Building Automation Systems

OV E RV IEW OF BU I L DI NG R EQU I REMENTS A N D SYSTEMS

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Basic building requirements

Thermal comfort

Visual comfort
Safety

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Thermal Comfort
OV E RV IEW OF BUI LDI NG R EQUI REMENTS AN D SYSTEMS

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Introduction
That condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment
A vague definition
Also called as

eutral co ditio

Thermal comfort requirements varies person to person

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Human body
Human body is like a heat engine
Process of conversion of chemical energy into heat and work is called
metabolism

Meta oli rate Rate at which the chemical energy is converted to heat and
work

Thermal efficiency vary from 0% to as high as 15-20% for a short duration

o For calculations, thermal efficiency is considered to be 0%

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Human body
Continuous heat generation is essential to maintain body temperature within a
narrow range

.
.

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

The comfort equation

Q gen = Rate at which heat is generated in the body

Qskin = Total heat transfer rate from skin
Qresp = Heat transfer rate due to respiration

Qstor = Rate at which heat is stored inside the body

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Metabolic Rate
The heat generation rate is given by,

The metabolic rate depends on the activity

Unit met

M Metabolic rate
Thermal Efficiency

A met is defined as the metabolic rate per unit area of a sedentary person and I
found to be equal to about 58.2 W/m2

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Activity
Resting

Specifications

Metabolic rate

Sleeping

0.7 met

Reclining

0.8 met

Seated, quite

1.0 met

Standing, relaxed

1.2 met

0.8 m/s

2.0 met

1.79 m/s

3.0 met

Office activity

Typing

1.1 met

Driving

Car

1.0 to 2.0 met

Heavy vehicles

3.2 met

Cooking

1.6 to 2.0 met

Washing dishes

1.6 met

House cleaning

2.0 to 2.4 met

Walking

Domestic activities

Dancing

2.4 to 4.4 met

Teaching

1.6 met

Games and sport

Tennis, singles

3.6 to 4.0 met

Gymnastics

4.0 met

Basket ball

5.0 to 7.6 met

Wrestling

7.0 to 8.7 met

Area of the human body

Since metabolic rate is specified in per unit area, estimating area of human body
is necessary
For calculation purpose, human body is considered to be a cylinder with uniform
heat generation and dissipation

Du Bois Equation

= .

m mass of the naked human body

h height of the body

Clothing reduces body heat loss

Correction factor required to take clothing into account

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Clothing correction factor

Unit used for

easuri g clothi g s insulation - Clo

Clo scale is designed so that a naked human body has a Clo value of 0.0

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Thermoregulatory system
Body temperature depends on heat balance
Heat balance is governed by surrounding conditions
It is necessary to maintain thermal equilibrium with minimum
regulatory effort

Wood Frog

. All living beings have in-built body regulatory process against cold
and heat which to some extent maintains body temperature

The wi ter frog is i cardiac arrest & has 65% of its body water frozen
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Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Human thermoregulatory system

When environment is cooler than neutral zone
Zone of vaso-motor regulation against cold (Vasco Constriction)
Blood vessels adjacent to skin
constrict

Reduces flow of blood and heat

transfer to outer surface

Outer skin tissues act as

insulators

Temperature further decreases

Zone of metabolic regulation

Body heat generation is increased by spontaneous increase of activity and by shivering

Temperature further decreases

Zone of inevitable body cooling

Body fails combat cooling
10-Oct-15

Body temperature drops

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

13

Human thermoregulatory system

When environment is hotter than neutral zone
Zone of vaso-motor regulation against heat (Vaso dilation)
Blood vessels adjacent to skin dilate

Increases flow of blood and heat transfer to

outer surface

Outer skin transfers heat by convection and

radiation

Temperature further increases

Zone of evaporative regulation

Sweat glands become highly active drenching body surface with
perspiration

If surrounding air humidity and velocity permit, increase in body

temperature is prevented by increased evaporation

Temperature further increases

Zone of inevitable body heating

Fatigue, headache, dizziness,
irritability etc.

10-Oct-15

Heat cramps (resulting in loss of

body salts)

Heat stroke can cause

permanent damage to the brain

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Lethal if body temperature

exceeds 43

14

Factors affecting thermal comfort

Physiological factors

Age
Activity
Gender
Health

o Activity is the most significant one among the factors

o Other factors are found to have negligible effect on thermal comfort

Insulation factor due to clothing

Type of clothing has strong influence on the rate of heat transfer from the body

Environmental factors

Dry bulb temperature (DBT)

Relative humidity (RH)
Air motion
Surrounding surface temperature
10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Environmental factors
Dry bulb temperature (DBT)
o
o

Temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from
radiation and moisture. It is the true thermodynamic temperature
Affects heat transfer by convection and evaporation

Relative Humidity (RH)

o
o
o

Affects heat loss by evaporation
40% - 60% is considered healthy and comfortable

Air velocity
o
o
o

Draught Unwanted local cooling felt on face, hands and lower legs
Vertical air temperature difference - Body exposed to different temperature at different
levels
Influences both convective and evaporative heat transfer

Surrounding surface temperature

o
o

Radiant temperature asymmetry non uniform cooling or heating Eg: hot ceiling and
cooler walls etc.
Affects the radiative heat transfer

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Why air conditioning system?

Even though human body possesses a regulatory
mechanism, beyond certain conditions it becomes
ineffective

Purpose of comfort air conditioning system Provide

suitable conditions in the occupied space so that it is
thermally comfortable to the occupants

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Thermal comfort indices

Important factors affecting thermal comfort
o
o
o
o
o
o

Activity (Metabolic rate)

Clothing
Air Dry Bulb Temperature
Relative Humidity
Air velocity
Surrounding temperature

Since many factors, many combinations of above

conditions provide comfort several comfort indices

Classified as direct and derived indices

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Thermal comfort indices

Direct indices
Dry Bulb Temperature
Relative Humidity
Air Velocity
Mean radiant temperature (Tmrt)

Indirect indices
Effective temperature (ET)
Operative temperature (Top)
Heat Stress index (HSI)
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
Percentage of People Dissatisfied (PPD)
10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)

Thermal scale that runs from Cold (-3) to Hot (+3)
Developed by Povl Ole Fanger at Kansas State University and the Technical
University of Denmark
Empirical fit to the human sensation of thermal comfort
= 0. 0 0.036 + 0.0
M Metabolic rate
L Thermal Load

Adopted as an ISO standard

The recommended acceptable PMV range for thermal comfort from ASHRAE 55 is
between -0.5 and +0.5 for an interior space

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Percentage of People Dissatisfied (PPD)

Quantitative measure of the thermal comfort of a group of people at a particular
thermal environment
Recommended acceptable PPD range for thermal comfort from ASHRAE 55 is less
than 10% persons dissatisfied for an interior space

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)

Animation

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Visual Comfort
OV E RV IEW OF BUI LDI NG R EQUI REMENTS AN D SYSTEMS

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Illumination

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Factors affecting visual comfort

Illuminance level
Light source
Intensity

Color, brightness and contrast

Object surface
Luminaire design

Age of the occupant

Lighting should provide pleasant, mood creating,

distressless, relaxed and soothing atmosphere
10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Glare
Define glare
Types of glare
Effects of glare
Glare indices
How to reduce glare

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Glare
Sudden increase of intensity of the light
in the field of view
Causes
o
o
o
o

Discomfort
Annoyance
Eye fatigue
Reduces visibility

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

27

Effects of Glare
Injures the eye
Disturbs the nervous system

Causes discomfort and fatigue

Reduces efficiency
Interferes with clear vision
Risk of accident increases

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Types of glare
Direct glare
Bright luminaire in the field of vision
Can be avoided by mounting luminaires well above the line of vision limits illuminance

Indirect glare
Reflection by a glossy surface
More annoying that direct glare
Can be avoided

Disability glare
Impairs the vision

Discomfort glare
Feeling of discomfort increases
Depends on time of exposure
No reduction of visual activity but leads to fatigue
10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Glare Indices
Visual comfort probability method
o USA North America Canada
o Percentage of people considering an installation comfortable as viewed from
one end
o VCP 0% - Glare free

Unified glare index method

o
o
o
o

British
Zonal luminaire classification
Glare index
Considers room dimension

Luminaire luminance limiting curve method

o European
o Considers room dimension and mounting height and illuminance level
10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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How to reduce glare?

To avoid glare from windows
o
o
o
o
o

Curtains
Blinds
Louvers
Instead of wide windows, go for long narrow windows
Shift the workplane from offending windows

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

31

How to reduce glare?

Use of luminaires
o Increase light from sideways at right angles from the direction of viewing
o Luminaires should have large surface area and low luminance
o Proper shielding of the lamp

Use matt finish for the working surface to avoid reflection

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

32

Safety
OV E RV IEW OF BUI LDI NG R EQUI REMENTS AN D SYSTEMS

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

33

Essentials of building safety

Life safety
Fire safety
Health and welfare

Access control
Critical Process Control
Emergency Lighting

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

34

Life safety
Methods of exiting a building in the event of an emergency
Area of refuge
o location in a building designed to hold occupants during a fire or other emergency
when evacuation may not be safe or possible
o Operation theatre in hospitals, control rooms in nuclear power plants, chemical plants,
high security prisons

Considering occupancy loads for exit and safety

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Fire Safety
Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage
Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection and warning of fire
Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of occupants and users of the
building to avoid obvious mistakes, such as the propping open of fire doors
Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Health and welfare

Proper lighting
Proper ventilation
Sanitation

Indoor climate
Noise control

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Access Control
Access control is the selective restriction of access to a place or
other resource
The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using

Permission to access a resource is called authorization

Locks and login credentials are two analogous mechanisms of access
control

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

38

Access Control
Most common biometric systems
Fingerprint
Palm Scan

Hand Geometry
Iris Scan
Signature Dynamics

Keyboard Dynamics
Voice Print
Facial Scan

Hand Topography

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

39

Critical Process Control

Alerting on equipment failure that can critically compromise safety
o
o
o
o
o

Laboratory ventilation and temperature controls

Fume hood controls
Supply and exhaust air volume
Space pressure
Temperature and humidity

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

40

Emergency Lighting

What are the situations lighting engineer should consider?

o
o
o
o

Route Illumination Informational Signage

Fire and Power Failure, Natural Calamities
Architectural Features
physical disabilities or special needs of building occupants

< .

o
o
o

high occupancy rate by older persons

occupancy by the physically disabled
facilities requiring a long shutdown process

Duration of emergency lighting - 30 min to 8hours 90 min is common

Hazard Visibility
o
o
o
o
o
o

Intersections of corridors
Abrupt changes of direction of the egress path
Staircases
Changes of floor level
Exits and areas adjacent to exits
Obstructions along the means of egress

Egress lighting

Illumination of Fire-Alarm Call Points and Fire-Fighting Equipment

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

41

Architecture of BAS
Human Interface
Computer workstation

Web Server

Human Interface
Computer workstation

Primary Bus
Programmable
Logic Controller
Secondary Bus

Central Plant

10-Oct-15

Programmable
Logic Controller
Secondary Bus

HVAC System

Lighting Controller

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

Safety & Security

System

42

Buses & Protocols

Primary Bus & Secondary Bus
o Connects high level controllers to low level controllers
o High level controllers PLC
o Low level controllers input output devices, user interface

Protocols
o
o
o
o

Specifies how devices interoperate

AHAE s sta dard protocol BACnet
Echelo Corporatio s ope protocol LonTalk
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) - Internet-standard protocol for
managing devices on IP networks

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Physical connectivity between devices

Older systems
o
o
o
o

Optical fibre
Ethernet
RS-232
Low bandwidth special purpose wireless network

Modern systems
o
o
o
o

IP based networking
Power line networking over AC circuits
Power Over Ethernet low power DC circuits
High bandwidth wireless network - ZigBee

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Types of inputs & outputs

Analog Input
o
o
o

Digital Input
o
o
o

Indicates if a device is turned ON or not

Can be pulse type inputs counting the frequency of pulses over a given period of time
Eg: Turbine flow meter transmitting rotation data as a frequency of pulses to an input

Analog Output
o
o

Used to read a variable measurement

Given by sensors
Eg: Temperature, humidity

Controls the speed or position of a device

Eg: Hot water valve opening up 25% to maintain a set point

Digital Output
o

Used to open and close relays and switches as well as drive a load upon command
Eg: Turn on the parking lot lights when a photocell indicates it is dark outside

Can be pulse type outputs emitting a frequency of pulses over a given period of time
Eg: energy meter calculating kWh and emitting a frequency of pulses accordingly

10-Oct-15

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Controllers
Small, purpose-built computers with input and output capabilities
Comes in a range of sizes and capabilities to control devices and sub network of
controllers
Grouped in three categories
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
Very good responsiveness and processing power
Costs typically 2 to 3 times that of a System/Network controller
used to automate high-end applications

System/Network controllers
Used in office buildings, supermarkets, malls
lacks the millisecond response time that PLC's provide

Terminal Unit controllers

Least expensive and least powerful
suited for control of lighting and/or simpler devices
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Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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Operating modes
Occupancy mode
BAS aims to provides a comfortable climate and adequate lighting
zone-based control

Morning Warm-Up (MWU) mode

Occurs prior to occupancy mode
BAS tries to bring the building to setpoint just in time for Occupancy
BAS factors in outdoor conditions and historical experience to optimize
MWU

Night-time Setback mode

Unoccupied mode
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Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

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