Citation Guide

General presentation:
Download the Critical Theory cover sheet from webcourses, fill-in and attach to front of essay
before submitting.
Essays should be printed on A4 paper, stapled in the corner and placed in a single vinyl pocket. Do
not place individual pages in separate sleeves.
The typeface should be legible and generally not less than 11pt. Margins should be no less than
20mm. The typescript should be in double or 1.5 spacing, except for indented quotations (see
below) or footnotes, where single spacing should be used.
Pages should be numbered consecutively.
Images:
All images should be big enough to see clearly and numbered and captioned. In essays, captions
should give the source of images, referenced following footnote conventions below. In theses,
sources are given in the list of illustrations (see Thesis Guidelines).
All images should be discussed in the text. If you are not going to discuss them, dont include them
theyre just distracting.
Please refer to each image by figure number and/or name in the text when you are discussing it, so
we know to look for it.
We recommend having images on separate pages at the end of the essay.
Quotations:
Brief quotations should be set in double inverted commas: e.g. It was a revealing example of
traditional industrial patronage.
Quotations of more than three lines should be indented and typed single space, without quotation
marks.
Single inverted commas are used for quotations within quotations. E.g. As Rick Poyner notes, his
work on Ray Gun [] left Carson fully open to Hellers accusation that he was the leader of a Cult
of the Ugly originally founded at Cranbrook.
Words added to a quotation for clarification by the author should be set in square brackets:
The first observable effect of this event [the 1925 Paris Exhibition] was upon the furniture trade,
which has not yet recovered from this injection of decorative inspiration.
Words left out should be indicated by []
Citation styles for commonly used types of sources.
The following information shows you how to cite in the text (as a footnote) and in the bibliography a
source that you have used. For more information on what, when and why to reference see What is an
essay? on webcourses.
Fundamental information:
The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author or by first editors surname.
Titles of books and journals are always in italics.
Titles of articles and chapters are always in inverted commas.
The bibliography is divided into sections: Published Sources (books, articles, newspapers, etc);
Unpublished Sources (unpublished interviews, personal communications, conference papers,
dissertations, etc); Web Sources (internet material).
Citing in text footnotes
The referencing system used by Critical Theory in DIT is called the Chicago Style. There are several
ways of referencing quotes and other information in your text: we use footnotes. These are so called
because they are notes that go at the bottom or foot of the page.
To insert a footnote in Microsoft Word, go to the Insert menu and select footnote. This will
automatically insert a superscript number at the selected point in the text and open a new line at the
bottom of the page where you can type the full details of your citation.
To save time and space, the second and subsequent references from the same source may be
abbreviated following the style outlined below.

Citation Guide
Citing a book:
Elements required:
Author (surname and initials or first names); Title of publication (in italics); Edition, (only if other
than the first); Place of publication; Publisher; Series title and volume number if any; Year of
publication;
One author:
Footnote (first reference to source):
1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivores Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin,
2006), 99100.

Footnote (second and subsequent reference to source):

18. Pollan, Omnivores Dilemma, 3.
Bibliography:
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivores Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin,
2006.

Two or more authors: (note order of names)

Footnote:
1. Newton N. Minow and Craig L. LaMay, Inside the Presidential Debates: Their Improbable Past
and Promising Future (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 2425.

Footnote (shortened):
8. Minow and LaMay, Presidential Debates, 138.

Bibliography:
Minow, Newton N., and Craig L. LaMay. Inside the Presidential Debates: Their Improbable Past and
Promising Future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
A book with an editor in place of an author uses the abbreviation ed. (editor; for more than one editor,
use eds.). (Note that the shortened form does not include ed.)
Footnote:
1. Joel Greenberg, ed., Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 42.
Footnote (shortened):
33. Greenberg, Of Prairie, Woods, and Water, 32627.
Bibliography:
Greenberg, Joel, ed. Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Where no individual author or editor is listed, as is the case in some exhibition catalogues, the entry is
listed under the name of the sponsoring institution.
Citing an article or chapter in an edited book
Elements required:
Chapter author; Chapter title; Editor of book; Page numbers of the article; Place of publication;
Publisher; Date of publication. Precede the title of the book with in
Footnote:
1. Sarah Wilson, From Monuments to Fast Cars: Aspects of Cold War Art, 1946-1957, in Cold
War Modern: Design 1945-1970, ed David Crowley and Jane Pavitt (London: V&A, 2008), 28.
Footnote (shortened):
19. Wilson, From Monuments to Fast Cars, 32.
Bibliography:
Wilson, Sarah. From Monuments to Fast Cars: Aspects of Cold War Art, 1946-1957. In Cold
War Modern: Design 1945-1970, edited by David Crowley and Jane Pavitt, 26-32. London: V&A,
2008.

Citation Guide
Citing a journal article
Elements required
Author; Year of publication; Title of article (in quotation marks); Title of journal (in italics); Issue
Information (volume, part, number, month or season); Page reference
Footnote:
89. Walter Blair, Americanized Comic Braggarts, Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977), 33132.
Footnote (shortened):
111. Blair, Americanized Comic Braggarts, 335.
Bibliography:
Blair, Walter. Americanized Comic Braggarts. Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977), 33149.
Citing a web site or an internet page (original content, rather than electronic journal articles)
References, especially for quotes, should usually be to a specific web page, rather than to a website.
Note that there is no shortened version. (For citation guidance on other types of electronic resource,
please ask your tutor or consult: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html)
Elements required
Author of the content (if any); Title or a description of the page (in inverted commas); Owner or
sponsor of the site; URL; Publication date or date of revision or modification; Access date
Footnote:
14. WD2000: Visual Basic Macro to Assign Clipboard Text to a String Variable, revision 1.3,
Microsoft Help and Support, last modified November 23, 2006,
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/212730. Accessed July 17, 2008.
Bibliography:
Microsoft Corporation. WD2000: Visual Basic Macro to Assign Clipboard Text to a String
Variable. Revision 1.3. Microsoft Help and Support. Last modified November 23, 2006.
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/212730. Accessed July 17, 2008.
Citing a DVD/Film/TV programme: Individual scenes or chapters are treated like book chapters and
cited by title or by number. Bonus material on a DVD, such as critical commentary, is cited by author
and title.
Footnote TV show:
7. Michael Curtis and Gregory S. Malins, The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy, Friends,
season 3, episode 1, directed by Gail Mancuso, aired September 19, 1996 (Burbank, CA:
Warner Home Video, 2003), DVD.
Footnote Film on DVD:
8. Crop Duster Attack, North by Northwest, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1959; Burbank, CA:
Warner Home Video, 2000), DVD.
Bibliography Bonus Material on DVD:
Cleese, John, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Commentaries. Disc 2.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail, special ed. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones.
Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment, 2001.

Citation Guide
Citing a newspaper article
Elements required
Author; Year of publication; Title of article or headline; Title of newspaper (in italics); Day and
month; (if online include url)
Footnote:
1. Editorial, The Irish Times, July 30, 1990.
2. Robert Hughes Le Corbusier: Paradise Now The Guardian, March 20. 2006.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2006/mar/20/architecture.modernism1
Bibliography:
Borzi, Pat. Retirement Discussion Begins Anew for Favre. New York Times, January 25, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/26/sports/football/26vikings.html?emc=eta1.

If no author given:
Footnote:
1.In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor, New York Times, July 30, 2002.
Bibliography:
New York Times. In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor. July 30, 2002.

Interviews: Published
An interview that has already been published is treated like an article in a periodical or a chapter in a
book. An interview that has been broadcast should be treated like other broadcast material. Interviews
consulted online should be treated as other web-based material.
Interviews: Unpublished
Citations should include the names of both the person interviewed and the interviewer; brief identifying
information, if appropriate; the place or date of the interview (or both, if known); and, if a transcript or
recording is available, where it may be found (such as in Appendices).
Footnote:
7. Andrew Macmillan (PRO Institute of Advertisers in Ireland), interview with the author, Dublin,
September 22, 2011. (See Appendix A for transcript).
8. Benjamin Spock, interview by Milton J. E. Senn, November 20, 1974, interview 67A, transcript,
Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
Footnote (short form):
9. Macmillan, interview.
Unpublished lectures, conference papers, etc.
Citations should include as much information as possible to facilitate a reader to locate the original text.
Footnote:
2. Juliet Ash, Untruthful Source: Prisoners writings, official and reform documentation as
contradictory evidence of the design of iconic Prison Clothing in Britain, 1880-1930 (paper
presented at the Annual Conference of the Design History Society, University of Hertfordshire,
September 9, 2009).
Bibliography:
Ash, Juliet. Untruthful Source: Prisoners writings, official and reform documentation as
contradictory evidence of the design of iconic prison clothing in Britain, 1880-1930. Paper
presented at the Annual Conference of the Design History Society, University of Hertfordshire,
September 9, 2009.

Adapted from:
The Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition text 2010 by The University of Chicago.
The Chicago Manual of Style Online 2006, 2007, 2010 by The University of Chicago.