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Fig.
Fig.
Twist-drill features
When the depth of the drill hole reaches three or four times the drill
diameter, a reduction must be made in the drilling feed and speed. A
coolante-hole and drill can produce drilled depths to eight or more times the
diameter of the drill. The gundrill can produce an acuurate hole to depths of
more 100 times the diameter of the drill with great precision.
Enlarging a drilled hole for a portion of its depth is called
countersinking, while a counterbore for cleaning the surface a small
amount around the hole is called spotfacing. Cutting an angular bevel at
the perimeter of a drilled hole is also termed countersinking.
Drills are classified by materials, length, shape, number, and type of
helix flute, shank, point characteristics, and siye series. Most drills are made
for right-hand rotation. Right-hand drills, as viewed from their point, with the
shank facing away from your view, are rotated clockwise in a similar manner.
Over a period of many years, the metalworking industry has developed
many different point styles for a wide variety of applications from drilling soft
plastics to drilling the hardest types of metal alloys.
Drills below 0.020 in the diameter are considered to be microdrills. In
order to use microdrills, special machines have been developed for
controlling these extremely small and fragile tools. Needless to say, a
microdrilling operation is conducted under a high-magnification viewing
device, with the hand motions of the operator greatly reduced in magnitude
by linkage translators on the microdrilling machine.
Drills and microdrills are manufactured from high-speed steel, cobaltbase carbides, and solid-tungsten carbides, and a limited selection is
available in diamond and CBN surfaces.
Milling
Milling is a machining process for generating machined surfaces by
removing a predetermined amount of material progressively from the
workpiece. The milling process employes relative motion between the
workpiece and the rotating cutting tool to generate the required surfaces.
In some applications the workpiece is stationary and the cutting tool moves,
while in others the cutting tool and the worpiece are removed in relation to
each other and to the machine. A characteristic feature of the milling process
is that each tooth of the cutting tool takes a portion of the stock in the form
of small, individual chips.
The angle of entry is determined by the position of the cutter
centerline in relation to the edge of the workpiece. A negative angle of entry
is preffered and is illustrated in Fig. , where the centerline of the cutter is
below the edge of the worpiece.
Fig.
Fig.
Lapping
Lapping is a finishing operation which
improvements to a workpiece:
1. Extreme accurancy of dimension
2. Correction of minor imperfections
3. Better surface finish
4. Close fit between mating or faying surfaces
results
in
four
major