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Understanding investors:
directions for corporate reporting
About ACCA
ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified
Accountants) is the global body for professional
accountants. We aim to offer business-relevant, firstchoice qualifications to people of application, ability and
ambition around the world who seek a rewarding career
in accountancy, finance and management.
Founded in 1904, ACCA has consistently held unique
core values: opportunity, diversity, innovation, integrity
and accountability. We believe that accountants bring
value to economies in all stages of development. We aim
to develop capacity in the profession and encourage the
adoption of consistent global standards. Our values are
aligned to the needs of employers in all sectors and we
ensure that, through our qualifications, we prepare
accountants for business. We work to open up the
profession to people of all backgrounds and remove
artificial barriers to entry, ensuring that our qualifications
and their delivery meet the diverse needs of trainee
professionals and their employers.
We support our 154,000 members and 432,000 students
in 170 countries, helping them to develop successful
careers in accounting and business, with the skills needed
by employers. We work through a network of over 80
offices and centres and more than 8,400 Approved
Employers worldwide, who provide high standards of
employee learning and development.
www.accaglobal.com/ri
Contents
Foreword 4
Executive summary
11
15
19
5. Conclusion
24
References 25
Foreword
ACCA has consistently argued that the role and interests of investors need
to be better understood and placed more centrally in policymaking
processes by legislators and standard setters. The investors voice is often
not heard strongly enough, which is perhaps understandable given the
range of organisations and interests that can fall under the heading of
investors.
In order to address this need for greater understanding of the investor
landscape, ACCA, in collaboration with Longitude Research, has developed
a four-stage project examining the changing investor universe, post-global
financial crisis, and what investors want from corporate reporting. The
project examines how pressure to respond to the needs of investors may
change the approach taken by companies in reporting their activities and
engaging investor groups.
Over the four stages, the project examines:
recent developments in the investor landscape, trends and emerging
issues since the global financial crisis
the kind of information investors need to make their decisions, how they
now like to receive that information (both the format and the
communications channel), and their level of trust in what they receive
the move towards real-time reporting, and how companies are
responding to calls to disclose certain information with much more
immediacy, rather than at the end of a quarter or year
Helen Brand
ACCA chief executive
Executive summary
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS
In particular, we would like to thank the following, who provided in-depth interviews with our research team.
Tim Barker, head of credit research, Old Mutual Asset Managers
David Blood, founder, Generation Investment Management, leading sustainability investors
Jon Exley, partner, Investment Advisory Practice, KPMG
Chris Higson, associate professor of accounting practice, London Business School
Guy Jubb, global head of governance and stewardship, Standard Life Investments
John Kay, FT journalist, visiting professor of economics at the London School of Economics, chair of the Kay Report
Samantha McConnell, chief investment officer, IFG Pensions, Investments and Advisory Services, Ireland
Jonathan Pitknen and Iain Richards, Threadneedle Investments
David Stewart, chief investment officer, Santander Asset Management UK
Robert Talbut, chief investment officer, Royal London Asset Management
Jean Claude Tanqueray, chief investment officer, Single Family Office
Harlan Zimmerman, partner, Cevian, activist investors.
Figure 1.1: Which of the following sources of information are most valuable for you as
an input for decisions about investing in a company?
Annual report
63
36
One-to-one conversations
35
Investment advisers
35
Analyst presentations/reports
27
23
Interim report
Investor roadshows
20
6
Figure 1.2: In which of the following formats would you most like to receive
information from a company?
53.5
Printed reports
44.5
38.5
Live presentations
38.5
Webcasts
XBRL
17.6
8.6
Figure 1.3: Please indicate whether you agree with the following statements.
We place greater value on information or commentary that
has been generated outside the company rather than as part
of corporate reporting
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
11
18
11
25
43
25
23
38
20
Disagree
strongly
10
40
26
25
38
19
18
Disagree
slightly
21
36
19
26
27
23
24
26
34
29
32
31
Neither
agree nor
disagree
18
Agree
slightly
Agree
strongly
Figure 2.1: How satisfied are you with the following aspects of the information that companies provide as it relates to your
investment decision-making?
Transparency
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
12
11
Useability
12
Relevance of information
14
Overall quality
25
33
27
35
30
30
17
38
35
16
38
14
33
40
12
34
Timeliness
15
31
Level of detail
13
33
Very
dissatisfied
23
39
Suitability of formats
13
25
Quite
dissatisfied
38
Neither
satisfied nor
dissatisfied
Quite
satisfied
17
12
Very
satisfied
11
Figure 2.2: Please indicate whether you agree with the following statements.
Companies should have the flexibility to determine the
appropriate frequency of their corporate reporting
Despite its flaws, the quarterly report remains a valuable
input to my investment decision making
Mandatory quarterly reporting by companies should be
abandoned
12
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
2 6
6
17
31
38
16
34
11
Disagree
strongly
Disagree
slightly
43
17
Neither
agree nor
disagree
19
27
Agree
slightly
Agree
strongly
REAL-TIME REPORTING
The next report in this series will
return to the concept of real-time
reporting but it is worth
highlighting here that this is a
development that presents
companies, investors and
policymakers with some
challenging decisions. On the
one hand, there is clearly appetite
for more information to be
provided in real time: investors
say that greater adoption would
help them to react more quickly
to information and improve
investment returns. The wider
impact of real-time reporting on
financial markets is, however,
viewed less favourably. Real-time
reporting would, investors say,
increase a tendency to short
termism, increase market volatility
and even increase the cost of
capital for companies.
Figure 2.3: How frequently do you think companies should release audited financial statements?
Quarterly
41
Annually
34
Biannualy
Monthly
17
9
13
VALUE OF QUARTERLY
INFORMATION
Despite the strong views of detractors,
many investors in the UK and Ireland
undoubtedly believe that quarterly
reporting provides valuable
information.
Three-quarters of investors say that
despite its flaws, the quarterly report
remains a valuable tool for investment
decision making (see Figure 2.2).
Indeed, when asked how frequently
they think companies should release
audited financial statements, the
preference among 41% of investors is
for companies to release audited
financial statements on a quarterly basis
(see Figure 2.3). Larger investors, with
assets of more than $1bn, valued
quarterly earnings reports more than
other investor groups.
So what is the explanation for this sharp
divergence in views? For Talbut, it all
depends on whom you ask: If you were
to ask people whose livelihood is based
upon high turnover and trading
mentalities, and potentially momentum
players, then they may well see the
benefit in more and more reporting,
because that provides more and more
opportunities for trading activity and
for mispricing to occur, but if you talk to
genuine longer-term investors, they do
not see the benefits of quarterly
reporting.
More generally, this desire for audited
quarterly information also reflects an
innate desire for more information and
for assured information. I would
certainly value having access to
quarterly audited figures, says Tim
Barker, head of credit research, Old
Mutual Asset Managers. As an analyst, I
tend to have an unlimited desire for
information so for me, the more
14
Investors confidence in
company reporting has
fallen and scepticism
has risen since the
global financial crisis.
15
Figure 3.1: In which of the following areas do you think the annual report needs
greatest improvement?
50
Balance sheet
46
Income statement
45
37
36
34
32
16
30
Narrative reporting
22
Regional reporting
21
Figure 3.2: Which of the following types of information do you think are most
important to include in the narrative reporting section of an annual report, in terms
of aiding your investment decisions?
38
37
36
29
27
19
18
Sustainability
18
16
14
12
Regulatory environment
11
17
MORE ASSURANCE
Todays increasingly sceptical investors
are looking for greater assurance. There
is a trade-off here. Assurance takes time
and slows down the flow of information.
The extent to which investors prefer
speed to assurance varies depending
on the nature of the information (see
Figure 3.3). For example, investors are
more likely to express a strong
preference for assurance when it comes
to general financial information and
liquidity. By contrast, they are more
There is a trade-off
between speed and
assurance of information.
Figure 3.3: For each of the following types of reporting information from companies, would you prioritise speed or assurance?
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Profit warning
25
Emerging opportunities
19
12
Covenant breaches
19
12
Emerging risks
Liquidity
24
20
30
26
22
22
18
13
20
19
Slight
preference
for
assurance
28
21
27
33
Strong
preference
for
assurance
20
23
13
18
No
preference
20
24
17
17
Slight
preference
for speed
21
22
Strong
preference
for speed
INTEGRATED REPORTING
Over time, company reporting needs to
be responsive to a world that is
changing through economic turbulence,
new regulatory initiatives and new
business priorities. Sustainability and
corporate social responsibility (CSR)
together form one such area. While an
increasing number of companies are
providing CSR and sustainability
information to accompany annual reports,
there tends to be less linkage between
the data in these different outputs.
Generation Investment Managements
founder, David Blood, explained: Most
environment, social and governance (ESG)
disclosure is not currently conducive to
mainstream use by investors, since
these reports typically lack clear links with
the companys financial performance
and long-term prospects for success.
Figure 4.1: How valuable do you think it would be for companies to combine financial
and non-financial information into an integrated reporting model?
Very valuable
42
Quite valuable
51
5
2
19
Figure 4.2: What would you consider to be the main benefits of a shift towards
integrated reporting?
46
42
38
33
29
27
20
25
15
Figure 4.3: Which are the main reasons why you would not consider integrated
reporting valuable?
Too complex
43
43
39
39
30
Too ambitious
Satidfied with the current framework
26
17
21
Figure 4.4: Which of the following statements best describes your current use and
opinion of XBRL?
Currently using and find it valuable
24
21
40
15
Figure 4.5: Which of the following do you or would you consider to be the greatest
benefits from the adoption of XBRL in corporate reporting?
43
40
39
36
34
22
20
19
Figure 4.6: Why do you not currently find the adoption of XBRL to be valuable?
42
39
32
27
24
21
20
18
23
5. Conclusion
24
References
25
Understanding investors:
the changing landscape
Understanding investors:
directions for corporate reporting
Understanding investors:
the road to real-time reporting
Understanding investors:
the changing corporate perspective
www.accaglobal.com/ri
POL-AFB-UI02
ACCA 29 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3EE United Kingdom / +44 (0)20 7059 5000 / www.accaglobal.com