawn mowers.
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Figure 257
A lighting scheme only targeting the floor and stairs such as this, with low illuminances, poor uniformity and little in
the way of additional ambient light from the surround reduces the ability of people to fully judge others from distance.
This does not promote a feeling of safety or wellbeing.
Lighting designed to allow action at a distance requires attention to be paid to the illuminance
provided, the uniformity of the illuminance horizontally and vertically, the avoidance of disability glare
and the spectral power distribution of the light source. For people to have a reasonable perception
of safety at night, the horizontal illuminance on the ground should lie somewhere between 5 and
15 lx depending on the ambient illuminance. Below 5 lx, perceptions of safety deteriorate rapidly.
Above 50 lx, perceptions of safety are close to the maximum possible, so there is little to be gained
from higher illuminances.
NOTE 1 The DMA Lighting Specifications define a number of key lighting levels for Municipal
projects, Refer again to Table 51 in section 1.2.1 of this Chapter for some of the most typical areas.
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With regard to illuminance uniformity, if the principle of action at a distance is to be followed, it is essential that
excessive variations in illuminance be avoided. Close enough spacing of luminaires and their mounting heights is
particularly important if excessive variation in the vertical illuminances on faces is to be avoided. Also considering
a mixture of direct/indirect lighting from luminaires or the lighting of surface elements can be used. For more
specific information refer to Chapter D Luminaires and Chapter F Applications.
To check correct balance of vertical illuminance, the spacing, positioning and aiming of all the area lighting used
should be determined by lighting calculations undertaken on DIALux or Relux software or other recognised design
package. Once the area and all proposed fixtures are inserted, many factors can be determined to inform the
correct lighting solution. A vertical plane could be used to check the uniformity and illumination levels at face level.
Municipal and/or local standards are to be considered to suit the project type and clients requirements.
Figure 258
Sample of lighting a pathway from primarily columns with good vertical illuminance and an acceptable illumination level and uniformity,
but poor Colour Rendering and CCT lets the space down.
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Figure 259
Sample of lighting a pathway using
primarily bollards which dont provide
good vertical illuminance on their own,
but contain good optical control and in
conjunction with surrounding lighting
from streets, buildings and trees,
combine to result in sufficient vertical
illuminance in a better balanced and
more interesting visual environment.
The varying CRI with good CCTs
reinforces this.
Figure 260
Sample of lighting for pathways using bollards (background, left) and surface-bollard types (foreground, right) which
shows very poor vertical illumination and glare due to a combination of low-ambient lighting from elsewhere, poor optical
control and overpowered light sources. CCT and Colour Rendering of the bollards are also noticeably very poor.
The overall result creates an unbalanced and uninviting space.
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The most common sources of disability glare at night are luminaires in unsuitable locations, poor aiming of
luminaires and/or poor luminaire design. This last problem is particularly common in historic (lantern-head or
globe) luminaires, which can have the combination of little in the way of shielding of the light source together
with low mounting heights. Care in the selection of luminaires; their optical glare-control, the aiming, if applicable,
and their mounting heights is essential and to be considered in balance with all the other lighting in the space if
disability glare is to be avoided. See Chapters B, D and F for more specific help in understanding and avoiding
these issues.
Figure 261
Luminaire with unsuitable light
distribution and low installation
height causing disability
glare and reduced visibility on
surrounding areas. This sort of
lighting solution should never be
applied to a public realm space
as it results in both an unsafe and
unattractive visual environment.
1.2.7 Solar
For all public realm lighting projects DMA Municipal Standards require that viable options are proposed for the
inclusion of solar lighting solutions.
The DMA Lighting Specifications states:
Provide specific advantages for having some solar lighting technology and/or their cost of implementation can
be mitigated by other factors. These include, but are not limited to, interactive/awareness zones, integrated with
local structures, isolated areas without current electrical infrastructure, dedicated sports areas, childrens play
areas, sculptures/arts or specific paths.
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Other clients too may increasingly seek integrated solar proposals and in many instances these
will include solar luminaires/lighting rather than a purely separate electrical solar array grid system
provision. If any solar lighting is being considered, all the aspects described above in Sections 1.1
and 1.2 of this Chapter are equally as important and the considerations for achieving a high quality
holistic lighting scheme when using solar lighting and conventional lighting are no different.
In case solar lighting proposals are to be developed, the following is to be considered:
One application however that will not be possible, will be solar lighting for use within tree-shaded
areas, as Figure 262 below features in a project mock-up proposal.
Regardless of technical claims or promises, solar PV (photo-voltaic) panels will never receive
guaranteed sufficient sunlight/daylight through a tree canopy, one also cannot assume what the
future growth will do and additionally panels will be prone to far more dirt and debris build up than
in open areas. It is mandatory that solar should never be considered for such locations.
Figure 262
Stand-alone solar column fixture proposed under a tree
canopy. All such solar solutions cannot work under trees
and PVs must always be in areas open to the sky to
receive the maximum amount of the suns path
completely unobscured.
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Figure 263
Lighting for a partially-shaded walkway
providing an acceptable ambient scheme
combining low-level bollard lighting and
reflected light from the shading structures
to improve vertical illuminance.
Care should be taken however with the
visible brightness and glare from the
bollards optics, something for which
this installation is less successful.
Figure 264
Lighting provided by surrounding
illuminance for an un-shaded walkway
resulting in an acceptable ambient
scheme. This demonstrates that
dedicated pathway lighting it is
not always necessary when other
public realm lighting such as for
planting or walls is considered.
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NOTE 1 However, visual comfort of the scene is adversely affected by the excessive glare from the
high column fixtures in the background.
Figure 265
Lighting provided using wall and tree up-lighting in combination with step lighting to avoid the need for column lighting.
This illustrates how the overall vertical and horizontal illumination of a space using the lighting of the surrounding planting and
structures can achieve more than one task. However whilst the scheme uses varying CCTs and has good colour rendering,
the aiming and power of the tree lighting equipment may have resulted in higher lux levels on the trunks and therefore higher
visible brightnesses than current DMA Lighting Specifications target design figures advise.
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Figure 266
3D Rendering of a typical main pathway with maintained illuminance average of 10 lx
with standard column-mounted luminaires with downward direct optics.
NOTE 1 A dedicated system such as this should only be considered when a pathway
is either isolated from other potential lighting contribution from adjacent treatments, or
if the overall design intent is to prioritise this element visually.
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Figure 267
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 267. This represents the approximate lux (lx) level
distribution shown by the different colours.
Table 52
Table of results for a main pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 266 & 267, indicating conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications
requirements for illuminance and uniformity, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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Figure 268
3D Rendering of a typical secondary pathway with maintained illuminance average of 5 lx with standard column-mounted luminaires
with downward direct optics. If main pathways have been proposed with a column solution, then it is not recommended that
the secondary pathways have the same solution. Instead consider providing lighting by other lighting fixture types such as bollards
(see section 2.1.4 of this Chapter) or adjacent lighting fixtures providing the required 5 lx average.
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Figure 269
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 269. Representing the approximate lux (lx) level
distribution by the different colours.
Table 53
Table of results for a secondary pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 268 & 269, indicating conformity with
DMA Lighting Specifications requirements for illuminance and uniformity, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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2.1.3 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Main Pathway (10 lux; refer to Table 51)
using Typical Direct/Indirect Secondary-Reflector Column-Top Luminaires
These are the types of column-mounted fixtures where the lamp is housed within the column top pointing
upwards into a form of secondary reflector, which in turn reflects the light downwards in a controlled manner.
See Chapter D Luminaires.
The advantage with these types of fixtures are they produce less intense direct glare, they provide a more diffuse
distribution of illumination, both horizontal and vertical, and in some cases are less prone to damage with the
avoidance of visible clear diffusers in lieu of solid reflectors. The resultant diffuse light distribution can enable wider
spacings as well, but this can be at the expense of efficacy because the increased losses associated with using a
secondary reflector rather than a direct optic reduces the output lumens per watt and thus generally these fixtures
result in slightly higher loads as compared with direct optic types. However by selecting types with high-efficient
sources such as LED, coupled with efficient secondary reflectors they can be a useful and beneficial solution to
aid an overall balanced scheme.
Figure 270
3D Rendering of a typical main
pathway with maintained illuminance
average of 10 lx with column-mounted
direct/indirect secondary-reflector
luminaires. Again a dedicated solution
such as this should only be considered
when a pathway is either isolated from
other potential lighting contribution
from adjacent treatments, or if the
overall design intent is to prioritise
this element visually.
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Figure 271
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 271. Representing the approximate lux (lx) level distribution by the different
colours and shows how the light distribution reaches further when compared with using direct-optic luminaires as shown in Section
2.1.1 of this Chapter at the same mounting height and spacing.
Table 54
Table of results for a main pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 270 & 271, indicating conformity with DMA Lighting Specifications
requirements for illuminance and uniformity, results provided by DIALux in lx.
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NOTE 1 This increase in wattage as compared to Section 2.1.1 of this Chapter for a main pathway demonstrates
the less efficient (luminous efficacy) nature of using direct/indirect secondary reflector fixtures. The illumination
uniformity although appearing lower than if using a direct optic fixture is misleading as this is only down to the
circular shadow directly under these type of fixtures which is quite typical and adversely affects the Emin/Eav
value outputs in calculations.
If one takes these small shadows into account and sites these fixtures appropriately and carefully accepting this
fact, the actual overall pathway uniformity possible will be far higher than when using a direct solution and one
can increase the spacings further whilst remaining with the same mounting heights. This is something to bear in
mind if reducing visual clutter is an aim and the relatively modest shortfall in efficacy can be borne.
2.1.4 Sample of a Lighting Calculation for a typical Secondary Pathway
(5 lux; refer to Table 51) using Bollard Luminaires
In practice, bollards can be a very attractive addition to public realm lighting. When applied carefully, they can
have a place in supporting the whole scheme. In isolation however they should not be used for main pathways
unless their lighting distribution is supplemented by other lighting from surrounding treatments, as they produce
little or no light above waist level and thus good vertical illumination is impossible to achieve without incurring
glare.
For secondary pathways, with less illumination required as they are not the primary routes for the public to
use, bollards are a more viable option as long as the surrounding environment still supports their application.
Secondary pathways can tolerate less uniformity and less vertical illumination and indeed in some spaces
having higher contrasts at night can be desirable in partnership with being a physical method of visually
differentiating pathways/areas in the daytime as well.
Some bollards can be specified with more than one light source to achieve multiple tasks, for example with
an uplight optic or coloured strip, so they have the potential to be used in some areas and reduce the need for
additional fixture types.
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Figure 272
3D Rendering of a typical secondary pathway with maintained illuminance average of 5 lx with bollard luminaires.
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Figure 273
3D False-colour Rendering of calculation shown in Figure 273. Representing the approximate lux (lx) level distribution by the different
colours and immediately demonstrating the different light distribution characteristics from using bollards.
Table 55
Table of results for a secondary pathway lighting layout shown in Figures 272 & 273, indicating that whilst it is possible to achieve
sufficient average illumination with bollards, it is difficult on their own to meet the uniformity minimum requirements (0.1) when considered
at similar spacing distances to column fixtures.
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Maintenance of luminaires:
LED luminaires are always the preferred option, if not already required by client/DMA in the project
brief/statutory requirements, due to the reduced maintenance needed and LEDs not requiring re-lamping.
Both of which can adversely affect aiming.
Ensure adequate drainage is provided for the luminaire as per manufacturers requirements. No luminaires
except those rated as IP68 are intended to sit in or be immersed permanently in water.
See Chapter D Luminaires.
Avoidance of light pollution:
All luminaires used for uplighting purposes are potential contributors to direct upward light pollution.
They should be placed and aimed correctly, have the tightest appropriate beam angles needed and target
illumination levels kept within those required by the DMA Lighting Specifications.
All projects must comply with the requirements of Estidama for light pollution limits and allowances.
2.2.2 Examples of Tree Lighting in Public Realm
Figure 274
Examples of space where no specific tree lighting provided. Due to the palms being not densely spaced, the bollard and
ambient lighting to the area provide supporting light and good backlighting of the trunks. The additional play of light and shadow
adds further interest.
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Figure 275
Tree spike uplight luminaires within
raised planters are placed in front of
many trees, but not all, the viewer is
able to see the dimensions of the site
in all directions in a scheme intended
to be seamless, integrated and without
deliberate prioritising.
Aiming is well done to show the nature
of the trunks and canopies without too
much illumination at height to distract
the view of the Grand Mosque behind.
It is assumed that narrow beam
uplights (15 to 30) are used in this
installation to avoid light pollution as
much as possible.
However the illuminance levels on the trunks is too high on some palms and could be addressed by
re aiming and positioning adjustments.
Figure 276
Due to the small size of the trees after
planting it is difficult to aim the inground
uplights in a way to show more of the
canopy without resulting in excess direct
light pollution to the sky. The trunks are
the main "feature" in this installation.
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Figure 277
Sample of a well lit small palm tree by an in-inground
uplight luminaire. Appropriate lighting level on the trunk
and canopy is achieved which minimizes direct light
pollution and glare. However in-ground fixtures should
not be installed within softscape unless they present a
distinct trip hazard or some other mitigating need.
When any such fixtures are installed in softscape then
consider domed-glass elements to reduced the
build-up of dirt and leaves on the lens.
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This is a similar situation for either lighting water from the outside or having lighting under the water
pointing outwards. If one is considering lighting a structure from inside the water then the angles of
aiming are critical to get right or much of the light will be wasted in uncontrolled reflections.
Figure 278
Example of a reflection causing glare:
undesirable if this is from a normal
viewing position.
With reflections it is always still water that has the biggest issue to address and if a project has a still
or gently moving water feature such as a reflecting pool then usually it is best not to try and provide
any feature lighting at all and the approach would be to consider and control all the external lighting
around to ensure the pool is left alone to do what it does in the daytime at night also: to reflect the
surroundings. See Figure 279.
Figure 279
A reflecting pool feature such is this
should not be directly illuminated and
thus allows it to achieve its intended
purpose at night as well as in the
daytime.
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However if it is the intention to try and internally illuminate a still water feature then the only surfaces one can
utilise are the features sides and bottom and the designer should try to ensure these are not dark or specular
materials. Any lighting should ideally be linear or from many small sources aimed acutely and reflect from the
sides and bottom to create a diffuse effect. Although it should be understood that this is a particularly difficult
thing to achieve successfully.
But with aerated water the presence of air-bubbles creates the effect of diffusion and depending on the amount
of air-bubbles to amount of light which will internally reflect inside the water. Aerated water is always to easiest
type of water feature to light as it is generally more forgiving to fixture locations and aiming (inside or outside the
water) and once light is introduced into the medium it bounces around and can appear to fill up the water with
light. But light can and will escape and usually in every direction so both ensuring correct placement, aiming and
beam type is essential and the power of the sources assessed correctly. Badly tailored lighting fixtures and too
much light can be a hindrance which can cause both visual discomfort and glare if not considered carefully.
It is very difficult to try and use computer calculation software for water feature lighting and after taking into
consideration all the issues described, it is advisable to always test or mock-up physically any proposal prior to
making a final decision.
2.3.3 Techniques for Lighting Water Features
The easiest and cheapest approach is to use external lighting mounted away from the water if the surrounding
space affords suitable mounting locations and heights for spotlights to be used and observer reflection issues can
be avoided. Large waterfalls can be very successfully lit in this manner. However this solution is best considered
for when the feature is not central where people are able to view it from all sides.
Small spotlights or linear fixtures can be considered for mounting externally just above the water for some
features if there is space and a sufficient recess to properly conceal the equipment from view. With these
however their proximity to the water and safety standards would mean they should be rated as if they were fully
submersible types. Therefore these and any fixtures and connections proposed for mounting underwater must be
fully rated to IP68 and designed specifically for this purpose. If long-term electrical safety is a concern then the
use of fibre-optics and remote sources can mitigate some of these issues. For general guidance on equipment
and applications refer to Chapters C to F.
The best method for lighting fountains containing water jets is with nozzle integrated lighting as they will ensure
the light enters the water jet at source and these tend to be specialist supplied equipment forming part of the
water feature specialists fountain package. The designer should work in close coordination with any feature
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specialist to agree all aspects of the lighting effect and lighting specification. A basic starting point
for any lit water feature is to achieve a comparative brightness (luminance) ten-times higher than the
surrounding space. See Figures 280 & 281 for examples of successful and less successful fountain
water feature submersible lighting.
Figure 280
Simple fountain water feature using
single narrow-beam nozzle-integrated
underwater lighting fixtures aimed
correctly into the water stream to react
with the natural diffusion and refraction
properties of aerated water. Note the
background lighting levels are controlled
to not interfere detrimentally with the
effect desired.
Figure 281
Larger compound fountain water feature where most of the underwater lighting has
wide-beam optics and positioned and/or aimed incorrectly to produce more glare and
light spill than light actually working with the water feature itself. This type of lighting
works more successfully with larger fountains with taller and wider volume water jets.
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Figure 282
Playground showing a successful
scheme of indirect and direct fixtures
all located on the shade structure.
Mounting heights are appropriate
ensuring safety, uniformity, good
vertical illuminance and enhancement
of the shade structure itself.
Figure 283
Another playground showing an indirect lighting solution for the shading structure and supplementary wall lighting around
the perimeter. However it is unlikely the shadestructure solution will work well in this case as the fixtures are too close to the shade
material which will cause hot spots and loss of reflected light. Whilst the wall fixtures are a direct/indirect type with the upward
component pointing into the sky and not a reflecting surface. Careful lighting design will avoid these issues.
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showing a successful
ndirect and direct fixtures
n the shade structure.
ights are appropriate
ety, uniformity, good
nance and enhancement
structure itself.
Figure 284
Another similar playground, this time showing the main area lighting mounted high at a similar height to the end of the shades and
aimed almost sideways directly across and down the material. This is incorrect as the majority of light will be too acute, hit the sides
of the space and cause glare to users. The fixtures should be lower and aimed upwards into the centre of each panels for maximum
effect and efficiency.
Figure 285
Playground using narrow spotlights in
clusters to uplight the shade-structure
panels and perimeter-positioned
secondary-reflector column fixtures for
support to the surrounding areas.
This is a reasonable approach however
the aiming of narrow spotlights has to be
very precise to avoid all viewing angle
glare problems and to maintain decent
uniformity.
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Chapter K
Sports Lig
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Sports Lighting
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Figure 286
Luminaire covered with small bars to avoid damage by flying objects.
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Complaints about light trespass are usually made by the owners of adjacent properties.
Criteria to determine if such complaints are justified is given in Chapter F / Table 24. If the complaints
are justified, the source of complaint can often be removed by careful aiming of the lighting or by
bespoke shielding of the luminaires to prevent any direct light from the installation reaching the
windows of the complainant (see Figure 287). Light pollution in the form of light trespass is a
recognised statutory nuisance.
Figure 287
Light distributed by street lighting or high mast flood lighting to provide illumination on public realm sports facilities.
Figure 288
Figure 289
Figures 288, 289 showing simple lamella and baffle to cut light trespass to other properties.
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Figure 290
Light pollution of a sports facility in Middle East.
Complaints about skyglow are more likely to be made by pressure groups that object to the use of the facilities at
night. It is not the responsibility of the lighting designers to justify the use of sports facilities at night but it is part of
their design service to help minimise the amount of skyglow. This can be done by the careful selection and aiming
of luminaires and the advocacy of a curfew system for the use of the lighting.
1.6 Lighting Recommendations
All light level recommendations given in this handbook without exception if in lux (lx) or in cd/m2 are to be seen as
the maintained average levels.
In view of the possibility that several sports are to be played on same ground, the recommendations given will
allow for a wider range of illumination and uniformity levels.
The following tables summarise the recommendations for the lighting of sports facilities in the different lighting
classes. The recommendations are given for sports of majority interest. The following notes are essential for
interpreting the recommendations.
The horizontal and vertical illuminances given are both minimum maintained average values.
Horizontal illuminance is for the playing surface. Vertical illuminance is usually on a specified plane at a given
height above the ground.
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Illuminance uniformity is the ratio of minimum illuminance to the maintained average (mean)
illuminance over the actual playing area.
For indoor facilities, glare control is achieved by specifying a maximum unified glare rating (UGRL).
For outdoor facilities, glare control is achieved by specifying a maximum glare rating see
Chapter G / 3.2 / Table 28 classes G1 up to G6.
1.6.1 Athletics
Athletics can take place outdoors in a stadium or indoors in an arena. The lighting in both types of
facility should be adequate for both field and track or gym areas. Where sports involving flying
missiles such as the discus or Frisbees are to take place, the lighting should ensure the missile is
visible throughout its flight.
Recommendation:
Class III
Horizontal illuminance 50lux to 100lux
Illuminance uniformity 0.5
Colour rendering 80 or better
Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / (55)
1.6.2 Bowls, Boccia
Bowls or Boccia requires the players to be able to see the jack, or the balls. To achieve this, high
levels of illuminance uniformity is necessary and glare needs to be controlled.
For outdoor bowls, the usual lighting system is floodlights mounted at the corners of the green.
Light should reach all parts of the green from at least two directions if good modelling is to be
provided. Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming of floodlights.
Recommendation:
Class III
Horizontal illuminance 70lux to 100lux
Illuminance uniformity 0.7
Colour rendering 80 or better
Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / (55)
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1.6.3 Cricket
Cricket is played with a hard ball delivered at high speed. The bowler needs to have a clear view of the pitch and
wicket. The batsman needs to have a clear view of the bowlers action and run- up. The fielders need to be able
to see the flight of the ball. To meet these objectives more light is usually provided and more uniformly in the
square near the wicket than in the outfield and glare needs to be limited as far as possible.
For outdoor cricket, the usual lighting system uses high-mounted floodlights. Light should reach all parts of
the field from at least two directions. Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming of
floodlights. Care should be taken to allow for a safety zone around the pitch, to avoid injuries by players hitting
the poles, if they are near to the pitch borders. A white ball is often used to after dark to give a better contrast
against the night sky.
Recommendation:
Class III
Horizontal illuminance 200lux to 300lux on wicket square
Illuminance uniformity 0.5
Horizontal illuminance 200lux on outfield
Illuminance uniformity 0.3
Colour rendering 80 or better
Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / (55)
1.6.4 Fitness Training
Fitness training involves the use of equipment such as weights, treadmills and rowing machines. The purpose of
the lighting is to allow safe operation of the equipment and to provide a comfortable environment. Usually, indoor,
the lighting consists of a regular array of ceiling mounted luminaires. For outdoor areas a general illuminance level
of 100 lux should fulfil the requirements. The main target is to avoid hard shadows caused by trees or equipment
placed near to each other. Lighting provided should be based on lanterns, pole lights or post tops in same style
and height as other areas of the public realm. By adjusting the placement, higher number of light sources, the
required illuminance level and a better uniformity, recommended 0.5, can be achieved.
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1.6.7 Rugby
Rugby involves the rapid passing of a ball combined with physical contact between players. At high levels, these
sports attract large numbers of spectators. The purpose of the general lighting is to provide uniform illumination of
the whole pitch, with good modelling of players and without shadows or glare to players (or spectators).
This purpose can be met by a number of different approaches, mostly from pole-mounted floodlights at different
locations around the pitch. Glare is controlled by careful selection of mounting height and aiming of floodlights.
Care should be taken to allow for a safety zone around the pitch, to avoid injuries by players hitting the poles,
if they are positioned near to the pitch borders.
Recommendation:
Class III
Horizontal illuminance 75lux
Illuminance uniformity 0.5
Colour rendering 80 or better
Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / (55)
As a summary to above recommendations for the different sports played in public realm utilities the required levels
are defined as follows:
Recommendation:
For all Class III sports in public realm facilities MUGA (Multi Use Games Area)
Horizontal illuminance between 75lux and 200 lux
Illuminance uniformity between 0.5 and 0.7
Colour rendering 80 or better
Glare rating should be class G4 or G5 / (55)
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Figure 291
3D Rendering of a typical MUGA
playground in public realm.
Figure 292
3D Rendering of a typical MUGA
playground in public realm,
including approximate
lux (lx) levels shown by
different colours.
Table 56
Table of results for a typical MUGA playground lighting layout, luminaires 5 upwards tilted, and providing
the appropriate illumination levels in lux (lx).
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Chapter L
Lighting
Performance Ver
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First:
Second:
Third:
procedure.
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ambient temperature.
measurement.
particular wavelengths.
2.0 Instrumentation
to be measured.
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Figure 293
Illuminance meter of newest technique showing the lux levels, the colour temperature and the amount on UV radiation.
NOTE 1 By having the option to use the sensor remote (with its own address), it is possible to make a long term
multi-sensor measurement.
2.2 Luminance Meters
A luminance meter consists of an imaging system, a photoreceptor, and a display (Figure 294 and 295).
The optical imaging system is used to form an image of the object of interest on the photoreceptor.
The photoreceptor produces a signal that is dependent on the average luminance of the image it receives.
The object of interest must be in focus and fill the photoreceptor aperture in order to obtain valid readings.
This signal is amplified and displayed in either analogue or digital form. By changing the imaging system it is
possible to alter the field of view of the photoreceptor to give different areas of measurement. The photoreceptors
used in luminance meters may be photovoltaic cells or photomultiplier tubes. The photovoltaic cells, as in
illuminance meters, need to be colour corrected and used with associated circuitry to give a linear response
and to operate acceptably over a range of ambient temperature.
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BS 7920 describes the specification for luminance meters, discusses in detail the uncertainties to
which luminance meters may be subject to and also specifies limits for the uncertainties for two
classes of luminance meter. The two types of meter are type L, laboratory meters and type F, field
meters. The uncertainties for measurements of highly coloured light sources may be greater.
Luminance meters are available which provide measurements over a range of 10-4 to 108 cd/m2,
are available for areas varying from a few seconds of arc to several degrees. It is important to use a
luminance meter with appropriate sensitivity and measurement area for the application.
Figure 294
Luminance meter, standard type, with protection of lens to avoid influence of light sources outside focussed area.
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Figure 295
Luminance meter combined with illuminance meter. Measurement of illuminance and luminance can be manually
adjusted to spot or flood type.
NOTE 1 Such multiple-use devices may show uncertainties of measurements they are greater than if meter is
provided only for one type of measurement.
3.0 Methods of Measurement
The lighting recommendations given in this Handbook and/or local and international standards usually involve
some combination of maintained average illuminance; some measure of maintained illuminance variation, either
maintained average illuminance diversity or maintained illuminance uniformity. Some measure of glare limitation
which can be a maximum luminance, a unified glare rating (UGRL) for interior lighting or a glare rating (GR) for
exterior lighting, more commonly for the Luminous Intensity Classes G1 to G6 and the colour rendering index
(CRI). Of these, only the maintained average (mean) illuminance, illuminance diversity, illuminance uniformity and
surface luminance can be measured in a field survey. Both UGRL and GR or, G- Classes have to be calculated,
most of the manufacturers will provide them along with their data sheets of luminaires. All of them are for given
viewing positions and directions. The CRI is a property of the light source.
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Figure 296
Sample of gird of measurement points for measurement of a four lane high-way.
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The illuminance at all junctions of each cell is measured and the exact value for all these junctions is calculated.
The sum of all single values taken on the junctions in one room must be divided by the number of points
measured. The result out of this is to be multiplied by the maintenance factor used in the design calculations.
The result should match the values reached in the design calculations. This gives an estimate of the maintained
average (mean) illuminance. The accuracy of the estimate depends on the number of junctions and the variation
of illuminance.
NOTE 1 All measurements of artificial light to be made without input of daylight.
NOTE 2 Depending on the reflection factors used during doing the design calculations the result may vary from
the calculated values.
NOTE 3 The size of the cell-grid to be chosen in relation to the room size. This could be between 0.5m and 2.0m.
Sometimes the grid could be same as used in the design calculation program.
NOTE 4 The relevant measurements are to be taken in same height as the calculated working plane or task area.
Floor (e.g. corridor): Photocell at floor level, design calculation level of task 0.05m above FFL. Office Table
(e.g. task area): Photocell on Table, design calculation between 0.75m and 0.85m.
3.3 Exterior Lighting
For exterior lighting, the most common method of measurement of maintained average (mean) illuminance is
based on a full grid of measurement points over the working plane or specific areas, as required, If lighting
arrangement and architecture (spacing, pole heights, types, etc.) is the same in big areas, typical parts could be
measured for check and approval. The same grid may be used in the measurement of maintained illuminance
variation. See Figure 296.
When this method is applied to an interior lighting installation, the interior is divided into a number of equal size
cells that should be as square as possible.
The illuminance at all junctions of each cell at the area, or typical area, must be measured and the exact value for
all these junctions is calculated. The sum of all single values taken on the junctions in one area, typical area, must
be divided by the number of points measured. The result out of this is to be multiplied by the maintenance factor
used in the design calculations. The result should match the values reached in the design calculations. This gives
an estimate of the maintained average (mean) illuminance. The accuracy of the estimate depends on the number
of junctions and the variation of illuminance.
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Calculation or Measurement
at a point one half (1/2) of the grid cell size from the
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R=
ES
L
where:
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Another method is to use a luminance meter and a standard reflectance surface made from pressed
barium sulphate or magnesium oxide. The luminances of the surface of interest and the standard
reflectance surface are measured at the same appropriate position.
Then the reflectance of the surface of interest is given by the expression:
R = Rs L1 / Ls
where:
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381
Figures 297 and 298 shows both sides of Munsell sample map of reflexion degrees for
different colours and materials.
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Chapter M
Lighting Ma
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383
Lighting Maintenance
ing Maintenance
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Figure 299
Well maintained environment.
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Lighting Maintenance
Figure 300
Deteriorated street lighting lamp.
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should be sought.
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works starts.
cleaning regularly.
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Figure 301
Typical values of how to calculate the LED system lumen maintenance factor (LLMF)
for some commonly used LED light sources after a range of hours of use.
replacement, is to be done.
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NOTE 1 For typical values of LSF after a range of operating times refer to data sheets
of lamp manufacturers.
NOTE 2 For some commonly used fluorescent and discharge light sources new developed
long-life lamps are available. Refer to lamp manufacturers data sheets.
2.5 Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF)
Dirt deposited on or in a luminaire will cause a reduction in light output from the luminaire.
The rate at which dirt is deposited depends on the construction of the luminaire, the nature of
the dirt and the extent to it is present in the atmosphere. The luminaire maintenance factor (LMF)
is the ratio of the light output of a luminaire at a given time to the initial light output. Table 62 and 63
gives typical values for LMF of different types of luminaires or LED systems, and six different luminaire
cleaning intervals, for normal and dirty environments. Desert areas or sea-side locations near,
or in cities, with high humidity and massive dust/sand appearance are to be considered as dirty
environments. Clean environments are not found in outdoor environments as they only belong to
locations such as clean rooms, computer centres, electronic assembly areas and hospitals.
Normal outdoor environments are dependent upon the amount of traffic and the location of the
equipment or the distance to cities or industries, e.g. pedestrian underpasses or pedestrian bridges
with regular cleaning procedure of the environment and the lighting equipment could be seen as
normal, if such agreement is reached with the owner or operator of the lighting equipment.
Dirty environments are common in all locations where massive traffic movements or dusty
surroundings like cities in Middle East are to be designed.
In outdoor installations of luminaires and lighting equipment for indirect lighting (e.g. pavilions, car
sheds, pedestrian underpasses, pedestrian bridges, etc.) the LMF must be agreed by discussion
about the regular maintenance procedure with the owner or operator of the equipment, if no such
agreement can be reached the worse-case scenario is to be used for all design calculations.
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0.5
0.93
0.89
1.0
0.90
0.81
1.5
0.88
0.73
2.0
0.86
0.66
2.5
0.85
0.60
3.0
0.84
0.55
Table 62
Typical luminaire maintenance factors (LMF) for a range of luminaires, and a range of cleaning intervals, in normal environments.
0.5
0.91
0.85
1.0
0.86
0.74
1.5
0.83
0.65
2.0
0.81
0.57
2.5
0.80
0.51
3.0
0.79
0.45
Table 63
Typical luminaire maintenance factors (LMF) for a range of luminaires, and a range of cleaning intervals, in dirty environments.
NOTE 1 Above figures representing average environmental conditions, all environmental conditions to be checked
and adapted before using for calculation of LMF.
NOTE 2 Authorities and/or client to agree with lighting designer on maintenance schedules before start of design
of lighting systems.
NOTE 3 The factors for clean environments are not applicable for outdoor installations.
2.6 Room (exterior) Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF)
Changes in all surface reflectance caused by dirt deposition will cause changes in the illuminance produced by the
lighting installation. The magnitude of these changes is governed by the extent of dirt deposition and the importance
of inter-reflection to the illuminance produced. Inter-reflection is closely related to the distribution of light from the
luminaire and the room index, which is not a main topic for all exterior installations. For luminaires that have
a strongly downward distribution, i.e. direct luminaires, interreflection has little effect on the illuminance produced on
the horizontal areas, walkways, etc. Conversely, indirect lighting is completely dependent on interreflections.
As for room index, the smaller is the room index, the greater is the contribution of inter-reflected light.
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In outdoor installations of luminaires and lighting equipment for direct and indirect lighting
(e.g. pavilions, car sheds, pedestrian underpasses, pedestrian bridges, etc.) the RSMF must be
discussed and agreed, in order to be aware of the regular maintenance procedure as planned by the
owner or operator of the equipment, if no such agreement can be reached the worse-case scenario is
to be used for all design calculations.
Tables 64 shows the typical changes in the illuminance from an installation and which occur with
time due to dirt deposition on the surfaces, for normal and dirty conditions, in medium or large
environments, as lit by direct, direct/indirect and indirect luminaires. Clean environments are found
in such locations as clean rooms, computer centres, electronic assembly areas and hospitals,
but not in exterior places, therefore no table is provided. Normal environments are found in offices,
shops, schools, laboratories, restaurants, warehouses and some exterior locations, see above.
Dirty environments are common in many outdoor locations in and around cities.
Normal environment
Size
S
M
L
Room index
0.7
2.5
5
Luminaire type
Dustproof (IP5X) direct
Dustproof (IP5X) direct
Dustproof (IP5X) direct
Dirty environment
1.0
0.94
0.96
0.96
1.5
0.94
0.96
0.96
2.0
0.93
0.95
0.95
2.5
0.92
0.95
0.95
3.0
0.92
0.95
0.95
Luminaire type
Dustproof (IP5X)
semi-direct
0.5
0.96
1.0
0.94
1.5
0.94
2.0
0.93
2.5
0.92
3.0
0.92
2.5
Dustproof (IP5X)
semi-direct
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
Dustproof (IP5X)
semi-direct
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
Table 64
Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) for direct and semi-direct luminaires in rooms of different room indices, for a range
of cleaning intervals, in normal and dirty environments.
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NOTE 1 Above factors are to be used for many outdoor applications, but only if IP5X or IP6X luminaires are part of
the lighting design, because RSMF depends on cleaning of the environment and not of the luminaires.
NOTE 2 Outdoor applications are mostly of medium size, like pedestrian bridges, underpasses, etc. or of large size,
like public squares, parks, childrens playground, open car parks or covered car sheds, etc.
NOTE 3 Factors used in calculation of maintenance factor shall be discussed and agreed with
authorities and/or client.
2.7 Determination of Maintenance Factor for Standard Exterior Lighting
The maintenance factor (MF) for the most common standard outdoor lighting installations is a multiple
of only three factors:
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Chapter N
On the Hor
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On the Horizon
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1.1.1 Costs
and easily.
1.1.2 Technologies
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performance criteria.
System Reliability
These criteria are developed to ensure that
Life
system performance, the data and measurement required from the manufacturer and a
lines will help to specify and install LED products with traceable data and high quality in
the UAE.
or Clients.
output.
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lamp or luminaire.
LEDs performance
for absorbing the heat away from the LED, which may
Optical performance
Housing design
Gaskets, sealants
luminaire.
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and Quality
in General
specification.
Internal / External
as street lighting.
installation or powerup.
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of these respects.
2.13 Manufacturing
C and D.
any issues.
3.0 Life
or system:
assembly.
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failures.
(Bp).
10% (F10).
Design Data
manufacturer.
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System Data
be installed.
electrical design.
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losses.
classification is:
standards.
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On the Horizon
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name of progress.
federal facilities.
Lighting Design
urban gardens.
urban capacity for clean water and air, affordable housing and waste management.
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On the Horizon
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vitality.
That is an important policy question in itself, but
8.2 Energy Sustainability
either way, it will not obviate the need for more large-
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developed countries.
Similarly, bad weather and night-time underline its short-term reliability. These two
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On the Horizon
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Figure 302
Solar post-top street lighting
for a park cycle rack in UAE.
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413
On the Horizon
Figure 303
Solar post-top street lighting test unit in Middle East during daytime.
Figure 304
Solar post-top street lighting test after 2 years operation at 04:00am.
NOTE 1 Please refer to the Municipal and DMA Lighting Specifications for solar street
lighting requirements and/or other solar lighting applications.
NOTE 2 Only though long-term test cycles will it be possible to develop acceptable
solar street lighting options for the hot and sandy climate in Middle East areas.
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CIE
IDA
POLC
ISO
CEN
CENELEC
ANFOR
EN
European Norms
LiTG
LTG
SLG
LUX-Europa
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11.0 Conclusion
As it may be known in some countries there is a tendency to have very bright spaces without
concern for which use they are designed, the structure of controlling switch on/off points being
mostly far behind the effective needs.
The technical standards of implementation of lighting or electrical equipment are sometimes
not based on latest standards.
Real lighting atmosphere can be achieved only with a clear design and the know-how where
light is needed and where shadows are useful! In fact the human eye is only able to see
three-dimensional if there is Light & Shadow at the same time.
At the same time all points of Glare are disturbing the atmosphere of light, because of the normal
way the human eye is working, from evolution we are every time forced to look at things happening
around us and not mainly in our direct field of view, this was a matter of staying alive or not,
in earlier days of human development.
Based on this know-how and the knowledge that the human eye is able to adapt to different
brightness very fast, it is easy to design light in a way to get the best effects with less energy
and budget.
This Handbook has been specifically developed and implemented to explain the Theory and best
practice of universal Light Design in the ever-developing modern world.
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Chapter O
Lighting Voc
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417
Lighting Vocabulary
ing Vocabulary
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Absorption
Adjustable luminaire
Accent lighting
portable.
[D ]
Angle of observation
Unit: rad,
portal.
Appearance
Access zone luminance
recognized
Adaptation
process by which the state of the visual system is
Arc-Lamp
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Average life
L]
Asymmetrical luminaire
tensity distribution
[Eav, E ]
application guide.
= lmm-2
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Ballast
Base (US)
part of a lamp which provides connection to the
Bollard
traffic
Brightness
Beam spread
Bulb
transparent or translucent gas-tight envelope
enclosing the luminous element(s)
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C,
coordinate system
1L=
10 4
cdm-2
1 fL = 3,426 cdm-2
Cap
Candela
in that direction of
1/683 Wsr -1
Symbol: cd = lmsr -1
th
SI unit of luminance
Symbol: cdm
-2
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CIE
filament of carbon
Chromaticity
property of a colour stimulus defined by its
Chromaticity coordinates
their sum
NOTE 1
Unit: 1
luminance.
to define a chromaticity.
symbols x,
stimuli.
y chromaticity diagram.
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coordinates
equations:
W* = 25 Y1/3 - 17
U* = 13 W* (u - un)
V* = 13 W* (v - vn)
NOTE 1 Y, u, v describe the colour stimulus
considered, and un, vn describe a specified
u = u, v =
Colorimetric Observers
[Y10],
2
2
v; un= u'n , vn = vn
3
3
diagram
*
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Colorimetry
chromatic adaptation
Clear bulb
bulb which is regularly transmitting visible radiation
Coated bulb
diffusing layer
special means.
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lamp
coordinates
Colour (perceived)
or chroma)
Colour appearance
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Connector (lamp)
illuminant
Conspicuity
See also CIE 13 Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering of Light Sources
Contrast
Abbreviation: CRI
Colour space
of 3 dimensions
given stimulus
Unit: K
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conditions
normal travel.
Unit: 1
Curfew
qc
L
Ev
Unit: sr -1
Contrast sensitivity [Sc ]
reciprocal of the least perceptible (physical)
L/ ' L, where
L is the average luminance and ' L is the
contrast, usually expressed as
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Cut-off
1. technique used for concealing lamps and
surfaces of high luminance from direct view in order
to reduce glare
2. technique used for concealing lamps and surfaces of high luminance to reduce light emission
above the horizontal
NOTE In outdoor lighting, cut-off classifications
define the luminous intensity limits in two illumination
zones that occur within the range of 80 to 180
above nadir. Light emitted in the 80 to 90 zone is
more likely to contribute to glare, and light emitted
above the horizontal is more likely to contribute to
sky glow.
= lmm-2
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Dark
Dim (adjective)
lightness
ness
Design speed
Dimmer
installation
Diffused lighting
lighting in which the light on the working plane
Direct glare
Diffuser
device used to alter the spatial distribution of
Direct illuminance
phenomenon of diffusion
Unit: lx
= lmm-2
Direct lighting
is isotropic.
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Directional lighting
direction
Disability glare
glare that impairs the vision of objects without
Diversity [Ud]
Unit: 1
Discharge lamp
lamp in which the light is produced, directly or
indirectly, by an electric discharge through a gas,
a metal vapour or a mixture of several gases and
vapours
NOTE According to whether the light is mainly
produced in a gas or in a metal vapour, one
distinguishes between gas discharge lamps, for
example xenon, neon, helium, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide lamps, and metal vapour lamps, such as
mercury vapour and sodium vapour lamps.
Discomfort glare
glare that causes discomfort without necessarily
impairing the vision of objects
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Electric lighting
lighting by electric light sources
NOTE Formerly artificial lighting was used,
but artificial is deprecated for use in English.
Enamelled bulb
bulb coated with a layer of translucent enamel
Environmental zones
area where specific activities take place or
are planned and where specific requirements
for the restriction of obtrusive light are
recommended
NOTE Zones are indicated by the zone
rating (E1 E4); for Abu Dhabi Urban Street
Design Manual they are referenced as:
Typical City similar to E4-, Typical Town
similar to E4-/E3-, Typical Residential similar
to E3-, Typical Industrial similar to E3-/E2-,
Landscape similar to E1 description.
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Field of vision
Fluorescent lamp
in a given position
tubes.
Floodlight
Floodlighting
to its surroundings
Floodlighting installation
lighting installation using floodlights to light a scene
or object (such as sports fields, exterior working
areas, monuments, statues and buildings)
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Glare by reflection
viewed
Glare
Rating system
Unit: 1
See also CIE 112-1994 Glare Evaluation System for Use within Outdoor Sports- and Area
Lighting
Abbreviation: GRL
Glare
surface
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plane)
spread
Unit: lx
= lmm-2
maximum.
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Ignitor
illuminance on a surface
Unit: 1
electrodes
illuminance
triggered.
E]
dIV incident
Illuminant
solid angle
d : , and T
EV
dIV
dA
LV cosT d:
2S
-2
= lmm
Illuminance meter
change in illuminant
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Indirect illuminance
Unit: lx
= lmm-2
adaptation
Indirect lighting
Illuminating engineering
Illumination
application of light to a scene, objects, or their
Induction luminaire
surroundings
objects
Initial average illuminance (over a surface,
[Eav,i; Ei ]
of a lighting installation)
Unit: lm
Unit: lx
=lmm-2
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[Lav,i ; Li ]
[M ]
437
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the surface:
I (T )
I n cos T
where
I( T ) and In
Unit: 1
discharge lamps.
Abbreviation: LLMF
Lambertian surface
ideal surface for which the radiation coming from
=S L
where
Unit: 1
Lamela
current)
Unit: V
Abbreviation: LSF
lighting.
Lampholder
Lamp
usually visible
electric supply
types of luminaires.
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Light
Base (US).
Light (adjective)
specified intervals
lightness
Abbreviation: LED
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Unit: 1
Abbreviation: LOR
Lumen
Light pollution
Unit: lm
Lighting fitting
Lighting installation
Lumen method
calculation method to predict the relationship
light
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Luminaire
L]
LV
dIV
dA cos Td:
where
supply
angle,
Unit: cdm-2
specified conditions
Unit: 1
ratio
written:
LV
lim
A ,: o0
= lmm-2sr-1
IV
A : cosT
: should
I v ddo not
Unit: 1
Abbreviation: LMF
IV
A : cos T
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Luminance threshold
it to be perceived
q]
Unit: cdm-2
L
where
E
conditions.
Unit: 1
Luminous colour
Unit: cdm
-2
-1
lx
[ ' L]
2 adjacent fields
Unit: cdm-2
= lmm-2sr-1
Unit: lxs
; Hv]
= lmsm-2
[ K v; K ]
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I v,
by the
Ie
)v
Ie
K( O ) = Km V( O ) and K
K( O ) = Km V( O ).
See also "Spectral luminous efficiency1
Unit: lmW-1
Luminous environment
human vision
[ I v; I ]
Luminous flux
Unit:
Km
0
lm
f
IV
I e, by
dI e ( O )
dI (O )
V (O )dO where e
dO
dO
K( O ) is
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I]
d I v , leaving the
IV
dIV
d:
Unit: cd
= lmsr -1
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[Eav,m ; E m ]
Maintenance factor
(of a lighting installation) [fm ]
Unit: lx
-2
= lmm
when new
Unit: 1
[Lav,m ; Lm ]
Unit: cdm-2
Abbreviation: MF
Mesopic vision
Visual Performance
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Noble Gases
of metal halides
lamps.
Modelling
Monochromatic radiation
radiation characterized by a single frequency
NOTE 1 In practice, radiation of a very small range of
frequencies which can be described by stating a
single frequency.
NOTE 2 The wavelength in air or in vacuum is also
used to characterize a monochromatic radiation.
The medium must be stated.
NOTE 3 The wavelength in standard air is normally
used in photometry and radiometry.
See also Wavelength
Mounting height
1. in interior lighting: the distance between the FFL
(finished floor level) plane and the plane of the
luminaires
2. in exterior lighting: the distance between the
centre of the luminaire and the ground level
Unit: m
M N
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Object colour
Outdoor lighting
Obtrusive light
luminance [Uo]
signals
Unit: 1
Opal bulb
bulb in which all, or a layer, of the material
diffuses the light
Optical radiation
electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths
between the region of transition to X-rays
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Photovoltaic cell
first part of the open road directly after the exit portal
of a tunnel
PIARC
is not necessary.
of Road Congresses
Photometry
Pin
) or V( O )
should be deprecated.
Photopic vision
5 cd m-2
NOTE 2 Colour perception is typical of photopic
Pin cap
vision.
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449
Lighting Vocabulary
Protected luminaire
luminaire with special protection against
ingress of dust, moisture or water
NOTE IEC publication 598-1 Luminaires
considers amongst others the following types
of protected luminaires: dust-proof luminaire,
dust-tight luminaire, drip-proof luminaire,
splash-proof luminaire, rain-proof luminaire,
jet-proof luminaire, watertight luminaire.
Protective glass
transparent or translucent part of an open
or closed luminaire designed to protect the
lamp(s) from dust or dirt, or to prevent their
contact with liquids, vapours or gases and
to render them inaccessible
Public lighting
lighting provided for the purposes of all-night
safety and security on public roads, cycle
paths, footpaths and pedestrian movement
areas within public parks and gardens
NOTE It can also, through strategies such
as City Beautification help to increase
commercial and tourist industries.
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Unit: lm
NOTE 1 The initial luminous flux is the luminous flux
Reference illuminant
standard
Reference lighting
conditions
Unit: W
Reference location
is assessed
Recessed luminaire
luminaire suitable to be fully or partly recessed into a
mounting surface
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Reference plane
reference plane.
Unit: 1
reference surface.
Reference surface
measured or specified
approaches
metrical distribution)
[U ]
conditions of irradiation.
Unit: 1
NOTE Reflectance,
reflectance,
[ E v,R]
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Reflection
Reflector spotlight
monochromatic components
Reflectorized bulb
(volume reflection).
[ UD ]
Unit: 1
Reflector
Refractor
Reflector lamp
Regular reflection
light
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Regular transmission
Regular transmittance
[W r ]
Related colour
colour perceived to belong to an area seen in
relation to other colours
Room surface maintenance factor [fRSM ]
ratio of the light reflected by the surfaces of a
room after a certain period of use of the lighting installation to light reflected when the installation is considered conventionally as new
Unit: 1
Abbreviation: RSMF
[]
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Scalar illuminance
Scotopic vision
Unit: lx
Scalar irradiance
~10-3 cd m-2.
Unit: Wm
-2
Scattering
components
Equivalent term: diffusion
Screw cap
beam)
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Semi-indirect lighting
lamp
Semiconductor ballast
relevant area
rior areas.
Shade
[Esc ]
angles
dM d
Esc
Unit: lx
EV dM
Shielding angle
Unit: rad,
= lmm
Semi-direct lighting
lighting by means of luminaires having a
distribution of luminous intensity such that the
fraction of the emitted luminous flux directly
reaching the working plane, assumed to be of
infinite extent, is 60% to 90%
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Short-arc lamp
Specular
of 1 mm to 10 mm
Specular angle
incidence
Special floodlight
Spill light
divergence
Spectrum
display or specification of the monochromatic
Spill shield
Spotlight
projector having usually a small aperture and giving a
Spectrum locus
Spotlighting
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Spread
beam
SR (abbreviation)
intervention of a starter
Standard lamp
lamp used as a reference in photometric or
Starting time
floor lamp
Starter
moment.
Starting voltage
Unit: V
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Steradian
carriageway
Unit: 1
Symbol: sr
Abbreviation: SR
vision
Unit: m
width of at least 2 m.
Surface colour
electrodes
radiated
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Symmetrical luminaire
luminaire with a symmetrical luminous
intensity distribution.
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Task area
is carried out
the task area are unknown, the area where the task
Unit: cdm-2
[f]
of the detector
field use
Unit: rad,
Threshold of illuminance
Threshold zone
4 S sr
Unit: lm
Traffic bollard
distance.
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geometric distribution)
conditions
Unit: 1
[W ]
regular transmittance,
location) [Ltr]
transmittance,
W W r W d
r, and diffuse
W d:
Translucency
the property of a specimen by which it
transmits light diffusely without permitting a
clear view beyond the specimen and not in
contact with it
Translucent medium
medium which transmits visible radiation
largely by diffuse transmission, so that
objects are not seen distinctly through it
Transmission
passage of radiation through a medium without change of frequency of its monochromatic
components
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Tunnel
structure over a road that restricts the normal
daytime illumination of a road section such that the
drivers capability to see is substantially diminished
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UCS diagram
ULOR (abbreviation)
Unit: lm
ULR (abbreviation)
Unit: 1
2-dimensional diagram in which the coordinates are defined with the intention of making
Unit: 1
Abbreviation: ULOR
equal size
Upward light ratio
Unique hue
Unit: 1
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[U]
ratio of the luminous flux received by the reference
surface to the sum of the individual output fluxes of
the luminaires of the installation
Unit: 1
Utilization factor (of an installation, for a
reference surface)
ratio of the luminous flux received by the reference
surface to the sum of the rated individual luminous
fluxes of the lamps of the installation
Unit: 1
Equivalent term used in the US: Coefficient of
utilization1
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Viewing flare
measurement geometry
white.
in the eye
Unit: cdm-2
Visibility level [FVL]
Veiling reflections
the formula
FVL
Vertical illuminance [EV,V ;
EV]
-2
= lmm
[]
needed
between a target of a certain angular size and
of the luminaire
Unit: rad,
Unit: 1
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Visible radiation
Visual colorimetry
sensation directly
Visual acuity
Visual guidance
Visual perception
Visual angle
Visual performance
of observation
Visual photometry
minutes of arc.
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Visual range
greatest distance at which a given object
can be recognized in any particular circumstances, as limited only by the atmospheric
transmissivity and by the visual contrast
threshold
NOTE In aviation terminology, the term is also
used for the luminous range of a signal light.
Visual task
visual elements of the work being done
NOTE The main visual elements are the size
of the structure, its luminance, its contrast
against the background and its duration.
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Wavelength
[O ]
Work place
Unit: m
Working plane
is usually done
radiation.
NOTE 2
O = v / X , where O
is the wavelength in
the frequency.
NOTE 2 In external lighting and unless otherwise indicated, this plane is assumed to be a horizontal
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x height
height of the lower case letter x within a
given character set
Unit: mm
See also Character height
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Chapter P
References
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473
References
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1.0 Acknowledgements
H.E. Musabbah Mubarak Musabbah Al Marar
Acting General Manager, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Eisa Mubarak Al Mazrouei
Executive Director, Municipal Infrastructure & Assets Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Majed Abed Al Kathiri
Division Director, Internal Roads and Infrastructure, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Ahmed Saif Al Saedi
Section Head O&M of Internal Roads & Street Lighting and Public realm Team, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Jamal El Zarif, Ph.D.
Technical Advisor, Municipal Infrastructure & Assets Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Ian Rose
Landscape Consultant, Parks & Recreational Facilities Division, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Mona Rizk
Project Development Consultant, Parks & Recreational Facilities Division, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Khaled N. Al Junadi
Environment Expert, Town Planning Sector, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Eng. Khaled Jaman Al Sokhny
Consultant-Coordination-ADEA, Infrastructure Coordination & Services, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Martin Valentine MSLL PLDA
Lighting Expert, Executive Director Office, Abu Dhabi City Municipality
Gordon McMurray
Head of Project Management, World Planners Consultant Engineers (WP) llc
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475
References
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477
References
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479
References
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Issued: 2007-07-01
NORM O 1052
Issued: 2012-10-01
NORM O 1053
Issued: 2011-09-15
NORM EN 1838
Issued: 2013-09-01
NORM EN 12193
Issued: 2008-04-01
NORM EN 12464-1
Issued: 2011-07-01
NORM EN 12464-2
Issued: 2013-07-15
NORM EN 12665
Issued: 2011-10-15
Issued: 2005-09-01
NORM EN 13201-2
Issued: 2004-02-01
NORM EN 13201-3
Issued: 2007-06-01
NORM EN 13201-4
Issued: 2004-02-01
NORM EN 13201-5
Issued: 2013-09-15
NORM EN 16268
Issued: 2013-03-01
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NORM EN 16276
Issued: 2013-03-01
CIE 23-1973
Issued: 1996
CIE 34-1977
Issued: 1990
CIE 61-1984
Issued: 2008
CIE 66-1984
Issued: 2008
Issued: 2004
CIE 95-1992
Issued: 1992
CIE 94-1993
Issued: 1993
Issued: 2010
CIE 127-1997
Issued: 1997
CIE 132-1999
Issued: 1999
CIE 140-2000
Issued: 2000
CIE 150-2003
Issued: 2003
CIE 189-2010
Issued: 2010
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References
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CIE 194-2011
Issued: 2011
CIE S 015/E:2005
Issued: 2005
CIE S 017/E:2011
Issued: 2011
IESNA G-1-03
Issued: 2003-03-01
IESNA TM-15-07
Issued: 2007
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00
Issued: 2000-06-27
ANSI/IES RP 22-11
Issued: 2014-04-16
Tunnel Lighting
American National Standard for Specifications
for the Chromaticity of Solid State Lighting
(SSL) Products
Joint IDA-IESNA
Issued: 2011-06-15
The Society of
Light and Lighting
Fact-File No.7
The Society of
Light and Lighting
Issued: November
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Scottish Executive
Issued: 2011
GN01:2005
Issued: 2005
ILE Light-Cast
Issued: 2009-09-16
Understanding LEDs
Issued: 2010-09-01
Issued: no info
Artificial Lighting
Issued: no info
Issued: no info
Outdoor Workplaces
licht.de / licht.wissen 03
(Germany)
licht.de / licht wissen 13
(Germany)
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References
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LiTG Lichttechnische
Gesellschaft German Lighting Society
Issued: Sep. 1981
LiTG Lichttechnische
Gesellschaft German Lighting Society
Issued: Nov. 1991
LiTG Lichttechnische
Gesellschaft German Lighting Society
Issued: May 1998
LiTG Lichttechnische
Gesellschaft German Lighting Society
Vers. 12.3
German Standard
DIN 67523-1
German Standard
DIN 67523-2
German Standard
DIN 67524-1
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German Standard
DIN 67524-2
ESMA
Emirates Authority for
Standardization and
Metrology
Issued: 2014
Issued: 2011-11-01
DMA Lighting
Specification
Tenth Edition
IES LM-79-08
Issued: 2008
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References
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IES LM-79-08
Issued: 2008
Issued: 2008
BS 667:2005
BS EN 5489-2:2003
CIE 088:2004
Issued: 2004
CIE 140-2000
Issued: 2000
BS EN/CEN/TR 13201-1
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00
ANSI /CEA-709.1-B
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ISO/IEC/EN 14908-1:2012 Issued: 2012-10-26 Information Technology - Control Network Protocol Part 1: Protocol Stack
ISO/IEC/EN 14908-2:2012 Issued: 2012-02-14 Information Technology - Control Network Protocol Part 2: Twisted Pair Communication
ISO/IEC/EN 14908-3:2012 Issued: 2012 02-14 Information Technology -- Control Network Protocol Part 3: Power Line Channel Specification
ISO/IEC/EN 14908-4:2012 Issued: 2012-02-14
GB/T 20299.4-2006
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References
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Roadway / Parking,
Issued: 2011-11-01 Tunnels / Underpasses
Rev.01
Rev. 1.0
Rev. 1.0
Lighting Products
Issued: 2014
for (ADQCC)
Issued: 2014
(Luminaires)
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CIE
SLL
ILE
ILP
IDA
POLC
ISO
CEN
CENELEC
ANFOR
EN
European Norms
LiTG
LTG
SLG
489
References
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Notes
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491
Notes
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Notes
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ISBN 978-3-200-03884-4
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