SIEMENS

Glossary

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TAUCS Version 2.0, November 29, 2001. Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003 by Sivan Toledo, Tel-Aviv
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Glossary

Chapter 1: Glossary

Anisotropic Material

A material that has a different property in each direction at any given

location in the structure. There is no material plane of symmetry
associated with an anisotropic material. This material can be described
by 21 independent elastic constants in the stress-strain relationship. See
Homogeneous Material, Isotropic Material, and orthotropic material.

Axisymmetric

A type of finite element (or problem) in which the elements cross section
is symmetric about an axis of rotation. Used to model structures, such
as shafts and rotationally-symmetric pressure vessels (which can be
geometrically represented as surfaces or solids of revolution).

Basic Coordinate
System

NX Nastrans default, built-in rectangular coordinate system. All

user-defined (local) coordinate systems ultimately must be able to be
transformed back into the basic coordinate system. The basic coordinate
system is often called the global coordinate system in many finite element
programs and textbooks. The global coordinate system has a special
meaning in NX Nastran. See also Global Coordinate System and Local
Coordinate System.

Beam Orientation
Vector

A user-defined vector
that is used to orient cross-sectional properties
of CBAR and CBEAM elements with respect to the models geometry.
This information defines a unique beam orientation relative to the model
geometry.

Bulk Data Section

The section of the NX Nastran input (.dat) file containing model geometry,
element connections and properties, loads, constraints, and material
properties. This section follows the Case Control Section.

Case Control Section

The section of the NX Nastran input (.DAT) file containing commands

that select the type of analysis output required (displacements, forces,
stresses, etc.). Case Control also manages sets of Bulk Data input
(e.g., loads and constraints) to be used in analysis subcases. The Case
Control Section follows the Executive Control Section and precedes the
Bulk Data Section.

Comment Entry

An entry used to insert user-specified comments anywhere in the input

(.dat) file. The first character is a dollar sign ($) in column 1, followed by
any character. When echoed, only the first 80 characters will be printed
in your .f06 file.

Glossary

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Composite Material

When two or more materials are combined together on a macroscopic

scale. Generally each of these materials by itself may not provide the
desired material properties for your design. However, by combining
these materials into a composite material, the desired material properties
may be obtained. When speaking of composites, most people think of
fibrous composites (e.g., kevlar, graphite, etc.). There are many other
types of composite that are encountered every day, such as plywood and
steel reinforced concrete. Also see Anisotropic Material and Orthotropic
Material.

Computational Zero

See Machine Zero.

Consistent Load

The equivalent loads at the grid points computed from the applied loads
on elements. The same shape function that is used in deriving the
element stiffness and mass matrices is used for the derivation of the
load-hence the name consistent load.

Constraint

The enforcement of a particular displacement (translation and/or rotation)

on a grid point or points. The boundary conditions of a static structure
typically require a zero displacement constraint on various degrees
of freedom in the model. Constraints may also be defined in terms of
displacement with respect to other degrees of freedom in the model or
in terms of an enforced nonzero value of displacement. Also see MPC
and SPC.

Continuation

An extension of an entry when the entry requires more than one line of
input data. Continuations may or may not be required, depending on the
particular Bulk Data entry and its options.

Coordinate System

See the specific type (Basic Coordinate System, Displacement

Coordinate System, Global Coordinate System, Local Coordinate
System, Material Coordinate System, and Output File).

CPU Time

Stands for central processing unit time. The CPU time is a measure
of the computational speed of your computer. Also see Elapsed Time,
I/O Time, and Turnaround Time.

Data Block

Basic units used by NX Nastran to store your data. The data block can be
a matrix or table. As an example, the g-set stiffness matrix is stored as
the kgg data block; thel-set stiffness matrix is stored as the kll data block.
Also called the input file, the .dat file contains the complete NX Nastran
finite element model. The input file is submitted to NX Nastran which
then executes the analysis. The input file contains the following principal
sections:

.dat File

1-2

Glossary

NASTRAN statement
File Management Section (FMS)
Executive Control Section
CEND
Case Control Section
Begin Bulk
Bulk Data Section
ENDDATA

Optional
Optional
Required
Required Delimiter
Required
Required Delimiter
Required
Required Delimiter

Glossary

.DBALL File

A file created by running NX Nastran that contains the permanent

database. By default, the extension .DBALL is appended to the filename.
This database file is needed if you want to perform a restart. See also
.MASTER File. By default, all information pertaining to your model and
solution is stored in this file.

Decomposition

The first step in solving a system of linear equations, decomposition

breaks the stiffness matrix [K] into lower and upper triangular factors.
This process is one of the most computationally time-consuming steps in
linear static analysis.

Degrees of Freedom
(DOFs)

The motion of each grid point can be described by three orthogonal

translational and three orthogonal rotational components of displacement.
Each component is called a degree of freedom and adds one unknown to
the system of simultaneous linear equations representing the structure.
Unlike a grid point, a scalar point has only one (non-dimensional) degree
of freedom associated with it.

Delimiter

An entry in the NX Nastran input (.DAT) file that indicates the beginning
or end of a section. CEND, BEGIN BULK, and ENDDATA are required
delimiters in all input files.

Differential Stiffness

The stiffness term resulting from the inclusion of the higher-order terms
of the strain-displacement relationships. The differential stiffness softens
the linear stiffness matrix in the case of a compressive axial load and
stiffens the linear stiffness matrix in the case of a tensile axial load. The
differential stiffness is often called the geometric stiffness.

Discretization

The basic process of finite element modeling wherein a continuous

structure is broken up-discretized-into an assembly of individual
elements. The goal is to choose types and quantities of elements such
that the mathematical behavior of the model faithfully represents the
behavior of the structure. Properly discretizing the structure requires both
knowledge of the structure and engineering judgement.

Displacement
Coordinate System

Displacement Method

DMAP

Each grid point may have a unique displacement coordinate system,

as selected in field 7 (the CD field) of the GRID Bulk Data entry.
Displacements, constraints, and other grid point-based quantities are
calculated and printed based on this coordinate system. The basic
coordinate system is NX Nastrans default displacement coordinate
system.
A method of structural analysis used by NX Nastran in which
displacements are the unknown quantities to be determined.
Acronym for Direct Matrix Abstraction Program. DMAP is NX Nastrans
high-level programming language. DMAP allows advanced users
to access NX Nastrans internal modules to modify existing solution
sequences or to create customized solution methods. See the NX
Nastran DMAP Programmers Guide for further details.

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DMAP Alters

DOF(s)

See Degrees of Freedom (DOFs).

Echo

A listing of the input file (.dat) written into the .f06 results file. The input
file can be unsorted (it appears exactly like the .dat listing), sorted (it is
alphabetized and comment entries removed), or both, as specified by the
ECHO Case Control Command. This command can also be used to
create a sorted copy of the whole Bulk Data file.

Elapsed Time

Also known as the wallclock time. The elapsed time is the time from the
start of your jobs execution to the end of the job. This time includes the
effect of your computer speed (CPU), the amount of memory available
on your machine, the I/O speed, and the swapping of multiple jobs on
your machine. See CPU Time, I/O Time, and Turnaround Time.

Element Coordinate
System

Each element has an element coordinate system based on the elements

particular geometry and grid point ordering sequence. For many
elements, quantities, such as element force and stress, are output in the
element coordinate system.

Elemental Stiffness
Matrix

The stiffness matrix of an individual finite element, which is often denoted

as [k]. The stiffness matrix describes the elements displacement
response for a given load. See also Global Stiffness Matrix.

Epsilon

A measure of numerical accuracy and roundoff error provided in the

.f06 results file of linear static analysis runs. A small value of epsilon,
approximately less than |10-9|, indicating a numerically stable problem.
A large value of epsilon is evidence of numerical ill-conditioning.
An acceptable value may also be machine dependent. See also
Ill-conditioning.

Executive Control
Section

A required section of the input file that appears before the Case Control
Section. This section contains requests for the solution sequence type
(the SOL statement), the CPU time limits (the TIME statement), and an
optional identification entry (the ID statement). User-provided DMAP
Alters are also inserted in this section.

.f04 File

A file created by running NX Nastran that contains database information

and the module execution summary. By default, the extension .f04 is
appended to the filename. The .F04 file is a valuable tool for debugging
and evaluating the performance of your run.

.f06 File

A file created by running NX Nastran that contains the results of your

analysis (e.g., stresses, forces, displacements, etc.). By default, the
extension .f06 is appended to the filename.

Fatal Error

1-4

A convenient method of providing you with a new analysis capability,

increased efficiency, alternate solution methods, additional printouts,
and/or otherwise unavailable user conveniences. A library of useful alters
is delivered with your delivery media (see the NX Nastran Users Guide
and the NX Nastran DMAP Programmers Guide for further details). You
can also create your own DMAP Alters to suit your need.

Glossary

See User Fatal Message.

Glossary

Fiber Direction

A term used when describing composite materials. The fiber direction is

commonly referred to as the longitudinal direction or 1-direction. This is
the direction that possesses the highest strength for the fiber composite
material. See Composite Material and Matrix Direction.

File Management
Section (FMS)

An optional input file section used primarily to attach or initialize NX

Nastran databases and FORTRAN files. The FMS section, if used,
precedes the Executive Control Section. This section is mostly used in
conjunction with large problems.

Finite Element

The basic building block of the finite element method. Finite elements are
the regularly, or nearly regularly, shaped mathematical idealizations of
simple structures (e.g., beams, plates, solids) with known mathematical
solutions. When individual elements are combined to represent
a complex irregular structure, the resulting mathematical model
approximates the behavior of the real structure.

Free Field Format

Input data format in which data fields are separated by commas or blanks.

Geometric Stiffness

Global Coordinate
System

See Differential Stiffness.

The union of all the coordinate systems defined on all the CD fields on
all the GRID entries. The global coordinate system in NX Nastran is,
therefore, not a single unique system. Note that the basic coordinate
system may also, but not necessarily, be a part of the global coordinate
system. Many commercial finite element programs and textbooks use
the term global coordinate system to describe the coordinate system
that NX Nastran calls its basic (default) coordinate system. See also
Basic Coordinate System, Displacement Coordinate System, and Local
Coordinate System.

The stiffness matrix of the entire structure. The global stiffness matrix is
an assembly of the elemental stiffness matrices of individual elements
Global Stiffness Matrix
in terms of the global coordinate system. See also Elemental Stiffness
Matrix.

Grid Point

A geometric point that defines model geometry and provides a point to

which finite elements are connected. Grid points are located in space
with respect to a particular coordinate system and are displaced with the
loaded structure. Analysis results, such as displacements and reaction
forces, are reported at grid points. The basic equations of finite element
analysis are written in terms of grid point displacement.

Grid Point Stress

A rational scheme to interpolate and/or extrapolate known element and

vertex stresses over a surface or volume.

Hencky-von Mises
Stress

See von Mises stress.

Homogeneous
Material

A material that has the same property in all directions at all locations
in the structure. See Anisotropic Material, Isotropic Material, and
Orthotropic Material.

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Ill-conditioning

Information Message

See User Information Message (UIM).

Input File

See .dat File.

I/O Time

Stands for input/output time. I/O time is the time it takes your computer to
transfer data between different locations in your computer during runtime
(e.g., from memory to scratch disk). See CPU Time, Elapsed Time, and
Turnaround Time.

Isoparametric

1-6

A system of linear equations is said to be ill-conditioned if small

perturbations in the system lead to large changes in the solution. NX
Nastran checks for evidence of ill-conditioning in the system of equations
representing the structural model. A high value of epsilon indicates a
potential ill-conditioning problem. Ill-conditioning does not necessarily
result in a fatal error but can result in inaccurate answers. Possible
causes of ill-conditioning include a high difference in stiffness between
adjacent elements in the model, unconnected degrees of freedom, rigid
body motion, or the presence of mechanisms. See also Epsilon.

A modern type of finite element formulation which offers high accuracy

with good efficiency (i.e., relatively low computational cost).

Isotropic Material

A material that has the same material property in all directions at a given
location in a structure. This material can be defined by two independent
elastic constants in the stress-strain relationship. See Anisotropic
Material, Homogeneous Material, and Orthotropic Material.

Lamina

A term used to describe composites. A lamina is a single layer consisting

of a group of unidirectional fibers (or sometimes woven fibers) arranged
to form a flat plate or curved shell. A lamina makes up the basic building
block of a two-dimensional composite element.

Laminae

More than a single lamina.

Laminate

A stack of laminae bonded together. The principal direction of each

lamina may be oriented in a different direction to obtain the desired
strength and stiffness properties.

Large Field Format

Input format for Bulk Data entries in which the data fields are 16 columns
wide, allowing numerical data to have a greater number of significant
digits.

Line Element

Elements, such as bars, rods, and beams. A line element is typically

connected by two grid points and is also known as a one-dimensional
(1-D) element. One-dimensional elements do not imply that the elements
can only be used for a 1-D structure; rather, it can be used for a 1-D,
2-D, or 3-D structure. An example of an application of 1-D elements in
a 3-D structure is the use of CBARs/CRODs for frames and stringers
of aircraft structures.

Linear Structure

A structure whose displacements are linearly proportional to the applied

load. Once the load is removed, the structure returns to its original
undeformed configuration.

Glossary

Glossary

Load

A general term referring to forces, moments, pressure loads, thermal

loads, electromagnetic loads, etc. In NX Nastran analysis, loads are
known quantities that are applied to the structural model. NX Nastran
then solves for the unknown displacements of the structure.

Local Coordinate
System

A user-specified coordinate system that accommodates the input of

geometry data or the reporting of analysis results. Local coordinate
systems can be rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical, and are defined
with respect to the basic (default) coordinate system or another local
coordinate system. The only rule in NX Nastran is that the local
coordinate system ultimately must be able to be transformed back
into the basic coordinate system. See also Basic Coordinate System,
Displacement Coordinate System, and Global Coordinate System.

.log File

A file created by running NX Nastran that contains system information

and system error messages. By default, the extension .LOG is appended
to the filename. You should always check this file if your job appears to
fail for no apparent reason. This failure can result from such problems
as insufficient disk space or that the job was cancelled by the operator.
In many cases, the .LOG file provides you with a clue to the cause of
the problem.

Machine Zero

A value of zero with a small amount of computer roundoff error added.

In a typical structural model, a number such as 1.2345E-12 may be
considered a machine zero. This term is also known as computational
or numeric zero.

.MASTER File

A directory file created by running NX Nastran containing a list of all

of the database sets used in your run, an index pointing to all the data
blocks created and where they are stored, and the NDDL. By default, the
extension .MASTER is appended to the filename. This file is needed if
you want to perform restarts. See also NDDL and .DBALL File.

Material Coordinate
System

An optional coordinate system used to orient orthotropic or anisotropic

material properties. For isotropic materials, a material coordinate system
is not needed.

Matrix Direction

A term used to describe composite materials. Matrix direction is

commonly known as the transverse direction or 2-direction. The matrix
material by itself has very low strength; however, it holds the fibers
together to form a structure that produces a high strength to weight ratio
(see Composite Material and Fiber Direction).

Mechanism

Mesh

A mechanism occurs when part of a structure is capable of rigid

body (strain-free) motion. In linear static analysis, the presence of a
mechanism produces a singularity failure in the solution.
The pattern formed by a collection of finite elements. Relatively few
elements result in a coarse mesh. Adding more elements produces a
finer mesh, which can more closely represent an irregularly shaped
structure. In general, a finer mesh is more accurate, but it is also more
computationally expensive.

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Module
MPC

A set of NX Nastran program subroutines designed to perform a

particular mathematical or data-related task. Users have direct access to
NX Nastrans modules via DMAP. See also DMAP.
See Multipoint Constraint.

Multipoint Constraint

A convenient way to impose a linear relationship between two or more

degrees of freedom. Common applications of the multipoint constraint
include: defining the relative motion between two grid points as a degree
of freedom or defining the average of the motions of several grid points
as a degree of freedom.

NASTRAN Statement

An optional statement that, if used, appears at the beginning of the NX

Nastran input file. The NASTRAN statement is used to override the
default values for certain operational parameters of the program. See
nastran Command and NASTRAN Statement in the NX Nastran Quick
Reference Guide for further information.

NDDL

Stands for NX Nastran Data Definition Language and is the internal NX

Nastran language that descibes the database. The NDDL describes the
content of the data blocks, checks whether data blocks and parameters
are permanently stored, and sets up dependency checks for efficient
restarts. Knowledge of the NDDL is not required to use NX Nastran
efficiently.

Structural displacements that are larger than those allowed by small

displacement-based theory are said to be geometrically nonlinear. Large
Nonlinear (Geometric)
displacements require the use of special nonlinear solution sequences in
NX Nastran (e.g., Solution 106).

Nonlinear (Material)

A material in which stress is not linearly proportional to strain, such as

rubber. When the load is removed, your structure may not return to its
original undeformed state. Nonlinear materials require the use of special
nonlinear solution sequences in NX Nastran (e.g., Solutions 601 and
106).

Normal Modes
Analysis

An analysis used to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes

of a structure.

Numeric Zero

See Machine Zero.

One-Dimensional
(1-D) Element

See Line Element.

Orthotropic Material

Output File

1-8

Glossary

This is a special anisotropic material that can be used for plate and shell
elements. It contains three orthogonal planes of material symmetry at
a given location in the structure. This material can be defined by nine
independent elastic constants in the stress-strain relationships. See
Anisotropic Material, Homogeneous Material, and Isotropic Material.
See the .f04 File, .f06 File, and .log File.

Glossary

PARAM,AUTOSPC

A parameter that controls the detection and constraint of obvious

singularities in the model. PARAM,AUTOSPC is in operation by default
in all solution sequences except for Solution 24. PARAM,AUTOSPC
produces a grid point singularity table in the .f06 output file; this table
lists the singularities that were detected and constrained. You should
always check this singularity table to make sure that it is your intention
for these DOFs to be constrained.

Parameter

Parameters are used to request special program features and to input

data relating to these features. Parameters are specified on PARAM Bulk
Data entries and PARAM Case Control commands. A complete listing
of parameter functions is included in Parameters in the NX Nastran
Quick Reference Guide.

.pch

A file created by running NX Nastran with the ECHO=PUNCH Case

Control command. By default, the extension .pch is appended to the
filename. The punched file is an ASCII file that can be used as part of a
future input file.

.plt

A file created by running NX Nastran that contains the NASTRAN plotter

file. By default, the extension .plt is appended to the filename.

Postprocessor

A graphics package that is designed to help you interpret and display

your finite element results. Common postprocessing operations include
x-y plots of numerical data, deformed shape plots of model geometry,
and color stress contour plots.

Preprocessor

A graphics package designed to help to create the finite element model.

Typical preprocessors create geometry, create mesh elements, apply
loads and constraints, and perform certain types of error checks.

Restart

A procedure that allows you to systematically continue from a previous

analysis without re-doing your problem from the beginning.

Results File

See the .f06 File.

Rigid Body Motion

Rigid body motion occurs when the structural model is free to displace in
one or more directions (displacement without strain). A simple example
of rigid body motion occurs when you move a pencil from one location
on your desk to another. No strain occurs in the pencil-only translation
and rotation as a rigid body. In static analysis, the possibility of rigid
body motion due to an insufficiently constrained structure results in a
singularity in the stiffness matrix. Consequently, the solution of the
problem fails during decomposition of the stiffness matrix.

Rigid Element

Also known as an R-type element. The name rigid element is somewhat

misleading since it includes both rigid and interpolation elements. Rigid
elements consist of RBAR, RBE1, RBE2, RROD, and RTRPLT; these
elements create a rigid connection between the connected degrees of
freedom. Interpolation elements include the RBE3 and RSPLINE. The
RBE3 is often used to distribute loads and mass. The RSPLINE is often
used to model mesh transition.

Rotation

Displacement about a coordinate axis. A grid point has three rotational

degrees of freedom, one about each axis. See also Degrees of Freedom
(DOFs) and Translation.

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Scalar Point

A scalar point is defined by the SPOINT entry. It is associated with only

one degree of freedom and has no geometric location associated with it.

Set

A collection or grouping of selective items in the NX Nastran model. It is

primarily used for limiting the amount of output data.

Single-Point
Constraint (SPC)

The constraint of one or more degrees of freedom at a grid point, thereby

enforcing displacement (often zero displacement) of the grid point in the
affected component directions. For example, the grid point at the fixed
end of a cantilever beam is constrained (i.e., SPCd) in all six DOFs.
Reaction forces, called forces of single-point constraint (SPCF), may
be recovered at these grid points.

Singularity

A mathematical condition prohibiting matrix inversion. Consequently,

the system of equations representing the structure cannot be solved.
Common sources of singularities in linear static analysis include the
presence of unconnected or very weakly connected degrees of freedom
or an inadequate prescription of constraints on the model resulting in
rigid body motion.

Slowly Applied
Loads

A basic assumption of static analysis: loads must be slowly applied so

that no significant dynamic effects are caused.

Small Displacements

A requirement of linear structural analysis. Displacements must be

sufficiently small enough so that they do not violate certain mathematical
assumptions inherent in the design of the finite elements used. Large
displacements require nonlinear solution methods.

Small-Field Format
Solid Element

Solution Sequence

SPC
Spring Element

Static
Stiffness Matrix
Subcase

1-10

Glossary

Input format for Bulk Data entries in which the data fields are eight
columns wide.
Elements resembling bricks (eight corners), wedges (six corners), or
pyramids (four corners). Also called three-dimensional elements. Popular
NX Nastran solid elements include the CHEXA, CTETRA, and CPENTA.
A prepackaged set of DMAP instructions designed to solve a particular
type of engineering problem. The SOL command in the Executive
Control Section is used to inform NX Nastran which solution sequence
to use; for example, SOL 101 is used to specify linear static analysis.
See also DMAP.
See Single-Point Constraint (SPC).
An element representing a simple, single degree of freedom extensional
or rotational spring. Also called a zero-dimensional element or scalar
element. The CELASi family of elements are spring elements.
In the finite element sense, static means that the structural model is
constrained to prevent rigid body motion (static equilibrium exists) and
that loads are assumed to be slowly applied, thereby inducing no
dynamic effects.
See Global Stiffness Matrix and Global Stiffness Matrix.
Subcases allow multiple individual load cases and/or multiple boundary
conditions to be analyzed in the same NX Nastran run, thereby achieving
greater computational efficiency than with separate runs.

Glossary

Superelement
Analysis

Surface Element

Symmetry

System Message

A very efficient method used by NX Nastran to perform sub-structure

analysis.
Elements, such as thin plates (which are flat) or shells (which are curved).
Also called two-dimensional (2-D) elements. Popular NX Nastran surface
elements include the CQUAD4 (quadrilateral) and CTRIA3 (triangular)
elements. Two-dimensional elements do not imply that the elements can
only be used for a 2-D structure; rather, it can be used for a 1-D, 2-D, or
3-D structure. An example of the use of 2-D elements in a 3-D structure
is the use of CQUAD4s for modeling the panels of an automobile.
A geometric property in which a structure has one or more planes
of symmetry. Structural symmetry can be exploited to produce a
smaller model (appropriate constraints are used to model the boundary
conditions on the axis or axes of symmetry). NX Nastran contains a
set of solutions sequences called cyclic symmetric solution sequences
that perform this task automatically.
System Messages refer to diagnostics associated with program or
system errors. Analogous to User Messages.

Translation

Direct, linear displacement along a coordinate axis. A grid point has

three translation degrees of freedom, one along each axis. See also
Degrees of Freedom (DOFs) and Rotation.

Turnaround Time

The time from when you submit your job to when you obtain results.
Turnaround time includes the effect of queuing at your computer site;
therefore, it may be longer than the elapsed time. See CPU Time,
Elapsed Time, and I/O Time.

Two-Dimensional
(2-D) Element

See Surface Element.

User Fatal Message

(UFM)
User Information
Message (UIM)

An NX Nastran message describing an error severe enough to cause

the program to terminate.
An NX Nastran message that provides general information. The issuance
of an UIM is not necessarily indicative of a problem. NX Nastran does
not terminate due to an UIM.

An NX Nastran message warning of an atypical situation; the user must

User Warning Message
determine whether or not a problem exists. In general, NX Nastran does
(UWM)
not terminate due to an UWM.
.usrobj File

A file created by running NX Nastran that contains the object file of the
user-written DMAPs. By default, the extension .USROBJ is appended to
the filename. This file can be deleted, and is deleted by default, if you
are not creating your own DMAP.

.usrsou File

A file created by running NX Nastran that contains the source file of the
user-written DMAPs. By default, the extension .USRSOU is appended to
the filename. This file can be deleted, and is deleted by default, if you
are not creating your own DMAP.

Glossary

1-11

Chapter
Glossary
Chapter
1: 1: Glossary

von Mises Stress

.xdb

1-12

Glossary

This is a failure criteria commonly used for ductile materials. This

stress value is an invariant quantity that is independent of the element
coordinate system used; it is always a positive number. For a general
stress state (nonprincipal axes), von Mises stress is given by the
following equation:

An optional file created by running NX Nastran that contains the graphical

database used by certain graphic packages. By default, the extension
.xdb is appended to the filename.

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