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Copyright 2008 by the Master Builders Association of King and Snohomish Counties. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, and any
information retrieval system, without the written permission of the copyright holders.
Actively promoting the use of environmentally sound design, construction, and development practices by design and building professionals in King and Snohomish
Counties, in particular by members of the Master Builders Association, in an attempt
to make these practices the preferred consumer standard
Creating a credible program that reflects the Master Builders Associations commitment to building better communities through environmental responsibility
Creating a model for approaching environmental concerns that the Counties may face.
Acknowledgments
This Handbook was originally developed for the BUILT GREEN Program of the Master Builders Association (MBA) in partnership with King County and Snohomish County in 2000. It represents nearly a
decades effort by committed volunteers from several committees composed of MBA members and representatives from King County and Snohomish County, and practioners providing their invaluable input.
Funding for this Handbook was provided by King County.
We wish to thank the members of the 2007/2008 Multi-Family Checklist Revision Committee for their
time and hard work (in alphabetical order):
Justin Fogel, Hewitt Architects
John Forde, Puget Sound Energy
Mike Fowler, Mithun
Diane Glenn, The Construction Consultants
Poppy Handy, SMR Architects
Cindy Hoover, G-Projects
Don Pendleton, Seattle City Light
Scott Schreffler, Dykeman Architects
Ann Schuessler, RAFN
Mark Wierenga, David Vandervort Architects
Technical contributors and/or reviewers included (in alphabetical order):
Tom Balderston, Conservation Services Group, Seattle
Andy Gordon, Washington State Energy Office
Chris Herman, Winter Sun Design
We would also like to acknowledge members of the original BUILT GREEN Steering Committee who
helped develop the original checklist in 1999.
Additional thanks are due to regulatory reviewers from King County Department of Development and Environmental Services, King County Department of Natural Resources, and Snohomish County Public Works.
We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of sustainable building consultant OBrien & Company, Inc. of Bainbridge Island, who led program development and developed the Handbook in 2000.
Special thanks to ESP Services for providing edits and revisions for the 2008 update. The BUILT
GREEN logo was designed by Pacific Rim Resources, Seattle.
Finally, a special thanks to the green building programs who have laid the foundation for our excellent
programTo Metro Denver HBA's BUILT GREEN program, the first such program in the country, for
leading the way and for permission to use the trademarked name BUILT GREEN . To the Home Builders
Association of Kitsap County and the Clark County Home Builders Association, for allowing their Build
A Better Kitsap and Build a Better Clark programs to serve as models for developing BUILT GREEN.
And to New Jerseys Division of Housing and Community Resources Sustainable Development/Affordable Housing Pilot Program for their generous contributions to BUILT GREEN and to the
City of Santa Monica for making their Green Building Design & Construction Guidelines available.
iii
Disclaimer
The Master Builders Association of King and Snohomish Counties (MBA) has provided this
Handbook as part of the BUILT GREEN program. It is intended for use by professional, licensed
builders and contractors as an aid to participating in the program. It assumes a certain level of
experience and familiarity with building technology and should not be used by untrained builders, do-it-yourselfers, or consumers.
The Handbook is not intended to eliminate or substitute for the builders own judgment or accepted engineering and construction practices. Each building may have characteristics that could
make any one or more of the Action Items suggested in the Handbook inappropriate. It is the
responsibility of the builder to choose the Action Items that are appropriate in each case. Furthermore, product information provided in the Handbook is not intended to act as or imply a recommendation for using a particular product in a specific application. Where appropriate, products should be tested before installation. All products should be used according to the manufacturers recommendations.
In addition, local, state, and federal regulations must be followed and are not to be superseded by
any recommendations made in this Handbook. Every effort was made to ensure consistency
with the standards of King and Snohomish Counties and its incorporated municipalities at the
time of this writing. Several regulatory reviewers were provided drafts of all or part of the
Handbook.
Health and safety-related measures described in the Handbook are not intended to offer medical
advice or to substitute for professional medical consultation.
The BUILT GREEN program is a self-certification and third-party verification program. The
MBA does not warrant whether or not a builder or developer has taken a specific action. The
builder or developer warrants his actions by signing the appropriate Self-Certification Checklist
or Third-Party Verification and providing the executed checklist to the customer or customers
representative. A Checklist has been provided for this purpose at the front of Part I of the Handbook.
iv
Program
Information
Table of Contents
Introduction
Handbook Organization
How to Use the Handbook
How to Qualify Your Project
Program Orientation
BUILT GREEN for Today and Tomorrow!
Table of Contents
PROGRAM INFORMATION ________________________________________ v
Table of Contents _________________________________________________ vii
Introduction ______________________________________________________ xi
HANDBOOK ORGANIZATION ____________________________________________________________________xi
HOW TO USE THE HANDBOOK _________________________________________________________________ xii
HOW TO QUALIFY YOUR PROJECT ________________________________________________________________ xiii
PROGRAM ORIENTATION _____________________________________________________________________ xiv
BUILT GREEN - FOR TODAY AND TOMORROW! ________________________________________________________ xiv
vii
viii
Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality _______________________________ II-79
Overall ___________________________________________________________________________ II-82
JOBSITE OPERATIONS _____________________________________________________________________ II-84
LAYOUT AND MATERIAL SELECTION ______________________________________________________________ II-86
MOISTURE CONTROL ______________________________________________________________________ II-91
AIR DISTRIBUTION AND FILTRATION ______________________________________________________________ II-95
HVAC Equipment ______________________________________________________________________ II-96
HEALTH AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY ______________________________________________________________ II-99
EXTRA CREDIT/INNOVATION FOR HEALTH AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY _____________________________________________ II-100
ix
Introduction
This Handbook is a reference for those enrolled in the BUILT GREEN program of the Master Builders
Association of King and Snohomish Counties (MBA). It includes a project enrollment form as well as
the Checklist used to certify BUILT GREEN projects. The Checklist contains over 375 Action Items to
choose from and functions as a menu of environmentally friendly Action Items to include in your multifamily construction projects. In addition, the Handbook contains specific, detailed information about each
Action Item listed in the checklist and resources for more information. Additional information about
BUILT GREEN Action Items will be provided through technical seminars and the BUILT GREEN Resource Library housed at the MBA Education Foundation office.
BUILT GREEN is a market-based programconsumer education and outreach is critical to using it successfully. Please contact the MBA Education Foundation office about marketing tools you can use to
personally promote your BUILT GREEN projects. In addition, the MBA will be providing support
through marketing seminars and a public marketing campaign.
Handbook Organization
The Handbook is organized into three parts: Program Information (this section), Part I: Multi-Family
Action Items, a general information section containing brief narratives for each Action Item, and Part II:
Multi-Family Resources, containing additional resources for each Action Item.
Part I: Multi-Family Action Items describes environmentally friendly Action Items arranged in five major
categories.
Energy Efficiency
This category promotes energy efficiency and improved comfort with Action Items intended to
push your project beyond Energy Code minimums.
Materials Efficiency
Numerous options help you reduce jobsite waste, saving both you and your customer money. In
addition to using materials efficiently, this section offers recognition for using a variety of
green building materials that are easier on the environment.
Part II: Multi-Family Resources mirrors the five sections and Action Items in Part I. It provides resources to help you learn more about each Action Itemgeneral background information, technical information that will help you fulfill the action, product information where applicable, regulatory information, and relevant websites.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook
May 2001/Revised June 2008
xi
Number
Possible
Points
2-24
CREDITS
Point
Totals
xii
Provide Owner with an Environmentally Friendly Operations and Maintenance Kit. A starter Kit
is available from MBA at no charge. You must include additional information for your kit to qualify
for credit in the program see Action Item 1-1 for details.
When Construction is Complete, Leave No Part of the Disturbed Site Uncovered or Unstabilized
If Using Can Lights, Use Energy Star Can Lights or Can Lights Approved by Washington Energy
Code for All Can Light Applications
2-4 Stars: Install CO Detector for All Units (Hardwired Preferred) with a Combustion Devise or Attached Garage
5 Star: Install CO Detector for All Units (Hardwired Required) with a Combustion Devise
Meet All Applicable State and Local Codes, Regulations, and Development Standards.
Some Action Items may already be required by code but are included in the checklist and assigned points
because the BUILT GREEN Program encourages you to use some better-than-typical practices to meet
code. The Part I narrative for each Action Item provides examples of such practices.
With the 2008 Revision, there is no longer a 1-star rating. For a 2-star rating, a project must meet all required items ()-star requirements in Section One, PLUS a minimum of 30 points from each section, and
a total of 200 points collectively. In addition, the builder must attend a technical workshop related to any
of the Action Items. Seminars, conferences, or technical training sessions can be used to satisfy this requirement. Examples include a seminar on efficient framing techniques or a workshop on stormwater
management. To count toward certification, workshops should be completed some time within the 12
months prior to project certification and must be approved by the BUILT GREEN Program Administrator. Proof of attendance must be submitted upon project completion (unless you have already submitted it
to qualify another BUILT GREEN project within the 12-month period). King County, Snohomish County, MBA, the National Association of Home Builders, The Sustainable Development Task Force of
Snohomish County, The NW EcoBuilding Guild, and the Building Industry Association of Washington
are among likely sponsors of relevant workshops, seminars, etc., but there are numerous other opportunities. Call the MBA for a list of suggestions, 800-522-2209.
For a 3-star rating, you are required to meet the 2-star requirements PLUS a minimum of 40 points from
each section, and a total of 300 points collectively.
xiii
The BUILT GREEN Program contains a number of Action Items that are environmentally leading edge
and provide significant benefit. Most are challenging or more costly to accomplish. The high number of
points for these reflects their cost, difficulty, and potential environmental benefit.
Program Orientation
A BUILT GREEN Program Orientation is required for all first-time enrollees, whether builders or developers. To find out when an orientation has been scheduled, call the MBA University, at (425) 451-7920.
The orientation is designed to take 1.5 to 2 hours.
xiv
Company Name:____________________________________________________________
Contact Name:______________________________________________________________
Phone: ____________________________ E-mail:_________________________________
Project Address (if multiple attach list): ________________________________________
City, Zip & County: __________________________________________________________
House Size (Sq. Ft.)___ _________________Community:___________________________
Project Description (Incl. # Bedrooms): _________________________________________
Project Built Green Verifier: __________________________________________________
Please complete both sides of this form and sign the Code of Ethics.
Only builders, developers and designers may enroll a project. For each project enrolled, a
Project Enrollment Form and a Built Green checklist must be completed. Income-qualified
fees waived.
FEE SCHEDULE
Single-Family/
Townhome
Built Green and
MBA Member:
$50 (per unit)
Multi-Family
Remodeler
Built Green
Community
Built Green/MBA Member:
$10 (per lot)
xv
It is the mission of the Built Green program to serve as the driving force for the use of and consumer demand for environmentally sound design, construction, and development practices in
King and Snohomish Counties cities and communities.
To achieve this mission, our members pledge to uphold the following
Code of Ethics:
Conduct our business in a manner that will reflect credit upon the Built Green
program.
Avoid statements or implications that may be misleading or deceptive.
Describe accurately and honestly the price, materials, methods and standards
of workmanship used in Built Green projects.
Provide high standards of health and safety.
Deal fairly with everyone involved in our projects including employees,
subcontractors, suppliers and customers.
Encourage research to develop new materials, building techniques, improved
building practices and financing methods.
Use the Built Green logo truthfully and according to the programs logo standards
In submitting the BUILT GREEN self-certification checklist, I agree to complete all Action Items
checked. I agree to check off only those Action Items that are true and correct, and to submit an
amended checklist if any changes occur during the construction or development process. I understand the MBA does not warrant to the homeowner or anyone else that these Action Items
have been completed; only that based on the checklist provided by me, the project qualifies for
a certificate.
I understand that my project could be selected at random for checklist verification at no cost to
my company.
_____________________________ assumes these responsibilities and understands that adherence to the above code of ethics is part of our obligation as a
member of the Built Green program of the Master Builders Association of King
and Snohomish Counties.
xvi
PROJECT DUES
Total Number of Units:
____________
$___________
$___________
If you prefer, you may fill out the following information, and fax it to 425.646.5985:
MasterCard
___________
xvii
MULTI-FAMILY
Program-at-a-Glance
2-Star Level Requirements
(200 points minimum)
Program Orientation
xviii
Part I:
Multi-Family
Action Items
Section One:
Section Two:
Section Three:
Energy Efficiency
Section Four:
Section Five:
Materials Efficiency
Part I:
Multi-Family Action Items
Part I: Multi-Family Action Items describes in detail the more than 375 BUILT GREEN Program
Action Items in five sections:
Section One: Build to Program Requirements and Green Codes/RegulationsThese Action
Items document that you meet energy, air quality, water efficiency, and stormwater management
standards. Section One Action Items also include required items that provide additional site
protection, enforce jobsite recycling, provide added indoor air quality, and provide an operation
and maintenance kit for owners.
Section Two: Site and WaterThese are practical Action Items for site protection, water protection, and development.
Section Three: Energy EfficiencyThis category promotes energy efficiency and improved
comfort with Action Items intended to push your project beyond Energy Code minimums.
Section Four: Health and Indoor Air QualityAction Items in this category include selected
practices to improve indoor air quality and reduce health risks for occupants and installers.
Section Five: Materials EfficiencyNumerous options help you reduce jobsite waste, saving
both you and the project money. In addition to using materials efficiently, this section offers
recognition for using a variety of green building materials that are easier on the environment.
Part I-1
Section One:
Build to Program
Requirements and
Green Codes /
Regulations
Owners Operation and Maintenance Kit
General Program Requirements
Green Codes / Regulations
Water Use Efficiency Standards of the Uniform
Plumbing Code with Washington State Amendments
Stormwater / Site Development Standards
Washington State Energy Code and Local Amendments
Washington State Ventilation/Indoor Air Quality Code
Section One:
Build to Program Requirements and
Green Codes/Regulations
This section includes Action Items that are specific requirements for participation in the Built Green
Multi-Family program and those that are required by code. This section acknowledgesand lets your
customers knowthat you routinely follow Washington State and local jurisdiction construction codes
and regulations that require environmentally friendly practices and products.
1-1
A starter kit of information available through the Master Builders Association (MBA). The
kit includes an informational CD and a folder in which you can put additional project specific
documents.
A copy of the completed Built Green checklist, as well as the appropriate energy efficiency
worksheet(s).
Warranties and operating instructions for any environmentally friendly equipment or landscaping installed.
Operating and maintenance procedures for on-site drainage systems (detailing such items
as when and how to clean screens, catch basins, drain lines, and clean-outs)
Operating and maintenance procedures for on-site sewage (septic) systems, if applicable
(detailing such items as when and how to inspect the system, pump the tank, and check
settings)
Part I-5
A completed copy of Chart 3-1 from Section Three Resources: Energy Efficiency, if applicable.
(This applies if you have performed Action Item 3-2, Document Envelope Improvements Beyond Code (Component Performance Approach).
Information about proper operation and maintenance of the mechanical ventilation system, if
applicable (see Action Items in Section Four, under Air Distribution and Filtration, and
HVAC Equipment).
Information about any air filter systems installed (including filter size, type, quality, and the
ideal replacement schedule). This applies if you have performed Action Items 4-60 a or b,
Use Effective Air Filter.
The following are not required, but are examples of additional materials you may also want to include as a service.
Information about maintaining existing pervious surfacing products for outdoor projects/surfaces (to avoid increasing stormwater runoff), if applicable, or as a suggestion for
future development
Information on protecting and caring for valuable site features, including mature trees, if
applicable. Encourage protection and retention of existing arboreal overstory, where possible
Information about operating and maintaining water-using fixtures and equipment to avoid
long-term leaks and optimize use.
A list of energy efficient appliance options (if appliances are not included).
Information on operating and maintaining the building for good indoor air quality.
Consider the following as additional information for the owners to provide to occupants.
Non- or low-toxic cleaning supplies, such as environmentally friendly laundry or dish detergent, or paper products with recycled content.
Part I-6
1-2
1-3
When Construction is Complete, Leave No Part of the Disturbed Site Uncovered or Unstabilized
This Action Item is required for credit in the program.
Bare soil will erode due to wind and water. Seed, replant, or cover exposed soils with compost,
mulch, vegetation, and/or matting as soon as practical. Use wildflower seeds appropriate for this
region for color and interest, such as along driveways. All disturbed areas should be treated in
some way with landscaping, site features, or erosion control devices.
1-4
Make a jobsite-recycling plan that fits your site. For your convenience, a form you can use
to develop the plan is provided in Part II, Section Five Resources for this Action Item
Target only high-potential materials for recycling and reuse. Phase recycling based on construction activities
Decide how and where you are going to collect the materials you are targeting. For example
you may want to stockpile cardboard in a garage, use a roped-off area for metal, and use containers for wood and drywall
Make recycling on the jobsite as convenient as disposal. For example, place wood collection
containers near the central cutting area
If commingling recycling, educate subcontractors and employees on how the recycling system works, and what can and can NOT be recycled in the comingled waste container. Post
guidelines near containers
Rely on good quality, easily accessible recycling and salvage service providers and facilities
Sell program benefits savings, safety, and marketing benefit to jobsite crews (including subs).
Provide key field personnel the information they need to participate. This could include:
Part I-7
1-5
A What You Can Do to Maximize Recycling fact sheet to jobsite workers (this is also provided in the Part II, Section Five Resources)
If Using Can Lights, Use Energy Star Can Lights or Can Lights Approved by Washington
Energy Code for All Can Light Applications
This action Item is required for credit in the program.
Use Energy Star can lights or can lights approved by WSEC. As of July 1, 2007, the new
standard for WSEC for can lights installed in the building envelope, is recessed lighting fixtures
that are IC rated,
and certified under ASTM E283 to have no more than 2.0 cfm air movement from the
conditioned space to the ceiling cavity. The lighting fixture shall be tested at 75 Pascals
or 1.57 lbs/ft2 pressure difference and have a label attached, showing compliance with
this test method. Recessed lighting fixtures shall be installed with a gasket or caulk between the fixture and ceiling to prevent air leakage.
1-6
2 4 Star: Install CO Detector for All Units (Hardwire Preferred) with a Combustion Device or
Attached Garage
This action Item is required for credit in the program.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced by incomplete combustion of materials, such as natural gas,
wood, coal, oil, kerosene, gasoline, and even tobacco. Sources include wood or gas burning
stoves and fireplaces, automobile exhaust from attached garages, and contamination from furnace
flue leaks and backdrafting. At low levels, CO causes fatigue in healthy people and chest pains in
those with heart disease. At higher levels, symptoms range from impaired vision and coordination, to headaches, dizziness, nausea, and death.
Home detectors warn occupants of unsafe CO levels and are relatively inexpensive and easy to
install. A detector should be installed wherever there is a fuel-burning device and near the bedrooms. Check consumer-testing results before buying.
1-7
5 Star: Install CO Detector for All Units (Hardwire Required) with a Combustion Device
This Action Items is required for credit in the program if you elect to receive a 5 star rating.
For 5 Star projects, to earn credit for this Action Item the CO detectors MUST be hardwired installation. See information above under Action Item 1-6.
Part I-8
1-8
1-9
1-10
Meet All Applicable State and Local Codes, Regulations, and Development Standards
Meet Water Use Efficiency Standards of the Uniform Plumbing Code with Washington State
Amendments
Meet water use efficiency standards, specified by the Uniform Plumbing Code, particularly, those
outlined in Chapter 51 to 56 of the Washington Administrative Code for plumbing fixtures and
Part I-9
fixture fittings. (Section Two, Site and Water includes Action Items for going beyond code, see
Indoor Conservation Items.)
Part I-10
Section Two:
Site and Water
Site Protection
Overall
Protect Sites Natural Features
Protect Natural Processes On-Site
Hardscapes
Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect
Eliminate Water Pollutants
Water Conservation
Outdoor Conservation
Indoor Conservation
Eliminate Water Pollutants
Design Alternatives
Transportation
Training and Education
Extra Credit/Innovation for Site and Water
Section Two:
Site and Water
The Action Items in this section will help you responsibly manage and protect the natural resources on
your construction site. Site Protection items address things you can do during the construction phase.
This category includes Action Items that help protect natural features, prevent erosion, sedimentation and
water pollution due to stormwater runoff, conserve water, and preserve water quality. Since the success
of water conservation measures is highly dependent on occupants cooperation, additional Action Items
are included to promote water protection and conservation.
Design Alternatives are actions that need to be implemented during the important design phase of a project. Included in this category are sustainable design alternatives that make better use of the land, promote safety, and optimize use of the building and site, as well as the neighborhood. Additional land use
features are included in the BUILT GREEN Developer Component.
New to the 2008 Update are Action Items that address transportation planning, and training and education
for site management features. Transportation items encourage alternate transportation measures and support automobile trip reduction. The Training and Education Items encourage proper operations and
maintenance for common areas and landscaping.
SITE PROTECTION
Overall
2-1
Build on an Infill Lot to Take Advantage of Existing Infrastructure and Reduce Development of
Virgin Sites
Infill lots are developed areas in which each lot being developed already has access to municipal
water and sewer, electricity, and roads, excluding lots in designated critical areas or overly steep
slopes.
In those cases where a building already exists on the lot, BUILT GREEN encourages using the
existing structures if possible through renovation as the primary objective. However, if renovation
is not possible, because the building is not structurally sound, then salvage and recycling demolition materials becomes the secondary goal. The measure is not intended to promote the razing of
structurally sound structures to make way for larger buildings. Restoring buildings on infill lots,
as opposed to razing an existing building then constructing a new one, can have dramatic benefits
in reducing traffic and protecting habitat.
Part I-13
2-2
2-3
Part I-14
2-4
Bioretention/rain gardens
Strategic grading
Flatter wider detention
Long flow paths
Landscape island storage
Parking lot/street storage
Sidewalk storage
Alternative paving surfaces
Reducing impervious surfaces
Part I-15
These techniques vary significantly in terms of ease and cost. Part II: Resources lists references
that can provide additional information on specific techniques listed above. Also, many of these
strategies and techniques are included in the Checklist as separate Action Items. Consult the
checklist for techniques that will work on your site.
Regardless of the specific techniques you employ, the stormwater conveyance system must promote sheetflow and storage and discourage the collection and concentration of runoff. To accomplish infiltration on poor soils, such as those in the Puget Sound basin, runoff must reach the
water management system within feet of where it falls as precipitation.
Meeting the goal of LID may seem difficult at first glance given cost impacts, current standards
and practices, or current regulations and ordinances. However, both King and Snohomish Counties are now encouraging this practice, and cost savings can be realized by minimizing excavation
costs and relying on natural basins and drainage to help reduce the need for expensive piping and
clearing and filling. Limiting large-scale, expensive and maintenance-intensive traditional
stormwater management facilities can result in increased lot yields, reduced infrastructure costs,
and improved aesthetics. Many of the strategies that lead to cost savings, however, are not part of
existing road, stormwater, and development regulations or code. They are still considered alternative methods in the much of the code and may require deviations and variances to employ.
In considering Low Impact Development, there can be a significant reduction in costly retention
and control elements. The cost of traditional capture/control infrastructure plus associated costs
of installation and maintenance together with increased land yields that result from using the LID
approach may make this approach more cost-effective than it may first appear. .
2-5
The Seattle Green Factor is a new program that requires new development in neighborhood business districts to meet a landscaping target using a menu of landscaping strategies that have been
assigned variable points based on their efficacy. The Green Factor is designed to improve the
amount and quality of urban landscapes, while allowing greater flexibility for developers and designers to meet open space requirements.
The Green Factor encourages layering of vegetation in areas visible to the public and in the public
rights-of-way directly adjacent to new development. The program works using a simple spreadsheet that assigns variable points for different landscaping options. The values range from a facBUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Two: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part I-16
tor of 0.2 to a factor of 0.7. Lower values correspond to lawn and groundcovers, small plants,
while larger trees and shrubs, depending on their sizes are awarded higher corresponding point
values. Bonuses are provided for rainwater harvesting and choosing plants with low water requirements. Use of larger trees, tree preservation, green roofs, and vegetated walls trigger more
credits towards meeting a specific numerical target. A worksheet helps applicants calculate their
projects score, allowing them to try different combinations of features to reach the requirement.
The number of plants or the square footage is multiplied by its point factor. Increasing plants or
square footage will accomplish the aggregate 0.3 green factor.
In addition to being attractive, new green elements in the landscape will improve air quality and
help reduce energy consumption, cooling the city in the summer and insulating it in the winter.
They will also reduce stormwater runoff, decreasing water pollution and public infrastructure
costs. For more information, see http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/Permits/GreenFactor/.
2-6
For Each Acre of Development, Set Aside an Equal Amount of Land as a Conservation Easement
or Transfer the Development Rights
A conservation easement (or conservation restriction) is a restriction placed on a piece of property
to protect its associated resources. It is a legal agreement between a landowner and municipality
or a qualified land protection organization (often called a "land trust") that permanently limits uses of the land in order to protect its conservation values. Generally, it allows continued ownership
and use and the owners retain the right to sell it or pass it on to heirs. However, it restricts real
estate development, commercial and industrial uses, and certain other activities on the property to
a mutually agreed upon level. Future owners also will be bound by the easement's terms. The
land trust is responsible for making sure the easement's terms are followed.
The easement is either voluntarily donated or sold by the landowner. Conservation easements
protect land for future generations while allowing owners to retain many private property rights
and to live on and use their land, at the same time potentially providing them with tax benefits.
There are many local land trusts and many programs that are actively engaging in conservation
protection through conservation easements. For instance, the Trust for Public Land has a program
called the Greenprint for Puget Sound. TPL is working with governments, cities, non-profit organizations, foundations, and landowners to develop a land conservation strategy in a 12-county
area comprising the Puget Sound watershed with the goal of improving public access to the
shoreline and protecting and restoring the sound's near-shore habitat. The Greenprint for King
County is intended to accomplish gaining a better understanding of the county's needs to conserve
its water and land resources, ensuring that limited resources are directed to the highest priority
lands, and helping to prioritize the competing demands for limited funds from individual programs.
Transfer of development rights programs, operating in both Built Green counties, offer another
solution to conserving valuable natural lands. In Snohomish County, at the time of this writing,
the Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) program is currently being updated through the update of the Unified Development Code. Currently the TDR program is designed to use market
forces to fund the conservation of important natural resource lands. In short, the programs allow
landowners within designated sending areas to realize the development value of their land
while retaining the right to use the land in ways that wont impair its natural resource functions.
Landowners and developers who purchase development rights from sending area landowners can
use them to develop land within designated receiving areas, where intense land uses are more
appropriate. Likewise, in King County, the Transfer of Development Rights or TDR Program is a
Part I-17
voluntary land use incentive program. It helps private "sending site" landowners achieve an economic return through the sale of development rights to "receiving site" landowners. Both counties operate programs where sending and receiving sites are registered (see Resources).
Avoid Soil Compaction by Limiting Heavy Equipment Use to Building Footprint and Construction
Entrance
Compacted soils are less able to absorb water, resist plant root penetration, and lack the porosity
needed for adequate aeration. As a result, they tend to increase stormwater runoff, which disrupts
the natural water cycle and stream dynamics.
Limit compaction of site soils by restricting and clearly marking heavy equipment use areas. On
the jobsite, limit all vehicle traffic to designated areas, restrict parking vehicles on site, and arrange for particularly heavy vehicles (concrete trucks, cranes, etc.) to avoid the need for large
turn-around areas. If porous pavement is planned for any areas, that area should be left undisturbed during construction so that the subsoil is not compressed. Use an alternate access road for
construction vehicles. To protect exposed soils from excess traffic, locate equipment storage and
job shack areas for easy access.
See also Action Item 2-12, Restore Percentage of Site Outside the Foot Print for the Life of the
Building.
2-8
Clear only actual areas needed to install driveways, parking areas, and building foundations.
Define protected areas on plans and field stake or flag on site. Identify or flag non-clearing
buffers, open spaces, and setbacks from streams, wetlands, and steep slopes as indicated on
plat maps.
Review site areas to be graded with excavation crew to ensure compliance with preservation
plan.
Provide fencing for critical areas, such as tree root zones, to prevent crushing or filling. See
Action Item 2-9, Retain 30% of Trees On Site for more information on protecting trees.
Part I-18
2-9
If trees only (not understory) are designated for protection, hand clearing of understory will
help protect tree roots. Be careful, however, about exposing some trees by clearing around
themthey may become hazards in strong winds or rain. Check with an arborist.
Never park heavy equipment or store heavy materials under trees. See Action Item 2-7, Avoid
Soil Compaction by Limiting Heavy Equipment Use.
Retain 30% of Trees on Site or Retain Arborist to Determine Tree Retention Plan for Site
Consult an arborist to select valuable individual trees for preservation whenever possible. Keep
all excavations, equipment, and debris away from trees at a distance two times the size of the
canopy from the tree trunk (drip line) when possible (this protects the root systems). If you must
cut roots, cut as few as possible. Cut them cleanly. Once you remove the tree, get the root ball
into a moistened burlap sack as soon as possible and re-bury the roots. (The roots begin to dry
out almost immediately. Keeping the roots moist, preferably with the soil intact, helps minimize
the impact of transplanting.) Preserve most of the important feeder roots. Protect entire stands of
trees whenever possible.
Save trees with signs clearly indicating the trees monetary value (cost of replacement). Consider
charging subcontractor for tree damage based on these dollar values.
Trees moderate surface temperatures and reduce building heating and cooling requirements. Specifically, they can increase savings on energy bills by providing shade in summer and wind protection in winter. Trees also reduce stormwater runoff, reducing urban peak runoff, stabilizing
soils, and preventing air pollution. All of which have great economic value to cities. Another
benefit is that trees provide habitat for local wildlife. Studies show that a single mature tree can
provide nearly $300 annually in energy and resource value in terms of cooling, erosion and pollution control, and wildlife shelter. Trees may also protect some of your sites critical features like
stream buffer zones.
In general, related to single family housing, homes with mature trees sell for more money and at
faster rates. According to 1,350 real estate agents surveyed by Bank America Mortgage, more
than 50% believe trees have a positive impact on potential buyers impressions of housing and
neighborhoods. Additionally, 84% felt that a home with trees would be as much as 20% more salable. A NAHB survey reported that 43% of home buyers paid up to $3,000 more, and 27% spent
over $5,000 extra for wooded lots. Studies in some regions of the country have found trees add
as much as 30% to the selling price of lots. No studies have been found that study this information as it relates to Multi-Family housing, however, it is reasonable that this information applies to Multi-Family as well.
Part I-19
Douglas Fir
Western Hemlock
Cottonwoods
Maples
Willows
Grand Fir
Noble Fir
Pacific Dogwood
Pacific Silver Fir
2-10
Red Alder
Sitka Spruce
Western Hemlock
Western Red Cedar
Do Not Build On or Adjacent to Sensitive Ecological Areas: Wetlands, Shorelines, Bluffs, Old
Growth Forests, or Other Critical Areas
In the earlier editions of the Multi-Family program, points could be achieved for building beyond
code restrictions near sensitive areas as long as the distances were beyond code or provided for
the maximum mitigation. The 2008 update recognizes the importance of these sensitive ecological areas and now awards points for not building on or adjacent to them at all. Work with your
local jurisdiction to determine whether these sensitive ecological areas are located on your proposed building site. If some of these areas are identified on your site, you cannot receive points
for this Action Item; however, review other Action Items in this section to provide the maximum
mitigation.
Wetlands provide essential cover, feeding, nesting and breeding habitat for many species of fish
and wildlife. They also provide critical hydrological function by acting as a big sponge, buffering
the effects of storms on creeks. This buffering effect allows peak velocities to be reduced during
storm events that avoids flooding and provides base flows during dry times. Wetlands can also
act as a natural recharge area for groundwater. Shorelines and bluffs also provide essential wildlife habitat and are highly susceptible to development effects. Old growth forests are an invaluable, irreplaceable habitat that cannot be restored in our lifetime. They provide critical wildlife
habitat, provide for important climate and carbon sequestration functions, and are essential for
many hydrologic functions. Other critical areas as defined by local code or jurisdictions should
also be avoided if that jurisdiction found that area to be of important environmental function.
2-11
If Building Near Sensitive Ecological Areas, Limit Development Footprint and Preserve and
Protect Beyond Code
Numerous federal, state and local laws affect the use and protection of wetlands and other critical
areas. Because of the considerable variation in local regulations, contact your local planning department to determine what actions constitute going beyond code.
Part I-20
Protect wetlands, waterways, and riparian areas from sediment using appropriate best management practices such as silt fences. Leave a vegetated buffer zone, a minimum of 100 feet wide on
each side along streams or other water bodies unless approved plans indicate larger buffers are
required. (Check with your local jurisdiction for buffer size requirements.)
Coastal slopes on Puget Sound are inherently unstable areas. Careful management of site drainage
is probably the most cost-effective approach to minimizing bluff hazards. Even when circumstances dictate significant structural stabilization efforts, such as shoreline bulkheading or regrading slopes, site drainage remains an essential component of proper management.
Approaching shoreline development in a safe and environmentally sound manner, specifically,
dealing with drainage wisely helps to alleviate impact on beaches and shorelines. This alternative
also has fewer environmental consequences compared to extensive shoreline bulkheading or major clearing and grading of coastal slopes.
The State and King and Snohomish Counties want to use best available science to determine
buffers for streams, wetlands, and steep slopes.
Appropriate buffer zones for critical areas, including wetlands, are based on several variables, including:
2-12
buffer characteristics
Restore Percentage of Site Outside the Footprint for the Life of the Building 10% 20% 35%
10%
5 points
20%
7 points
35%
10 points
Setting aside undisturbed areas helps preserve soil, water, and vegetation. Undisturbed areas stabilize soils and filter sediments from stormwater runoff before they enter waterways. Natural filter areas also allow rainwater to stay on site and soak into the ground, recharging groundwater,
instead of running off site. In addition, they provide a cost-effective head start on landscaping.
Unfortunately, many current available sites, do not contain vast quantities of undisturbed areas. It
is up to the developer to restore soil, water features/functions, and vegetation to mimic natural areas. To begin with restoration may involve treating or removing invasive plants and shrubs, soil
amendments, and determination of historical drainage patterns. Restoration is not limited to reseeding with native plants. Hydrologists should be consulted to restore the original hydrology,
and ecologists should also be considered depending on the site size, to ensure that restoration activities do not negatively disrupt the habitat for the insects, fish, birds, and other animals currently
living on or downstream from the site.
Regardless of whether you restore the site, or keep undisturbed areas, it is imperative to communicate this goal to the grading designer and equipment operators and ask them to help come up
Part I-21
with creative solutions. Review the set aside plans with subs, especially grading and excavation
crews.
Preserving natural features can add landscape beauty, enhance fish and wildlife habitat, and reduce noise. Create covenants to ensure the benefit of these set-aside areas.
Install and Maintain Temporary Erosion Control Devices that Significantly Reduce Sediment
Discharge from the Site Beyond Code Requirements
Erosion control best management practices (BMPs) help avoid stormwater related problems (erosion and increased runoff during construction), which can delay construction, add costs, cause
environmental degradation, and damage public and private properties downstream. Check and
maintain all BMP strategies regularly to avoid BMP failure. Better yet, implement supplemental
BMPs as back up, so you wont have to worry or pay for primary BMP failure.
In large development projects, specific measures for stormwater collection, storage, and treatment
are required as part of the permitting process. The following are environmentally friendly approaches for any size development (some are now required by code).
Use reusable silt control fencing at appropriate locations (choose filter fabric with proper porosity and ability to trap sediments for type of soil and its location).
Protect adjacent and downstream properties from adverse effects of increased runoff.
Install temporary straw bale erosion and sedimentation control check dams in ditches during
construction.
Inspect all erosion and sedimentation control measures immediately if more than of rain
falls in a 24 hour period.
Using compost for erosion control is a relatively new application (check with your local code enforcers and stormwater management officials first). Slightly coarse to coarse types of compost
are well suited for holding surface soil in place even during heavy rainfall. See Action Item 2-14,
Use Compost to Stabilize Disturbed Slopes, for more information on using compost.
Phase construction and plan ahead to avoid clearing and grading November through March, even
if allowed by permit. This is particularly important for soils that are easily eroded. To find out if
the soils at your site qualify as easily eroded, go to the Soil Conservation Surveys (SCS) at your
local library. Each County has these surveys that classify soil types throughout the County. Locate your site on the surveys to determine your sites soil type. The surveys include a discussion
of the engineering properties including erosion potential, classified as light to moderate or severe.
Part I-22
In Snohomish County, the codes are tied to the SCSs in terms of erosion hazards. Consult your
code official for more information.
2-14
2-15
Part I-23
2-16
2-17
Amend Disturbed Soil with Compost to a Depth of 8 to 10 Inches (or Better Than Code) to
Restore Soil Environmental Functions
Have a soil lab test the soil for information, the soils chemical and physical condition, as well as
its biological health. These labs will provide specific recommendations for optimum soil
amendment. Amendments may include sand or gravel for improved drainage, lime or other pH
modifiers, or organic manures or compost to improve nutrient availability. Compost amendments
reduce summer irrigation demand, reduce stormwater runoff and erosion, improve soil quality,
and improve turf aesthetics.
Compost should be mature and stable. Ask your supplier for Grade A compost per the Department of Ecologys Compost Guidelines. Mature composts settle less, provide stable nutrient
sources, and provide higher levels of beneficial organisms.
In King County, code now requires eight to ten inches; to achieve credit you must exceed code
requirements. As a rule of thumb, a 2 to 1 ratio of existing soil to compost, by loose volume, will
achieve the desired organics level of 8% to 13% by soil weight. The final depth of the amended
soil will be between ten and twelve inches, depending upon the equipment you use.
For typical subsoils in the Puget Sound area, you will achieve best results using 7/16-inch
well-degraded compost. (It is very important to thoroughly mix the compost into the native soil
in the turf areas.) Whether you seed or sod, all turf installations perform better when at least 2
inches of compost is tilled into the upper six inches of soil. Twelve inches is better for deep rooted, drought-tolerant grasses. The Resource Section includes information on how to calculate required amendment material.
2-18
Part I-24
2-19
2-20
2-21
Part I-25
2-22
Manage Specified Percentage of Stormwater and Building Water Discharge On Site by 60%,
80%, or 100%
60%
10 points
80%
20 points
100%
30 points
This Action Item combines stormwater management with indoor water conservation techniques
to create a comprehensive site water management strategy. This is a performance-based Action
Item; that is, it is up to the builder or owner to calculate stormwater flows and building waste discharge flows and then establish a set of strategies that will keep 60%, 80%, or 100% of these water flows onsite.
For stormwater management, see Action Item 2-4, Create a Low Impact Development, for strategies designed to retain stormwater on site, also see the other Action Items listed under Site Protection. Other Action Items listed under Water Conservation, Outdoor Conservation can help
you achieve the performance requirements of this item.
For building water management, see Action Item 2-40, On-Site Wastewater Treatment, for information on managing this waste stream on site. Also, see Action Items under Indoor Conservation, for strategies designed to reduce water use and sewer discharge.
Hardscapes
2-23
Design to Achieve 50%, 75%, or 90% Effective Pervious Surface Outside of Building Footprint
50%
5 points
75%
10 points
90%
15 points
The goal of this strategy is to reduce net runoff due to impervious surfaces. It is critical to distinguish between total impervious area and effective impervious area.
Total impervious area consists of surfaces that do not allow infiltration of stormwater runoff into
the ground, including roofs, driveways, sidewalks, and streets. An impervious surface is only effective if the rain running off the surface has no chance to infiltrate into the ground before it
reaches a pipe, ditch, or other conveyance system. Once the water enters a conveyance system it
is usually headed straight to the nearest stream, lake, or other water body. It may be temporarily
detained in a pond or vault along the way, but this only changes the timing of the extra runoff.
The extra stormwater still reaches and impacts the aquatic system.
To achieve effective pervious surfaces, first limit all impervious surfaces outside the building
footprint whenever possible. You can do this by reducing the building footprint and by planning
for less paved surfaces. (See Action Item 2-24, Use Pervious Materials for at Least One-Third of
Total Area for Hardscapes.)
Part I-26
Then design impervious surfaces so that you allow (or encourage) infiltration of the runoff from
these surfaces into the ground before the runoff reaches a conveyance system. Design so that
runoff is effectively spread over large vegetated areas. Vegetated strips provide some infiltration
of runoff, sediment filtering, and pollutant removal.
Avoid situations in which one impervious surface drains onto another impervious surface as these
magnify stormwater runoff problems. A paved driveway, for example, should not drain onto a
paved street. Try to separate impervious surfaces with areas of turf, other vegetation, or gravel.
Avoid curbs, and the paved surfaces should be even with the vegetated filter strip. Filter strips
should slope (no more than 5%) downhill away from the paved surfaces. Plant grass if these
strips are to be used as part of the stormwater conveyance system; if not, any ground cover can be
used (groundcover should be dense enough to discourage channelizing and erosion).
A smaller building footprint (including garage) not only limits roof runoff area, but will generally
limit the disturbance to the building site environment, resulting in less damage to wildlife and
natural vegetation.
It is important to protect this measure by putting a covenant in place, since future property owners
may unwittingly increase impervious surfaces.
2-24
Use Pervious Materials for at Least One-Third of Total Area for Hardscapes
Pervious paving materials may cost more than conventional paving materials (such as asphalt),
but pavement replacement is simplified, and expensive measures, such as asphalt cutting for underground repairs, are eliminated. Examples of permeable options include:
pervious concrete
uncompacted gravel*
crushed stone*.
* Gravel or crushed stone is not considered pervious for driveways or parking areas, as these materials will generally compact under vehicle traffic. Use gravel and crushed stone for walkways and
other light traffic areas.
Pervious concrete is considered a proven technology and is becoming more readily available.
Numerous examples region-wide are consistently performing as specified, even during strong
storm events. Pervious concrete may be even more suitable for multiple unit developments.
Concerns about clogging of pervious pavements can be "designed out", by reducing erosion and
sediment runoff through strategic design and water retaining ground cover.
Part I-27
2-25
Install Vegetated Roof System (e.g. Eco-Roof) to Reduce Impervious Surface on 25%, 50%, or
90%+ of Total Roof Surface
25%
10 points
50%
15 points
90%+
20 points
Vegetated roofs, also known as Eco-roofs or green-roof systems, are best suited for low-slope
roofs. They are designed to protect the roof and permit the use of rooftop plantings. More commonly used in Europe, green-roofs can detain over 50% of rainwater from a typical storm.
Stormwater detention reduces the often-high loads placed on sewer systems after a rainfall.
Multi-layered green-roof systems are thicker than conventional roofs. Space must be allocated
for the unusual insulation and roofing membranes. A green-roof includes a synthetic waterproof
membrane, a drainage layer, a thin soil layer (2 to 4 inches), and a cover with specific plant species adapted to the extremes of a rooftop environment. A thick sod of native grasses interspersed
with wildflowers can be a wonderful architectural element.
The green-roof can be very low maintenance, and is self-sustaining without need of irrigation,
fertilizers, or pesticides. The first cost may be about 50% more than a good quality conventional
roof, but they last about twice as long so they have a relatively low life cycle cost. They also help
to reduce building heat gain and urban heat islands (temperature differences between developed
and undeveloped areas that can affect the microclimate and human and wildlife habitat.). Additionally, the plantings absorb carbon dioxide.
Many green-roofs have been installed in both residential and commercial applications in King
County with great success. See the Resources Section for pilot or public locations.
Part I-28
Cost off-sets
Durability
Maintenance
2-26
Eco-roof
15 to 35% in wet season, 65 to 100% in warm season
All storms
All storms
Yes, retains atmospheric deposition and retards roof material
degradation
Filters air, prevents temperature increases, stores carbon
Approaches predevelopment air/surface energy relationship;
insulates structures
Allows seasonal evapotranspiration; provides photosynthesis,
oxygen-carbon-water balance
Can replace 100% of greenspace lost to building footprint,
although some greenspace quality may be lost
For some insects and birds
Buffers noise, eliminates glare, alternative aesthetic, offers
passive recreation
About 30 to 60% more expensive for construction including
retrofits
Conventional Roof
None
None
None
No
None
None
None
None
None
None
Highly variable from $2
to $10/ft2 for new construction and $4 to $5/ft2
for retrofits
None
2-27
For Urban Infill, Replace Impervious Surfaces with Permanent Pervious Surfaces Outside Building
Footprint
To receive points for this credit, you must be building in an urban infill area and you must replace
existing impervious surfaces on the site with permanent pervious surfaces beyond the building
footprint. Use pervious materials for all surfaces outside the building footprint. See Part II, Section Two Resources for Action Item 2-24, Use Pervious Materials for at Least One-Third of Total
Area for Hardscapes, for examples of materials that can be used for typically paved areas. Note:
This Action Item may require a waiver request to applicable code officials or jurisdictions.
Part I-29
2-28
2-29
Provide Shading for 30% of Hardscapes by Using Landscape, Landscape Features, or Overhangs
Heat islands are created when urban surfaces, such as hardscapes, absorb solar radiation. Shading
the pavement cools the air surrounding it before that air reaches a buildings walls and windows.
Landscape features such as mature trees or hedge rows, exterior elements such as overhangs or
vertical fins, and horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves are all strategies that can help
reflect solar radiation.
Planting trees and vegetation is a simple and effective way to reduce heat islands. Shade trees and
other foliage can lower air temperature by up to 9 degrees. Widespread planting in a city can decrease local surface and air temperatures. Strategic planting around buildings directly cools the
interior of buildings and buildings, decreasing air conditioning costs and peak energy demand.
Trees and vegetation cool the air by providing shade and through evapotranspiration (the evaporation of water from leaves). The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service estimates that
every 1% increase in canopy cover results in maximum mid-day air temperature reductions of
0.07 to 0.36 F (0.04 to 0.2C).
Part I-30
Since the goal is to provide shading for hardscapes, building features, such as overhangs and light
shelves also help to reflect solar radiation and can be incorporated into the overall design to serve
many beneficial functions for the building and the surrounding site.
For information on overhangs, see Action Items 4-49 and 4-50, Provide Appropriately Sized
Overhangs.
2-30
For All Exterior Hardscape, Including Surface Parking, Use Only Light Colored Pavement for 90%
of Project Area
Dark materials absorb more heat from the sun. Roads and parking lots paved with black asphalt
concrete and other dark materials can become up to 70F hotter than the most reflective white
surfaces. The energy of the sunlight is converted into thermal energy and pavements get hot, heating the air around them and contributing to the heat island effect.
Cool paving materials minimize the absorption of solar heat and the subsequent transfer of this
heat to the surroundings. There are two types of cool paving materials: lighter-colored materials
and porous materials.
Lighter-colored materials have higher solar reflectance, so they absorb less of the sun's energy
and stay cooler. Permeable, or porous, pavements allow water to filter into the ground, keeping
the pavement cool when moist (this pavement alternative also serves as a stormwater management technique). Permeable pavements can be constructed from a number of materials including
concrete, asphalt, and plastic lattice structures filled with soil, gravel, and grass, see Action Item
2-24, Use Pervious Materials for at Least One-Third of Total Area for Hardscape.
Pervious pavements are less able to absorb and store heat than conventional pavements. The lower density of the material (15 - 25% void spaces) reduces heat storage capacity. The open void
structure in the pervious pavement allows cooler earth temperatures from below to cool the
pavement. These factors allow pervious pavement systems to approach natural ground cover in
heat absorbing and storage capacity. In addition, the lighter colors of some pervious pavement
systems further reduce the heat absorbing capacity of the pavement.
Part I-31
tainer and removed off site for proper disposal such that it does not violate groundwater or surface water quality standards.
Code allows for self-installed concrete washouts on the site. However, these self-installed structures are much less reliable and are prone to leaks. Prefabricated washout containers that are delivered to the site resist damage and protect against spills and leaks.
2-32
Establish and Post Clean Up Procedures for Spills to Prevent Illegal Discharges
Requirements for cleaning spills or releases vary with the material. You should become familiar
with cleanup procedures for the materials you use regularly. Included in your Clean-up Procedures should be components of a safety program, which considers the range of potential spills and
establishes appropriate emergency actions. See the Resources Section for references designed to
help you establish clean-up procedures and for contact information for large spills.
Make sure everyone, especially subcontractors, is aware of your procedures by posting them
prominently in a central location and referring to them regularly during safety meetings.
2-33
Adopt a first-in, first-out policy to prevent raw materials from becoming obsolete.
Label hazardous waste containers properly to avoid mixing incompatible wastes or contaminating clean materials.
Inspect containers upon receiving. Reject leaking or damaged containers. These can lead to
a hazardous materials spill.
Part I-32
2-34
Construct Tire Wash, Establish and Post Clean Up Protocol for Tire Wash
For on site tire wash, make sure the area is:
Posted with a sign that forbids washing with solvents or changing oil and indicates nearest oil
recycling area.
In addition, pave and drain the area to an oil-water separator if it is connected to the sanitary sewer, or direct tire wash water to other sediment trap or pond. Provide temporary gravel base on site
to keep vehicles clean.
Post tire wash protocol for all trades or field labor using vehicles on site. Procedures may include:
2-35
Washing vehicles off-site. Take them to an appropriate location (in other words, a car wash
or back to your central site).
If taking the vehicle off-site is impractical or counterproductive, perform all washing in a designated area.
Require biodegradable detergents. Detergents or cleaners containing phosphate are prohibited. Minimize quantity of soap, detergents, or other chemicals used.
2-36
2-37
Part I-33
recommended you include an observation well to allow the owner to monitor the performance of
the system.
Infiltration systems are only as good as the soils they are built in. Ask your architect or engineer
about the applicability of infiltrating roof water in your soil type.
2-38
Use Non-Toxic or Low-Toxic Outdoor Materials for Landscaping (e.g. Plastic, Least-Toxic Treated
Wood)
Using non- or low-toxic materials in the landscape helps preserve soil and water quality. Examples include low-toxic wood preservatives, naturally rot-resistant woods, and plastic lumber
(preferably with recycled content). See Section Five: Materials Efficiency Action Items under
Other Exterior (Action Items 5-112 through 5-116).
2-39
2-40
On-Site Wastewater Treatment for Greywater Only, or for Blackwater and Greywater
Greywater Only
25 points
50 points
There are alternative solutions beyond conventional septic systems to accommodate on-site
wastewater treatment, including some recycling options.
Greywater, water from sinks, showers, washing machines, and dishwashers can contribute as
much as 75% of the total wastewater from domestic sewer flows. On-site treatment of greywater
involves a diverter valve that separates greywater from blackwater (water from toilets). For
Greywater only systems, the blackwater is sent to a conventional wastewater treatment system, so
sewer connection or septic system must be combined with this option. Greywater is collected and
run through a filter, typically, a sand filter, to remove organic material. The organic material is
then treated, either chemically, or biologically through constructed wetlands, in a separate process
on site or used as is. Constructed wetlands treatment systems are engineered systems constructed
to utilize the natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils, and their associated microbial
assemblages to assist in treating wastewater. They take advantage of naturally occurring processes, but do so within a more controlled environment. Some systems are solely for wastewater
treatment. Others serve multiple purposes, such as using treated wastewater to help restore wetBUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Two: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part I-34
land habitat for wildlife use and other environmental benefits. Constructed wetland treatment systems can be designed for any size project, but must have proper design. A properly constructed
and maintained wetland can last much longer than conventional septic systems.
A blackwater and greywater option that is gaining acceptance is the Living Machine, a system
by Living Designs Group, LLC of Taos, New Mexico. The Living Machine is a form of biological wastewater treatment designed to mimic the cleansing functions of wetlands. They are each
custom designed to handle a certain volume of water per day, and is also tailored for the qualities
of the specific influent. Most current examples, including a Living Machine at Islandwood on
Bainbridge Island, are located at small institutions and have yet to be applied to multi-family projects. However, as water supplies decrease and wastewater treatment costs escalate, this option
may be more suitable in the near future.
Greywater systems are currently treated as an exception to the code. Systems are approved, on
a case-by-case basis as experimental systems, requiring compliance with stringent local and
state regulations. If approved, greywater irrigation systems are generally required to be subsurface, although some local jurisdictions permit aboveground irrigation. Factors affecting the approval and use of greywater irrigation systems include soil depth and characteristics as well as
drainage and flooding patterns. Other guidelines include setbacks for greywater irrigation lines
from property or potable water line.
WATER CONSERVATION
Outdoor Conservation
2-41
2-42
Part I-35
Regardless of the type of grass you choose, always plant densely. Thick, dense, and
well-established lawns absorb and infiltrate rainwater better than thinly planted plots. (Soil conditions can significantly affect lawn establishment, consider using compost as an amendment.
Also see Action Item, 2-43, below on limiting turf grass.
2-43
2-44
No Turf Grass
Although turf grass is a traditional component of residential landscaping, it is not necessary for a
beautiful and luxurious landscape. In fact, a landscape, which uses existing native vegetation
along with well-constructed new plantings, can offer a beautiful, low-maintenance alternative to
the traditional fare.
Constructed landscapes that mimic ecological habitat models can decrease life cycle maintenance
costs, enhance wildlife survival, and blend edges of adjoining existing vegetation. To mimic ecological habitat models, emulate natural succession by planting larger deciduous trees with smaller
conifers to gradually develop canopy. Deciduous trees generally perform better in south-facing
areas, while conifers are better suited near streams or on the north side of the plot.
Use native plants in the constructed landscape. Native plants are:
2-45
Diverse in color, form, and texture offering a wide variety to fit any design.
Adapted to our climate rainy wet winters and dry summers. After initial one to two seasons
of irrigation, many native plant species become established and require little to no irrigation.
Resistant to local insects and diseases, which allow for minimizing fertilizer and pesticide
use.
Landscape with Plants Appropriate for Site Topography and Soil Types, Emphasizing Use of
Plants with Low Watering Requirements (Drought Tolerant)
In the summer, up to 50% of the water used by municipal systems is for outdoor irrigation. The
increased demand in summer comes at the same time reservoir and stream levels drop and precipitation dramatically decreases, putting tremendous pressure on local water supplies.
Part I-36
Examples of landscaping techniques you can use that will result in low water use include:
Use established vegetation (see Action Item 2-8, Preserve Existing Native Vegetation as
Landscaping, for more information)
Limit turf areas, choose appropriate turf types and plant in suitable areas (see Action Items 243, Limit Use of Turf Grass to 25% or Less of Landscaped Area, and 2-42, Use Grass Type
Requiring Less Irrigation and Minimal Maintenance).
Plant certain species from Mediterranean climates (check with your local nursery for ideas).
The Northwest has hundreds of beautiful plants that require very little water once they are established. Ask your local nursery or landscaping contractor for information about the water efficient
trees, shrubs, perennials, and ground covers they supply. Keep in mind that some low water use
plants may have certain needs, such as shade, which when not met can lead to increased water use
or plant failure.
2-46
Part I-37
Plants with similar water needs should be grouped together in water use zones, with irrigation
schedules matching their needs. (See Action Item 2-45, Landscape with Plants Appropriate for
Site Topography and Soil Types, Emphasizing Use of Plants with Low Watering Requirements.)
2-47
2-48
Install Landscaping That Requires No Potable Water for Irrigation Whatsoever After Initial
Establishment Period (Approximately 2 Years)
The goal of this credit is to select a landscape plan that includes drought-tolerant plantings, considers smart plant placement, and that uses no potable water for irrigation after the initial establishment period of about two years.
Select plants that are native to the area or suitable for our climate and rainfall characteristics.
You should amend soil with compost to help establish good soil conditions to establish new
plants; proper placement of individual plants in the landscape can reduce supplemental watering
needs. Add hardscape and mulch or bark areas as landscape features that do not require watering.
For initial irrigation establishment consider using greywater non-potable wastewater from the
building from bathtubs, showers, bathroom sinks, washing machines, dishwashers and kitchen
sinks, any water source in the building except toilets. This wastewater is collected and filtered of
household contaminants such as bacteria, bleach, high pH wastewater, nitrates, oil and grease,
food and hair, etc. Check with the county health agency for a wastewater treatment permit and to
confirm local code requirements, and system design suggestions. Consider the source and characteristics of the greywater, the physical characteristics of the site, and how the greywater will be
used on site for irrigation. All greywater systems must be below or sub-surface, no sprinkler systems allowed. There are a number of examples from single-family new construction projects
where greywater is being used, and permitted, in King and Snohomish Counties. See the Resource Section for more information. (See Action Item 2-40, On-Site Wastewater Treatment.)
Another option for using non-potable water is to collect rainwater see Action Item 2-49 below.
Be prepared or prepare the owner to remove the temporary system after the initial plant establishment period. A carefully selected and planted landscape designed for specific site characteristics should be established and no longer requires supplemental watering after about two years.
If you do install a greywater system, you may want to keep it functional, due to the cost and time
involved in its installation. Consider adapting the greywater system for future use to flush toilets
in the building. This option will most likely be more permittable after a few years when potable
water is expected to be at a premium.
Part I-38
2-49
Install Rainwater Collection System (Cistern) that Reduces Water Consumption for Irrigation by
50% Annually
1 point per 100 gallons of storage capacity, up to 15 points total
To be eligible for this credit, you must demonstrate that this cistern will be functionally used for
irrigation and that no potable water will be used for irrigation, and that the size of the cistern will
be suitable to reduce water requirements for irrigation by at least 50% on an annual basis. Whether a rooftop cistern will be sufficient to meet all of the irrigation demands during the dry season
will be dependent upon the irrigation requirements of the landscape and the systems storage capacity.
Rainwater collected from the roof is an available or untapped source of landscape irrigation water. Rainwater can also be harvested from soil surfaces and outdoor paved surfaces. While rainwater collection is allowed in King and Snohomish Counties, this measure covers only systems
used for irrigation. Let the owner know that rainwater supply is not intended for potable use (in
other words, is not for drinking). (Rainwater collection for potable water use requires
case-by-case approval and compliance with stringent local and state health regulations.)
A rooftop rainwater collection system consists of a suitable roof and guttering system, a storage
tank(s), and a simple filtration system. The irrigation system can be supplied using the tank(s)
and a small-scale pressurized pump system.
For collecting rainwater from roof areas:
Use appropriate roofing materials such as metal, tile, or fiber cement. Lead-containing materials, such as flashing, should not be used in catchment roofs. Likewise, ensure that no zinc
galvanized ridge caps, copper flashing, or copper wires for moss prevention are used. Asphalt composition roofs should not be used for collecting water for watering any food producing plants.
Construct cistern or tank storage sized for the rainfall amount and roof size, with appropriate
overflow devices. Cisterns can be made of concrete, ferro-cement, stone, or prefabricated
metal, plastic, or fiberglass. Use only watertight, opaque materials and provide a cover.
Provide an overflow route to direct excess flows away from building and in such a manner as
to avoid impact to downstream properties.
Install gutters and downspouts sized for the roof and rainfall intensity.
Install screening devices or roof washers to filter out leaves, debris, and sediment that can
clog the system.
For collecting and harvesting water from the soil surface and outdoor paved surfaces:
Use open conveyances such as grass or gravel swales to direct and deliver harvested water to
storage areas, such as small ponds, for reuse as irrigation water.
Part I-39
See Action Item 2-48, Install Landscaping that Requires No Potable Water, above, for discussion
of greywater and related requirements. In cases where greywater for irrigation is acceptable,
plumbing for greywater would be hooked up to the irrigation system. The irrigation system can
be supplied using the tank(s) and a small-scale pressurized pump system.
In cases where you would be using collected rainwater (on a per site basis, a more cost-effective
approach), hook up the irrigation system to the rooftop cistern. These systems can provide significant quantities of irrigation water. Whether a rooftop cistern will be sufficient to meet all of the
irrigation demands during the dry season will be dependent upon the irrigation requirements of
the landscape and the systems storage capacity
2-50
Provide 100% of Building and Landscaping Water Use with Captured Precipitation or Reused
Water Purified Without the Use of Chemicals
This Action Item is designed as a higher octave of other items in this subsection. The goal is to
provide all building and landscaping water use with rainwater or other reused water (greywater).
Therefore, to qualify for this item, the building will not receive potable water from a municipality.
See Action Items, under Water Conservation, Outdoor Conservations and 2-56, Use Greywater
or Rainwater for Toilet Flushing.
Indoor Conservation
2-51
2-52
Install Motion-Sensor for Bathroom Faucets One per Unit and in ALL Common Areas
Credit for this Action Item requires that motion-sensors faucets be installed in at least one bathroom in each unit AND in all common areas. Motion-sensors detect when hands are under the
faucet, saving 10-50 % of water used by manual faucets. Prices range from $100 - $400, but vary
with quantity discounts.
Part I-40
2-53
2-54
2-55
2-56
Part I-41
2-57
2-58
Install High Efficiency Toilets in Highest Use Area and At Least One Per Unit in ALL Units
High Efficiency toilets are those with 1.28 gpf or better.
Toilet flushing is the largest single use of water (up to 40% of residential water use). Dual flush
toilets offer significant water savings, according to five independent studies. These specialized
toilets offer the user a choice between a long flush and a short flush. Short flushes can be used
successfully on the first flush to eliminate liquid waste using less water per flush. On average,
dual flush toilets can save up to 26% more water than equivalent single flush models. If you are
considering this Action Item, also consider Item 2-57, Provide Water Submeting for Each Unit,
above, so tenants can get the direct benefit of the water savings.
All new toilets use no more than 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf). Water savings from the new standard
is significant compared to the older models that used 3 to 5 gpf. Early low-flow models experienced problems and some toilets work better than others. In addition, new single flush models
with a 1.28 gpf rate are available and offer high levels of performance as well as efficiency. To
avoid customer complaints, select from number of brands that consistently rate well in performance surveys. (See the Resources Section for a weblink to a list and talk to your supplier to
make sure you select high performing toilets.)
Part I-42
2-59
Install No-Cartridge Waterless Urinals or 1/8 Gallon Urinals and High Efficiency Toilets in ALL
Common Areas
To receive credit for this Action Item, products specified must be used in all common area bathrooms. Most urinals use up to 1 gallon per flush. There are water conserving alternatives, including a fully waterless option and another option that used only 1/8 gallon per flush. For information on high efficiency toilets, see the Action Item above.
Waterless urinals appear and work like conventional urinals, except that they do not flush and,
therefore, require no water. Like their traditional counterparts, they are made of fiberglass or vitreous china and are offered in various colors. There are many brands and models of waterless
urinals, most of which use a removable cartridge to trap sealant liquids and odors, this cartridge
needs periodic refilling of the sealant liquids and replacement, thus creating a solid waste requiring disposal. This credit is for models that do NOT use a cartridge. Instead these models use a ceramic siphon cast into the body of the urinal that serves as a sediment and odor trap or another
model that uses a built-in waste trap housed in the fixture drain. Care of the drain trap varies depending on the trap type involved. Even for the same type, maintenance requirements vary between manufacturers. Instead of replacing cartridges, maintenance for these models requires periodic flushing of the unit. No cartridge waterless urinals currently cost more than cartridge units.
1/8-gallon options are available that offer 85% water savings compared to conventional 1.0 gallon
per flush urinals. Many models come with battery-operated automatic flush mechanisms and
vandal resistant construction. This low-water option provides users with familiar sanitary washdown feature, thus making them more user-friendly.
2-60
Part I-43
2-62
Part I-44
DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
2-63
Using light-colored permeable pavement for parking areas to provide stormwater management, while at the same time reduces the heat island effects. You can further integrate parking design by adding roof gardens to carports or garages on site and providing for shaded pedestrian walkways to further reduce the heat island effect.
Providing daylighting to provide for energy conservation and to provide occupants with access to daylight that helps overall health and well-being and views that connect occupants to
the natural world.
Providing sites for community gardens and other open spaces that serve as a permeable surface for stormwater management. while contributing to the health, welfare, and food production of the occupants.
Locate buildings so occupants enjoy the natural beauty and amenities of the site and orient
the buildings to maximize passive solar gain for heating/energy conservation and the health
and well-being of the occupants.
Part I-45
Build on the north area of the lot first when doing lot site planning. Position the building(s)
on the lot to leave as much as possible of the east, west, and south areas for outdoor use. The
cooler, darker, north area of the lot is the least useful for outdoor activity areas such as gardens and patios.
Site connectiveness. Design the site to easily connect occupants to transportation, residences,
open spaces, indoor and outdoor site amenities and to provide community and security. Other
strategies that help encourage community include porches, minimal front set-back, clustered
buildings, common indoor and outdoor spaces, neighborhood parks, and locating buildings in
clusters that face each other instead of facing parking areas or roads.
Cluster buildings and design site roadways and parking to preserve open space - preserving
open space protects site ecosystems and helps reduce stormwater runoff. Open space can also
act as a buffer between residential and nonresidential uses or between areas of high and low
density.
Also consider design features that are intended solely for occupant enjoyment or visual inspiration, and those that celebrate culture, spirit, and sense of place appropriate to the buildings function.
2-64
Hold Design Charrette during Various Stages including Pre-Design, Schematic Design, Design
Development, and Construction Documents
For this credit, there is a cap of 4 charrettes per project and the session must include the full team.
You may have more than one session during one stage; such as you may have two charrettes in
pre-design if your project warrants that, and then two others in any of the other various stages,
schematic design, design development, or construction documents.
Integrated design happens when the whole design, construction, and maintenance teams come together for initial design. Charrettes refer to any collaborative session in which a group of designers works on creating a solution to a design problem. The goal of the charrette is to promote joint
ownership of solutions, identify design flaws between disciplines before final plans go to construction.
2-65
Part I-46
2-66
Take Advantage of Parking Reduction Credits that are Available in Your Jurisdiction
Jurisdictions may offer parking reduction credits, where you can reduce the number of required
parking spaces by agreeing to specified development strategies, such as including a certain
amount of affordable units within the project, providing senior-assisted housing, or providing
ground floor commercial space. Other credits may be allowed for developments that provide
transportation reduction services such as, availability of private, convenient transportation services to meet the needs of the facility, accessibility to and frequency of public transportation; and
pedestrian access to health, medical, and shopping facilities Check with your local jurisdiction.
Be aware that there are program eligibility and specifications to gain these credits that may disallow other Built Green Action Item implementation, such as on-site wastewater treatment.
2-67
Provide Structured Parking within the Proposed Building Footprint at a 50% Minimum or 100%
with No Surface Parking
Parking garages, or structured parking (above-or below-grade), are more costly to construct, operate, and maintain than surface parking lots. Construction costs alone range widely due to building codes, materials, and labor costs. However, in addition to tangible financial costs, parking has
external costs that affect the natural environment and the surrounding community that can add
other tangible cost, and these are typically not factored into development decisions.
Structured parking can be desirable in urban/suburban locations for a variety of reasons, including
reduced stormwater management, maximizing land use, and planning to create a more walkable
environment. Depending on the type of parking surface selected, surface parking can also contribute to the local heat island effect.
When planning your development, consider the environmental impacts and density impacts associated with surface parking, and factor that into the financial equation when choosing parking alternatives. Some jurisdictions may provide incentives to help offset the additional costs associated with structured parking. Incentives vary by jurisdictions, but may include height and density
bonuses for building structured parking.
TRANSPORTATION
2-68
Part I-47
cess to seniors and others with special needs. Transit routes should be attractive and have direct,
safe, and easy access for pedestrians and bicycles, since convenience encourages use. See supporting Action Items in this Transportation section.
In addition to providing an alternative to the automobile for daily commuting, effective transitoriented developments offer a mix of services around the transit center, providing a new set of
opportunities to revitalize the character of neighborhoods. Locate your TOD within 1,000 feet of
commercial or government services buildings. See Supporting Action Items 2-70, Create a
Mixed-Use Building and 2-65, Provide Community Common Areas. It will be important to
make sure pedestrians and cyclists from the development can safely and conveniently reach those
services.
Unless transit is considered in the design process, important opportunities may be missed and instead, barriers to good transit may be created. The challenge is to create a transit-based development that balances car traffic with nearby residents and transit riders who use and enjoy the transit center area. The City of Redmond provides a good example high-density apartment complexes within walking distance to a transit center, several areas of employment nearby, including
City Hall and major regional medical center, and convenient shopping.
2-69
Locate the site on public transport lines, to receive credit for this Action Item, the site must be
within mile of a transit stop or designated Park and Ride
Provide for pedestrians by including pathways, bicycle routes, and bicycle storage facilities to
help facilitate residents use of the transit facilities.
See also Action Items 2-70, Create a Mixed-Use Building; 2-71, Provide Subsidized Bus Passes; 2-72, Provide Bicycle Lockers ; 2-73, Provide Bus Shelters; and 2-65 Provide Community
Common Areas, for other strategies to reduce automobile use.
2-70
8 points
3 points/each
15 points
The goal of a mixed-use development is to discourage automobile use and focus foot traffic
around the housing community. Mixeduse, for this credit is defined as commercial and residential development with at least three stories:
In some cases, current densities may not support retail establishments at the time of development,
but could sustain community and retail options in the future. You can still receive credit under
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Two: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part I-48
this Action Item if you construct in a manner to accommodate existing or future retail uses on the
first floor.
To help further discourage automobile use, provide adequate bicycle parking. See Action Item
2-72, Provide Bicycle Lockers .
See also Action Items 2-70, Create a Mixed-Use Building; 2-71, Provide Subsidized Bus Passes; 2-73, Provide Bus Shelters; and 2-65 Provide Community Common Areas, for other strategies
to reduce automobile use.
Also, work with your zoning officials to see what will work in your neighborhood.
2-71
25% subsidy
2 points
50% subsidy
4 points
Make available subsidized bus passes to encourage the use of public transportation. Points
awarded based on subsidy level for the first year only:
2-72
2-73
2-74
5 points
Each additional vehicle frequently on site, which also is on biodiesel: 1 point each
Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative to traditional petroleum-based gasoline. Vehicles or machinery that are designed to use biodiesel can also use biodiesel-petroleum blends.
Biodiesel does not require major engine modifications. This makes it the least-costly option when
converting to more energy efficient and less air polluting vehicles and machinery
To receive credit for this Action Item the fuel must contain a minimum of 20% or better of biodiesel.
Part I-49
2-75
1st stall
5 points
2 points/each
Although there may not be development incentives to provide dedicated parking spots for carpool
or car-share vehicles for residential developments in your jurisdictions, they still provide multiple
benefits, including, resident appreciation, accommodating future changes to parking requirements
and public transportation incentives.
2-76
1 point/each
Times are changing and so are the fuels being used to power personal vehicles. Currently, there
are only a few fully electric vehicles that require an outlet for refueling, but this may change rather quickly as technology and fossil fuel shortages create a greater demand for electric vehicles.
Convenience will also play a part in acceptability of electric vehicles into traditional transportation concepts. Be ahead of the curve and get Built Green points by supplying hardwire outlets for
electric vehicles.
2-77
2-78
Part I-50
Prepare an Environmentally Friendly Operations and Maintenance Plan for Common Area
Facilities
While operations deliver the performance, maintenance sustains the capacity of the systems. Neglecting maintenance leads to premature equipment and system failure, reduced performance or
life of equipment, unnecessary energy expenditures, and overall waste. Conversely, proper
maintenance helps ensure that facilities equipment and systems operate as specified.
A successful Operations and Maintenance (O & M) Plan will specify systems and equipment for
maintenance and a schedule. Review manufacturers recommendations to determine the schedule, but evaluate them based on operating and load conditions. Keep track of the maintenance history and reevaluate as necessary. Make sure adequate training for staff is part of the plan. Systems
and equipment to incorporate in your plan include:
2-80
Ventilation equipment
Lighting systems
Provide for on-going Integrated Pest Management as the primary pest control strategy
For bioswales and constructed wetlands, although the design intent is to create a selfsustaining system that requires little maintenance, it will be important to monitor and maintain them as the landscape matures. Mowing and thinning plants should be minimal unless
soil testing reveals high levels of impurities in runoff. In this case, mowing and thinning will
aid in removal of toxins that may accumulate in the vegetation
In parking areas, prune plants as needed to maintain sight lines and the desired aesthetics. If
storm drains are used, clear as needed to prevent blockages. Avoid soil compaction in vegetated areas
Grassed paving systems must be mowed to maintain good aesthetics and pervious performance
For porous asphalt and concrete, surfaces should be periodically vacuumed with a hydrovac
to maintain or restore porosity by removing sediment from the paved surface. If areas become deformed by traffic, drill compacted areas to restore porosity. Keep underdrains, overflow drains, and edge drains clear.
Part I-51
2-81
2-82
Provide Educational Materials Designed for the Public that Highlight the Green Building Features
and their Performance that are Included in the Project
This Action Item is designed to educate building occupants and visitors about the green building
features included in the project. To receive credit for this item, you can produce written materials
about how the building and green features work. The written materials may also list the green
features included in the project use the checklist to generate the list. You can include additional
information on energy-saving techniques and their results, owner activities affect resource use
and indoor air quality, and other educational tips.
You can also provide appropriate interpretive signage in the lobby or participate in Green Building tours sponsored and organized by municipalities or local conservation organizations, such as
the annual Solar Washington Solar and Green Building Tour.
In preparing these materials, consider obstacles to occupant education, such as language, literacy,
and occupant turnover.
Part I-52
Section Three:
Energy Efficiency
Envelope
Thermal Performance
Air Sealing
Heating/Cooling
Distribution
Heat Recovery
Controls
Equipment
Water Heating
Overall
Distribution
Lighting
Natural Light
Efficient Lighting
Appliances
Alternative Energy Bonus Points
Extra Credit / Innovation for Energy Efficiency
Section Three:
Energy Efficiency
In addition to environmental benefits, energy efficiency can significantly improve comfort levels in the
buildinga proven selling point. The Washington State Energy Code (WSEC) is a minimum, a base.
This section defines achievable goals that go beyond the codes minimums.
The energy efficiency actions in this section accomplish one or more of the following objectives:
Site buildings to take advantage of natural resources and site features, such as orientation to increase
solar gain or to provide wind shielding.
3-1
Estimated Cost
Pts.
15
If you do engage a commissioning authority, make sure the scope of work includes providing
training to building owners/operators, which is also eligible for additional points. See Action
Item 2-81, Conduct Training Sessions for Maintenance Staff and/or Occupants.
Part I-55
ENVELOPE
Building envelope Action Items consider the building as a whole and look for ways to implement and
document improvements in energy efficiency:
Reduce heat lossInstall insulation, windows, and doors that exceed code requirements
Air sealingUse techniques to reduce thermal losses that occur due to air leakage
Thermal bridgesUse techniques to reduce/eliminate thermal bridges, the heat flow shortcuts that
can significantly degrade thermal performance
Solar designDesign and build to take advantage of the buildings orientation to utilize the suns
energy for heat.
Thermal Performance
3-2
Points Awarded
10% improvement
10
20% improvement
20
50% improvement
30
75% improvement
40
Document upgrades and resulting improvement on Chart 3-1 in Part II, Section Three Resources,
and provide a copy to the owner as part of their Operations and Maintenance Kit (Action Item
1-1, Provide Owner with Environmentally Friendly Operations and Maintenance Kit).
For link to the worksheet for all residential occupancies, including instructions on the Component
Performance Worksheet see:
http://www.energy.wsu.edu/documents/code/CPWorksheets/cpworksheet2006.xls
Part I-56
3-3
Part I-57
Chart 3-2. BUILT GREEN Prescriptive Scoring Method; Upgrades for All Fuel Types.(See Note 1)
Envelope Component
Envelope Improvement
U-value
(Note 2)
Heat Loss
Reduction
(Note 3)
Point Assignment
(Note 4)
0.40
0%
0.37
3%
0.35
6%
0.32
9%
0.28
14%
14
0.24
18%
18
0.17
23%
23
0.480
0%
0.37
1%
1%
0%
2%
0.029
0%
0.025
4%
Vertical Multifamily Code baseline (Note 6): U = 0.40 (based on total glazing area = 15% of
heated floor area)
Score
(Note 5)
Floor
Part I-58
Envelope Component
Attic
Vault
Envelope Improvement
U-value
(Note 2)
Heat Loss
Reduction
(Note 3)
Point Assignment
(Note 4)
0.057
0%
0.054
2%
0.051
4%
0.043
9%
0.040
11%
11
6 Foam Panel
0.048
6%
8 Foam Panel
0.037
13%
13
0.038
11%
11
0.034
14%
14
0.031
0%
R-38 flat attic Truss w/ blown in insulation (add 1 point for raised heel)
0.026
2%
R50 flat attic Truss w/ blown in insulation (add 1 point for raised heel)
0.020
5%
R60 flat attic Truss w/ blown in insulation (add 1 point for raised heel)
0.016
6%
0.034
0%
0.032
1%
0.027
2%
0.024
3%
8 Foam Panel
0.034
0%
Score
(Note 5)
Part I-59
Envelope Component
Slab on grade
Envelope Improvement
U-value
(Note 2)
Heat Loss
Reduction
(Note 3)
Point Assignment
(Note 4)
10 Foam Panel
0.026
3%
0.540
0%
R-15 Foam 2
0.520
1%
R-10 Foam 4
0.480
2%
0.360
3%
0.037
0%
0.034
1%
Foam Block
0.032
1%
0.540
0%
0.500
1%
Score
(Note 5)
TOTAL SCORE
Chart 3-2 Notes:
1. The prescriptive path is the simplest, but also the least flexible, method for estimating heat loss reduction. It does not provide credit for reductions in glazing areas. You may (or may not) have a higher score if you use the component performance method (Chart 3-1).
2. U-Value: Calculated U-value for the described building component. If you select a component that is not described in the text, use the Reference
U-value of the product to score it.
3. Heat Loss Reduction: Estimated reduction in total UA of the structure. Based on two prototypical structures. Note: This is NOT equivalent to energy savings.
4. Assigned Point Value: based on 1 point for each percentage point in heat loss reduction.
Part I-60
5. Score: Record your score based on assigned point values for the measures you implement. For example, if you use windows with U equal to 0.37, the
estimated heat loss reduction is 3%, so your score for these items is 3 points. If you use more than one component type per category (wall, attic, etc.),
average the scores for the two or more components. Your total score is the sum of all scores for individual items.
6. Code Baseline: WSEC target Path (see WSEC, Table 5-1.) Minimum requirements must be met for all components.
Identifies those products that provide wood savings as well as energy savings.
Part I-61
3-4
Build a Zero Net Energy Building that Draws Zero Outside Power or Fuel on a Net Annual Basis
A Zero Net Energy building combines state-of-the-art, energy-efficient construction and appliances with renewable energy systems, such as solar water heating and electricity, resulting in a
building that produces as much or more power than it consumes. Generally, Zero Net Energy
buildings are connected to the utility grid, with energy consumption measured on an annual basis,
allowing for excess energy produced to be sold back to the utility.
Zero Net Energy buildings optimize climate-specific design, passive solar heating and cooling,
solar thermal and solar electric systems (active solar), and energy efficient construction, appliances, and lighting. The goal of this strategy is performance-based, so you must use other Action
Items in this section, as well as other sections from the checklist, as part of your plan to achieve a
net zero energy consumption rate for the building. For instance, geothermal heating might
achieve net zero along with photovoltaic power generation, an advanced shell design, a super
high efficiency distribution system, and exceptional ventilation to reduce cooling loads.
Program note: wood burning heating options do qualify for zero-net energy IF it comes from pellet stoves or EPA certified stoves. Absolutely no Russian or Rumsford stoves allowed. Creative
fireplaces use electric power and can be used in place of traditional fireplaces.
3-5
Use Dense Packed Cellulose (Over 2.5 Lbs./Inch) or Wet Blown Cellulose or
Blown In Foam
Blown-in insulation products, including cellulose or Icynene, have an advantage over fiberglass
batts in that they provide better penetration and filling of cavities and are made from non-toxic
materials. The insulation can be dry-blown or poured loose-fill into enclosed cavities, but is most
commonly wet-sprayed. When sprayed, the product leaves few voids, reducing problems with air
infiltration. If you select wet-sprayed cellulose, it is recommended that you also use impermeable
or semi-impermeable insulating sheathings to control water vapor movement for indoor air quality control. See Resources for building science references that discuss tradeoffs and choices for
sheathings, building papers, and cavity insulations that are climate-appropriate.
Blown insulation must be carefully installed to prevent overblowing, which reduces the Rvalue for a given, installed thickness. Careful installation of blown insulation in attics assures
even coverage, avoiding high and low areas with varying R-values, and avoids blocking ventilation paths. Ask how the insulation contractor controls for the proper amount of insulation material and depth.
Cellulose can also be dry-packed into wall cavities. Cellulose insulation is made from 100%
post-consumer recycled newspapers or telephone books and is usually combined with boric acid
or sodium borate as a fire retardant. An additional benefit of boric acid is that it kills carpenter
ants and termites. See also Action Items 5-108, All Insulation to have a Minimum of 40% Recycled Content, and 5-109, Use Environmentally Friendly Foam Building Products (FormaldehydeFree, CFC-Free, HCFC-Free).
Part I-62
3-6
For Concrete Walls Use Perimeter Insulation for Exterior Slab Edges
Significant heat can still be lost from the slab edge that is closest to the cold outside air in our
climate, even if the vertical walls are insulated to code. It is best to consult the revised WSEC for
specifics. For exterior applications, use proper flashing and termite shield.
3-7
3-8
Part I-63
As Partners in the Program, builders agree to construct new buildings that use at least 30% less
energy for heating, cooling, and water heating compared to equivalent buildings based on the national Model Energy Code (MEC). Once performance is verified by an independent third-party
expert, the building can bear the ENERGY STAR label. Since WSEC is already rigorous compared
to national standards, ENERGY STAR has developed the Northwest Builder Options Package, a
special program for the Northwest that goes beyond Washington State Code. Contact MBA for
more information.
Features of an ENERGY STAR building include:
Improved insulation
Advanced windows
See Section Three Resources in Part II for the web site providing more information about these
programs and how to join.
Air Sealing
Proper air sealing can have a major impact on energy savings. DOE estimates that up to 30% of a
buildings energy can be lost through air leaks. Typical areas for sealing include under sill plates,
around windows, doors, framing members, and electric, plumbing and mechanical penetrations.
Sealing materials, which include caulking, sealant, foam, and tape, are easy to find and inexpensive.
Please note that tightening the building to save energy requires careful attention to indoor air
quality. Providing an adequate, controlled supply of fresh air to the building is addressed in Section Four: Health and Indoor Air Quality.
3-9
Part I-64
3-10
3-11
Eliminate or Airtight Seal All Air Pathways Between Floors and Units
Compartmentalization eliminates ductwork between floors or between units and corridors, eliminating these potential air leakage paths. If you do not eliminate the air pathway, airtight seal the
ducts.
3-12
Conduct Blower Door Test for a Sampling of Units with Results Better Than 0.30 ACH
or 0.25 ACH
5 or 10 points
0.30 ACH
5 points
0.25 ACH
10 points
Note: For large projects, it is acceptable to perform a test on each representative unit (randomly
selected), then seal all similar units at the identified weak points to gain credit under this item.
Part I-65
Blower door tests are used to both identify air leakage paths in a unit and to quantify air leakage
ranges. Blower doors are also used to locate duct leaks.
A blower door consists of a variable speed fan sealed into an exterior doorway and used to blow
air into or out of the unit. When air is blown out, the unit develops a slight negative pressure (or
vacuum) relative to outside. The pressure differential drives outside air into the unit (infiltration)
through any available openings in the exterior shell. These leaks can be located by touch or with
smoke, and then sealed.
In addition, the pressure induced by the blower door can be used to yield a quantitative estimate
of the leakiness of the unit (in square inches). Additional calculations yield the approximate
natural air change rate (ACH).
Blower door tests of units built to code average 0.34 ACH. Reducing to 0.30 ACH through improved air sealing will reduce annual energy use by about 8% and is very achievable. (Units with
forced air systems will have a slightly higher ACH.)
Its best to do a blower door test once just before sheet rock and once after sheet rock, but before
attic insulation is blown in.
Part I-66
3-13
Part I-67
3-14
Part I-68
3-15
Part I-69
3-16
Use Energy Heels of 6 In. or More on Trusses and Stick Frame Roofs to Allow Added Insulation
Over Top Plate
The figure provides options to maintain full heel insulation (advanced frame ceiling).
Part I-70
3-17
3-18
Part I-71
3-19
Part I-72
Figure 3-5Overhangs
(Source: Washington State University Cooperative Extension Energy Program)
Summer
Sun
Angle
Winter
Sun
Angle
Size of Overhang
A = 0.749
Part I-73
3-20
3-21
3-22
Part I-74
ture tree provides more than $70 worth of air conditioning annually. Meanwhile, a well-placed
windbreak of evergreens can reduce a buildings heating bill by up to 20%. (Natural vegetation
can also provide visual pleasure, effective erosion and stormwater control, shelter for wildlife,
and sound absorption. See Section Two: Site and Water, Action Items 2-8, Preserve Existing Native Vegetation as Landscaping, and 2-9, Retain 30% of Trees on Site or Retain Arborist.)
Examples of energy-saving design include:
Use mid-range colored materials for driveways, walkways, and parking spaces to reflect sun
in summer and to absorb and re-radiate heat in winter
Build paved areas away from south windows and shade with plantings.
HEATING/COOLING
Distribution
There are many options for designing a heating/cooling system for multi-family buildings. Many consider central systems that must be designed effectively to ensure energy efficiency, performance, and yet,
still do not encourage individual unit conversation. If you choose a central system, sizing is essential, and
must be calculated only after passive solar, orientation, and other design features are taken into account.
Distributed heating, cooling and domestic hot water components provide for better overall energy conservation since individual residents monitor their own comfort. Distributed systems also help with smoke
control and fire safety, indoor air quality and comfort, and may help lower operating costs because they
are easier to service, and lower in cost to maintain by less skilled personnel than central systems. If problems with an individual system occur, the problem is limited to individual units rather than many units or
the entire building. In practice these systems are being adopted and displacing standard approaches principally for cost reasons.
If you choose a central system, heat loss from the average ducted air distribution system can reduce the
overall system efficiency by 30%. Reducing duct air leakage and improving duct insulation has potential
to significantly reduce utility bills and prevent or eliminate associated comfort and health problems. Specifically:
Comfort can be improved by ensuring adequate delivery and return of conditioned air.
Entry of mold, radon, dust, and moisture into the building can be reduced.
At the beginning of a project, give consideration to:
Part I-75
Sealing method.
Providing equal cross-sectional area for supply and return duct openings, and eliminating
non-communicating ducts. (Each supply duct needs to see a return duct, and visa-versa. If there is a
door between them, a transfer duct is required.)
As discussed below, it is preferable to locate ducts within the building envelope. However, this option is
not always possible, even with new construction. In this case, ducts should be sealed with mastic and insulated (See Action Item 3-25, Use Advanced Sealing of Ducts Using Low Toxic Mastic).
3-23
Centrally Locate Heating / Cooling System to Reduce the Size of the Distribution System
Locating the furnace in a central, well-insulated mechanical closet can save energy by reducing
delivery distance and heat loss. Combining this technique with moving the ducts into the conditioned space can cut material and installation costs by over 50% as well as save energy. Make
sure you provide sufficient make-up air.
3-24
3-25
3-26
Third-Party Performance Air Leakage Test Using Prescribed Sampling Method for Each Unit Type
Meets Certification
Duct performance tests prove the airtight integrity of the ducting and provide third-party certification. Performance tests for ducting can be accomplished by the same contractor who performs
blower door tests (See Action Item 3-12, Conduct Blower Door Test). Use acceptance criteria
such as the Performance Tested Comfort Systems (PTCS) standards.
Part I-76
3-27
Third-Party Duct Test Results Less than 6% Loss of Floor Area to Outside/Total Flow
To qualify for this credit, the results of the duct test performed by a third-party must be less than
6% loss of floor area to outside/total flow, e.g., a 1,000 square foot space should have less than 60
cfm of leakage in the ductwork. If the ductwork is sealed tightly with mastic and other moderate
sealing efforts are employed it should at least pass at level of duct tightness of 6-7% of the floor
area. See Air Sealing sub-section above for ideas on how to maximize air sealing to achieve this
credit. Additionally, consider that achieving this result could be difficult in a large structure.
3-28
3-29
Forced Air Systems: Locate most ducts inside heated space; ducts outside heated space to be
insulated to R-11.
Part I-77
Controls
3-30
3-31
Install Thermostat with One Degree Dead-Band (Electronic or Vapor Diaphragm) for Non-Ducted
Electric Heat
Advanced electronic line-voltage thermostats and vapor diaphragm thermostats can offer more
accurate and responsive temperature control than the basic bimetal models, which are commonly
used with electric resistance heating systems. With proper setting and use, they can potentially
reduce heating energy consumption by about 7 to 10 percent.
3-32
Install 60-Minute Timers or Humidistat for Bathroom and Laundry Room Fans
Countdown timers allow effective use of bathroom fans without wasting energy. The room can be
dried out after use, then the fan automatically shuts off. Humidistats measure and control the relative humidity
3-33
3-34
Provide Separate Switching for Bathrooms Fan/Heat Lamp and Fan/Light Combination Fixtures
Look for switches that provide for independent operation of bathroom combination fixtures
(fan/heat lamp and fan/light) to save energy by avoiding automation operation of the unneeded
function.
Part I-78
3-35
Provide Electricity and/or Natural Gas Direct Metering for Each Unit
Studies have shown that when the tenants are directly paying their utility bills, their consumption
averages 30% less than if the landlord pays it through the rent.
3-36
Install Heat Systems with Separate Zones for Sleeping and Living Areas (Not Including Electric
Resistance Heating)
This credit is awarded for installing a zoned heating system, not for programmable thermostats;
see Action Item, 3-33, Install Programmable Thermostats.
Use any heating system that allows for separate zones, see Action Items see Equipment section
below for additional references.
Heat Recovery
3-37
Part I-79
the heat exchanger transfers a certain amount of water vapor along with the heat energy, while a
heat recovery ventilator only transfers heat. In our climate, energy recovery ventilators are not
recommended because they often add moisture to the units, and in Western Washington, we generally do not need added moisture. However, there are units that incorporate humidity regulators
and are recommended for units with air conditioning.
Energy recovery ventilation systems require more maintenance than other ventilation systems.
They need to be cleaned regularly to prevent deterioration of ventilation rates and heat recovery,
and to prevent mold and bacteria on heat exchanger surfaces.
Equipment
3-38
3-39
Part I-80
may apply to the Director of the program to receive credit for this item (see Resources for link to
Energy Star site).
There are Energy Star light commercial products labeled ES, they are 7-10% more efficient
than average. The ENERGY STAR specification for qualified light commercial HVAC products
covers central air conditioners and heat pumps used in small office buildings, clinics and medical
care facilities, hotels, dorms, military barracks, retail strip malls, and other locations (i.e., units
rated at 65,000 Btu/h or up to 250,000 Btu/h as well as three-phase equipment rated below 65,000
Btu/h). The energy-efficiency specifications are based on equipment type and size category.
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 provides a federal income tax credit to consumers who purchase
Energy Star qualifying products; you can use these as guidelines:
3-40
Furnaces
Boilers
80 EF or greater
No Gas Fireplaces, or Use Direct Vent Gas or Propane Hearth Product (AFUE Rating)
Combustion appliances in general can be troublesome if not completely sealed. They can inadvertently admit noxious gases such as carbon monoxide into the air. Even if a fuel-burning device is connected to a chimney, pollutants can enter the unit through spillage, backdrafting
(whenever there is even a slightly negative air pressure in the unit), or due to lack of maintenance
or damage to the chimney.
3-41
No Air Conditioner
The best option is to initially design the building to make the best use of natural ventilation and
passive cooling techniques. See Action Items 3-19 through 3-22 on Solar Design Features.
However, if you install an exhaust air heat pump system for the water heater, some systems offer
an option to provide supplemental space heating and cooling. This actually increases their heat
recovery efficiency. The systems require additional ductwork to and from the space(s) being
cooled or heated and a heating / cooling thermostat in each space. Generally, they provide space
conditioning at about 7,000 Btu/hour. This is adequate for supplemental conditioning of a fairly
large zone in the unit, such as a family room, living room, or great room.
If you elected for a high Albedo roof, Action Item 2-28, Install High Albedo or Light Colored
Roof, in Site and Water, use this Action Item for complimentary credits.
Part I-81
3-42
Direct Use of Natural Gas, i.e., Centralized Boiler with Hydronic Heating System Units
or Units with Fan Coil System that Can Do Both Heating and Cooling
Directly using natural gas for space and/or water heat rather than in a combustion turbine to supply electricity for space and water heat reduces carbon dioxide emissions and increases energy efficiency. The energy content of electricity delivered to a building from a combined cycle combustion turbine is only about 45 percent of natural gas fuel. In contrast, a building furnace typically uses 80 percent of the energy in natural gas to heat the residence.
A recent study in Washington State found that natural gas could cost-effectively displace the need
for about 700 megawatts of electricity by 2010 and lower natural gas use by 6 to 8 trillion Btu per
year.
To receive credit for this Action Item you must select a centralized boiler (use biofuel, see Action
Item, 3-75) with hydronic heating systems or systems with fan coil that can do both heating and
cooling (four-pipe vertical stacked fan coil system provide the greatest comfort and flexibility).
3-43
Install Whole Building Hydronic Heating for Heating in All Units, Point Range Based on Boiler
Efficiency - 85% or 92%
85%
10 points
92%
15 points
Hydronic heating systems work by first heating water in a boiler using natural gas, electricity,
propane, biofuel or solid fuel; then the heated water is circulated through a heat transfer device,
radiators, radiant loops, or in-floor systems. After reaching the heat transfer device, the water is
returned to the boiler for re-heating. This system eliminates space consuming ducts system when
air is heated instead of water. Other advantages include even heat and the ability to adapt for
zoned heating, see Action Item 3-36, Install Heat Systems with Separate Zones for Sleeping and
Living Areas. However, zoned heating is not recommended for hydronic-in-floor systems.
Careful consideration to design is mandatory when considering this option and installation may
have higher first costs, particularly if careful design and proper operation and maintenance are not
considered. Include as much information on this system in the Operations and Maintenance Kit
provided as per Section 1.
To determine boiler efficiency for natural gas systems, look for the AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) rating on equipment. Federal minimum is now 78% AFUE. Energy Star recommends 83% AFUE, and condensing equipment is now widely available at 90-97% AFUE rating.
If using gas instant water heaters instead of a boiler, use the Energy Factor (EF) for efficiency,
see Action Item, 3-48, Install On-Demand (Tankless) Hot Water Heater.
Part I-82
3-44
WATER HEATING
Overall
Water heating typically accounts for 40% to 75% of the energy used in multi-family buildings in
California. Studies show that in San Francisco, where their heating and cooling loads are more
similar to Western Washington, it is estimated that the energy used is at the high end of this
range. Consequently, improvements in water heating efficiency offer good opportunities to save
resources and money. Fuels with greater heating value include natural gas, propane, and fuel oil.
Also, combined water and space heating systems can also offer green benefits.
The water heating improvements listed below are based on the water heater being located inside
the conditioned space of the unit. Water heaters located in garages or other exterior spaces are
likely to save more. These upgrades are commonly available in 40-gallon and 50-gallon units.
Part I-83
3-45
3-46
Part I-84
For water heaters located within dwelling units, provide a manual (on-demand) control or occupant sensor switch for operation of the recirculation pump along with an automatic temperature
sensor shut-off. The recirculation pump needs to be controlled by the user at the time of use rather than circulating hot water through the piping system continuously. A switch or occupant sensor located near the fixture activates a small pump that begins circulating hot water when there is
a demand for it. A temperature sensor at the fixture automatically turns the pump off.
Another option is to design units with a central manifold (home-run) distribution system that use
hot and cold distribution lines to supply each side of each fixture with its own dedicated line. This
minimizes water temperature and pressure changes during simultaneous operation of numerous
fixtures. Additional benefits of a properly designed and installed system include: faster hot water
delivery, water and energy savings, and few fittings located behind the wall.
3-47
Passive or On-Demand Hot Water Delivery System Installed at Farthest Location from Water
Heater
These systems heat the water as it passes through, producing hot water on demand. The heating
is switched on (or ignited, if gas) when water begins to flow through the unit. This saves water at
the tap and can save energy that would otherwise be used to store hot water until needed. Since a
limited amount of water can be drawn off at any one time, this option should be considered for intermittent and low volume demand needs. A two-gallon under the sink water heater is a good
idea, but it should not be supplemented with the main DHW system piping.
Another option is home run piping, a small diameter pipe that serves only the sink farthest from
the water heater, but does go directly to the main water heater overall water loss is less.
See also Action Item 3-48, Install On-Demand (Tankless) Hot Water Heater.
3-48
Part I-85
3-49
3-50
3-51
Install the Water Heater Inside the Heated Space (Electric, Direct Vent, or Sealed Venting Only)
By installing the water heater inside the heated space, you minimize heat loss to the environment.
Combustion water heaters located inside the living area must be sealed combustion type. They
will have outside combustion air ducted to the firebox. They also must be directly vented to the
outside with no possibility of combustion products mixing with indoor air.
Direct vent hot water heaters help protect indoor air quality by venting combustion by-products
outside. They also draw combustion air from outside instead of using treated indoor air.
3-52
Upgrade Electric Water Heater to an Exhaust Air Heat Pump Water Heater or De-Superheater:
EF 1.9
The exhaust air heat pump is a good option for families who require lots of hot water. A unit
with an EF of 1.9 will yield 50% savings in energy use compared to a conventional system
3-53
Install a Timer to Regulate Standby Hot Water Loss in Hot Water Heater
You can save an additional 5-12% of energy by installing a timer on electric water heaters. Timers can be set to turn off at night or during sleeping hours, depending on the occupants schedule,
and/or during peak demand times. Contact your utility to see if they provide a demand management program that reduces your rate during off-peak times. If such programs exist make that information part of the Operations and Maintenance Kit from Section 1.
Part I-86
3-54
3-55
3-56
Part I-87
Distribution
3-57
3-58
Insulate All Hot Water Pipes and Install Cold Inlet Heat Traps on Hot Water Heater
This measure reduces standby heat loss from the water tank. The piping and the water in it are
continuously heated by the tank even when no water is being used. They act as cooling rods.
Insulating them reduces the rate of heat loss. Today, many new storage water heaters have factory-installed heat traps or have them available as an option.
LIGHTING
Lighting accounts for 5 to 10% of total energy use in U.S. homes. Although no studies were directed at
multi-family homes, it is reasonable to assume that this figure could be even higher, especially for multistoried building units that do not have fenestrations facing in multiple directions. While this amount is
relatively small, lighting choices can also affect the amount of energy used to heat and cool the home.
More efficient lighting can also mean better lighting, such as when daylighting and task lighting is specifically considered as part of the design.
Natural Light
3-59
3-60
3-61
Part I-88
When properly designed and effectively integrated with the electric lighting system, daylighting
can offer significant energy savings by offsetting a portion of the electric lighting load. A related
benefit is the reduction in cooling capacity and use by lowering a significant component of internal gains. Additionally, daylighting offers other aesthetic benefits, such as connecting people to
the outdoors, improving occupant satisfaction and comfort, providing pleasing illumination at a
fraction of the cost of the most efficient electric lights.
Today's highly energy-efficient windows, as well as advances in lighting design, allow efficient
use of windows to reduce the need for artificial lighting during daylight hours without causing
heating or cooling problems. Windows also provide visual relief, a contact with nature, time orientation, the possibility of ventilation, and emergency egress. North-facing windows are advantageous for daylighting. They admit relatively even, natural light, producing little glare and almost
no unwanted summer heat gain.
Although east- and west-facing windows provide good daylight penetration in the morning and
evening, respectively, they should be limited. They may cause glare, admit a lot of heat during the
summer when it is usually not wanted, and contribute little to solar heating during the winter.
Efficient Lighting
3-62
3-63
Part I-89
3-64
Install Lighting Dimmer, Photo Cells, Timers, and/or Motion Detectors (Interior) for High
Efficiency Fixtures
If you think fluorescent light is energy-efficient, take a look at new LED (light emitting diode)
lighting options. LED lights consume less than a quarter of the electricity that fluorescents do and
less than 90% compared to incandescent bulbs. The lighting quality is comparable to that of cool
white compact fluorescent lamps. Currently, there are a limited number of manufacturers, but that
is expected to change. In the meantime, light bulbs, bars and strips, task lighting, floodlights, and
controls for interior and exterior applications.
Dimmers allow you to use one light for many purposes, and can save energy and extend the life
of most bulbs when used at lower levels. Look for full-range dimmers that vary the light continuously from off to full brightness. Dimmers can be used with incandescent lights, including low
voltage systems, and with compact fluorescents. There are several choices of wall-mounted
dimmers: toggle, rotary, sliding, solid-state touch, and new integrated systems with remote controls that can recall previous lighting levels. If several high-wattage incandescent lamps are to be
controlled at one point, add a hard-wired dimmer. If you are using traditional incandescent lamps,
you must use a high efficiency fixture to receive points for this credit.
Photo Cells, thin-film devices that work by generating a current when exposed to light, thus this
technology can be used as a light sensor for lighting devices.
Timers can be located at a light switch, a plug, or in a socket, and are available as both mechanical and solid-state. Some offer the option of a manual override. Some screw-base compact fluorescent bulbs cannot be used with timers; check manufacturers recommendations.
Motion detectors or occupancy sensors can result in significant energy savings, especially in bathrooms and bedrooms where lights are frequently left on. Sensors can have manual on/off switches or can operate entirely automatically. Motion detectors should not be used with some compact
fluorescents, or with high intensity discharge lights because of their inability to relight quickly.
Some models feature dimmers that reduce light to a preset level rather than turn completely off;
others come with photosensors that turn lights on only when the light level is below a preset point
and motion is detected.
3-65
Install Photo Cells, Timers, Motion Detectors (Exterior) for 90% of Fixtures
The updated July 2007 Washington State Energy Code requires high efficacy fixtures outdoors.
The only exception to this is if the permanently installed outdoor lights are controlled by a motion-sensor(s) with integral photocontrol photosensor, or those around swimming pools and water
features.
If you think fluorescent light is energy-efficient, take a look at new LED (light emitting diode)
lighting options. LED lights consume less than a quarter of the electricity that fluorescents do and
less than 90% compared to incandescent bulbs. The lighting quality is comparable to that of cool
white compact fluorescent lamps. Currently, there are a limited number of manufacturers, but that
is expected to change. In the meantime, light bulbs, bars and strips, task lighting, floodlights, and
controls for interior and exterior applications.
Part I-90
Light-sensing controls are increasingly being used to control outdoor lights along driveways and
walkways. Consider motion detectors and photosensors for energy efficiency. Consult with your
lighting supplier for optimal placement.
See Action Item, 3-64, Install Lighting Dimmer, Photo Cells, Timers, and/or Motion Detectors
(Interior), for information on these technologies for use in exterior applications.
3-66
Install LED, ENERGY STAR Compliant CFL Bulbs, or Demonstrated Energy Equivalent in All Units
and Common Areas
Minimum 40% of all lighting in units and common areas must have one of these types of bulbs,
or a combination of these types, in order to qualify for this credit.
Incandescent bulbs waste 90% of their energy producing heat instead of light. Using ENERGY
STAR compliant bulbs assures that you are installing the most energy efficient lighting available.
Commercial bulbs and fixtures have not been certified by the Energy Star program, so you may
substitute demonstrated energy equivalent alternatives that meet Energy Star standards.
According to LightSite (see Resources for Efficient Lighting), switching one incandescent bulb to
a compact fluorescent can save more than $30.00 over the course of 10,000 hours of use.
Also, because they burn at low temperatures, compact fluorescents are a cooler and safer alternative to many traditional halogens. Let the owner/occupants know that halogen torchieres are a fire
hazard.
For hardwired compact fluorescent fixtures, select high power factor ballasts.
3-67
Install LED, ENERGY STAR Compliant Fixtures, or Demonstrated Energy Equivalent in All Units
and Common Areas
1 point for each 10% of lighting up to maximum of 10 points
Incandescent bulbs waste 90% of their energy producing heat instead of light. Using ENERGY
STAR compliant lighting fixtures assures that you are installing the most energy efficient lighting
available. Commercial bulbs and fixtures have not been certified by the Energy Star program,
so you may substitute demonstrated energy equivalent alternatives that meet Energy Star standards.
Let the owner/occupants know that halogen torchieres are a fire hazard.
3-68
Avoid Excessive Outdoor Light Levels While Maintaining Adequate Light for Security and Safe
Access, Meet IESNA Levels
Outdoor floodlights are designed to "broadcast" illumination so as to cover as much area as possible. However, the lack of "light control" in a floodlight causes many detrimental and unwanted
side-effects, such as blinding glare, intrusion into neighboring homes and natural areas (called
Part I-91
light trespass), and waste light up into the night sky (called light pollution). Additionally, lack of
lighting controls wastes energy.
Good outdoor lighting is:
In order to avoid light trespass, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) recommends using full-cut off luminaires and many local jurisdictions require them now. Other options include selecting a pole height and lamp-wattage that maximizes the distribution of light
from the luminaire and designing the lighting layout so that it provides good visibility for horizontal surfaces and vertical surfaces.
Figure 3-7Good Outdoor Lighting
(Source: MacDonald Observatory in Fort Davis, Texas, http://vc.as.utexas.edu/home.html.
Reprinted with permission.)
Use low wattage, energy efficient bulbs that provide only as much illumination as needed, distribute the illumination using shielded fixtures that point light downward, and only use outdoor
nighttime lighting for as long as it is absolutely necessary. Do not exceed the IESNA footcandle
level requirements as stated in the Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior Environments. (See Resources.)
Security lighting provides the best performance when administered using infrared proximity sensors that cause lights to turn on suddenly when someone approaches a building. This causes an
immediate change of the surrounding environment that tends to frighten away most people with
ill-intent, and it also raises immediate attention from nearby neighbors and law enforcement officials.
Part I-92
APPLIANCES
All appliances installed in the unit should be as energy efficient as possible. The reduced electrical costs for operating energy efficient appliances rapidly offset slightly higher initial costs, if
any.
The Energy Guide or ENERGY STAR labels found on many appliances identifies energy efficient options. There may be other guidelines that identify water-saving features. Also, look for
the following energy-saving characteristics:
3-69
DishwasherThe primary cost of running a dishwasher is the cost of heating the water. Energy saving features include light load options and air circulation for drying. Also, the smaller the machine the less energy required to run a load.
Washing MachineSimilar to the dishwasher, the primary energy cost is in heating the water. Energy saving features include options for cold water wash and small loads. In general,
front-loading washing machines use one-third less water than top-loading machines, and research shows they do a better job of cleaning the clothes.
DryerThe primary energy saving feature is automatic shut-off when the clothes are dry.
Part I-93
3-70
3-71
Install Common Laundry Facilities Instead of in Each Unit with Water-Saving, Energy-Efficient
Washers
Commercial Energy Star qualified clothes washers for multi-family facilities allow for up to
$1,200.00 savings per washer over ten years.
3-72
Part I-94
3-73
3-74
3-75
3-76
Participate in the Local Utilitys Electricity Program for Renewable Electricity Sources
2-5 points
Builder Enrolled
2 points
5 points
Currently, it costs more to build wind, solar and biomass generating facilities. By signing up for
your local utilitys voluntary green power program that supports renewable energy production,
electricity producers are given the necessary backing to promote more environmentally friendly
resources. As more renewable energy is used, less air and water pollution are produced. Support
your utilities' voluntary renewable energy programs (PSE's Green Power Program, Seattle City
Light's Green Up program and Snohomish County PUD's Planet Power program) through a sim-
Part I-95
ple sign-up process. Suggested initial participation lengths are one year for builders, two years for
owners.
3-78
3-79
3-80
Part I-96
Installation of a PV system should only be considered after designing the most energy efficient
building possible. Then determine the buildings overall energy needs and the amount of unshaded roof area available.
3-81
Install Innovative Non-Solar Renewable Power Systems That Produce a Minimum of 15%, 30%,
or 50% of the Common Areas Total Annual Energy
5 25 points
15%
5 points
30%
10 points
50%
25 points
Non-solar renewable power systems that could add to the buildings total energy production include wind power, waterpower, biofuel, and geo-thermal.
Small wind systems are available for residential applications. A wind turbine typically lowers a
buildings electricity bill by 50% to 90%. The amount of money a small wind turbine saves you
in the long run will depend upon its cost, the amount of electricity you use, the average wind
speed at your site, and other factors.
Small-site water energy systems are not yet practical. Biofuel and geo-thermal already receive
credit under Action Items, 3-75, Install Biofuel Appliances, and 3-44, Install Geo-thermal Heat
Pumps.
Part I-97
Section Four:
Health and Indoor
Air Quality
Overall
Jobsite Operations
Layout and Material Selection
Moisture Control
Overall
Roof
Below Grade
Openings
Section Four:
Health and Indoor Air Quality
The Action Items in this section are intended to promote good indoor air quality, as well as reduce health
risks from toxins and allergens for occupants and installers. Please note that the practices described in
this section are not intended to represent the comprehensive approach required for occupants with unusual
chemical sensitivities or allergies. A product labeled as non-toxic may be harmless for most individuals,
but may cause problems for particularly sensitive individuals.
OVERALL
4-1
Builder or Architect Certified to Have Taken American Lung Association (ALA) of Washington
Healthy House Professional Training Course, or Equivalent Approved by Director
The American Lung Association offers training, which provides an in-depth focus on indoor air
quality issues in residential construction. Topics covered include indoor air quality and health,
design and energy issues, material selection, dust and moisture control, ventilation and filtration
methods, and pesticide and chemical usage. The course is open to the public, but is targeted to
building professionals, including architects, builders, industrial hygienists, engineers, interior designers, and others.
This credit is available to project team members who take this course or other Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ) class with 8 hours of curriculum minimum.
4-2
4-3
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Four: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part I-101
To receive credit for this Action Item, you must designate the entire building as non-smoking if
the facility consists of a single building. If there are multiple buildings, you may still receive
credit for this Action Item if a minimum of 80% of the facility is designated non-smoking and
designated smoking areas are fully separated (separate buildings preferred or separate HVAC systems) from non-smoking areas.
To ensure success of the designation, for privately owned condominiums, the non-smoking provisions shall be incorporated into the covenants and by-laws that not only protect the architectural
integrity and harmony of the community, but also to promote the safety and welfare of residents
and to maintain an acceptable quality of life. For rental properties, similar language should be incorporated into leases for non-smoking units to contain a clause stating that smoking is prohibited
in the unit and that it is a material breach of the lease to violate the terms of the ordinance.
A non-smoking building/ unit applies to all residence balconies, porches and patios, as well as all
interior spaces. An outdoor area, designated as a smoking areas for smokers should be incorporated into the design of the facility.
4-4
Information about proper operation and maintenance of mechanical ventilation system, if applicable (see Action Items, under HVAC Equipment)
A completed copy of Chart 3-1 from Section Three Resources: Energy Efficiency, if applicable. (This applies if you have performed Action Item 3-2, Document Envelope Improvements
Beyond Code (Component Performance Approach)
Information about any air filter systems installed (including filter size, type, quality, and the
ideal replacement schedule). This applies if you have incorporated any of the filter Action
Items (see 4-61a and b)
Information about environmentally friendly landscaping operations and maintenance (if applicable)
Information about operating and maintaining water-using fixtures and equipment to avoid
long-term leaks and optimize use.
Ideas to consider:
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Four: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part I-102
JOBSITE OPERATIONS
4-5
4-6
Require Workers to Use VOC-Safe Masks When Applying VOC Containing Wet Products and N-95
Dust Masks when Generating Dust
For small projects with short exposures to VOCs, a grey carbon-impregnated dust mask manufactured by 3M or equivalent should suffice. These masks are readily available at most lumberyards
and run about $4 to $5 each.
Whenever workers are exposed to off-gassing or fine particulates (for example, from paints, solvents, adhesives, molds or finishes), a flexible half-mask equipped with two or three straps to ensure a tight fit should be worn. Use filter cartridges to complete the mask. They are color-coded
to identify the kind of contaminant they are designed to capture. Cartridges designed to capture
VOCs are black and filled with activated charcoal. When the charcoal becomes saturated (end of
life), the operator will begin to smell the vapor, signifying that it is time to change the filter. To
extend the life of the filter, store in a plastic bag between uses. The mask usually costs under
$30; a set of filters can run from $30 to $50.
Note: Filtration through a mask is actually the least effective method of reducing worker exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) resulting from applying paints, thinners, and solvents.
The best method is to eliminate or reduce the problem in the first place by choosing low- or
non-toxic alternatives and keeping the work area thoroughly ventilated (see Action Items of 4-14,
Inside Building Envelope Use Only Low-VOC, Low-Toxic, Water-Based, Solvent-Free Sealers,
Grouts, Mortars, Drywall Mud, Caulks, and Adhesives, and 4-31 and 4-32, Use Only Low-VOC
/Low-Toxic Interior Paints, Primers, and Finishes.
For dust generating activities, specify N95 particulate masks to help filter out fine airborne particles including pollens, dander, mite allergen, mold spores, and microorganisms by using advanced electrostatically charged microfibers. This mask can be worn for long periods of time until it becomes damaged, soiled, or breathing becomes difficult. NIOSH government-approved
N95 Respirator provides at least 95% filtration against non-oil particles.
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4-7
Take Measures During Construction Operations to Avoid Moisture Problems Later (Basic or
Expanded Levels)
3 points
Basic
5 points
Expanded
Moisture problems in todays tight buildings are always a concern. Measures to take during
construction operations to avoid moisture problems down the road are worth the investment for
the air quality and building structure considerations. For Multi-Family construction, this is increasingly becoming a lender and insurance consideration. This Action Item is split into to
groups, Basic and Expanded. More points are awarded for strategies that provide either greater
air quality or greater building integrity under the Expanded group as follows:
Basic Requirements:
Protect woodwork from moisture damage during transit, delivery, storage, and handling
Pump or drain standing water out of the structure after major rainstorms
Use flashing instead of caulking to seal above doors, windows, and other
openings
Use quiet fans (1.5 sonos or less) bathrooms with a 60-minute timer.
Noisy fans will not get used
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4-8
Take Measures to Avoid Problems Due to Construction Dust by Performing All Items Listed
Minimize the amount of dust in the air and on surfaces to prevent construction dust problems.
Preventive measures to avoid subsequent problems resulting from construction dust include:
Clean/vacuum up dirt, dust, and wood shavings as you go use vacuums instead of brooms
Mask floor registers or use temporary screens or protective boxes to prevent debris from accumulating during construction
Install construction filterschange them after construction is done, then flush and change
them again (mechanical contractor can do this).
* Use wet sanding for gypsum board assemblies. Dry sanding is acceptable if the following
measures are taken:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4-9
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Another alternative is to block the ventilation returns. Install a temporary 14 flex duct to the return plenum and run it out of the unit to a small housing with a filter grill. Use the furnace to draw
in the exterior filtered air, heat it and deliver through the unit. The air delivered into the house
will then exhaust to the exterior through windows left open one inch or less.
Venting out should continue for at least two and up to seven days after each application, depending on the amount of surface covered and the toxicity of the finish to assure your results. (For
toxic finishes applied over large areas, vent for seven days.) Use construction filters and change
them out before occupancy. If the unit is not properly ventilated during this phase, the emitted
gases will adhere to interior surfaces in the house and later be re-released into the indoor environment. If time does not allow, vent as long as possible.
4-10
4-11
4-12
Train Subs in Implementing a Healthy Building Jobsite Plan for the Project
To implement a healthy building jobsite plan, it is important to enlist the support and cooperation
of your subcontractors, especially painters, floor finishers, cabinet maker, as well as any others
that will be applying adhesives and caulks indoors (for example, flooring installers, countertop
installers, finish carpenters, framers, plumbers, and HVAC contractors). Before the job begins
and during on-site work, coordinate with them about:
Using low toxic materials (See Action Items of 4-14, Inside the Building Envelope, Use Only
Low-VOC, Low-Toxic, Water-Based, Solvent-Free Sealers, Grouts, Mortars, Drywall Mud,
Caulks and Adhesives and 4-31/32, Use Low-VOC /Low-Toxic Interior Paints and Finishes
)
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Venting out the building during and after each finish is applied (See Action Item 4-9, Ventilate During All New Wet Finish Applications)
Preventing moisture accumulation and entrapment in the structure during construction that
could cause mold growth or other damage during the life of the structure (See Action Item
4-7, Take Measures During Construction Operation to Avoid Moisture Problems Later)
Using only electric or vented heaters during construction (See Action Item 4-10, No Use of
Unvented Heaters During Construction). Use dehumidifiers or fans, if needed, to dry out the
building during construction
Coordinating closely with HVAC and electrical contractors for installation of whole unit ventilation (if applicable) and/or quiet spot ventilation in wet areas
Making sure any toxic materials such as asbestos, lead, or CCA pressure treated lumber (for
major renovation projects) are handled properly. For new construction, if you cant avoid toxic materials, order only appropriate quantities, handle properly on site, and dispose properly.
(See Action Items 1-9, Dispose of Non-Recyclable Hazardous Waste at Legally Permitted
Facilities, 2-32, Establish and Post Cleanup Procedures for Spills to Prevent Illegal Discharges, and 2-33, Reduce Hazardous Waste through Good Jobsite Housekeeping.
See Action Item 5-9, Require Subcontractors and Contractors Employees to Participate in
Waste Reduction Efforts, for tips on ways to involve subs.
4-13
4-14
Inside the Building Envelope, Use Only Low-VOC, Low-Toxic, Water-Based, Solvent-Free Sealers,
Grouts, Mortars, Drywall Mud, Caulks, and Adhesives for:
Conventional construction adhesives, grouts, and mortars used to bond structural components
may off-gas large amounts of toxic VOCs (including solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons).
Choose healthier low-VOC options. This will reduce potential harmful impacts on the health of
the occupants as well as installers.
An accepted industry standard for low-VOC, is the State of California, South Coast Air Quality
Management District (SCAQMD) Rule #1168. Based on these guidelines, Table 4-1 provides
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recommended limits for VOCs in adhesives. Table 4-2 provides recommended limits for VOCs in
Sealants
Table 4-1Recommended Limits for VOCs in Adhesives
(in grams per liter, less water and Exempt compounds)
(Source: State of California, South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule #1168
Amended January 2005)
Adhesives
Indoor Carpet Adhesives
Carpet Pad Adhesives
Outdoor Carpet Adhesives
Wood Flooring Adhesive
Rubber Floor Adhesives
Subfloor Adhesives
Ceramic Tile Adhesives
VCT and Asphalt Tile Adhesives
Dry Wall and Panel Adhesives
Current
VOC Limit
50
50
150
100
60
50
65
50
50
Sealants
Architectural*
Non-membrane Roof
Single-Ply Roof Membrane
Other
Current
VOC Limit
250
300
450
420
Other IAQ standards to consult are the SCAQMD 2007/2008 standards or the State of California
01350 standards.
4-14a Tiling
Thin-set adhesives and mortars are available with Greenguard certifications. Also
anti-microbial grout admix, and sanded and unsanded cement grout come with
Greenguard Indoor Air Quality certifications
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4-14b Framing
For framing products, such as caulks and adhesives, choose low-VOC and/or
low-toxic alternatives.
4-14c Flooring
If you choose to finish materials on site, make sure the adhesives, sealers, stains,
and finishes are all low-VOC, low-toxic, water-based, and/or solvent-free. PreFinished floors DO NOT qualify for this credit. This credit only applies to siteapplied finishes.
4-14d Plumbing
When installing plumbing fixtures, choose credit-compliant sealers and caulks.
4-14e HVAC
The HVAC system requires duct sealants and caulks; choose credit compliant
mastic and caulks.
4-14f Insulating
Credit for this Action Items refers to insulation in the building envelope, not for
duct work credit for duct work is given above. To prevent air infiltration using
rigid foam insulation, you will need to seal the seams with caulk or tape. Use
credit compliant caulk for the best in indoor air quality and envelope sealing.
4-14g Drywalling
For drywall mud, look for products that do not add biocides. Biocides include
pesticides, poisonous heavy metals, and other preservatives that prevent materials
from spoiling. Some biocides may off-gas just as VOCs do, and can cause reactions in chemically sensitive people. Use credit-compliant sealers, caulks, and
pigments in any finish paints.
4-15
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Recycled cellulose loose fill, blown-in foam, and textile alternatives such as cotton or wool are all
currently available.
4-16
4-17
Do Not Install Insulation or Carpet Padding that Contains Bromated Flame Retardant
Bromated flame retardants (BFRs) were introduced in 1978 as an effective flame-retardant.
Some BFRs are considered persistent organic pollutants known to bioaccumulate through the
food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health, particularly to developing
infants, and in the environment, to wildlife. This chemical is similar to PCBs, which have been
banned in the US. Avoid materials, particularly insulation and carpet padding, with this flame
retardant. See the Resources section for more information, or ask your supplier.
4-18
Use Plywood and Composites of Exterior Grade with No Added Urea Formaldehyde
(For Interior Use)
Particleboard, interior grade medium density fiberboard (MDF), and other interior use,
glue-containing products use urea-formaldehyde glue as a binder. With an off-gassing half-life of
about 10 years, urea-formaldehyde continues to off-gas formaldehyde for a long time after application. Formaldehyde in the indoor environment can cause a several health problems for the occupants, including headaches and flu-like symptoms, and can be a cause of sick building syndrome.
Instead, use materials containing no added formaldehyde, such as Medex grade MDF, Medite II,
or Skyblend. Or use products with exterior grade glue, which use a phenyl formaldehyde glue.
Phenyl formaldehyde glue off-gases quickly, and most formaldehyde is gone before the product
reaches the jobsite. Exterior grade products include plywoods such as CDX and OSB.
4-19
Use Only Shelving, Window Trim, Door Trim, Base Molding, etc., with No Added
Urea Formaldehyde
Some shelving, window trims, door trim, base molding, and other interior trim and wood products
may also use urea-formaldehyde glue as a binder. With an off-gassing half-life of about 10 years,
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urea-formaldehyde continues to off-gas formaldehyde for a long time after application. Formaldehyde in the indoor environment can cause a several health problems for the occupants, including headaches and flu-like symptoms, and can be a cause of sick building syndrome.
A series of specialty MDF products that are certified by Scientific Certification Services (SCS)
for up to 100% recovered and recycled wood fiber content and for having no added formaldehyde
(lab tested to 0.05 ppm) are available. The products, Medex, Medex NC, Medite II, and Medite
FR, are manufactured using polyurea resin in place of the urea-formaldehyde resin commonly
used in MDF and particleboard and can be used for these applications. Some finish contractors do
not like working with MDF products for some trim and molding applications because it is so brittle, so consider MDF for flat trim areas such as mantles, wall panels, and wainscoting.
Plaster options are also available for molding.
4-20
Install Cabinets Made with Board with No Added Urea Formaldehyde and Low-Toxic Finish
Cabinets are often built from particleboard, which off-gasses formaldehyde for a long time (See
Action Item 4-18, Use Plywood and Composites of Exterior Grade with No Added Urea Formaldehyde (For Interior Use)). Instead, purchase cabinets made from a material with no added urea
formaldehyde, such as Medex, Medite II, Skyblend, or solid wood. Cabinets should be finished
with a low-toxic finish.
4-21
4-22
4-23
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wears out, the surface yarn breaks down and becomes house dust. For that reason, this program
encourages eliminating carpet in the units. Carpet is allowed in common areas and hallways.
4-24
4-25
If Installing Carpet System (Carpet, Pad, and Adhesive), Specify CRI Green Label Plus or
Greenguard
New carpet can emit formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when first installed. Several labeling options are available to help identify carpets that minimize this impact on
indoor air quality.
The Carpet and Rug Institute has developed testing and labeling programs to aid in the selection
of low-emitting carpet, adhesives, and cushion materials. The Green Label Plus program uses
testing protocols established by the State of California Section 01350 of the California High Performance Schools Protocol and goes beyond its requirements to test for additional chemicals. It
tests for emissions as well as setting a maximum concentration level for a number of chemicals of
concern identified by the State of California OSHA Proposition 65.
Carpet bearing the CRI Green Label Plus indicates that:
The manufacturer voluntarily participates in these programs and is identified by an assigned number in the label
The manufacturer is committed to developing ways to minimize any adverse effects on indoor air quality
If, in the future, a new certification arises, you can check with the Program Director to see if that
new certification will qualify for points under this credit.
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4-27
4-28
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4-29
4-30
Optimize Air Quality in Family Bedrooms to Basic or Advanced Level by Completing Items Listed
2-6 points
Basic
2 points
Advanced
6 points
Program Note: HRV (see Action Item 3-37, Install a Heat Recovery Ventilator) does not qualify as an alternative to cross-ventilation. Also requirements only apply to family bedrooms, not the
whole house.
The most important area of the home to optimize the indoor air quality is in the bedrooms, by
eliminating toxic finishes, dust, and/or moisture-prone surfaces in these rooms. This is because
we spend the most time there. For example, make sure that the paints, varnishes, and wall coverings used to finish the family bedrooms are low-VOC and easily maintained without the use of
harsh chemical cleaners or waxes. In addition, it is especially important to avoid use of carpets,
heavy draperies, or other dust-catching furnishings in the sleeping areas.
Optimizing air quality in sleeping areas is one example of air quality zoning, a strategy that
recognizes that different rooms have different functions and air quality control requirements. Another example is isolating air distribution systems serving hobby rooms and office areas, which
produce odors, from the rest of the home.
Basic Level Requirements
No carpets
Install hygrometer/thermometer
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4-31
Use Only Low-VOC / Low-Toxic Interior Paints, Primers, and Finishes for Large Surface Areas
Solvent-based paints are traditionally considered the most durable, but they produce toxic emissions when curing and require the use of hazardous solvents for cleanup. In addition, they off-gas
trace amounts of volatiles (gases) for months following application, which can cause upper respiratory irritation to the occupants.
Zero-VOC or low-VOC, water-based paints are generally safer to handle, can be cleaned with
water, and produce little or no off-gassing. For most indoor applications, there is almost no difference in performance between solvent-based and water-based paints. Many low-VOC paints
are comparable in price to conventional paint.
Paints, Primers, and Finishes VOC Limits:
The VOC concentrations of the product shall not exceed:
150 (VOC weight in grams/liter of product minus water) for Non-Flat paint
50 (VOC weight in grams/liter of product minus water) for Flat paint for interior paints and primers.
You must use paints and finishes that meet this requirements, note that GreenSeal
products meet these standards.
Choose your colors carefully, as well, since darker colors inherently have higher
VOC content because of the pigments added.
Low-VOC, water-based paints may still contain toxic ingredients, however. Although these toxic
ingredients are not generally an air quality problem for occupants, they may be hazardous to
painters and those involved in manufacture of the paint. In addition, hazardous ingredients can
degrade the natural environment during production and after disposal. They may also leave an
odor for a much longer period. Fortunately, several locally available, water-based paints perform
well and are low-toxic, that is they do not contain heavy metals or organic compounds. These
paints tend to cost 5% to 30% more than most conventional paints.
Low-toxic, clear sealers are also available to use as finishes for woodwork. Water-based varnishes, polyurethanes, and other finishes for hardwood floors are very durable and much safer to handle than traditional products. Low-toxic solvents, water-based strippers, and all-natural thinners
are also locally available.
4-32
Use Only Low-VOC / Low-Toxic Interior Paints and Finishes for All Surface Areas (Including
Doors, Windows, Trim)
This credit awards you more points for using only low-VOC / low-Toxic paints and finishes for
all surface areas, see Action Item above for more information.
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4-33
Select Materials Such That the Building is Free From the Following Materials/Chemicals:
Added Formaldehyde, Halogenated Flame Retardants, PVC, Mercury, CFCs, HCFCs, Neoprene
(Chloroprene), Cadmium, Chlorinated Polyethylene, Xylene, Toluene
The materials included in this Action Item are known to cause human health effects, some have
been linked with causing cancer, and other persist in the environment. Many of these chemicals
are widely used in the construction industry and it will take a significant effort to avoid all of
these materials. That is why the point value of this item is so high. It is up to your material specifier to ensure that the materials used for the project do not contain any of the chemicals listed
here.
Since constructing a building without all of these chemicals is a significant undertaking and a major environmental benefit, you may take credit for other Action Items in the checklist that prohibit
the use of these chemicals, such as, the items in Section Five that give credit for using wood
products that do not contain added urea-formaldehyde, or carpet pad or insulation with halogenated flame retardants.
MOISTURE CONTROL
Moisture that enters the building through the foundation walls and floor can lead to problems such as
mold growth and can contribute to a variety of health problems for the occupants. Specific construction
techniques and materials can eliminate moisture.
Overall
4-34
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4-35
4-36
Roof
4-37
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4-38
Provide Continuous Weather Resistive Barrier and Continuous Air Seal Barrier with
Manufacturers Recommended Termination (Seal or Tape)
An effective air barrier system should be continuous over the entire building enclosure or continuous over the enclosure of any given unit. In multi-unit construction, the air barrier system is also the fire barrier and smoke barrier in inter-unit separations. In such assemblies, the air barrier
system must also meet the specific fire resistance rating requirement for the given separation. An
effective air barrier system must also resist air pressure differences.
Typically, air barrier systems are comprised of materials interconnected into assemblies that are
interconnected to create the enclosure. Rigid materials such as gypsum board, exterior sheathing
materials like plywood or OSB, and supported flexible barriers are typically effective air barrier
systems if joints and seams are sealed. Spray foam systems can also act as effective air barrier
systems, either externally applied over structural elements, or internally applied within the cavity
system.
The Builders Guide, by the Building Science Corporation (see Resources Section), recommends
minimum resistances or air permeances for the three components of the air barrier system materials, assemblies, and the enclosure:
Material
0.020 l/s-m2 @ 75 Pa
Assembly
0.200 l/s-m2 @ 75 Pa
Enclosure
0.200 l/s-m2 @ 75 Pa
Air barrier enclosures that do not meet these minimum requirements are considered air retarders
and do not receive credit under this Action Item. Since air barrier systems can be located anywhere in the building enclosure and are climate-sensitive, no specific approach will be defined
here, just the performance standard.
4-40
Use Self-Adhering Membrane Flashing and Counter-Flashing at All Inside and Outside Corners
and at Exterior Siding Materials
Self-adhering membrane flashings provide a flexible and durable material that conforms to various wall planes and provides for instant overlap integrity. It is difficult to install flashing successfully at corners, particularly outer corners. Consider using prefabricated flashing corners because
they are easy to install. Insure the integrity of all corner conditions, and provide optimum protection from moisture infiltration. Field fabrication of corner flashings is not recommended.
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Self-adhering products are generally available between 40 mils and 20 mils in thickness. The
thicker product will be more durable and have a greater tendency to seal around fastener penetrations. The thinner products are useful where flashing laps can build-up the overall thickness that
can interfere with the installation of windows and other products, such as at corners. The 20 or 25
mil products are well suited for counter-flashing other flashings, such as metal head flashing.
Flashing overlaps shall be a minimum of 4 allowing for each flashing section to adhere to the
next forming a continuous moisture barrier system. Where required, flashing primer and mastic
should be used in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
Use self-adhering membrane flashing and counter-flashing at exterior siding material intersection.
4-41
Install an Enhanced Drainage Plane with an Air Space to Allow Ventilation Between the Weather
Barrier and Cladding and Include Weep Control System
The best design of a weather-resistant exterior wall assembly depends on climate and average annual rainfall. In the Pacific Northwest, where we generally have a mixed-humid climate with severe wind-driven rain and average annual rainfall around 40 inches, building scientists agree that
a rain-screen system a drainage plane with a ventilated air space is the optimum approach.
Drain-screen systems drainage planes without ventilated air spaces are suitable for our region;
however, the program is only awarding points for a rain-screen system because it is considered an
important improvement beyond the drained cavity approach. The improvement comes from the
addition of some details that help reduce the air-pressure differential across the cladding system
during wind-driven rain events that helps to reduce water penetration into the drainage cavity.
In general, a rain-screen system includes a cavity that separates the cladding material from the
surface of a moisture barrier place on the structural wall behind the cladding. The depth of the
cavity depends on the type of cladding used. Consult references in the Resource section to determine appropriate cavity depth for each cladding material type. As mentioned above, this approach also includes an air barrier. Cladding choices, insulation levels, interior and exterior climatic conditions and cross-assembly or inter-assembly air flows will ultimately affect the performance of the rain-screen wall assembly. To be most effective, choose moisture incentive materials with a high-drying potential. Additionally, the materials that form the drainage plane should
overlap each other shingle fashion or are sealed so that the water drains down and out of the wall
through the weep control system. Finally, cladding materials, such as brick veneers, stuccos,
wood siding, wood trim, and fiber cement cladding, can store water in a reservoir that can migrate and cause problems. The solution to this is to disconnect the reservoir from the building
through back priming or back-venting.
Rain-screens are a complicated and important envelope consideration. Make sure you consider
all elements of the system and design the wall assembly accordingly. Consult the Resources or a
Building Envelope Consultant.
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4-42
Use Moisture Test to Ensure that Wood Framing Contains Less Than 15% Moisture Content Prior
to Installation of Any Interior Finish
3 points
7 points
Building assemblies can start out wet as a result of the construction process, particularly here in
the Northwest. They can also get wet from rain, dew, or groundwater capillary suction or by air
movement and vapor diffusion. Good just-in time delivery scheduling can help avoid the materials from starting out wet, and good construction sequencing can help avoid additional wetting
problems from rain and dew. However, wood can still get wet on site. Once the wood is wet and,
if interior finishes are applied while the wood is wet, it can lead to mold and other moisture problems.
Perform a moisture test on a sampling of the wood frame structure to make sure the moisture content is below 15%. If you use an independent third-party to conduct the test, you can receive
more points.
4-43
Below Grade
4-44
For Slab On Grade, Use 10 Mil Polyethylene Vapor Barrier or Equivalent Performance Under
Slab
The goal in controlling moisture with slab on grade construction is two fold: keep water vapor
and water in the ground out of the slab, and provide sufficient drying of the water already in the
slab (see Action Item 4-46).
If a slab is installed, use gravel fill beneath the foundation slab with a poly membrane (min.
thickness of 10 mm) or vapor retarder, sealed over the no fines gravel prior to pouring the basement floor. Seal the poly at the edges and seams to prevent moisture from migrating into the
building. (Note: The poly barrier also protects against radon and other soil gases. However, soil
gases are generally not a problem in western Washington.) If no slab is used, the bottom of floor
structure should be sealed and at least 12 inches (1 foot) above backfilled, poly covered dirt.
Similarly, any concrete walls and ducting in the crawlspace should be tightly sealed against air
and moisture penetration.
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Note: A polyethylene vapor retarder under a concrete slab is unnecessary when sub-slab insulation is used. You should use either a polyethylene vapor retarder as described above or sub-slab
insulation. If you use both, put the polyethylene over the top of the insulation directly in contract
with the concrete slab.
4-45
Perform Moisture Test for Any Slab On Grade Prior to Installing Any Finish to Manufacturers
Specifications
Installing flooring over concrete that has not been allowed to dry sufficiently leads to mold, buckled flooring, and lifted tile. The calcium chloride vapor emission test quantifies the volume of
water vapor radiating from a concrete slab surface. Kits are available locally. Conducting this
test can help prevent expensive callbacks and may be required by many warranties for floor covering installations. ASTM F1869-04 provides a protocol for the use of the calcium chloride test.
4-46
Install Working Mechanical Vent System to Eliminate Potential Moisture, Methane, and Radon
Problems in Crawl Space or Under Slabs On Grade
In most of Western Washington, we are fortunate that we have little or no problem with radon gas
in our soils. The same technology for mitigating radon exposure, however, is effective for keeping moisture and other soil gases away from and out of buildings. Depending upon type of foundation (basement, slab, or crawlspace), options include:
Mechanically Ventilated Crawlspace SystemThe system uses a fan to increase ventilation within a crawlspace or achieve lower air pressure in the crawlspace relative to air pressure in the living spaces.
Sub-Membrane Depressurization SystemThis system vents air/moisture from under a
soil-gas/moisture-retarder membrane by either using a fan-powered vent (active system) or vent
pipe routed through the conditioned space of a building and connecting the sub-slab area with
outdoor air (passive). The latter relies solely on the convective flow of air upward in the vent to
draw air from beneath the slab.
4-47
Install a Rigid Perforated Footing Drain at Foundation Perimeter, Not Connected to Roof Drain
System
Depending on the soil type, install perforated footing drainage along the foundation perimeter and
tie them into an appropriate drainage at least 5 from the building to help control moisture in the
building. Check with your local jurisdiction. Soils report identifies degree of backfill compaction plus minimum slope to achieve adequate drainage.
Perforations point down to allow water to enter the drainpipe. Drain discharges by gravity (preferable) or mechanical means into the approved drainage system, not connected to the roof drain
system.
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4-48
Install Moisture Management System for Below Grade Walls Beyond Code, i.e., Drainage Mat
Rain penetration management is the single most important factor in assuring durability of the
structure. Rainfall in King and Snohomish Counties average 40 to 65 inches a year in developing
areas, and can exceed 65 inches a year in outlying areas. Leading building scientists recommend
that walls include rain-screens, vented cladding, or vented drainage spaces in locations with 40 to
66 inches of rain per year. A pressure equalized rain-screen is recommended if average rain fall
exceeds 40 inches per year. In all climates, properly flashed window details are recommended.
Do not rely on caulking to keep moisture out. For details see Action Items listed under Openings
below.
Detail a moisture management system for below grade walls that go beyond code.
Best practices indicate that there are six elements of waterproofing below grade walls. Slope surface soil away from the structure. Install roof water management system that keeps water away
from basement walls. Install a waterproof barrier, either roll membrane or liquid-applied membrane, from 6 above final grade down to and onto the die of the footing or slab. Install a perforated footing drain around perimeter of foundation, and cover with geotextile filter fabric. Install
dimple drainage mat on exterior face of waterproofing membrane to provide protection for the
membrane and over top of the footing drain and drain rock. The dimple drainage mat provides an
air channel for water to be carried by gravity to the footing drain. Finally, if you install dimple
board air barrier with a filter fabric, backfill with native soil.
Another practice in protecting the building from water moving up into the foundation is the use of
capillary breaks. A capillary break is created using either an elastomeric asphalt coating or a polyethylene sheet. On the vertical face of the foundation (exterior walls) be sure to clean the surface
and fill any cracks or gaps larger than 1/8" wide. Spray on a coat of elastomeric asphalt starting
4" from the ground and completely covering the surface to the top. Place a capillary break between the footing and the foundation wall. This can be done by spraying the footing with an elastomeric asphalt coating or by covering the footings with a polyethylene sheet.
Openings
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Provide Appropriately Sized Overhangs on 100% of South and/or West Side Openings
To receive credit for this Action Item, roof overhangs must be placed over 100% of the buildings
openings on the south and/or west sides. See Action Item above for details.
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Properly Seal Building Openings and Penetrations Against Moisture and Air Leaks
Sealing these penetrations is required by code but often difficult to enforce. As part of quality
control, make sure your crew seals all penetrations at doors, windows (including window jambs
with wood trim or drywall returns), plumbing and electrical penetrations, as well as at the intersection of interior partition walls and the exterior wall and insulated ceilings and the intersection
of floor joists with the exterior wall.
Effective barrier systems for multi-family structures include separating indoor conditioned air
from the outdoors and the conditioned air from any given unit to adjacent units. In order to provide an effective moisture and air barrier system in our climate, it is recommended to use both an
interior and exterior system. The significant advantage of an exterior air system is the ease of installation and the lack of interior detailing required to seal openings. However, the air barrier is
not sufficient to control air-transported moisture.
You can use an exterior air barrier system using exterior sheathing or housewrap. Using exterior
sheathing requires that the sheathing be caulked, glued, or gasketed to the bottom and top plates,
taping or sealing joints in the sheathing, and that the drywall is caulked, glued, or gasketed to the
top plate in the ceiling. Using housewrap requires sealing to the ceiling air barrier system across
the top of the exterior perimeter walls, and folding the housewrap strip up and under the wall under the bottom plate and sealing the intersection, as well as taping all joints in the wall.
Air barrier materials can also act as a vapor barrier, as with polyethylene. However, using polyethylene is not recommended for our climate due to the impermeability of the polyethylene. Furthermore, polyethylene should never be installed in an air-conditioned building.
The most effective approach then to creating an an interior air barrier is to use the drywall and
framing, in what is called the Airtight Drywall Approach, see Action Item 3-9. Components of
the air barrier system include: bottom plate installed over sill gaskets and caulked or gasketed to
the subfloor; drywall caulked, glued, or gasketed to bottom plate and top plate; rim joist/ rim closure caulked or gasketed to top plate; subfloor glued, caulked, or gasketed to rim joist/rim closure; and ceiling drywall taped to wall drywall.
Pay special attention to plumbing stacks that run from a crawlspace to the attic, if applicable, adjacent to baths and kitchen. Leaky pathways in these locations act as chimneys that continuously
draw cool air from the crawlspace to the attic. During winter months especially, the cold air
drawn through rooms with high relative humidity cools interior surfaces and promotes condensation and mold growth.
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fish and provides repetitive layers of resistant materials while covering the fasteners with each lap. Overlapping the material below prevents water from migrating in opposition to the forces of gravity when an unequal pressure condition exists, as in high wind storms. The longer the lap the greater the force required to
draw the water upward.
Non-corrosive metals such as copper, aluminum, and lead are popular flashing
materials because of their durability, malleability, and impervious nature. Sheet
metal and vinyl flashing are appropriate for traditional assemblies of lapped materials. New continuous drainage barriers employ self-adhering membrane and
tape materials to work in conjunction with doors and windows with integral nailing fins.
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Provide Hose Testing or Negative Pressurization Testing to Pre-Installed Sample of Each Window
Type to Test Assembly for Moisture Control Protection
Laboratory tests on standard production window made from a variety of wood, clad wood, and
vinyl configurations, revealed that a large percentage of the units failed a common field test of
water penetration resistance (AAMA 502-90) and another standard water penetration test that
used an air pressure differential (ASTM E-547). Water intrusion often occurred at the sill/jamb
location and the interface between the window and the wall assembly.
To ensure performance of sill pan and sill protection measures, perform with specified testing
protocol on the first installed windows (perform test for each type of window installed). Use the
first installed window, once fully installed with all appropriate flashing and sealing into the wall
system as the test case. The window is factory-tested, but job-site installation can lead to potential
water and air leakage into the building assembly. For instance, joints between windows and walls
may not have been properly sealed, or there may not have been proper sealing to the adjoining
cladding. Correct any improperly sealed areas and retest.
Provide Ideal Relative Humidity and Air Circulation to Prevent IAQ Problems
Providing for free air circulation to and from all rooms is most important. In the Pacific Northwest, a RH of 30% to 55% is considered ideal.
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Do Not Install Electronic, Metal Mesh, Horse Hair, or Non-Pleated Fiberglass Filters
Electronic filters are a high maintenance item. Unless the filter elements are cleaned frequently,
and in practice this is rarely done, the result will be air quality that is degraded, rather than improved. Metal Mesh and horse hair filters are equally ineffective.
Non-pleated fiberglass filters primarily serve to protect the fan and minimize dust in air distribution systems. Although they may capture large particles from the air, they miss the tiny particles
that make up 99 percent of the particles in indoor air. Pleated filters remove 40 50% of all particulate matter.
4-58
Make Sure Air Intakes are Placed to Avoid Intake from Air Pollutant Sources that Go Beyond
Code
Intakes located near pollutant sources are a common cause of indoor air quality problems, often
affecting occupant health. Intakes and operable windows should be located as far as possible from
potential pollutant releases.
To minimize the risk of drawing contaminated air from building vents and exhausts into air intakes:
Ensure that combustion equipment vent outlets on roofs extend to a sufficient height to avoid
mixing with incoming air, carefully considering code requirements, building orientation, other rooftop building equipment, and on-site operations
Exhausts with significant contaminants, toxic fumes, or gases should be directed vertically to
ensure their plumes are carried away from the roof and turbulent wake downwind of the
building
Avoid locating intakes in semi-enclosed areas with exhausts, vents, cooling towers, or evaporative coolers
Consider the operations of the as-built building and avoid locating outdoor air intakes where
they may capture air from automobiles and trucks, especially where vehicles may be idling
while stopped, such as loading bays, passenger drop-off zones and parking areas, or near
roads with heavy traffic.
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Code requires that outdoor air inlets should not be closer than 10 feet from an appliance vent outlet or vent opening of a plumbing drainage system unless the vent opening is at least 3 feet above
the air inlet. Inlets should also be placed so as not to take air from a hazardous or unsanitary location, attic, crawlspace, or garage, or where it might pickup objectionable odors, fumes or flammable vapors.
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kit so they can properly maintain it (see Action Item 1-1, Provide Owner with an
Environmentally Friendly Operations and Maintenance Kit).
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Install Operable Windows in All Occupied Spaces to Allow for Cross Ventilation and Daylighting
Strategically placed operable windows promote indoor air quality by providing a means to bring
fresh air into the home and exhaust stale air. Open floor plans with a minimum of interior partitions improve air circulation throughout the unit.
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Separately Ventilate All Janitorial Spaces, Copy Rooms, and Chemical Storage Areas
Since ventilation systems leak due to initial construction irregularities, insufficient maintenance,
or disrepair, to ensure improved indoor air quality it is essential to separately ventilate areas
known to contribute to degrading indoor air quality, such as janitorial spaces, copy rooms, and
chemical storage areas.
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HVAC EQUIPMENT
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traps deep enough to ensure that water will not be drawn back into the pan
sufficient space for continuously sloped drain piping, avoiding high pockets.
Humidifier and cooling coils should be located so that moisture droplets and condensation will
not accumulate on duct surfaces. Avoid placing duct liners or other absorbent materials within 10
duct diameters downstream. Cooling towers should be located distant from outdoor air intakes,
and specified with drift eliminators with water treatment facilities convenient to the tower. Post
logs at each towel, detailing treatment and inspection dates and the amount and type of chemicals
added. Treatment schedules should reflect manufacturer requirements and local water quality.
Figure 4-1Designing to Prevent Standing Water in HVAC Systems
(Source: City of Santa Monica, Green Building Design & Construction Guidelines
Guideline HS1, Eliminate Mechanical System Sources of Indoor Air Pollution)
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Install Quiet (0.8 sone) Bath Fan with Smooth Ducting, Minimum 4 Inch
Spot ventilation removes moisture, odors, and pollutants directly at the source. ASHRAE requires
a ventilation rate of at least 50 cubic feet per minute for the bath fan. Manufacturers offer many
options for quiet fans. In fact, Panasonic offers many fans rated at 0.5 to 1.0 sones. Make sure
ducts are smooth (contain no fiberglass or insulation in the air stream), this provides better air
flow. Using minimum 4 ducts are suitable for fans of less than 80 CFM.
Other quiet ventilation strategies include using a ducted central exhaust fan, it offers the quietest
operation, introduces only one roof penetration, and the least wiring. Spot ventilation designs
that require mounting fans on walls and ceilings can be modified to use fans that can be mounted
in-line in the duct between the living space and the exterior, or on the roof or outside wall and
connected to the room by a duct. The space between the in-line or exterior-mounted fan and the
interior reduces the noise level in the house. In-line units cost more for product and installation,
but offer the quietest alternative. Additionally both single-point and multi-point fans offer credit
compliant alternatives.
With any spot ventilation exhaust fans; be aware of back drafting that may introduce elevated
concentrations of pollutants back into the living space. In that case, consider using sealed combustion appliances if using natural gas, and placing these appliances separate from the living
space.
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To achieve desired sound insulation from particular rooms or between units, consider additional
wall, floor, and ceiling insulation rather than adding material to the ducts, or a double wall framing. Other ideas include: using foam gaskets under plates around receptacles and switches, caulking between baseboard (or drywall) and floor, use air-tight recessed cans, and sealing around
HVAC registers and surface light fixtures.
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Build a Lockable Storage Closet for Hazardous Cleaning and Maintenance Products, Separate
from Occupied Space
A lockable storage closet that is vented to the outside (away from fresh air intakes such as windows) prevents fumes from getting into the living area, as well as toxic or otherwise dangerous
chemicals from getting into the hands of curious children. Keep the storage closet small, to discourage occupants from accumulating hazardous products, and locate it away from any source of
ignition, such as a water heater.
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Install Showerhead Filter in All Units, Include Information in the Tenant Handbook
Recent studies indicate that exposure to chlorine, absorbed through the skin during showering,
can contribute to increased risk of associated health problems. Showerhead filters on the market
today effectively remove 90% or more of chlorine from shower water. Some products have
pop-in replaceable cartridges that install in seconds and last nine to twelve months and do not require backflushing.
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Provide Permanently Installed Track-Off Mats and/or Shoe Grates at Common Entryways to
Building
Studies show that shoes are the source of up to 80% of the indoor air pollution load in the average
home. Our shoes not only track in the extra dirt we see, but also many pollutants we cannot see
excess moisture, mold, germs, dust, fertilizers, and pesticides. Once airborne, these materials
produce indoor air pollution.
Track-off mats and slotted grates are designed to efficiently brush dust, dirt, and moisture from
shoe soles. As a rule the mat should be 4 lazy steps in length, or about 15 feet, a length sufficient
to remove about 85% of the dirt from shoes. With a slotted grate, the dirt and debris fall through
the grate, which is recessed in the floor into a collection area, which then needs to be emptied periodically.
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Provide Track-Off Mats at Exterior Unit Main Entrances to Each Unit and a Shoe Storage Area
Studies show that shoes are the source of up to 80% of the indoor air pollution load in the average
home. Our shoes not only track in the extra dirt we see, but also many pollutants we cannot see
excess moisture, mold, germs, dust, fertilizers, and pesticides. Once airborne, these materials
produce indoor air pollution.
Provide track-off mats at all exterior unit main entrances so that residents can scrap outside dirt
from their shoes prior to entering the building/units. Also, provide a shoe storage area at the entry of each unit.
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Install Floor Drain or Catch Basin with Drain Under Washing Machine
This measure helps to avoid additional moisture problems within the dwelling if the washing machine flooded.
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Section Five:
Materials Efficiency
Overall
Jobsite Operations
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Source-Separation Recycling
Comingled Recycling
Ceilings
Framing
Exterior Walls
Foundation
Windows
Sub-Floor
Trim
Doors
Cabinetry
Finish Floor
Roof
Interior Walls
Insulation
Other Exterior
Section Five:
Materials Efficiency
The Action Items in this Section will help your increase the efficiency of your jobsite operations through
use of the Three RsReduce, Reuse, Recycleas well as make your design and material selection
more resource efficient.
OVERALL
5-1
5-2
Practice at least six waste prevention strategies. (See Reduce and Reuse under Jobsite Operations.)
Recycle at least 50% of your waste/garbage. (See Recycle under Jobsite Operations.)
Use six or more recycled content products. (See Design and Material Selection.)
Conduct at least one activity that promotes waste prevention to your employees, customers
and/or the community.
5 points
7 points
9 points
Deconstruction is an expanding alternative to traditional building demolition for removing existing structures. Deconstruction is a coordinated process of disassembling a building and salvaging
materials. Deconstruction increases material life, reduces environmental impact on landfills and
harvesting new materials, and saves money in dumping fees. The Design and Build for Deconstruction concept assimilates design, construction, and demolition, so as to maximize reusability
and durability of building component throughout their functional and end-of-lifetime.
To qualify for this credit, demonstrate or assert that the minimum percentage required for each
point range represents the amount of selectively chosen building components and design elements
that contribute to simplified construction in preparation for future deconstruction.
Materials and system ideas include modular framing, prefabricated structural elements, precast
panels for walls, nail-free paneling, windows that can be replaced without damaging adjacent finBUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Five: Materials Efficiency
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ishes, mechanical fasteners for piping connections instead of soldered joints, and centralized accessible wiring and utilities.
If there are dwellings on your building site, see Action Item 5-10, Use Deconstruction to Dismantle and Reuse Existing Building(s) On Site.
5-3
Eliminate Materials and Systems That Require Finishes or Finish Materials on a Minimum of 100
Square Feet in Common Areas
1 to 5 points
1 point, up to 5 points
JOBSITE OPERATIONS
5-4
5-5
Substitute Products that Require Solvent-Based Cleaning Methods with Solvent-Free or WaterBased Methods
Traditional solvent-based cleaning products can contribute to global warming and ozone depletion, adding dangerous chemicals to sewage discharges, and compromising indoor air quality.
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Some examples of product substitutions include, choosing water-cleanup caulks for interior and
exterior applications and construction adhesives or avoiding Swedish finished or porous stone
products that require solvent-based cleaners. Also consider drip-free caulk guns to avoid cleanup
in the first place.
5-6
Reduce
Reduce means preventing waste before it happens. The following practices can help you realize significant reductions in waste and cost of materials on a construction project. Many of the Action Items in this
section require only slight modifications to standard procedures.
Avoid damage. Train site crews to handle and store materials properly.
Use materials efficiently. Encourage site crews to use scraps and use less materials overall.
Estimate as accurately as possible. The more accurate, the less waste. Suppliers can often provide
tips on estimating specific materials.
Purchase high-grade materials. These will get more usage and generate less waste in the long run.
5-7
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5-8
5-9
Require waste reduction in written agreements with your subcontractors (see sample language
below)
Clearly indicate materials you will be targeting for recycling on this job and explain how you
will be collecting recyclable materials. Require compliance to your Jobsite Recycling Plan
(see Action Item 1-4, Prepare Jobsite Recycling Plan and Post On Site). Language in the
subcontractor agreement should commit them to comply with your jobsite recycling plan.
Make sure each subcontractor has a copy of the plan and that they clearly are aware of the
materials being collected on site. Engage subcontractors in developing the jobsite recycling
plan by soliciting input from them. Ask them about container location and phasing so that
their recycling coincides with the overall program
Assign an employee whose responsibility it is to manage the required recycle and waste reduction plans
Communicate your waste reduction goals at a jobsite kick-off meeting and during safety
meetings
Require full participation in training and assessment. Additional contract language could require the subcontractor to attend orientation and mid-course assessment meetings as part of
fulfilling their waste management requirement. Also consider putting this information in multiple languages to reach as many of the crew as possible that might come from non-English
speaking backgrounds.
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Reuse
Reuse means reusing materials and scraps removed during demolition and generated during construction. Salvage or reuse prevents building materials from becoming waste and preserves the embodied energy originally used to manufacture the item. Reuse decreases air and water pollution generated by creating new materials and reduces the strain on valuable resources and wildlife habitat. For salvage in particular, reuse often preserves unique materials not currently manufactured and creates an affordable supply of
high quality goods. Although labor costs for deconstruction can be higher than for demolition, landfill
disposal fees are significantly reduced. New materials purchases can also be reduced through planned reuse.
To make reuse easier and dismantling more convenient in temporary structures, apply methods such as
fastening with screws rather than nails. If storage space is available, reusable materials can be stored for
use in future projects.
When reusing structural materials, check with your local building authority regarding strength reductions
or limits. They may be able to assist in determining the strength of various materials, such as reclaimed
I-beams. Code may require some downgrading of structural capacity. In other cases, such as old timbers,
structural capacity may actually be increased.
5-10
Architectural Elements/Fixtures
2 points
10 points
20 points
This credit is designed to salvage reusable material from existing buildings on site through deconstruction. See Action Item 5-2, Design and Build for Deconstruction Concept, for ideas on how to
design for future deconstruction.
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This credit is distinguished from others in this category through requirements of reusing materials
specifically salvaged from the project site, not from other locations. Salvaged items may be reused on the current project site or donated, see Action Item 5-12, Donate, Give Away, or Sell Reusable Finish Products.
Rising raw materials costs and landfill tipping fees are making it more economical for builders to
salvage materials for reuse than to pay for new materials and/or disposal costs. Prior to the start
of a demolition or a renovation project, the builder, designer, and owner should schedule a
walk-through to identify materials that might be salvaged. If you intend to sell salvaged materials, a representative from the salvage business should be included in the initial walk-through to
help identify salvageable materials that are in demand.
Products with consistent demand include:
Hardwood flooring
King County, in cooperation with the City of Seattle, offers a construction recycling directory.
The directory includes a section on Reusable Building Materials, Salvage Services and Materials
Exchanges. Companies and organizations that accept reusable building materials are listed.
Snohomish Countys directory also has a similar section. See the Part II, Section Five Resources,
for details. You can also consult your local telephone book.
Architectural Elements/Fixtures include antique original lighting and hardware, mantels, timbers,
tongue and groove paneling, flooring, window trim, faucets, shelving, bricks, and pavers.
Architectural Elements/Fixtures plus Large Pieces includes cabinets, windows, (consider energyefficiency for windows in the envelope, but may be used as interior architectural element), crown
molding, sinks, bathtubs, built-in china hutches, and wrought-iron railings.
Everything salvageable includes all the above listed items plus reusing scrap wood to build
shelves or shoe removal vestibule, or reusing roof shingles, bricks, slate, broken concrete, see Action Item 4-80, Design a Shoe Removal Vestibule at Major Entrances to Units.
5-11
Sell or Give Away Wood Scraps, Lumber, and Land Clearing Debris
Sell or give away logs not used as timber, or wood scraps that are less than one foot long since
they are unlikely to be reused on the job. Lumber may be desirable for small renovation projects
by local homeowners or could be donated to a used building materials store for tax credit. Many
contractors provide wood scraps free to the public at the jobsite. Land clearing debris can be
dropped off at local organics recycling centers where they will be composted or mulched into
valuable soil amendment products.
Keep clean fill separate.
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Hardwood flooring
King County, in cooperation with the City of Seattle, offers a construction recycling directory.
The directory includes a section on Reusable Building Materials, Salvage Services and Materials
Exchanges. Companies and organizations that accept reusable building materials are listed.
Snohomish Countys directory also has a similar section. See the Part II, Section Five Resources,
for details. You can also consult your local telephone book
5-13
Reuse Materials:
See Action Item 5-12, Donate, Give Away or Sell Reusable Finish Items, for a list of vendors who
sell or accept used building materials. Reusing building materials provides wide-ranging environmental benefits including, reducing waste, avoiding disposal costs, preserving embodied energy, reducing pollution, and preserving natural resources and habitats. Credit is available if you
purchase materials from salvage and reuse operations, re-use materials from other jobsites, or use
reclaimed items from demolition. See sub-Items below.
When reusing structural materials, check with your local building authority regarding strength restrictions or limits. They may be able to assist in determining the strength of various materials,
such as reclaimed I-beams. Code may require some downgrading of structural capacity. In other
cases, such as old timbers, structural capacity may actually be increased.
5-13a Doors
This credit is available if salvaged doors are purchased from salvage and reuse
operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. See Resources Section.
Consider this credit for interior doors so as to not compromise the integrity of the
building envelope.
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5-13b Flooring
Re-use flooring purchased from salvage and reuse operations or environmental
specialty stores that sell salvaged flooring, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Salvaged wood flooring can add an attractive feature that
adds a rich historical appeal. Many salvaged woods come from original oldgrowth timbers, have fewer knots, longer lengths or widths, and come from species no longer available. Quality and availability can vary widely, but reusing
wood flooring causes no new trees to be harvested.
5-13c Windows
This credit is available if salvaged windows are purchased from salvage and reuse operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. See Resources Section. This provides opportunity to retain or reproduce architectural
heritage.
Consider this credit also for reused windows that are placed on the interior where
they will not compromise the integrity of the building envelope.
5-13d Appliances
This credit is available if salvaged appliances are purchased from salvage and reuse operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Ranges,
furnaces, dishwashers, refrigerators and hot water tanks are examples of appliances that can be reused in suitable projects. Reusing appliances saves resources
and reduces the environmental impact of the production of virgin materials.
5-13e Fixtures
This credit is available if salvaged fixtures are purchased from salvage and reuse
operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Many fixtures
can provide an architectural element that can be incorporated into new designs.
5-13f Hardware
This credit is available if salvaged hardware is purchased from salvage and reuse
operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Many salvaged hardware items provide a period-authentic look that could be incorporated
into new homes. Consider handles, drawer pulls, cabinet hardware, drapery
hardware, registers, hooks and brackets.
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5-13g Cabinets
This credit is available if salvaged cabinets are purchased from salvage and reuse
operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Salvaged
kitchen cabinets can be restored and reused in the home or for storage cabinetry
in garage or workshop. Period-specific cabinetry can also be restored to add a
distinctive look for bathrooms. These materials/components are available from
building salvage and architectural salvage operations. See Resources Section.
5-13h Siding
This credit is available if salvaged siding is purchased from salvage and reuse
operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Reuse siding
in good condition. Be aware of building envelope considerations when selecting
any siding product/material. See Action Item 4-42, Install an Enhanced Drainage
Plane..
5-13i Decking
This credit is available if salvaged decking is purchased from salvage and reuse
operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Decking can
be reused as part of new construction.
5-13j Trim
This credit is available if salvaged trim is purchased from salvage and reuse operations, re-used from other jobsites, or reclaimed in demolition. Trim and moldings can be easily savaged and reused.
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in a central area so everyone on site knows it can be reused (see Action Item 5-8,
Use Central Cutting Area or Cut Packs).
When reusing large pieces of dimensional lumber, be aware that grading may be
required, especially if youre using it for structural purposes. Check with your
local building inspector.
5-14
Recycle
To Recycle means to separate recyclable materials from non-recyclable materials and supply them to a
hauler or business so they can be processed and used to make new products. By choosing to recycle on
your jobsite you will:
Two recycling options are available: Source Separation Recycling or Comingle Recycling.
Source separation recycling is the process of sorting materials into separate on-site containers based on
recycling categories. These containers are taken to specific facilities for recycling or by a single hauler
interested in pre-sorted material.
Comingle recycling is the process of collecting all recyclable materials in one on-site container. The container must have a minimum of 90% recyclable materials. This container is taken to a facility where materials are sorted for recycling.
In some cases, jobsite logistics may determine your recycling option selection. In confined jobsites,
comingle recycling offers the benefit of a single container. In other cases, your crew may determine your
choice. If a crew is committed to the environment and you can depend on them to manage the on-site recycling and complete separation of materials, you may choose source separated recycling because it is
usually the best economic choice.
For source separation, evaluate your waste stream and target materials that have significant market value,
that have local cost-effective recycling options, and can be conveniently source-separated. Typically this
includes wood, cardboard, metal, drywall, concrete, and masonry. To assist in source separation, identify
locations on site to collect these materials and use signs to clearly identify materials being collected in
that location. (You may want to limit the number of bins by setting them up on a phased basis to correspond to the phases of construction and the typical waste streams generated during each phase.)
Recycling opportunities exist for the following materials in King County:
Clean and demolition wood, land clearing, pallets and yard waste
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Cardboard
Glass
Scrap metals (steel, cast iron, tin, aluminum, brass, lead, copper, electrical wiring and metal pipes)
Electronics
Cardboard
Glass
Paper
You can transport your recyclable materials to these facilities in a variety of ways. Consider the following methods:
Full-service recycling contractors - they provide all bins, on-site sorting, and pick-up
Garbage hauler - your hauler may provide bins and pick-up for certain materials
In-house recycling - working with individual recyclers, you arrange bins, pick-up, and/or self-haul
Subcontractors recycling - subs work with individual recyclers to arrange bins, pick-up, and/or
self-haul.
Some companies, such as scrap metal dealers, will pay for recyclable material. Others charge to accept or
pick up recyclables. Even if a fee is charged, however, it is generally less than fees paid for disposal.
Recyclers have specifications for the quality, types, and grades of materials they can accept. To achieve
the most benefit from your efforts, find out what these specifications are.
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5-15
5-16
5-17
Recycle Clean Scrap Wood and Broken Pallets by Source Separation, 90% Minimum Recycling
Rate
On average, about 25% of discarded construction material is dimensional lumber and another
10% is waste from manufactured wood products. Wood scrap you cant reuse should be targeted
for recycling. Clean wood scraps refer to unpainted and untreated materials.
Wood processing technology has improved significantly, and more and more of the construction
wood waste stream can be recycled. Check with the wood recycler to identify any restrictions on
the wood they accept. Depending on the final use of the material, the following may be considered unacceptable contaminants: paint, stain, pressure treatment, lamination, adhesives, and nails
or other fasteners.
Many of the regions wood recyclers also accept pallets as part of their wood waste stream. Consult the directories of services or contact your wood recycler first.
The 90% rate is set because if more than 10% of the container is contaminated with nonrecyclable materials, the recyclables will not be accepted.
Part I-148
5-18
Recycle Package Wrap and Pallet Wrap by Source Separation, 90% Minimum Recycling Rate
Material packaging makes up a substantial percentage of construction material waste. Keeping
material out of the waste stream helps to preserve landfill space and lower your disposal fees.
Recycle packaging or have subcontractors make arrangements to take the packaging back to the
supplier. Plastic film is more readily recycled today. See Resources for specifics.
The 90% rate is set because if more than 10% of the container is contaminated with nonrecyclable materials, the recyclables will not be accepted.
5-19
5-20
5-21
5-22
Part I-149
5-23
5-24
5-25
5-26
Recycle Land Clearing and Yard Waste, Soil, and Sod by Source Separation, 90% Minimum
Recycling Rate
Many companies throughout King and Snohomish Counties collect and process land clearing debris and yard waste. In addition there are companies that offer mobile grinding services in which
they will process land clearing debris at the jobsite. This reduces transportation costs and provides you with a material to use on your site for site protection activities.
5-27
Recycle Batteries
Most dry-cell batteries have hazardous properties: corrosivity, reactivity, and heavy metals, including mercury, silver, cadmium, and zinc.. There are many types with different properties.
It is becoming easier to recycle dry cell batteries in King and Snohomish Counties because they
are regulated as universal waste. Universal waste is not counted toward waste generation totals
and does not need to be manifested. If you send your batteries to a Universal Waste Handler, be
sure the batteries end up at a treatment, storage, disposal or recycling facility. Different vendors
accept different types of batteries, call for more specific information.
5-28
Comingle Recycle at Least 50% of Remaining Jobsite Debris, and Take to a Facility with a
Minimum Recycling Rate of 50%
To receive credit for this Action Item, the project must divert at least 50% of the jobsite waste (by
weight, excluding concrete) to a Comingle Recycling Facility with an appropriate for processing
Part I-150
recycling rate of 50%. See the Resources listed above for an on-line web link and a phone number to get information on which comingled recycling facilities meet these criteria.
Comingle Recycling
Many jobsites are not ideal for source separation recycling or the project team is focused on a simplified
system. The ease of comingle (or mixed material) recycling maximizes the potential of overall diversion
with the least amount of effort. There are several companies that offer services for comingle recycling.
They can provide containers and haul recycling to appropriate facilities. See Section Five Resources.
Three Action Items in this category require that the project recycling rates meet a minimum of 85%. The
distinction between the three items is based on the recovery rate of the recycling facility with whom you
contract. More points are awarded for contracting with comingle recycling facilities that are diverting
more material from the mixed material feedstock. King County maintains information on their web site
that list the Facility Recycling Rates. Diversion rate information is provided to King County on a monthly
basis and is processed and posted quarterly at http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/constructionrecycling/comingled.asp. Diversion rates for past months are available. The facility recycling rate is the
Appropriate for Processing Recycling Rate list in column two of the table in the web link
5-29
Send Less Than 1 lb Per Square Foot of Gross Construction Waste to Land Fill, or Less Than
lb Per Square Foot to Land Fill (Does Not Include Deconstruction)
In order to meet this extremely high standard, you will need to do things differently from typical
construction. For instance, one study in Portland found that a 17-unit apartment building generated 2 pounds of construction waste per square foot; commercial construction rates range from 2.68
to 3.98 pounds per square foot; and typical residential construction waste can average 1.3 to 2.1
pounds per square foot for just wood waste, and another 1- 1.5 pounds per square foot for drywall, according to the National Association of Home Builder (NAHB).
Getting down to a total of pound to 1 pound per square foot will require careful planning, beginning with the architect, modular or pre-cut building components, and a carefully planned and
executed Waste Reduction Plan (see Action Item 5-9, Require Subcontractors and Contractors
Employees to Participate in Waste Reduction Efforts.
5-30
Send At Least 85% of Jobsite Waste (By Weight, Excluding Concrete) to a Comingled Recycling
Facility with a 50% Recycling Rate
To receive credit for this Action Item, the project must divert at least 85% of the jobsite waste (by
weight, excluding concrete) to a Comingle Recycling Facility with an appropriate for processing
recycling rate of 50%. See below for an on-line web link and a phone number to get information
on which comingled recycling facilities meet these criteria.
Part I-151
5-31
Send At Least 85% of Jobsite Waste (By Weight, Excluding Concrete) to a Comingled Recycling
Facility with a 75% Recycling Rate
To receive credit for this Action Item, the project must divert at least 85% of the jobsite waste (by
weight, excluding concrete) to a Comingle Recycling Facility with an appropriate for processing
recycling rate of 75%. See the Resources listed above for an on-line web link and a phone number to get information on which comingled recycling facilities meet these criteria.
5-32
Send At Least 85% of Jobsite Waste (By Weight, Excluding Concrete) to a Comingled Recycling
Facility with a 90% Recycling Rate
To receive credit for this Action Item, the project must divert at least 85% of the jobsite waste (by
weight, excluding concrete) to a Comingle Recycling Facility with an appropriate for processing
recycling rate of 90%. See the Resources listed above for an on-line web link and a phone number to get information on which comingled recycling facilities meet these criteria.
Part I-152
Another way to be a BUILT GREEN builder is to use products manufactured in the area (500 mile radius), thus reducing the amount of energy used to get them to your site. The energy used to transport finished building products to their distribution site or directly to your site is one form of embodied energy.
Embodied energy is energy contained in materials that has been used in resource extraction, manufacture, transport, installation, and, after useful life is over, removal and disposal. Besides reducing energy
use, using locally manufactured products reduces air pollution associated with that energy use and supports the local business community.
This section provides information about resource-efficient products available as of this writing. Many
products are readily available and are, for the most part, cost-competitive see the Resources Section below for specific product information.
Many Action Items in this Section require choosing wood products that come from sustainably harvested
forests. There are over 50 voluntary forestry standards programs worldwide at the time of this writing.
Many of the programs are still evolving and others are emerging.
Credit in the BUILT GREEN program will require that the wood products selected for the project can be
independently certified to be coming from forests that meet one of the following two criteria:
Table 5.1
WOOD CERTIFICATION GUIDELINES FOR SECTION FIVE
(Applies to all credits requiring third-party certification)
Certified Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements:
Independently third-party audited chain of custody. Chain of custody refers to a certification that
guarantees a wood product has been tracked from a certified forest to the final product to ensure it
came from a sustainable forestry source. Tracking also guarantees that products will not be mixed
with non-certified products during processing, manufacturing and distribution.
Part I-153
Part I-154
Overall
5-33
5-34
Use increments in floor and roof wall layout to correspond with the standard two- and
four-foot increments of most materials.
Pay close attention to door and window placement to avoid the need for extra studs or cutting
materials to special sizes.
Incorporate standard finish dimensions in design. For example, keep standard carpet sizes in
mind when creating floor dimensions.
Involve trades people in design review of your projects to catch inefficiencies and to include
extra knowledge of how to more efficiently assemble the building parts.
Design and Install Recycling Stations on Each Floor, Including a Maintenance Service Plan
Effective household recycling that diverts the most waste materials depends on convenience and
ease. Design a residential recycling program that includes a recycling collection station on each
floor and build into the covenants or building maintenance plan, a service collection plan to ensure the material set aside for recycling is collected and to ensure the station stays clean and clutter-free.
One way to encourage recycling is to build a space for recycling containers in or near the kitchen,
where 80% of a homes waste is generated. Most millwork manufacturers now design cabinetry
lines with storage areas geared to hold recycling bins. For new cabinetry that includes factory installed pull-out bins, the estimated cost range is $30 to $40 per linear foot. There may be additional costs associated with extra floor space, if required. Installing bins in existing base cabinets
or closets can be done fairly inexpensively.
5-35
Part I-155
Also, the manufacturers warranty will reflect how long the product is expected to last. Look for
30- to 50-year warranty products, in other words, 50-year roofing, cement siding, appliances, interiors, or clad windows. Other durability features/characteristics to look for are:
Exterior finish materials installed with proper detailing to control degradation from sun, heat,
and moisture
Properly sized equipment that avoids short-cycling, which results in premature equipment
failure and excess maintenance. Proper sizing can also mean reduced equipment first costs
and operational energy savings.
Warranties are some indication, though not a perfect indication, as to how long a product will
last, check with the manufacturer. Also try:
5-36
NAHB Research Centers Tool Base Hotline is available to answer builder questions,
800-898-2842, www.nahbcrc.org/ToolBase.
5-37
5-38
Part I-156
The most common commercially salvaged and reused building component is wood salvaged from
beams in turn-of-the-century buildings or abandoned railroad trestles. Consequently, reclaimed
wood is often available in species, coloration and wood quality not found in todays new material
markets. Some companies offer original hand-hewn beams for reuse in their present form. Others
provide salvaged wood re-milled into flooring, millwork, or paneling. Most companies grade the
wood depending on its grain, the number and type of knots, and the number of nail holes left from
its prior use.
5-39
Use Any Amount of Rapidly Renewable Building Materials and Products Made From Plants
Harvested Within a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter
This credit does not apply to finish flooring or OSB. To achieve flooring credit, see Action Items
5-64, Use Any Amount of Rapidly Renewable Flooring Products Made from Plants Harvested
within a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter (Excluding Carpet), and Action Items 5-65, On More Than
250 Square Feet, Use Rapidly Renewable Flooring Products Made from Plants Harvested within
a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter (Excluding Carpet).
Acceptable materials include cork, bamboo, agricultural panel board, strawboard, and plant-based
finishes. Acceptable applications could include: cork as a wall finish, bamboo for countertops,
paneling, or wall finish, agricultural panel boards as cabinets, countertops, wall and ceiling finish,
and plant based finish on any wood surface.
Cork and bamboo are both renewable resources and natural materials. Cork is sustainable because
the bark is harvested and the tree is left to regenerate more bark. The bark is harvested on an
eight-year cycle. Cork is durable, sound absorbing, and naturally moisture-, mold-, and
rot-resistant. Bamboo is sustainable because it can be harvested on a six to eight year cycle. Bamboo is a very durable and dimensionally stable material. Despite the long-distance transport of the
products to the United States, the durability, hardness, and short regeneration time of bamboo
provide justification for specifying bamboo instead of wood. There are also indoor air quality advantages to using natural materials - they off-gas less due to fewer or no chemicals used in the
manufacturing process.
Paneling made from reclaimed agricultural fibers is plant-based and sustainable because it is harvested on an annual or semi-annual cycle. The straw that makes up strawboard for example can
be harvested every 2-3 years. Strawboard can be a substitute for wood particleboard and mediumdensity fiberboard. Seek out products that have no added formaldehyde in the bonding agents and
finishes.
Plant-based finishes refer to products made from rapidly renewable vegetable oils, citrus oils,
waxes and mineral oils. They often create a more natural looking final product.
5-40
In Three Applications, Use Rapidly Renewable Building Materials and Products Made From Plants
Harvested Within a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter
See Action Item 5-39, Use Any Amount of Rapidly Renewable Building Materials and Products
Made From Plants Harvested within a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter, above.
Part I-157
To receive credit for this Action Item, you must use one of the accepted materials in at least three
separate applications.
5-41
5-42
Use Environmentally Preferable Products with Third-Party Certifications (Not Applicable to Carpet)
Third-party certification is based on standards developed by an unaffiliated organization. Thirdparty certification standards establish criteria and verify manufacturer claims regarding the environmental, social and economic benefits of their products.
To receive credit for this Action Item, use any certified products from any the following organizations, other than carpet (carpets are not applicable under this credit).
Science Certification Systems (SCS) is a third-party certifier that promotes sustainable development in the forms
of environmental protection and social responsibility.
Greenguard Environmental Institute governs the Certification Program, another third-party certification organization that provides information related to Indoor Air
Quality on insulation, air filters, doors, floor finish, flooring, and wall finish.
Green Seal is a third-party certification organization that
evaluates, tests, and visits manufacturing facilities to
identify a product as environmentally preferable.
Cradle to Cradle Certification provides a company with a
means to tangibly, credibly measure achievement in environmentally-intelligent design and helps customers
purchase and specify products that are pursuing a broader
definition of quality
The Pharos Project seeks to define a consumer-driven vision of truly green building materials and establish a
method for evaluation that is in harmony with principles
of environmental health and justice.
Part I-158
5-43
Use No PVC or CPVC Piping for Plumbing or Sprinkler Within the Building Envelope
Some studies indicate that use of PVC plastics in the home is related to increased incidence of
bronchial obstruction (asthma) in children (source: American Journal of Public Health. 1999;
89:188 & SHY;192). Also, in the event of a fire, PVC can release toxic smoke. If the water is
slightly acidic or alkaline, copper plumbing can release copper ions into drinking water, which is
potentially harmful to health.
Instead, use polyethylene piping for plumbing.
Framing
5-44
Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 1 Requirements, 50% Minimum
To receive credit for this Action Item, the dimensional lumber selected for the project must meet
Certified Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood
Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the beginning of the Design and Material Selection section.)
As of this update, Winter 2008, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few programs that require a chain of custody for certification. FSC sets standards for sustainable forestry practices and
depends on independent companies for third-party certification of forestlands. It evaluates and
monitors certifiers to ensure public credibility.
Two private companies in the U.S. are authorized to issue the FSC stamp of approval: Scientific
Certification Systems (SCS) in Oakland, CA, and SMARTWOODCM Certified Forestry, based in
Richmond, VT (with an affiliate in Oregon). By purchasing wood from certified forests, you ensure a given product comes from a well-managed forest and demonstrate support for sustainable
forest stewardship practices worldwide. At the conception of the BUILT GREEN program (2000)
5 million acres of forestland had been certified by FSC. As of January 2006, there is 22 million
acres of FSC certified forestland in the U.S. Many more retailers lately are certified in the chainof-custody and supply FSC certified products. Also, the variety of materials available in FSC is
also expanding.
Although there are several Certified Wood Distributors nationally listed in GreenSpec (see Resources, Product Information), several are located in the Pacific Northwest.
Part I-159
5-45
Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 2 Requirements, 50% Minimum
For credit for this Action Item, use dimensional lumber that meets Certified Wood Products Tier
2 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guidelines for
Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the beginning of the Design and Material Selection section.)
Currently, there are no programs that meet these criteria, however, a few are expected to be online soon.
As of February 2008, no certification program meets the Tier 2 requirements. Contact the BUILT
GREEN program for updates.
5-46
Use Sheathing that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
To receive credit for this Action Item, the sheathing selected for the project must meet Certified
Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the beginning of the Design and Material Selection section.)
Currently, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification
organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few programs that require a chain of custody
for certification. FSC sets standards for sustainable forestry practices and depends on independent
companies for third-party certification of forestlands. It evaluates and monitors certifiers to ensure public credibility.
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-47
Use Sheathing that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements, 50% Minimum
For credit for this Action Item, use sheathing that meets Certified Wood Products Tier 2 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guidelines for Section
Five.
Currently, there are no programs that meet these criteria, however, a few are expected to on-line
soon.
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
Part I-160
5-48
Use Beams that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
To receive credit for this Action Item, the beams selected for the project must meet Certified
Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the beginning of the Design and Material Selection section.)
Currently, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification
organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few programs that require a chain of custody
for certification. FSC sets standards for sustainable forestry practices and depends on independent
companies for third-party certification of forestlands. It evaluates and monitors certifiers to ensure public credibility.
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements
5-49
Use Beams that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements, 50% Minimum
For credit for this Action Item, use beams that meet Certified Wood Products Tier 2 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guidelines for Section
Five.
Currently, there are no programs that meet these criteria, however, a few are expected to be online soon.
See Resources listed for 5 45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements Outlined in the Handbook.
5-50
Part I-161
5-51
Use Engineered Structural Products and Use No 2xs Larger than 2x8, and No 4xs Larger
than 4x8
There is a large family of engineered structural products, including laminated veneer lumber
(LVL), wood I-beams and I-joists, and wood roof and floor trusses. These products combine efficient raw material use with improved strength and performance capabilities to produce a superior
option to traditional materials. Engineered lumber manufacturers use fast-growing,
small-diameter trees efficiently, which ultimately protects old-growth forests.
Combining wood veneer and fiber with adhesives produces laminated veneer lumber. The LVL
manufacturing process allows more of the log (up to 80%) to end up as product. LVL lumber is
very consistent and stable. Wood I-beams and I-joists also combine veneer and adhesives.
LVL headers and I-beams are accepted by all major building codes. They provide more
load-bearing capacity than solid sawn lumber, and resist shrinking, twisting, splitting, warping,
and crowning. They are capable of long spans, thereby increasing design flexibility. They can
cost more than dimensional lumber, but in general are considered better products. The American
Plywood Association estimated that in 1998 I-joists alone accounted for over a third of all residential floor joists installed in the U.S.
Wood roof and floor trusses are commonly used instead of cut rafters because they save both time
and materials. They can also reduce wood waste because, ideally, you order only what you need,
and because of efficiencies in the production process.
Prevent waste by making sure you and your truss supplier are on the same page. Supply a detailed building plan (calling out any unusual requirements due to an oddly shaped cathedral ceiling or an opening planned through the roof framing). Also, make sure trusses are stored flat to
prevent warping.
Be aware of the indoor air quality issues associated with formaldehyde binders. Look for products
that do not contain this type of binder or at a minimum used phenol formaldehyde in place of urea
formaldehyde binders. Ask your supplier for more information. Also ask them about manufacturers who use certified wood in their engineered wood products.
5-52
For Interior Walls, Use Steel Studs with Minimum 50% Recycled Content
For interior walls, use steel studs with minimum 50% recycled content. Although wood may
seem abundant in the Pacific Northwest, it is a valuable resource that should be used wisely.
Substituting steel studs for the interior walls:
Provides straighter, stronger wall studs that make drywall easier to install
Part I-162
5-53
5-54
5-55
Part I-163
5-56
Foundation
5-57
5-58
Use Regionally Produced Flyash or Blast Furnace Slag for 25% by Weight of Cementitious
Materials for All Concrete (20% for Flat Work), If Available
The goal of this Action Item is to reduce the quantity of Portland cement in concrete by introducing high quality alternatives that can effectively substitute for the material AND have less environmental impact.
Part I-164
Green building programs have been recommending the use of flyash in concrete for a number of
years because of its status as a reclaimed product, coupled with its superior performance. As a
result of this increased demand coupled with the closing of the Centralia Washington plant, local
material is not available. Flyash being used locally is transported from the east coast, adding to
the already high-embodied energy cost for cement, negating some of the intended environmental
benefit.
Flyash is a by-product of burning coal for electricity production. It can be added to concrete slabs
and foundations mixes as a substitute for up to 60% of the Portland cement mixture, in practice, it
is closer to 20%. The general rule of thumb recommends 15-30%. It has been shown to improve
the strength of concrete as well as increase its workability. Be advised that concrete with flyash
content sets up more slowly, but it is easy to work with and has a slightly smoother finish. It can
be readily available and involves no added cost.
Another alternative is blast furnace slag. Blast Furnace Slag is a co-product of iron production,
commonly used as feedstock for steel production. It can be used to replace 35% of Portland cement. Pelletized blast furnace slag can be used as a lightweight mineral admixture in blended cement for durable concrete structures. Blast furnace slag reduces the risk of damage caused by Alkali-silica Reaction, reinforcement corrosion and sulfphate. This concrete material has extended
the lifespan of buildings from 50 to 100 years. Using blast furnace slag also requires 1/5th of the
energy needed to produce Portland cement and produces less than 1/10th the carbon dioxide emissions of Portland cement generation.
5-59
Sub-Floor
5-60
Part I-165
known to be the primary source of formaldehyde gas in new homes. Exterior grade plywood or
no added urea formaldehyde wood fiberboard with recycled content is a superior choice for underlayment. OSB does not apply unless it is certified with recycled content. Other environmentally preferable materials for flooring underlayment include natural cork and options made with recycled rubber, paper, jute hemp and/or agricultural fiber. (See Section Four: Health and Indoor
Air Quality, Action Item 4-18, Use Plywood and Composites of Exterior Grade or Formaldehyde-Free (for Interior Use).
Doors
5-61
Finish Floor
5-62
5-63
No Vinyl Flooring
Vinyl flooring is a commonly used material and often preferred for economy and presumed durability. It is not environmentally preferred, however, due to the toxic manufacturing process and
limited potential for recycling the material after it has been used as flooring.
5-64
Use Any Amount of Rapidly Renewable Flooring Products Made from Plants Harvested within a
Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter (Excluding Carpet)
Cork and bamboo are examples of rapidly renewable flooring resources.
Cork is sustainable because the bark is harvested and the tree is left to regenerate more bark. The
bark is harvested on an eight-year cycle. Cork flooring is durable, sound absorbing, and naturally
moisture-, mold-, and rot-resistant.
Part I-166
Bamboo is sustainable because it can be harvested on a six to eight year cycle. Bamboo flooring
is a very durable and dimensionally stable material. The short regeneration time of bamboo provide justification for specifying bamboo flooring instead of wood.
There can also be indoor air quality advantages to using natural materials, such as less off-gassing
due to fewer or no chemicals used in the manufacturing process. Check product Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS) to make sure adhesives and other flooring components do not contain hazardous materials, such as formaldehyde.
5-65
On More Than 250 Square Feet per Unit, Use Rapidly Renewable Flooring Products Made from
Plants Harvested within a Ten-Year Harvest Cycle or Shorter (Excluding Carpet)
Points allotted for use on more than 250 square feet in the project.
See Action Item 5-64: Use Any Amount of Rapidly Renewable Flooring Products Made from
Plants Harvested within a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter (Excluding Carpet), above.
5-66
5-67
Part I-167
5-68
Use Replaceable Carpet Tile for 50% of Carpeted Area or 100% of Carpeted Area
2 or 4 points
2 points
4 points
Carpet tiles are a sustainable material choice because they are often made of recycled fiber content. In addition, one or more tiles can be replaced if damaged without having to replace an entire
wall-to-wall carpet. Carpet tiles allow easy access to wiring or plumbing located under the floor.
They can be used in high and low traffic areas and require less time and fewer tools than traditional carpet. They can be installed using either special adhesive or double-faced tape or can be
ordered with self-stick backing. Carpet tiles come in many thicknesses, patterns and colors.
5-69
5-70
5-71
If Using Wood Flooring, Use Locally Salvaged Wood Flooring on 25%, 50%, or 90%+ of Total
Flooring
1 or 3 or 5 points
1 point
3 points
5 points
For this credit salvaged wood flooring refers to previously used wood flooring that has been salvaged for reuse, as opposed to re-milled wood made from salvaged timbers.
Part I-168
5-72
Use Flooring that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
To receive credit for this Action Item, the flooring selected for the project must meet Certified
Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the beginning of the Design and Material Selection section.)
Currently, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification
organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few programs that require a chain of custody
for certification. FSC sets standards for sustainable forestry practices and depends on independent
companies for third-party certification of forestlands. It evaluates and monitors certifiers to ensure public credibility.
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-73
Use Flooring that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements, 50% Minimum
For credit for this Action Item, use flooring that meets Certified Wood Products Tier 2 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guidelines for Section
Five.
Currently, there are no programs that meet these criteria, however, a few are expected to be online soon.
See Resources listed for 5 45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
5-74
Part I-169
Interior Walls
5-75
Use Drywall with a Minimum of 90% Recycled Content Gypsum or Flue Gas Substitute for
Recycled Gypsum
Drywall manufactured with recycled gypsum is commonly available at most building material
suppliers and is cost-competitive with conventional drywall. However, it must be specified if you
want to use it (in other words, it is not automatic).
Check with your local supplier to see if they carry drywall with recycled content gypsum (including post-consumer gypsum collected from construction and demolition projects and processed locally). If they do not, they should be able to source the following products:
5-76
Use Recycled or Reworked Paint and Finishes on Main Surfaces or All Surfaces
2 or 3 points
Main Surfaces
2 points
All Surfaces
3 points
Companies are marketing recycled paint on a regional basis. Recycled paint was formerly offered only in limited colors and styles, but the selection is expanding, and recycled paint is usually cheaper than its virgin counterpart. Keep in mind that you will NOT want to use these paints in
frequently occupied living spaces, such as bedrooms, childrens playrooms, or in homes for individuals with chemical sensitivities. (See Action Items 4-30, Optimize Air Quality in Family Bedrooms and 4-31, Use Low VOC/Low-Toxic Interior Paints and Finishes for Large Surface Areas.)
5-77
Part I-170
5-78
5-79
Reduce Interior Walls Through Open Plan for Kitchen, Dining, and Living Areas
This strategy reduces material use and cost for walls and creates an adaptable space that allows
for maximum daylighting, occupant interaction, and natural ventilation.
5-80
Ceilings
5-81
Part I-171
Exterior Walls
5-82
5-83
Use Exterior Cladding with Reclaimed or Recycled Material On At Least 20% of Solid Wall
Surface
Two types of siding currently include recycled content: metal and to a small degree, vinyl. These
products also offer durable and low-maintenance alternatives to wood siding. Metal offers the
greatest opportunity to use post-consumer recycled content in your project. Aluminum or steel
siding products contain high percentages of recycled metalup to 100%. The scrap is also recyclable.
Vinyl siding can include a small percentage of post-industrial scrap in the manufacturing process.
However, PVC is difficult to recycle, and there are no vinyl siding products with post-consumer
vinyl at this time.
Fiber-cement composites are also resource-efficient, and in addition to durability and low
maintenance, offer a very good fire rating when compared to wood or metal siding. The wood fiber in these products is reclaimed from wood processing waste. It can also be harvested from
small diameter, fast-growing tree species.
Other reclaimed options include building salvage materials.
5-84
5-85
Part I-172
5-86
5-87
5-88
Use Wood Siding that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements On At Least 20% of Solid Wall Surface
To receive credit for this Action Item, the wood siding selected for the project must meet Certified Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the beginning of the Design and Material
Selection section.)
Currently, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification
organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few programs that require a chain of custody
for certification. FSC sets standards for sustainable forestry practices and depends on independent
companies for third-party certification of forestlands. It evaluates and monitors certifiers to ensure public credibility.
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-89
Use Wood Siding that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements On At Least 20 % of Solid Wall Surface
For credit for this Action Item, use wood siding that meets Certified Wood Products Tier 2 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guidelines for Section
Five.
Currently, there are no programs that meet these criteria, however, a few are expected to be online soon.
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
Part I-173
Windows
5-90
5-91
No Vinyl Windows
Green building is about trade-offs. Vinyl, is not environmentally preferred, due to the toxic manufacturing process required and limited potential for recycling the material after it has been used
as a window material. However, vinyl windows offer superior energy efficiency and are commonly selected for economy and presumed durability. The program awards points for choosing
another environmentally preferred alternatives under the Materials section, recognizing the tradeoff that has to be made. PVC windows also use more energy to produce than other window assemblies, see Action Item 5-90, Use Wood, Composite, or Fiberglass Windows, above).
Windows made of fiberglass produce an energy efficient window and the lowest environmental
impact. Fiberglass requires less energy to produce into a final product than PVC or aluminum. It
reduces condensation, wont contract or expand like wood, and is least likely to crack, corrode,
rot or leak.
Part I-174
5-92
5-93
Trim
5-94
5-94b Use Domestic Hardwood Trim that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested
Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements, 50% Minimum
To receive credit for this Action Item, the trim selected for the project must meet
Certified Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material
Selection, Wood Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the
beginning of the Design and Material Selection section.)
Part I-175
Currently, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few
programs that require a chain of custody for certification. FSC sets standards for
sustainable forestry practices and depends on independent companies for thirdparty certification of forestlands. It evaluates and monitors certifiers to ensure
public credibility.
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-94c Use Domestic Hardwood Trim that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested
Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements, 50% Minimum
Select trim from certified or sustainable sources. Although there may be a slight
cost premium associated with this choice, it allows you to contribute to a sustainable enterprise and ensure protection of endangered hardwood forests.
For credit for this Action Item, use dimensional lumber that meets Certified
Wood Products Tier 2 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection,
Wood Certification Guidelines for Section Five.
Currently, there are no programs that meet these criteria, however, a few are expected to on-line soon.
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
5-94d Use Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-94e Use Third-Party-Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
5-95
Use Finger-Jointed or MDF Trim with No Added Urea Formaldehyde, 90% Minimum
Since the availability of stable, clear, mature wood has declined, any application, which requires
straight, knot-free wood is affected. As a result, the industry has responded by developing finger-jointed wood productstaking smaller scraps of lower value wood and edge-gluing them together, covered by top-quality wood veneers on the finish surface. Interior trim is an excellent
application for this new product; it offers improved product consistency and durability, while at
the same time uses harvested wood fiber more efficiently.
Part I-176
MDF is commonly bonded with urea formaldehyde adhesives. These materials can off-gas in the
home and create noxious dust during cutting. Choose products with no added urea formaldehyde.
5-96
Use Wood Veneers that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 1 Requirements, 50% Minimum
To receive credit for this Action Item, the wood veneers selected for the project must meet Certified Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at the beginning of the Design and Material
Selection section.)
Currently, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification
organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few programs that require a chain of custody
for certification. FSC sets standards for sustainable forestry practices and depends on independent
companies for third-party certification of forestlands. It evaluates and monitors certifiers to ensure public credibility.
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-97
Use Wood Veneers that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 2 Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
Cabinetry
5-98
For Cabinets:
Select cabinet materials from certified or sustainable sources. Although there may be a slight cost
premium associated with this choice, it allows you to contribute to a sustainable enterprise and
ensure protection of endangered hardwood forests.
Part I-177
5-98b Use Domestic Hardwood that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood
that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements, 50% Minimum
Select wood from certified or sustainable and domestic sources. Although there
may be a slight cost premium associated with this choice, it allows you to contribute to a sustainable enterprise and ensure protection of endangered hardwood
forests.
To receive credit for this Action Item, the wood selected for the project must
meet Certified Wood Products Tier 1 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection, Wood Certification Guideline for Section Five. (See Table 5.1, at
the beginning of the Design and Material Selection section.)
Currently, only the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a voluntary, market-based, certification organization, meets Tier 1 requirements. It is one of few
programs that require a chain of custody for certification. FSC sets standards for
sustainable forestry practices and depends on independent companies for thirdparty certification of forestlands. It evaluates and monitors certifiers to ensure
public credibility.
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-98c Use Domestic Hardwood that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood
that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements, 50% Minimum
For credit for this Action Item, use dimensional lumber that meets Certified
Wood Products Tier 2 Requirements listed under Design and Material Selection,
Wood Certification Guidelines for Section Five.
Currently, there are no programs that meet these criteria, however, a few are expected to on-line soon.
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
5-98d Use Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-98e Use Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5 45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
Part I-178
50%
2 points
90%
3 points
Strawboard and wheatboard are suitable material choices for this credit.
Check with your local cabinet supplier, as of this writing, strawboard, the primary agricultural fiber board used for cabinet casework is no longer available. Industry sources expect that to change in the future.
5-99
5-100 Use Countertops that are Salvaged, Recycled, or Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested
Wood with a Chain of Custody in All Units
Use countertops salvaged from projects or those made of untreated salvaged woods such as reclaimed butcher-block products. These are minimally processed, natural, and can be reused at the
end of their lifespan. Look for products with no added urea formaldehyde.
Third-party certified wood countertops are also an option. Look for untreated wood products certified through organizations such as FSC or SCS.
There are many countertop options available in recycled materials. Paper composite countertops
are made of paper pressed in a resin binder and can be found with high recycled content and lowVOC resins. Products come in a variety of colors and thicknesses and are easy to maintain and
repair. Recycled glass countertops come in the form of tiles and crushed glass set in cement binders. One hundred percent recycled aluminum tiles are also on the market.
For salvaged countertops, see 5-12, Donate, Give Away, or Sell Reusable Finish Items and Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center below.
Roof
5-101 Use Recycled Content Roofing Material
Several new composite options are available that provide lower maintenance along with increased
durability. Many of these options include recycled content or reclaimed materials: recycled content asphalt shingles, plastic shakes, ridged sheet material made with fiber and asphalt, and metal
shingles.
Part I-179
Asphalt shingles contain recycled mixed waste paper or reclaimed mineral slag resulting in
20% to 25% recycled content. Roof panels made from recycled plastic resins provide a lightweight roofing alternative in additional to recycled aluminum shingles which may contain up to
100% recycled content.
Fiber-cement composite slates are lightweight, long lasting, and fireproof. They offer an efficient
use of wood fiber and can be used on standard roof structures. Asphalt shingles contain recycled
mixed waste paper or reclaimed mineral slag resulting in 20% to 25% recycled content. Roof
panels made from recycled plastic resins provide a lightweight roofing alternative in additional to
recycled aluminum shingles which may contain up to 100% recycled content.
5-102 Upgrade Material Quality and Durability (Metal is Better than Torch Down)
Low-slope metal roofs allow water to drain away from the roof surface, have a long-service life,
low life cycle cost, requires low maintenance, is light weight and resistant to wind. Low slope
structural roofing is generally used on roof pitches ranging from :12 to 3:12. If you use a 2:12
pitch, you can get additional points from Action Items 4-37 and 4-38, Provide 2 Inch 12 Pitch
Sloped Roof Surface. Metal roof systems generally contain at least 25% recycled content and at
the end of its service life is 100% recyclable.
Metal roofing options can also contribute to reducing a buildings long term energy use with heat
deflecting metal coating, becoming a high albedo roof, see Action Item 2-28, Install a HighAlbedo or Light Colored Roof. Additionally, unlike non-metal systems which require an underlying substrate or deck, low slope metal roofs can be applied directly over bar joists or purlins.
Another alternative to hot bitumen and torch applications is self-adhered modified bitumen
(SAMBs) systems. These systems have been introduced to address safety concerns associated
with torch down applications and environmental issues surrounding solvent-based cold-adhesive
applications. These roof systems have been used extensively in Europe. SAMBs are applied using no heat and no fumes, and they contain no volatile organic compounds in the material. Endlap adhesion can be reinforced by applying manufacturer-approved adhesives or by heat welding.
The waterproofing for modified bitumen systems is accomplished by the reinforcement of the
sheet, not the bitumen. Installation can be adversely affected by temperature, foreign matter in
the substate, and moisture
Part I-180
Some brands of aluminum or steel shingles have a 40-year limited warranty and in addition, come
with a coating approved by HUD, which allows the roof to be used for collecting rainwater. Fiberboard shakes, a durable product, which can be nailed and sawn, similar to wood shakes, come
with a 30 to 60 year warranty.
See your local supplier.
Insulation
5-108 All Insulation to have a Minimum of 40% Recycled Content
Commonly available types of insulation that include recycled content: cellulose, fiberglass, mineral wool, and cotton.
Cellulose insulation is made from 100% post-consumer recycled newspapers or telephone books.
The insulation can be dry-blown or poured loose-fill into enclosed cavities, but is most commonly
wet-sprayed. When sprayed, the product leaves few voids, reducing problems with air infiltration.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Five: Materials Efficiency
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part I-181
Cellulose is usually mixed with boric acid or sodium borate as a fire retardant. An additional benefit of boric acid is that it kills carpenter ants and termites.
Several brands of fiberglass insulation bats are manufactured using recycled glass, including
post-consumer glass collected in curbside recycling programs.
Mineral wool insulation is another option and is available in loose-fill or bats. It has, on average,
75% post-industrial recycled content.
Cotton insulation contains up to 85% post-industrial recycled fibers, such as blue jean material. It
contains no VOCs, and no chemical irritants. Cotton insulation is Class-A fire rated, rot, and pest
proof.
5-109 Use Environmentally Friendly Foam Building Products (Formaldehyde-Free, CFC-Free, HCFC-Free)
Building environmentally friendly multi-family housing requires eliminating the use of foam
building materials manufactured using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs).
CFCs are known to contribute significantly to ozone depletion and global warming, two of our
most serious environmental concerns. HCFCs are considerably less damaging than CFCs, but
should also be avoided if at all possible. In addition, avoid products that include formaldehyde,
because indoor formaldehyde is gaining recognition as a severe health hazard causing reactions
ranging from flu-like symptoms to death in individuals that become sensitized through exposure.
New bio-based products, including soy-based, are emerging.
Other Exterior
5-111 Use Reclaimed or Salvaged Material for Landscaping Walls
Using discarded stone, brick, masonry, or wood materials to construct the landscaping walls not
only saves resources, but also can provide a unique appearance to match the style of the building.
See your local supplier of brick masonry for broken or reclaimed materials. Also, look at jobsites
for discards.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY HandbookSection Five: Materials Efficiency
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part I-182
Also, see Action Item 5-12, Sell or Give Away Wood Scraps, Lumber, and Land Clearing Debris,
especially:
5-112 Use 100% Recycled Content HDPE, Salvaged Lumber, or Lumber that is Third-Party Certified
Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements for Decking and Porches
There are many manufacturers of recycled plastic lumber nationwide. Recycled plastic lumber
provides durable alternatives to solid wood for exterior applications such as fences, benches,
decking, docks, retaining walls, picnic tables, and landscape borders. Due to its weather- and insect-resistant nature, plastic lumber can readily substitute for treated wood in non-structural applications. Plastic lumber is also rot and corrosion-proof, and will not crack, splinter, or chip. It
has a long life expectancy in exposed, sub-grade or marine applications, and does not leach chemicals into ground or surface water or soil as treated wood can.
Plastic lumber resists vandalism and does not require painting. It is available in a variety of colors, including white, although many companies have a standard color of either brown or black.
These products can be nailed, screwed, sanded, glued, or turned on a lathe with standard woodworking tools. One challenging aspect of working with plastic lumber is its high expansion coefficient, which must be considered during installation. Check with the manufacturer regarding
structural support specifications.
Decking from local building deconstruction/salvage applies for credit.
For information on Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood, see Action Item 5-44, Use
Dimensional Lumber that is Third--Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 1 Requirements.
Recycled plastic/wood composite lumber does NOT qualify for credit. These composites cannot
be recycled or reclaimed at the end of its life span. In addition, many of these products contain
virgin materials.
Ask your local supplier or see Section Two: Site and Water, Action Item 2-38, Use Non-Toxic or
Low-Toxic Outdoor Lumber for Landscaping (e.g. Plastic, Least Toxic Treated Wood).
5-113 Use 100% Recycled Content HDPE, Salvaged Lumber, or Lumber that is Third-Party Certified
Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements for Decking and Porches
The emphasis of this Action Item is targeted at the third-party certified sustainably harvested
wood. Ask your local supplier or see Section Two: Site and Water, Action Item 2-38, Use
Non-Toxic or Low-Toxic Outdoor Lumber for Landscaping (e.g. Plastic, Least Toxic Treated
Wood).
Part I-183
waste out of landfills and incinerators. Plastic lumber is an excellent alternative to chemically
treated wood since it wont leach chemicals into the environment and it has a long service life. In
2001 ASTM created a standard for plastic lumber and many manufacturers have adopted this
standard.
Not all options are suitable for decking. Look for options that have UV stabilizers and are fiberreinforced, such as Trex. There are many benefits to using plastic lumber:
Works like wood, and can be sawed and drilled using ordinary tools.
Long lasting; many manufacturers guarantee their products to last for 50 years and replace
planks that may occasionally crack or splinter in extreme temperatures.
Ask your local supplier or see Section Two: Site and Water, Action Item 2-38, Use Non-Toxic or
Low-Toxic Outdoor Lumber for Landscaping (e.g. Plastic, Least Toxic Treated Wood).
Part I-184
Part I-185
Part II:
Resources
Section One:
Section Two:
Section Three:
Energy Efficiency
Section Four:
Section Five:
Materials Efficiency
Section One
Resources:
Consult equipment manufacturers documentation for related equipment and systems (roof
and exterior wall systems; heating/cooling systems including boilers, furnaces, chillers, cooling towers; ventilation equipment; lighting systems).
Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, an EPA publication on pollutant sources in buildings and methods to prevent and resolve IAQ problems.
Available online at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/base/baqtoc.html.
The Janitorial Products Pollution Prevention Project is sponsored by the US EPA and several
jurisdictions in southern California. Their web site
http://www.westp2net.org/Janitorial/jp4.htm provides a number of fact sheets and tools to
help you develop a safe and non-toxic facilities cleaning plan.
The Washington chapter of the American Lung Association (ALA), for questions relating to
ventilation, insulation, or pollutant source control, 800-732-9339 or www.alaw.org.
WSU Cooperative Extension Energy Program can provide you with consumer fact sheets on
energy-efficient appliances: 360-956-2000 or www.energy.wsu.edu.
Home Water-Saving Methods, by Ronald E. Hermanson, Publication #EB0732, WSU Cooperative Extension, 800-723-2763, ($1.00).
Consumer Reports, August 1998. A thorough and informative report for consumers on buying carpets, including a section on carpet and indoor air quality. Copies of the issue ($5) can
be obtained by writing: Back Issue Dept., Consumer Reports, PO Box 53016, Boulder, CO
80322-3016, www.consumerreports.com.
LightWise Compact Fluorescent Bulbs: More Value for Your Energy Dollar, Puget Sound
Energy publication. Includes a list of stores offering compact fluorescents at discount prices.
Part II-7
Puget Sound Energy, 411 108th Avenue NE, PO Box 97034, Bellevue, WA 98009-9734,
888-225-5773.
1-2
1-3
When Construction is Complete, Leave No Part of the Disturbed Site Uncovered or Unstabilized
For hydroseeding, compost suppliers, and erosion control options see Resources for Action Item
2-14, Use Compost to Stabilize Disturbed Slopes. Mulch, vegetation and matting can be obtained
at your local nursery or landscape supplier.
1-4
1-5
IMEX, the Industrial Materials Exchange, a free service designed to match businesses that
produce wastes, industrial by-products, or surplus materials with businesses that need them.
The bi-monthly print catalog lists wanted or available materials. The catalog is also available
online at www.metrokc.gov/hazwaste/imex/. For more information, contact IMEX at
206-296-4899.
Talk to your local service station or consult the local phone book under Waste Disposal
Hazardous.
If Using Can Lights, Use Energy Star Can Lights or Can Lights Approved by Washington
Energy Code for All Can Light Applications
See Washington State Energy Code, 2006 Edition, residential recessed lighting code has been
modified:
502.4.4 Recessed Lighting Fixtures: When installed in the building envelope, recessed lighting
fixtures shall be Type IC rated and certified under ASTM E283 to have no more than 2.0 cfm air
movement from the conditioned space to the ceiling cavity. The lighting fixture shall be tested at
75 Pascals or 1.57 lbs/ft2 pressure difference and have a label attached, showing compliance with
this test method. Recessed lighting fixtures shall be installed with a gasket or caulk between the
fixture and ceiling to prevent air leakage.
Part II-8
1-6
2 4 Stars: Install CO Detector for All Units (Hardwire Preferred) with a Combustion Device or
Attached Garage
Carbon monoxide detectors are available at hardware stores and home supply centers.
1-7
5 Star: Install CO Detector for All Units (Hardwire Required) with a Combustion Device
Carbon monoxide detectors are available at hardware stores and home supply centers.
1-8
1-9
Contact the Washington State Department of Ecology to see if a vendor is permitted or has
any violations, Northwest Regional Office, Hazardous Waste Specialists. 425-649-7040.
The Yellow Book is an online directory of the King County, Department of Natural Resources, Hazardous Waste Management Program designed to help business and other facilities that generate small quantities of hazardous waste. The directory is at
www.metrokc.gov/hazwaste/yb. The site contains links to How to Choose a Hazardous
Waste Vendor (www.metrokc.gov/hazwaste/yb/ybchoose.html) and a vendor directory
(www.metrokc.gov/hazwaste/yb/ybvendir.html). For more information or for a print copy of
the directory, contact:
The Hazardous Waste Directory, Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King
County, Dept. of Natural Resources, 130 Nickerson Street, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98109.
Phone, 206-263-3051, fax, 206-263-3070, TTY, 206-296-0100, or e-mail at
haz.waste@metrokc.gov.
Part II-9
1-10
Meet All Applicable State and Local Codes, Regulations, and Development Standards
Consult with your local code office. Also see resources for relevant section.
Meet Stormwater / Site Development Standards
Meet applicable state and local stormwater controls and site development requirements. (Section
Two: Site and Water contains additional Action Items that go beyond regulations.)
Meet Washington State Energy Code and Local Amendments, if Applicable
Meet the Washington State Energy Code. Effective July 1, 2007, the State Energy Code has been
updated. Major changes have been incorporated into the 2008 update of the Multi-Family Manual; however, it may be that not all changes have been incorporated. To see all the changes, download a new copy of the code and look for a vertical bar in the margin indicating a change in the
code, see http://www.energy.wsu.edu/documents/code/wsec2006/wsec_2006.pdf. See the Chart
in the Resources, Section 3 or the Worksheet Instructions provided by WSU at
http://www.energy.wsu.edu/documents/code/CPWorksheets/CPWorksheet_instruct.pdf. (Section
Three: Energy Efficiency provides Action Items that go beyond code.)
Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide, 3rd edition. Available through
WSU Cooperative Extension, Educational Materials. Cost is $10.00. To order, call
360-956-2000. This guide is available as a free PDF download from
www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings.
Also see resources for Section Three: Energy Efficiency, and Section Four: Health and Indoor Air Quality.
Part II-10
Section Two
Resources:
Site and Water
Site Protection
Overall
Protect Sites Natural Features
Protect Natural Processes On-Site
Hardscapes
Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect
Eliminate Water Pollutants
Water Conservation
Outdoor Conservation
Indoor Conservation
Eliminate Water Pollutants
Design Alternatives
Transportation
Training and Education
Extra Credit / Innovation for Site and Water
Section Two
Resources:
Site and Water
General Resources
The Sustainable Sites Initiative, Standards and Guidelines Preliminary Report. November
2007. ASLA, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, US Botanic Garden
http://www.sustainablesites.org.
Environmental Handbook for Washington Construction Contractors: Regulatory Guidance (Publication #96-503), Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program, Washington State Department
of Ecology. 360-407-7472 or www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs.html.
Watershed Protection Tools, Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, MD. 410-461-8323
or www.cwp.org, multiple publications including Site Planning for Urban Stream Protection.
Soil and Water Conservation Society, www.swcs.org. An organization focused on fostering the
science and art of sustainable soil, water, and related natural resource management.
Beyond Preservation: Restoring and Inventing Landscapes, by A. Dwight Baldwin and others,
University of Minnesota Press, 1994. Available from www.amazon.com for $49.95 for hardback;
$19.95 paperback.
Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources, by John Tillman
Lyle and Joan Woodward, Milldale Press, 1999. Available from www.amazon.com for $30.00.
Landscape Restoration Handbook, by Donald Harker, Lewis Publishers, 1999. Available from
www.amazon.com for $115.00.
Product Information
GreenSpec The Environmental Building News Product Directory and Guidelines Specifications,
E Build, Inc., Brattleboro, VT, 1999. 802-257-7300 or www.buildinggreen.com. GreenSpec is
organized in standard CSI divisions. Environmental Building News (EBN) also offers product
reviews, information and lists some articles at the following web address:
www.buildinggreen.com/products/productslist.html.
REDI Guide (Resources for Environmental Design Index), web database, diskette, or printed
handbook; a good resource for energy-efficient products. Available from Iris Communications,
Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104, or online at data.oikos.com/products.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-13
1998 King County Surface Water Design Manual. Appendices C and D. Available for reference
at the King County regional libraries, the UW Engineering Library, and at several County departments. It is available for purchase at Water and Land Resources for $125 plus tax (and postage). For questions regarding availability or purchase, call Water and Land Resource Division at
206-296-6519 or e-mail Andrea.perkinsmyntti@metrokc.gov. Supporting documents and software can be downloaded from dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/dss/manual.htm or
www.metrokc.gov/ddes//usd/erosion.htm.
Stormwater and Urban Runoff SeminarsGuide for Builders and Developers, NAHB, Edited by
Susan Asmus, Washington DC, 800-368-5242 x538 or www.nahb.com.
Stormwater Erosion and Sediment Control for Small Parcel Construction (WQ-R-93-012, Report
#3 of 5). Washington State Department of Ecology, Water Quality Program. 360-407-7472 or
www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs.html.
Final Draft, Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington, Volume V, Runoff
Treatment BMPs (Publication #9915). Washington State Department of Ecology, October 1999,
Revised August 2000. This Final Draft can be downloaded at
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/9915.html or call 360-407-6614.
Final Draft, Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington, Volume II, Construction
Stormwater Pollution Prevention. Washington State Department of Ecology, Water Division.
August 1999, revised August 2000. This Final Draft can be downloaded at
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/9912.html or call 360-407-6614.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-14
SITE PROTECTION
Overall
2-1
2-2
Build on an Infill Lot to Take Advantage of Existing Infrastructure and Reduce Development
of Virgin Sites
Designed to Fit, by Susan Jenkins, Builder, July 1998, pp. 136-148. Washington, DC,
www.builderonline.com. (Four projects that demonstrate different forms of infill housing: attached, detached, high-density, and low-density).
Infill Housing That Fits, by Jamie Fisher, Journal of Light Construction, June 1998,
p. 21. Williston, VT. 802-859-3669 or www.jlconline. Order by phone or online at
www.jlconline.com/bookstore.
2-3
Greyfields is a real estate private equity company with a singular focus on the investment
in, restructuring and redevelopment of functionally and/or financially underutilized real
estate assets, aka "greyfields" or "grayfields". The site includes news about current national projects. http://www.greyfields.com/index.php
Congress for the New Urbanism and PricewaterhouseCoopers, Greyfields into Goldfields: from falling shopping centers to great neighborhoods (February 2001),
http://cnuinfo.stores.yahoo.net/greyingoldea.html.
Congress for the New Urbanism and PricewaterhouseCoopers, Greyfield Regional Mall
Study (January 2001), http://www.cnu.org/sites/files/Greyfield_Feb_01.pdf.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-15
2-4
U.S. EPA has introduced two Web-based tools to give the public additional access to information about Brownfield properties and cleanup efforts. The tools allow residents to
locate Brownfields in their area and provide access to information about cleanup grants http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/bfwhere.htm
Better Site Design: A Handbook for Changing Development Rules in Your Community,
see listing under General Selection & Design Resources above.
City of Seattle Stormwater, Grading and Drainage Code includes four new technical
manuals on required and recommended BMPs for Construction, Flow Control, Source
Control, and Stormwater Treatment. These manuals are available on the City of Seattle's
site, http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/dclu/codes/sgdccode.htm. If questions, call DCLU Site
Development Desk at 206-233-7232.)
EPA and the LID Center conducted a literature review of LID studies to assess the state
of knowledge about LID practices. This report contains a brief overview of LID principles and programmatic issues such as use, ownership and cost. The heart of the document
is a summary of the information available regarding the pollutant removal effectiveness
of the most common LID practices. Also included are four fact sheets on bioretention,
permeable and porous pavements, rooftop meadows, and street storage that contain descriptions of local projects where LID practices were used.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lidlit.html.
It's time to try zero-impact by Thomas W. Holz of SCA Engineering, Seattle Daily
Journal of Commerce, August 19, 1999,
http://www.djc.com/special/enviro99/10057227.htm
The Low Impact Development Center was established to develop and provide information to individuals and organizations dedicated to protecting the environment and water resources through proper site design techniques that replicate pre-existing hydrologic
site conditions. See www.lowimpactdevelopment.org.
Low Impact Development in Puget Sound, proceedings of June 2001 conference, and
many other useful design resources are available at the Puget Sound Water Quality Action Teams low impact development site,
http://www.wa.gov/puget_sound/Programs/LID.htm
Low-Impact Development Design Strategies An Integrated Design Approach EPA 841B-00-003 and Low-Impact Development Hydrologic Analysis EPA 841-B-00-002: These
documents were prepared by The Prince George's County Maryland Department of Environmental Resources Programs and Planning Division (PGDER), with Assistance from
USEPA. The design charts in the appendices of the Hydrologic Analysis document are
not available on the internet at this time but may be obtained from the PGDER at 301883-5833.
Better Site Design: A Handbook for Changing Development Rules in Your Community, see listing
under General Selection & Design Resources above.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-16
Consensus Agreement on Model Development Principles to Protect our Streams, Lakes and Wetlands, Center for Watershed Protection, April 1998. Available from the Center for Watershed
Protection, 410-461-8323, www.cwp.org.
Impervious Surface Reduction Study, Final Report, May 1995, Olympia Public Works Department, Water Resources Program. 360-753-8454
Impervious Surface Reduction Study Fact Sheet #3: Guidance for Using Alternative Surfaces.
City of Olympia Public Works Department, Water Resources Program. 360-753-8454
2-5
2-6
For Each Acre of Development, Set Aside an Equal Amount of Land as a Conservation
Easement or Transfer the Development Rights
For general information on conservation easements, see:
For information on King Countys Greenprint for King County a program of the Trust of
Public Lands, see ftp://dnr.metrokc.gov/dnr/library/2005/KCR1856/0505_Greenprint.pdf
There are many local land trusts in our area, see Cascade Land Conservancy
http://www.cascadeland.org/
For information on transfer of development rights in Snohomish and King County, see:
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-17
http://www1.co.snohomish.wa.us/Departments/PDS/Divisions/LR_Planning/Projects_Pro
grams/Agriculture_Resources/Transfer_of_development_rights.htm
Avoid Soil Compaction by Limiting Heavy Equipment Use to Building Footprint and
Construction Entrance
No specific resources listed.
2-8
Building Greener Neighborhoods: Trees as Part of the Plan (see Chapter 5: The Construction Process). Available from American Forests, Washington, DC, 202-955-4500
or www.amfor.org. Also available from NAHB. 800-223-2665 or
www.builderbooks.com.
Preservation Specifications for New Construction Sites, specs for protecting on-site
vegetation. Isabelle Greene & Associates, landscape architects, 2613 De la Vina St., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, 805-569-4045.
The Native Plant Salvage Program of the Snohomish County Public Works Department.
425-388-6462 or www.co.snohomish.wa.us/publicwk/index.htm. The website also provides access to the programs quarterly newsletter, Going Native.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-18
2-9
Retain 30% of Trees On Site or Retain Arborist to Determine Tree Retention Plan for Site
Resources on preservation include:
2-10
Tree Protection during Construction, Owen E. Dell, landscape architect and contractor,
P.O. Box 30433, Santa Barbara, CA 93130, 805-962-3253. Fact sheet with tips for making decisions about trees during site evaluation, design and construction.
Do Not Build On or Adjacent to Sensitive Ecological Areas: Wetlands, Shorelines, Bluffs, Old
Growth Forests, or Other Critical Areas
Streamside Savvy: SWMs Guide to the Good Life at the Waters Edge, King County Water and Land Resources Division, Attn: Customer Account Services, 700 Fifth Avenue,
Suite 2200, Seattle, WA 98104. 206-296-1968 or dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/pobindex.htm.
This booklet, written for owners and managers of streamside properties, is designed to
help preserve the health of the water, fish, wildlife, plants, and people. (Free).
Stabilization and Erosion Control Using Vegetation: A Manual of Practice for Coastal
Property Owners. Washington State Department of Ecology. 360-407-7472. Available
on the Surface Water and Groundwater on Coastal Bluffs website:
www.wa.gov/ecology/sea/pubs/95-107/using01.html. This site also contains information
on drainage control, slope drainage, planning, case studies, links, and more.
Vegetation Management: A Guide for Puget Sound Bluff Property Owners. Washington
State Department of Ecology, 360-407-7472, www.wa.gov/ecology.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-19
2-11
If Building Near Sensitive Ecological Areas, Limit Development Footprint and Preserve and
Protect Beyond Code
2-12
See above.
Restore Percentage of Site Outside the Footprint for the Life of the Building 10%
20% 35%
Building Greener Neighborhoods: Trees as Part of the Plan (see Chapter 5: The Construction Process). Available from American Forests, Washington, DC, 202-955-4500
or www.amfor.org. Also available from NAHB: 800-223-2665 or
www.builderbooks.com.
The American Forests website, www.amfor.org, has information about CITYgreen, a GIS
software that can model and map the cost savings from maintaining trees for a small site,
such as a new subdivision. Select Green Cities option.
Install and Maintain Temporary Erosion Control Devices that Significantly Reduce Sediment
Discharge from the Site Beyond Code Requirements
See Composting Resources below.
Check with King or Snohomish County officials for guidelines on implementing erosion control measures.
King Countys guidelines for erosion and sediment control are posted on the web at
www.metrokc.gov/ddes/lusd/erosion.htm or dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/dss/manual.htm. For questions about erosion control in King County on single-family residential projects, call
206-296-7232.
Many resources are listed in Resources, Surface Water Management, above. Also see:
"Compost Filter Berms and Blankets Take on the Silt Fence" by Rod Tyler, and "Composted Woody Materials Become Erosion Control Product," BioCycle, January 2001.
Excellent articles demonstrating the cost, maintenance, and effectiveness advantages of
using compost filter berms and blankets for erosion control, including for steep slopes.
Local firms with compost/mulch blowing equipment for erosion control applications:
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-20
2-14
Composting Resources
Also:
Field Guide to Compost Use, U.S. Composting Council, Alexandria, VA. 440-989-2748
or compostingcouncil.org. Limited supplies available: read-only version on web site.
1998 King County Surface Water Design Manual. Appendix D. See Resources, Surface
Water Management, above or dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/dss/manual.htm.
Summary of Projects Using Yard Debris Compost for Erosion Prevention and Control,
Portland Metro, Portland, OR. Available from Metro Regional Environmental Management, 600 NE Grand Ave., Portland, OR 97232-2736, Attn: Records. Send $5.00 check
for postage and handling.
"Compost Filter Berms and Blankets Take on the Silt Fence" by Rod Tyler, and "Composted Woody Materials Become Erosion Control Product," BioCycle, January 2001.
Excellent articles demonstrating the cost, maintenance, and effectiveness advantages of
using compost filter berms and blankets for erosion control, including for steep slopes.
Local firms with compost/mulch blowing equipment for erosion control applications:
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-21
North American Green erosion control blankets made of wheatstraw and coconut fiber,
available at ACF West, Portland, OR. 503-771-5115 or www.acfwest.com.
BonTerra coconut or straw (or mixed) erosion control blankets, BonTerra America.
800-882-9489, e-mail: bonterra@moscow.com, or www.bonterraamerica.com. Available
through Layfield Plastics. 800-796-6868 or www.geomembranes.com. Layfield carries
other organic erosion control products for all applications.
Fabriscape, Inc., Chicago, IL. 800-992-0551 or www.fabriscape.com. Supplier for landscape fabrics for a variety of purposes, including slope containment. Check for environmentally friendly options.
Hydroseeding:
Specify hydro mulch with recycled cellulose:
2-15
2-16
2-17
Amend Disturbed Soil with Compost to a Depth of 8 to 10 Inches (or Better Than Code) to
Restore Soil Environmental Functions
See Composting Resources above and:
Building Soil: Guidelines and Resources for Implementing Soil Quality and Depth BMP
T5.13, 2007 edition, www.soilsforsalmon.org
Guidelines for Landscaping with Compost-Amended Soils, 1999. Prepared for the City
of Redmond Public Works by Chollak Services and the University of Washington, College of Forest Resources. 306-556-2815 or online at
depts.washington.edu/cuwrm/PUBLICTN/soilamnd.pdf.
The Relationship Between Soil and Water How Soil Amendment and Compost Can
Aid in Salmon Recovery. King County Department of Natural Resources. 206-296-4429
or online at www.metrokc.gov/dnr/swd/ResRecy/soil4salmon.htm
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-22
2-18
2-19
King Conservation District, Native Plant Salvage Program, Wetland Plant Cooperative.
206-764-3410 or www.kingcd.org.
The Native Plant Salvage Program of the Snohomish County Public Works Department.
425-388-6462 or www.co.snohomish.wa.us/publicwk/index.htm. The web site also provides access to the programs quarterly newsletter, Going Native.
2-20
2-21
Snohomish County Recycling Guide for Construction, Demolition, and Land Clearing
Debris, a publication of Snohomish County Public Works, Solid Waste Management.
425-388-3425. Also available at the BUILT GREEN Resource Library.
Check the phone book under Land Clearing for additional mobile grinder operators in
your area.
The 1998 King County Surface Water Design Manual (see Resources, Surface Water
Management).
Also contact:
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-23
2-22
Manage Specified Percentage of Stormwater and Building Water Discharge On Site by 60%,
80%, or 100%
See Resources for 2-40, On-Site Wastewater Treatment.
Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment, Sherwood C. Reed, Ronald W.
Crites, E. Joe Middlebrooks. McGraw Hill Professional, 1998.
Constructed Wetlands in the Sustainable Landscape, Craig Campbell, FASLA, and Michael Ogden, P.E. LEED AP, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
Hardscapes
2-23
Design to Achieve 50%, 75%, or 90% Effective Pervious Surface Outside of Building
Footprint
2-24
Impervious Surface Reduction Study Fact Sheet #3: Guidance for Using Alternative
Surfaces. Olympia Public Works Department, Water Resources Program.
360-753-8454.
Use Pervious Materials for at Least One-Third of Total Area for Hardscapes
See your local supplier for pervious paving options, including crushed stone and gravel (for
areas that will not be compacted by vehicles), concrete paving blocks or cast-in-place systems
(such as Grasscrete), and plastics such as Grasspave or Geoblock. Proprietary systems that
have been used successfully include:
Hastings Checker Block Reinforced Porous Paving System, Hastings Pavement Company. 800-874-4717 or www.hastingspaver.com.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-24
Also, a good source of information on the costs and appropriate applications of different permeable paying options:
2-25
Install Vegetated Roof System (e.g. Eco-Roof) to Reduce Impervious Surface on 25%, 50%,
or 90%+ of Total Roof Surface
Pacific Northwest companies offering green roof assemblies include:
2-26
W.P. Hickman, Ashville, NC. 828-274-4000 or www.wph.com. Contact them for local
representatives.
2-27
For Urban Infill, Replace Impervious Surfaces with Permanent Pervious Surfaces Outside
Building Footprint
See Action Item 2-24, above.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-25
California Energy Commission website with links to sites related to cool roofs, urban heat islands, and roof coating associations,
http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/coolroof/links.html.
2-29
2-30
USEPA website, Heat Island Effect, includes Energy Savings calculator, and the Tree
Benefit Estimator, also includes shading graphics to illustrate effectiveness, see
http://www.epa.gov/hiri/strategies/vegetation.html.
For All Exterior Hardscape, Including Surface Parking, Use Only Light Colored Pavement for
90% of Project Area
The Encyclopedia of Earth website includes a summary and link to the EPA report
Cool Pavement Report, June 2005. See full reference below:
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Cool_paving
Cool Pavement Report, EPA Cool Pavements Study - Task 5, Cambridge Systematics,
Inc. Maryland, June 2005, www.camsys.com.
Free Help for Businesses (Publication #96-407). This fact sheet summarizes free technical assistance offered by the DOEs Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program. Available online
at www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs/96407.pdf.
Hazardous Waste Generator Checklist (Publication #91-012b). This checklist will help you determine if your business produces hazardous wastes and summarizes your responsibilities if you
do.
Hazardous Waste: More Common Than You Think (Publication #91-012a.) This report identifies
businesses, which generate hazardous waste, and gives examples of the different categories of
hazardous waste. It also offers suggestions about reducing and recycling hazardous waste.
Hazardous Waste Service Providers Directory (Publication #98-412). This directory is intended
to assist hazardous waste generators to identify and contact businesses that will help manage hazardous wastes. It also contains names and addresses for Moderate Risk Waste Coordinators listed
by County and Native American Tribal Contacts. Available online at
www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs/98412.pdf.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-26
Sara Title III, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know, A Guide for Business (Publication #93-BR-01). Available online at www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs/93br001.pdf.
Site Hazard Assessment Guide (Publication #F-TC-91-111). This Washington State Department
of Ecology Focus Sheet relates to site hazard assessments, which is the first step in the process for
cleaning up a hazardous waste site.
Step by Step: Fact Sheets for Hazardous Waste Generators (Publication #91-012). This packet
of information contains guidance for generators of hazardous waste. It includes the following information sheets: how to identify hazardous waste; obtaining a RCRA identification number; filling out annual reports; performing preventive maintenance; how to properly accumulate hazardous waste; planning for emergencies; using and managing containers; arranging for proper transportation and disposal; manifesting shipments of hazardous waste; and keeping records of hazardous waste activities.
What is a Small Quantity Generator? Your Regulatory Status Under the Dangerous Waste Regulation (Publication #96-404). This brochure offers an overview of the standards that apply to
small quantity generators. It also lists resources that can offer help. Available online at
www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs/96404.pdf.
Also see:
The Regulation of Solid and Hazardous Wastes: A Builders Guide, NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD, 800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
In King County, call the Business Waste Line at 206-296-3976 or check the online directory at
www.metrokc.gov/hazwaste/yb.
The King County Local Hazardous Waste Management Program. Seattle, WA. 206-263-3051 or
e-mail: haz.waste@metrokc.gov
In Snohomish County, contact the Department of Public Works, Solid Waste Division,
425-388-3425.
The Washington State Department of Ecology, Northwest Regional Office, Hazardous Waste
Specialists, 425-649-7040.
Also see the General Resources at the beginning of this Section for information on erosion control.
2-31
2-32
Establish and Post Clean Up Procedures for Spills to Prevent Illegal Discharges
See Resources, Hazardous Waste, above. Especially, see:
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-27
Step by Step: Fact Sheets for Hazardous Waste Generators (Publication #91-012). See
Resources, Hazardous Waste, above.
2-33
Reporting Releases of Hazardous Substances (Publication Number R-TC-94-133). Washington State Department of Ecology. 360-407-7472 or www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs.html.
See Resources, Hazardous Waste and Action Item 2-30, Establish and Post Cleanup Procedures for Spills to Prevent Illegal Discharges.
Software estimating/take off systems are available to help accurately estimate the quantity of
materials you will need for a specific job. Trade magazines often review these programs and
provide cost and contact information.
2-34
Construct Tire Wash, Establish and Post Clean Up Protocol for Tire Wash
For information about washing out work vehicles in general see:
2-35
2-36
A series of fact sheets is available, including Choosing Fertilizers for the Lawn and Garden and Lawn Care, available from the Washington Toxics Coalition, Seattle WA.
206-632-1545 or e-mail info@watoxics.org. Or see WTCs publication page at
www.watoxics.org/p.htm.
WSU Cooperative Extension/King County, Seattle, WA. 206-296-3900. Free tapes about
pests, vegetable gardens, lawns, and soil health. Publications on fertilizer use and other
aspects of Integrated Pest Management. See WSU Cooperative Extensions web site,
Gardening in Western Washington at gardening.wsu.edu or try king.wsu.edu/.
Seattle Tilth Association, Seattle, WA. 206-633-0451 or www.speakeasy.org/~tilth/. Offers workshops on all aspects of gardening without pesticides.
Kick hard. Dont use form oil at all and clean forms promptly after use. This works on
smaller pours.
Use vegetable oil sprays (mix vegetable oil with water and apply using pump can).
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-28
Cast Off-W, ChemRex, Inc. (makers of Sonneborn Building Products), Shakopee, MN.
800-433-9517. Contains a significantly lower level of petroleum distillate than traditional products.
New products that eliminate the need for wood forms include:
2-37
2-38
Steel forms
Formadrain, CertainTeed Corporation, Pipe and Plastics Group, Valley Forge, PA.
610-341-6950 or www.certainteed.com. Manufactured out of PVC, it serves as the form,
but stays in place. The product is perforated and is designed to drain the foundation or
vent radon as well
Soy Form Away, SoySolv Industrial Solvents and Cleaners, Tiffin, OH. 800-231-4274,
419-992-4595, or www.soysolv.com. Water-based, non-toxic, soap and water clean up
and made from a renewable resource. Available through D.J. Stevens Distributing, San
Diego, CA. 614-424-3220.
1998 King County Surface Water Design Manual. Appendix C: Small Site Drainage Requirements. (See General Resources). Also check their web site: splash.metrokc.gov.
On-Site Residential Stormwater Management Alternatives. (November 1995). Washington State Department of Ecology. 360-407-7472 or www.wa.gov/ecology/pubs.html.
Prepared by UW Department of Civil Engineering.
Use Non-Toxic or Low-Toxic Outdoor Materials for Landscaping (e.g. Plastic, Least-Toxic Treated
Wood)
For general and product information for low toxic landscape materials and methods, consult:
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle WA.
206-682-7332, 800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com. A good source for low-toxic finishes.
Resource Guide to Sustainable Landscapes and Gardens, Wesley Groesbeck and Jan
Striefel, 1995. Environmental Resources Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.
Unlike wood, recycled-content plastic lumber and landscape edging does not need to be treated with toxic finishes for outdoor use. It also has the benefit of being resource efficient. Your
local supplier may carry a brand of recycled-content plastic lumber, but if not, some locally
distributed products include:
ChoiceDek, manufactured by A.E.R.T. (Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies), Akron, OH. 800-951-5117 or www.choicedek.com.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-29
Enviroedge landscape edging (plastic bender board and stakes), Enviroedge Products Co.,
Huntington Beach, CA. 800-549-3343. Available at Home Depot stores.
See also Section Five Resources: Materials Efficiency for sustainable lumber (Action Item
5-35, Use Wood Products Certified by FSC or Other Recognized Agency as Sustainable,)
and least toxic pressure treated wood Action Item 5-81, Use Least Toxic Pressure Treatment
for Pressure-Treated Wood (No CCA).
2-39
2-40
EPA web site, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat,
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/construc/content.html.
Onsite Water Treatment, bi-monthly journal by Forrester Publishing, complimentary subscription copy available, see http://www.onsitewater.com/ow.html
Allen, G.H. and R.H. Gearheart (eds). 1988. Proceedings of a Conference on Wetlands
for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Enhancement, Humbolt Sate Univ., Arcata, CA
Reed, S.C., E.J. Middlebrooks, R.W. Crites. 1988. Natural Systems for Waste Management & Treatment. McGraw Hill, New York, NY
Constructed Wetlands in the Sustainable Landscape, Craig Campbell and Michael Ogden, 1999. John Wiley and Sons.
Living Machines, Inc. has built more than 20 commercial-scale wastewater treatment facilities in six countries for such clients as M&M Mars, Master Foods, the Body Shop, National Audubon, the State of Vermont, Battelle Foundation and U.S. EPA, ranging in size
from 4,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per day.
(http://www.livingmachines.com/htm/machine.htm)
Part II-30
tective greenhouse, under light shelter, or in the open air. With effluent polishing, Living Machines produce a high quality effluent that is suitable for reuse or a number of disposal alternatives, such as landscape irrigation, toilet flushing and vehicle washing.
WATER CONSERVATION
Outdoor Conservation
WaterWiser is a program of the American Water Works Association operated in cooperation with
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The web site www.waterwiser.org provides information and
resources including links for all aspects of outdoor and indoor water conservation, recycled water
collection and reuse, irrigation, landscaping, and efficient fixtures and appliances. AWWA number is 202-628-8303.
Sources of information about drought tolerant plants, native plants, and natural lawn care include the
agencies and web site below.
Free tapes about pests, vegetable gardens, lawns, and soil health from WSU Co-op Extension in
King County, 206-296-3900. Many gardening publications available, including fertilizer use and
aspects of Integrated Pest Management. See WSU Cooperative Extensions web site, "Gardening
in Western Washington" at gardening.wsu.edu. Includes information about use of native plants,
gardening.wsu.edu/text/nwnative.htm.
Seattle Tilths Green Gardening Line, 206-547-7561 or the Seattle Tilth Association
206-633-0451, www.speakeasy.org/~tilth.
Seattle Public Utilities (SPU) online Conservation and Environment web site at
www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/rescons. Available online is SPUs new brochure, How to be a Salmon-Friendly Gardener, www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/RESCONS/plantNaturally/salmonfriendly.htm
or call 206-386-1981 to request a copy.
Washington Toxics Coalition, 4649 Sunnyside Ave N, Suite 540 East, Seattle WA 98103,
206-632-1545 or e-mail info@watoxics.org or online at www.watoxics.org. Good source of information on many aspects of gardening. Fact sheets include Choosing Fertilizers for the Lawn
and Garden and Lawn Care.
2-41
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-31
2-42
The Wild Lawn Handbook: Alternatives to the Traditional Front Lawn, Stevie Davis,
1995, Macmillian Publishing Company, NY, NY. Available from Conscious Media,
www.conciousmedia.com.
Ask your local nursery for Fleur de Lawn, a mix of grass, clover, yarrow, English daisy,
alyssum and baby blue eyes that will thrive with no fertilizer, herbicides, or watering, and
only one or two mowings a year.
See Composting Resources in 2-14, Use Compost to Stabilize Disturbed Slopes, and:
2-43
2-44
The Relationship Between Soil and Water How Soil Amendment and Compost Can Aid
in Salmon Recovery, King County Department of Natural Resources, 206-296-4429 or
online at dnr.metrokc.gov/ swd/ResRecy/soil4salmon.htm.
Guidelines for Landscaping with Compost-Amended Soils, 1999. Prepared for the City of
Redmond Public Works by Chollak Services and the University of Washington, College
of Forest Resources, 206-556-2815 or online at
depts.washington.edu/cuwrm/PUBLICTN/soilamnd.pdf.
The Wild Lawn Handbook: Alternatives to the Traditional Front Lawn, Stevie Davis,
1995, Macmillian Publishing Company, NY, NY. Available from Conscious Media,
www.conciousmedia.com.
No Turf Grass
See Resources listed under Action Items 2-43, Limit Use of Turf Grass to 25% of Landscaped
Area, and 2-45, Landscape with Plants Appropriate for Site Topography and Soil Types.
2-45
Landscape with Plants Appropriate for Site Topography and Soil Types, Emphasizing Use of
Plants with Low Watering Requirements (Drought Tolerant)
Many local nurseries carry a selection of native and drought-tolerant plants. Northwest
wildflower seeds are also available from most nurseries and garden shops.
Ask your local nursery for Fleur de Lawn, a mix of grass, clover, yarrow, English daisy,
alyssum and baby blue eyes that will thrive with no fertilizer, herbicides, or watering, and
only one or two mowings a year.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-32
gardening.wsu.edu/text/nwnative.htm, a Web site with information on identifying, propagating, and landscaping native plants. Includes multiple photos and tips.
King County Department of Natural Resources online web page Native Plan Sources,
dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/pi/npnursry.htm.
Washington Native Plant Society, 5221 S. Mayflower, Seattle, WA 98118, Central Puget
Sound Chapter, 206-527-3210, 888-288-8022, www.wnps.org/cps. Offers brochures,
fact sheets and a list of retail nurseries that offer native plants.
King County Water and Land Resources Division, Native Plant Salvage Program. Salvage native plants from sites slated for construction. Contact Cindy Young at
206-296-8065, dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/pl/sallops.htm.
The Native Plant Salvage Program of the Snohomish County Public Works Department,
phone 425-388-6462 or www.co.snohomish.wa.us/publicwk/index.htm. The web site also provides access to the programs quarterly newsletter, Going Native.
King Conservation District. Call 226-4867 for technical assistance, information, and
some funding for soil and water conservation projects. Native Plant Salvage Program,
Wetland Plant Cooperative, annual sale. 206-764-3410.
Department of Fish and Wildlife, Backyard Sanctuary Program, 425-775-1311 for information about planting natives in your yard to attract wildlife,
www.wa.gov/wdfw/wlm/byw_prog.htm.
Water-Wise Landscaping (with references). Recommended also for the O&M Kit.
Available from Washington Public Utility Districts Association, Seattle, 206-682-3110.
Water Conservation in a Northwest Garden (with list of drought-tolerant plants) and Water-Wise Plants for the Northwest Garden, Water Conservation Coalition of Puget Sound.
Available through your local water utility.
Grow Your Own Native Landscape: A Guide to Identifying, Propagating, and Landscaping with Western Washington Native Plants, WSU Cooperative Extension, 206-296-3900.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-33
2-46
Drip Irrigation for Every Landscape And All Climates, by Robert Kourik,
Metamorphic Press, PO Box 1841, Santa Rosa, CA 95402. ($16 postpaid)
All commercial, industrial and institutional customers of Seattle Public Utilities and the Local
Water Utilities are eligible to participate in SPUs water efficient irrigation program. Call Seattle Public Utilities at 206-684-5955 for a free, no obligation consultation. Services include:
2-47
Free Irrigation System AssessmentSPU will make a personal visit to review your
planned/current irrigation practices and provide recommendations to improve efficiency.
Free Irrigation System Audit This is a detailed evaluation of irrigation efficiency including system pressure, site coverage, computer-generated irrigation schedules and water budgets.
Financial Incentives Qualifying customers may receive financial incentives for capital
upgrades of existing or planned irrigation systems, or for other projects that result in dependable, consistent water savings. The amount of the financial incentive is based on the
amount of water saved, the cost of the project and the availability of funding. This will be
discussed individually with each site's owner.
2-48
Install Landscaping That Requires No Potable Water for Irrigation Whatsoever After Initial
Establishment Period (Approximately 2 Years)
Timers, moisture sensors, micro-spray nozzles, and drip irrigation devices are available from
all major irrigation manufacturers. For more information contact your local supplier or landscape designer/contractor.
See Resources for 2-45, Landscape with Plants Appropriate.(Drought Tolerant), above.
See also:
Drip Irrigation For Every Landscape And All Climates, by Robert Kourik, Metamorphic
Press, PO Box 1841, Santa Rosa, CA 95402. ($16 postpaid)
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-34
Greywater Handbook, Peter Warshall and Associates, City of Malibu, Department of Environment, Building and Safety, 1995. A manual for design, construction, installation,
operation and maintenance of greywater systems.
Create an Oasis with Greywater, Your Complete Guide to Managing Greywater in the
Landscape, Revised and Expanded Third Edition, Art Lugwig, Oasis Design, Santa Barbara, CA, 1997, ($15), 805-967-9956, www.oasisdesign.net. Also available from IRIS
Communications, Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104, shop.oikos.com/catalog.
2-49
ReWater System, ReWater System Inc., Chula Vista, CA, 619-585-1196. Filtering and
distribution systems, www.jumbojet.net/rewater.
Install Rainwater Collection System (Cistern) that Reduces Water Consumption for Irrigation
by 50% Annually
Rainwater collection systems are not usually available as complete kits. However, most parts
needed are available at hardware and plumbing supply stores. Check your local yellow pages
under Tanks or Cisterns. Also check with your local landscape/irrigation supplier.
Also see the following:
Rainwater Catchment Systems for Domestic Supply, Design, Construction and Implementation, John Gould and Erik Nissen-Petersen, Intermediate Technology Publications,
1999, London, UK, +44 20 7436 9761, www.oneworld.org/itdg/publications.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-35
Portland Rainbarrel Company has designed a rain water collection system that connects to
downspouts. Systems are shipped for self-install. For information e-mail
bardelp@teleport.com or visit www.teleport.com/~bardelp.
Figure 6-1RPortland Rainbarrel Company, Typical Installation
(Source: Portland Rainbarrel Company)
Olympic Supply (makes rain barrels from recycled food-grade plastic drums), Selah, WA, 509-697-8239.
Other products and manufacturers are listed in GreenSpec and the REDI Guide.
If the building owner would like information on using the rainwater collection system for potable purposes, you might provide a copy of the EPAs Manual of Individual and Non-Public
Water Supply Systems (EPA 570/9-91-004) (May 1991). Local Department of Health contacts are:
King County Public Health Drinking Water Program in King County, has regulatory
oversight for individual and small public water systems serving 2 to 9 connections,
206-296-0100 or 800-325-6165 or online at
www.metrokc.gov/health/env_hlth/dwp/wtrprogr.htm#rules.
Snohomish Health District, Environmental Health Division has regulatory oversight for
individual and small public water systems in Snohomish County, 425-339-5250 or e-mail
envhealth@shd.snohomish.wa.gov.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-36
2-50
The State Department of Health regulates water systems with ten or more houses,
206-464-7670.
Provide 100% of Building and Landscaping Water Use with Captured Precipitation or
Reused Water Purified Without the Use of Chemicals
See Resources for this sub-section and 2-40, On-Site Wastewater Treatment.
Indoor Conservation
The Plumbing Manufacturers Institute (PMI) is the national trade association of plumbing product
manufacturers. Its member companies produce most of the nations plumbing products,
847-884-9PMI (9764), www.pmihome,org.
The American Water Works Association (AWWA) is an international nonprofit scientific and
educational society dedicated to the improvement of drinking water quality and supply, Washington, DC, 202-628-8303 or www.awwa.org.
WaterWiser is a program of the American Water Works Association operated in cooperation with
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The web site www.waterwiser.org provides information and resources including links for all aspects of outdoor and indoor water conservation, recycled water
collection and reuse, irrigation, landscaping, and efficient fixtures and appliances.
WaterWiser listserv. An international list serve for staying current on water conservation technology and policy, waterwiserlist-owner@listserv.waterwiser.org
Saving Water, Saving Dollars: Efficient Plumbing Products and the Protection of Americas Waters by Edward Osann and John Young, April 1998, Washington, DC, Potomac Resources, Inc.
Available from the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, 202-429-0063,
www.aceee.org/pubs/h20.htm.
Seattle Public Utilities Conservation web site. Significant water efficiency and salmon information on a wide range of topics. www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/rescons.
2-51
2-52
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-37
2-53
Install Motion-Sensor for Bathroom Faucets One per Unit and in ALL Common Areas
2-54
2-55
Greywater Handbook, Peter Warshall and Associates, City of Malibu, Department of Environment, Building and Safety, 1995. A manual for design, construction, installation,
operation and maintenance of greywater systems.
Create an Oasis with Greywater, Your Complete Guide to Managing Greywater in the
Landscape, Revised and Expanded Third Edition, Art Lugwig, Oasis Design, Santa Barbara, CA, 1997, ($15), 805-967-9956, www.oasisdesign.net. Also available from IRIS
Communications, Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104, shop.oikos.com/catalog.
2-56
ReWater System, ReWater System Inc., Chula Vista, CA, 619-585-1196. Filtering and
distribution systems, www.jumbojet.net/rewater.
2-57
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-38
Viterra Energy Services (formerly The American Energy Services, Raab Karcher Energy
Services, and Aquameter), Seattle, Kevin Marcinek, 206-729-8252.
Water Systems Inc., Jeff Parrish, Phone 888 551-0988, e-mail jeffreyparrish@email.msn.com www.watersystems.com.
ATI Energy Group, Indiana, Account Manager for Pacific Northwest, Mike Clancy,
800-456-3837 ext. 162.
2-58
Install High Efficiency Toilets in Highest Use Area and At Least One Per Unit in ALL Units
US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy website has a great
number of documents that talk about water conservation products, www.eere.energy.gov
Greening Federal Facilities, Second Edition., US Department of Energy, FEMP Available online at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/29267-6.2.pdf. A publication of the Federal Emergency Management Program, this two-page fact sheet is primarily for federal
agencies, but provides good general information for residential builders as well.
Choosing a Toilet, an article in Fine Home Building magazine that includes discusses
several varieties of water efficient toilets. Available online at
www.taunton.com/fh/features/materials/toilet/1.htm.
For a recent report/survey on low flow toilets performance and cost comparison, see terrylove.com/crtoilet.htm. Top performers in consumer and plumber surveys include models manufactured by Toto (Drake and Ultramax series), Gerber, and Western, which can
be purchased from plumbing contractors. Brands like American Standard, Briggs, Crane,
Eljer, Kohler, Mansfield, and Universal Rundle can be purchased from both plumbing
contractors and in many hardware stores.
Gerber Ultra Flush toilet with the Sloan FLUSHMATE Flushometer Tank System
All of the above are available from Love Plumbing and Remodel, 18628 NE 25th St, Redmond,
WA 98052, 425-649-5683 or 877-867-5862 (toll free) or e-mail sales@terrylove.com or terrylove.com/toilet1.htm.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-39
2-59
2-60
Install No-Cartridge Waterless Urinals or 1/8 Gallon Urinals and High Efficiency Toilets in
ALL Common Areas
US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy website has a great
number of documents that talk about water conservation products, www.eere.energy.gov
Consult your plumbing fixture supplier for makes and models of both the waterless and
1/8 gallon low flow urinals.
Weed Management for the Lawn and Garden, a fact sheet of the Washington Toxics Coalition
4649 Sunnyside Ave N, Suite 540 East, Seattle, WA 98103, 206-632-1545 or online at
www.watoxics.org/thlw.htm.
Moss Control in Lawns, a fact sheet of the Washington State University Cooperative Extension
Gardening in Western Washington Program, available online at gardening.wsu.edu/library/lawn003/lawn003.htm.
See also resources listed for Water Protection, Outdoor Conservation, above.
2-61
Cedar Grove Compost, offers a commercial a single-family residential food scrap collection program in King County, www.cgcompost.com, they might offer this service to multi-family residential complexes in the future.
Innovations Case Studies: Food Waste Recovery - General Information. General Information:
Food Waste Recovery. California Integrated Waste Management Board. March 2006.
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/LGLibrary/Innovations/FoodWaste/Program.htm
Mayors Office of Sustainability, Oakland Food System Assessment, Oakland, CA, Chapter Five
Food Waste Recovery. June 2005, http://oaklandfoodsystem.pbwiki.com/
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-40
2-62
DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
A Blueprint for Greening Affordable Housing: Developer Guidelines for Resource Efficiency and
Sustainable Communities, a manual prepared by Global Green USA with support from the US
Department of Energy. 1999. The manual supports community-based affordable housing developers throughout the development process by demonstrating environmental building principles
through case studies, and makes recommendations for design, construction and operation. Order
from Global Green USA, 227 Broadway, Suite 302, Santa Monica, CA 90401, phone:
310-394-7700, email ggusa@globalgreen.org or download from www.globalgreen.org/newspubs,
$35.00.
A Primer on Sustainable Building, Barnett, D.L. 1995. Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass,
CO. An excellent overview of issues and benefits of sustainable building, $16.95 from the Rocky
Mountain Institute Bookstore, http://www.rmi.org/store or phone 970-927-3851.
Cities and Natural Process, M. Hough. 1995. Routledge, London. A good discussion of the processes that define the growth and operation of cities, and how, in understanding natural ecological
process, cities can develop more balanced relationships with natural ecosystems. Available from
www.amazon.com, $27.99 for paperback.
Cost Effective Home Building, A Design and Construction Handbook, NAHB Research Center,
Upper Marlboro, MD, 800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate, and Green Developments CD-ROM,
Version 1.0, Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, CO. 970-927-3851 or www.rmi.org. Information on over 100 green developments.
NAHB Research Centers Tool Base Hotline is available to answer builder questions,
800-898-2842, www.nahbcrc.org/ToolBase.
Sun, Wind, and Light: Architectural Design Strategies. G.Z. Brown. 1985. John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Good introduction to form-generating potential of sun, wind and light in the earliest
stages of building design with emphasis on reducing energy use. Covers design strategies, analysis techniques and strategies for supplementing passive systems. Available from
www.amazon.com, $54.95.
Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. W.E. Dramstad, J.D. Olson, and R.T Forman. 1996. Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge. Presents and explains the principles of landscape ecology and provides numerous exam-
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-41
ples of how those principles can be applied in specific situations. Available from
www.amazon.com, $19.95.
Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications. W. M. Marsh. 1991. John Wiley & Sons, New
York. A definitive reference for landscape architects, planners and designers on the definition
and application of environmental design principles to landscape and site planning. Available from
www.amazon.com, $58.95.
Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development. J.T Lyle. 1994. John Wiley & Sons, New
York. One of the seminal books on the theory, design and construction of regenerative systems
and the practical application of ecological design. Available from www.amazon.com, $44.95.
2-63
2-64
Hold Design Charette during Various Stages including Pre-Design, Schematic Design, Design
Development, and Construction Documents
See General Resources and resources listed under Design Alternatives above.
2-65
High Performance Green Building Design Charrette Report, High Performance Green
Building Design Meeting. October 20 and 21, 2005, Chapel Hill, NC. A Summary of the
Charrette Process. www.sevengroup.com/pdf/Greenbridge%20Charrette%20Report.pdf.
2-66
Take Advantage of Parking Reduction Credits that are Available in Your Jurisdiction
See General Resources and resources listed under Design Alternatives above.
2-67
Provide Structured Parking within the Proposed Building Footprint at a 50% Minimum or
100% with No Surface Parking
See General Resources and resources listed under Design Alternatives above.
Parking Spaces / Community Places, Finding the Balance through Smart Growth Solutions, Development, Community, and Environment Division (1807T), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, EPA 231-K-06-001, January 2006,
www.epa.gov/dced/pdf/EPAParkingSpaces06.pdf
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-42
TRANSPORTATION
2-68
King Countys website for local Transit Oriented Development plans, projects and incentives, http://www.metrokc.gov/kcdot/tod.
Pedestrian- and Transit-Friendly Design: A Primer for Smarter Growth, Smart Growth
Network, 1999.
The Puget Sound Regional Councils Transit Station Communities focuses on Transit
Oriented Development and Livable Communities in the Central Puget Sound Region,
http://www.todcommunities.org. Request Creating Transit Station Communities in the
Central Puget Sound Region: a Transit-Oriented Development Workbook, 1999, 134
pages, free. Also request Developing your Center: a Step-by-Step Approach.
Real Estate Trends and Transit-oriented Development: A Compendium for 21 Metropolitan Regions, University of California at Berkeley, June 1997.
The Role of Transit in Creating Livable Metropolitan Communities, Project for Public
Spaces, Inc, 1997, 164 pages $35. http://www.pps.org/Products/nutransbookhtml.htm.
The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry, Robert Cervero, 1998, $45, ISBN 1-55963591-6, http://www.islandpress.com/books/bookdata/transitm.html.
Additional sites:
2-69
2-70
2-71
2-72
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-43
2-73
2-74
2-75
2-76
2-77
2-78
Prepare an Environmentally Friendly Operations and Maintenance Plan for Common Area
Facilities
See Resources in Section 1-1.
2-80
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-44
See resources for Action Item 2-35, Use Slow-Release Organic Fertilizers to Establish Vegetation for information about integrated pest management, appropriate fertilizing, and other
environmentally sound landscaping practices. See resources for Action Item 2-9, Use Compost to Stabilize Disturbed Slopes for compost resources.
2-81
2-82
Provide Educational Materials Designed for the Public that Highlight the Green Building
Features and their Performance that are Included in the Project
No resources listed.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Two Resources: Site and Water
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-45
Section Three
Resources:
Energy Efficiency
Envelope
Thermal Performance
Air Sealing
Heating/Cooling
Distribution
Heat Recovery
Controls
Equipment
Water Heating
Overall
Distribution
Lighting
Natural Light
Efficient Lighting
Appliances
Alternative Energy Bonus Points
Extra Credit / Innovation for Energy Efficiency
For Washington State Energy Code and Mechanical Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Code resources, see Section One Resources: Build to Program Requirements and Green Codes / Regulations
in Part II of this Handbook.
Washington State Energy Code Update, Residential Code Changes for R1 & R1, 2006,
http://www.energy.wsu.edu/code/
Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide, 6th edition, 2004. Available through WSU
Cooperative Extension, Educational Materials. Cost is $10.00. To order, call 360-956-2000. This
guide will is available for a free PDF download at http://www.energy.wsu.edu/pubs/
Energy Ideas Clearinghouse. The EIC is your library for information on energy efficient construction. EIC will provide customized responses to specific questions about energy efficiency, moisture
control, ventilation, and green building. 800-872-3568 or e-mail EnergyLine@energy.wsu.edu. Or
you can browse for resources yourself online at www.energyideas.org. The EIC is funded by the
Northwest Energy Alliance, Olympia, WA, www.nwalliance.org.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), a free information source from the Department
of Energy, 800-363-3732. See also related web site www.eere.energy.gov.
Building AmericaThe U.S. Department of Energy's Building America Program works with members of the home building industry in using a whole building systems engineering approach to produce quality homes that use up to 50% less energy without costing more to build. For more information, see the Building America web site at http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/building_america/
NAHB Research Centers Tool Base Hotline is available to answer builder questions,
800-898-2842, www.nahbcrc.org/ToolBase.
The Florida Solar Energy Center has done extensive research and testing on a range of issues related
to energy efficiency in buildings, including comparisons of different building systems, 407-638-1000
or their web site at www.fsec.ucf.edu.
Building Science Corporation, see also technical guides below, offers great information on building
science concerning envelope and HVAC design, installation, and maintenance. See the website for
articles, links, bookstore, and more. In particular, see publication, BSD-110: HVAC in Multi-Family
Buildings, October 2007. www.BuildingScience.com.
Part II-49
Product Information
REDI Guide (Resources for Environmental Design Index), web database, diskette, or printed handbook; a good resource for energy-efficient products. Available from Iris Communications, Eugene,
OR, 800-346-0104, or online at data.oikos.com/products.
Software
Energy Gauge, http://energygauge.com/, 1679 Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL, 321-638-1492. Approved
for 2007 edition.
Builders Guide, by Joe Lstiburek. Published for four climate versions (For Pacific Northwest, appropriate climate type is Mixed-Humid.) The guide includes illustrations and resources for such subjects as home layout and design, foundations, framing, HVAC, insulation, drywall, plumbing, electrical systems, painting, sheathings and windows all with respect to moisture control, energy efficiency
and proper ventilation. Published by and available from Building Science Corporation, Westford,
MA, 978-589-5100, or www.buildingscience.com/books.html. Cost is $40.00 plus S&H. Also available from the Journal of Light Construction Bookstore, 800-859-3669, or online at
www.jlconline.com/bookstore.
Iris Catalog, publications, videos and software for the building industry, from Iris Communications,
Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104 for a free printed catalog or browse the online at shop.oikos.com/catalog.
No-Regrets Remodeling: Creating a Comfortable Healthy Home That Saves Energy (1997), published
by Home Energy Magazine (See www.homeenergy.org/booksnguides) Cost is $19.95 U.S. (plus
$3.50 S&H). To order, call 510-524-5405.
Twenty-First Century Townhouses: An Illustrated Guide, NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro,
MD. Cost is $10.00 for the book and $25.00 for the video. To order, call 800-638-8556 or order
online at eshop.nahbrc.org/cgi-bin/nahbrc.storefront.
Part II-50
Solar
Passive Solar Buildings, ed. by J. Douglas Balcomb, MIT Press, 1992. ($70.00 at amazon.com).
Passive Solar Design and Construction Handbook, by Steven Winter Associates. Published by John
Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN: 0-471-18308-3. To order from John Wiley & Sons, call 800-225-5945 or
e-mail catalog@wiley.com or order online at catalog.wiley.com. Cost is $90.00 plus S&H. Also
available from Iris Communications, 800-346-0104 or online at shop.oikos.com/catalog.
The Passive Solar House. Ten solar principles highlight key concepts. Includes a series of worksheets and extensive tables. Available from Iris Communications, 800-346-0104, or www.oikos.com.
($25.00)
The Residential Building Design and Construction Workbook, available from Cutter Information
Corp. in Arlington, MA. 800-964-5118 or www.cutter.com.
3-1
USDOE, EERE, Energy-Efficient Operation and Maintenance for Multifamily Buildings, includes, a Commissioning Activities and Documentation Checklist, visit the Building
Toolbox section of this site.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/multifamily/maintain.html.
Pacific Gas and Electric page has good information, a library, and other resources at,
http://buildingcommissioning.wordpress.com/.
The Building Commissioning (Cx) Associationhttp://www.bcxa.org. The Executive Director of the local chapter is John Heinz, Phone: 206-417-0586, Fax: 206-417-0590.
DOE's Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), in cooperation with the General Services Administration, developed the Building Commissioning Guide as part of GSAs facility
commissioning program to ensure that construction of new facilities meets the requirements.
Chapter 10 of this document is an extensive list of additional resources related to building
commissioning. Version 2.2 of the Guide, along with Model Commissioning Plan and Guide
Specifications and sample functional tests and checklists can be downloaded from FEMPs
web site at: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/techassist/bldgcomgd.html.
A web site dedicated to providing access to documents dealing with the Guidelines for Total
Building Commissioning being developed under the auspices of the National Institute of
Building Sciences. The site is maintained by the Florida Design Initiative and is organized
around the individual technical guidelines that will comprise the complete set of Guidelines
for Total Building Commissioning. http://sustainable.state.fl.us/fdi/edesign/resource/totalbcx/
Implement Building Commissioning, (U.S. Department of Energy, Rebuild America, EnergySmart Schools, Washington, DC, 2000),
http://www.eren.doe.gov/energysmartschools/om_implement.html. Defines building commissioning; discusses the selection of a commissioning agent; the benefits, approaches, and components of commissioning; and lists resources.
Sustainable Building Technical Manual: Green Building Design, Construction, and Operations, produced by Public Technology, Inc., U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and U.S.
Department of Energy, with support from EPA, 1996. See Chapter 15, Building Commis-
Part II-51
sioning. Available from USGBC, San Francisco, CA. 415-445-9500 or download online at
http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/pdf/sbt.pdf.
ENVELOPE
Thermal Performance
3-2
3-3
http://www.energy.wsu.edu/documents/code/CPWorksheets/cpworksheet2006.xls
this link has instructions on which file is required for code U-values and how to link this file
to your worksheet.
3-4
http://www.energy.wsu.edu/code/
Build a Zero Net Energy Building that Draws Zero Outside Power or Fuel on a Net Annual Basis
See General Resources above, particularly, USDOE EERE or Solar.
3-5
Use Dense Packed Cellulose (Over 2.5 Lbs./Inch) or Wet Blown Cellulose or
Blown In Foam
3-6
For Concrete Walls Use Perimeter Insulation for Exterior Slab Edges
Contact your supplier.
Part II-52
3-7
3-8
For information about Seattle City Lights BUILT SMART program for multifamily housing,
see their web site at www.ci.seattle.wa.us/light/conserve/resident/cv5_bs.htm or contact John
Forde, Program Manager, by e-mail at john.forde@ci.seattle.wa.us or at 206-684-4288 to discuss what incentives and design approaches are applicable for your project. (Note: Seattle
City Light provides technical support to builders and developers within their service area for
improvements in thermal efficiency, heating systems, indoor air quality, and lighting. SCL
also provides technical support (but not incentives) for projects outside their service area.)
Air Sealing
See Super Good Cents Builders Guide to Energy-Efficient Construction for information on advanced
air sealing techniques. Available from Bonneville Power Administration, 800-622-4520 ($10).
For information on quality sealants and caulks, see Gap Goop: Sorting Out Silly Putties From Serious Caulks by Brad Lemley, This Old House, Sept/Oct 1996, pp. 43-46. Order at
www.pbs.org/wghb/thisoldhouse/magazine.
Also see Chapter 4, Air Sealing. in No-Regrets Remodeling (listed in Resources, Technical Books
and Guides, above).
Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide, Chapter 5, Air Leakage Control (listed in
General Resources, above).
3-9
Builders Guide, by Joe Lstiburek (See Resources, Technical Books and Guides, above).
Part II-53
3-10
See the web site of the Structural Insulated Panel Association for a current list of SIP manufacturers, www.sips.org. For ICF and SIP manufacturers/suppliers, also see also the REDI
Guide and GreenSpec (listed in Resources, Production Information, above).
See the following web site for U-values for ICF systems:
www.energy.state.or.us/code/respub/res20.pdf.
See also resources for Action Item 5-39, Use Structural Insulated Panels.
3-11
Eliminate or Airtight Seal All Air Pathways Between Floors and Units
See Resources for Air Sealing above, and under Technical Books and Guides above, see:
3-12
Conduct Blower Door Test for a Sampling of Units with Results Better than 0.30 ACH or 0.25 ACH
Blower Door Testing, a seven-minute video, demonstrates generic blower door set-up procedures
and shows how to conduct air leak diagnostics using smoke sticks; also includes examples of
many air leakage sites. Available from Iris Communications, Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104 or
www.shop.oikos.com/catalog. Many full-service heating contractors will perform blower door
tests.
Blower door manufacturers include:
Part II-54
3-14
3-15
3-16
Use Energy Heels of 6 In. or More on Trusses and Stick Frame Roofs to Allow Added Insulation
Over Top Plate
See Chapter 3, Framing, in Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide (listed in
General Resources above).
3-17
3-18
See Chapter 3: Framing in Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide, 6th edition
(listed in General Resources, above).
Plywood Siding Over Rigid Foam Insulation Sheathing Recommendations and Test Results,
Form C465, a 3-page booklet, available for $1.00 from APA, The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, WA, 253-565-6600, fax 253-565-7265, or e-mail help@apawood.org. Or order online at www.apawood.org/.
Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide. (See General Resources, above.) See
Framing Chapter.
Builders Guide, by Joe Lstiburek. (See Resources, Technical Books and Guides, above.)
See Super Good Cents Builders Guide to Energy-Efficient Construction for information on
advanced air sealing techniques. Available from Bonneville Power Administration,
800-622-4520 ($10).
Part II-55
For information about efficient (or Advanced) framing, contact the Energy Ideas Clearinghouse (See General Resources, above.)
3-20
Turn to Solar for Lower Heating Costs, Energy Source Builder #42, December 1995, IRIS
Communications, Eugene, OR, www.oikos.com/esb/42/solar.html. Provides good general
background information.
Sun Angle shareware program, susdesign.com/sunangle. Allows you to find solar angles at
any time of day; a useful tool for locating and sizing overhangs.
3-21
3-22
HEATING/COOLING SYSTEM
Distribution
3-23
Centrally Locate Heating / Cooling System to Reduce the Size of the Distribution System
No specific resources listed.
Part II-56
3-24
3-25
3-26
Hardcast Versa Grip Mastic, Gensco, Tacoma, WA, 253-620-8203, www.gensco.com. Many
northwest distributors.
Hardcast Versa Grip Mastic for RCD Mastic, Albina Wholesale, 888-639-3330,
www.albina.com/whsl/
Third-Party Performance Air Leakage Test Using Prescribed Sampling Method for Each Unit Type
Meets Certification
For general information, see the article, Pipe Dreams, in Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
Newsletter, Volume 3, Issue 1 (Winter 1999), Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance,
800-411-0834, www.nwalliance.org/news/newsletters/neeaWinter99.pdf.
For information about Performance Tested Comfort Systems air leakage testing/criteria, contact a
certified contractor or call the WSU Cooperative Extension Energy Program, 360-956-2000,
www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings.
3-27
Third-Party Duct Test Results Less than 6% Loss of Floor Area to Outside/Total Flow
For general information, see the article, Pipe Dreams, in Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
Newsletter, Volume 3, Issue 1 (Winter 1999), Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance,
800-411-0834, www.nwalliance.org/news/newsletters/neeaWinter99.pdf.
For information about Performance Tested Comfort Systems air leakage testing/criteria, contact a
certified contractor or call the WSU Cooperative Extension Energy Program, 360-956-2000,
www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings.
3-28
Ducts in Conditioned Space from the ToolBase TechSpecs of The Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH), available online at
www.toolbase.org/pdf/techinv/ductsinconditionedspace_techspec.pdf /.
Part II-57
3-29
Controls
3-30
3-31
Install Thermostat with One Degree Dead-Band (Electronic or Vapor Diaphragm) for Non-Ducted
Electric Heat
Check with your electric heating contractor for available electronic line-voltage thermostats and
vapor diaphragm thermostat products. Local manufacture of electronic line voltage thermostat is
King Electrical Manufacturing in Seattle (206-762-0400). Major manufacturers include Airex,
Carrier, Cadet, Honeywell.
3-32
Install 60-Minute Timers or Humidistat for Bathroom and Laundry Room Fans
No specific resources listed.
3-33
3-34
For a list of programmable thermostats that currently qualify for the ENERGY STAR label
(not required for this Action Item, but a good idea) and a store locator, see
www.epa.gov/appdstar/hvac/thermostats.html, or e-mail labeling@energystar.gov or call the
ENERGY STAR hotline at 1-888-STAR-YES.
Provide Separate Switching for Bathrooms Fan/Heat Lamp and Fan/Light Combination Fixtures
No specific resources listed.
3-35
Provide Electricity and/or Natural Gas Direct Metering for Each Unit
Coordinate with your local gas or electric utility.
Part II-58
3-36
Install Heat Systems with Separate Zones for Sleeping and Living Areas (Not Including Electric
Resistance Heating)
No specific resources listed, consult your HVAC supplier.
Heat Recovery
3-37
Energy Ideas Clearinghouse. EIC will provide customized responses to specific questions
about ventilation, 800-872-3568 or e-mail EnergyLine@energy.wsu.edu. Or you can browse
for resources yourself online at www.energyideas.org (listed under General Resources,
above).
Healthy House Building: A Design and Construction Guide, by John Bower, The Healthy
House Institute, Unionville, IN. (Good information on optimizing air distribution and ventilation.) . Available from Iris Communications, 800-346-0104 or www.oikos.com (Item #
7503, $22).
Understanding Ventilation: How to Design, Select, and Install Residential Ventilation Systems, by John Bower. Available from the Journal of Light Construction Bookstore:
800-859-3669 or www.jlconline.com/bookstore.
Aldes compact heat recovery ventilators, from American Aldes Ventilation Corporation, Sarasota, FL, 941-351-3441, www.americanaldes.com.
Perfect Window fresh air ventilation system, by Honeywell Corporation, Minneapolis, MN,
800-345-6770 or www.honeywell.com.
Part II-59
Equipment
Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, consumers directory of energy efficient ratings heating
and water heating equipment, www.gamanet.org.
USDOE, EERE, USDOE Technology Fact Sheet Heating and Cooling Equipment Selection,
www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/26459.pdf
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings, by Alex Wilson and John Morrill, is updated annually
(See General Resources above).
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, for the gas and oil furnaces listed as Top-Rated
Energy-Efficient, see www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topfurn.htm.
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, for top-rated conventional (air source) heat
pumps, see www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topcashp.htm.
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, for top-rated water-heater and combo systems,
see www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm.
Green Affordable Housing Coalition, Build It Green, Combination Water & Space Heating Systems,
June 2007. http://frontierassoc.net/greenaffordablehousing/FactSheets/FactSheetsTechnical.shtml#Heat_anchor.
3-38
3-39
3-40
No Gas Fireplaces, or Use Direct Vent Gas or Propane Hearth Product (AFUE Rating)
No specific resources listed.
3-41
No Air Conditioner
No specific resources listed.
Part II-60
3-42
3-43
Direct Use of Natural Gas, i.e. Centralized Boiler with Hydronic Heating System Units or Units
with Fan Coil System that Can Do Both Heating and Cooling
Solar Hot Water, Heating and Cooling Systems, A Source Book for Green and Sustainable
Building http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/HeatCool.html
Install Whole Building Hydronic Heating for Heating in All Units, Point Range Based on Boiler
Efficiency - 85% or 92%
For boiler efficiencies, see Water Heating Items.
3-44
Association for Energy Affordability, Training Program for Hydronic Heating System Designer, http://www.aeanyc.org/site/c.dhJJJTOzFoH/b.1715165/. Check website for event
schedule.
WATER HEATING
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings, by Alex Wilson and John Morrill, is updated annually (See General Resources above). For the water heaters that the 7th Edition lists as
Top-Rated Energy-Efficient, see www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm.
See the Seattle City Light web site at www.ci.seattle.wa.us/light/conserve. (Follow water
heating link.)
Water heaters with space heating capability, see Green Affordable Housing reference under
heating Equipment, above,
Overall
3-45
Part II-61
See also the NAHB Research Centers fact sheet on Drainwater Heat Recovery Systems, available online at: www.nahbrc.org/ToolBase/pandt/tech/abstracts/plumbab3.html.
3-46
3-47
Controlling Recirculation Loop Heat Losses, Multifamily, Home Energy Magazine Online
January/February 1993, Mary Sue Lobenstein,
www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/93/930106.html
Central Hot Water Distribution Systems in Multifamily Buildings: 2008 California Building
Energy Efficiency Standards, Owen Howlett, Nehemiah Stone, Home Energy Magazine
Online, www.homeenergy.org
Passive or On-Demand Hot Water Delivery System Installed at Farthest Location from Water
Heater
An example of the on-demand system is the Metlund Hot Water Demand System. A recirculating
pump brings hot water quickly to the faucet when it is needed. The pump is installed between the
hot and cold water lines at the faucet furthest from the water heater. It is activated by push buttons connected with low-voltage wire or via a wireless remote control.
Once activated, the pump pulls hot water from the water heater down the hot water line. At the
same time, it pushes the cold water back through the cold water line to the water heater. The
pump comes on only when its needed. Once hot water has filled the line, the system shuts off.
See the article Hot Water on Demand--And No Energy Penalty, Environmental Building News
Volume 4, No. 2, March/April 1995 available online at
www.buildinggreen.com/products/metlund.html.
Part II-62
The Metlund Hot Water Demand System is available from ACT, Inc. Advanced Conservation
Technology, Costa Mesa, CA, 800-METLUND (800-638-5863), www.metlund.com.
3-48
See fact sheet on demand (tankless) water heaters by the US Department of Energy, Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network (EREN) at
www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/bc1.html.
Manufacturers include:
The AquaStar 125-EI demand water heater has a pilot light, but it is usually unlit. When hot
water is called for, two integral D-cell batteries ignite the pilot, which in turn ignites the water heater burner. It uses just a tiny amount of electricity, as evidenced by the two D-cell batteries, and is almost instantaneous, according to CEC marketing vice president Kyle Murray.
Part II-63
3-49
3-50
How to Buy an Energy- Efficient Electric Water Heater, US Department of Energy, FEMP.
Available online www.eren.doe.gov/femp/procurement/ewh.pdf,. A publication of the Federal Emergency Management Program, this two-page fact sheet is primarily for federal agencies, but provides good general information for residential builders as well.
3-51
Navien Condensing Tankless Water Heater, new on the market, has a 98% efficiency rating.
800-519-8794 or www.NavienAmerica.com.
Install the Water Heater Inside the Heated Space (Electric, Direct Vent, or Sealed Venting Only)
No specific resources listed.
3-52
Upgrade Electric Water Heater to an Exhaust Air Heat Pump Water Heater or De-Superheater
EF 1.9
Talk to your plumbing contractor and see products and manufacturers listed in GreenSpec and the
REDI Guide.
Part II-64
3-53
Install a Timer to Regulate Standby Hot Water Loss in Hot Water Heater
Consult your supplier.
3-54
3-55
3-56
Green Affordable Housing Coalition, Fact Sheet No. 14, Financing Photovoltaic Systems for
Affordable Multi-Family Housing, November 2005.
http://frontierassoc.net/greenaffordablehousing/index.shtml
Solar Village Prospect model 16 unit condominium project in Longmont, Colorado designed solar hot water and heating system that is estimated to supply 100% of the domestic
hot water and significantly reduce the heating bills in winter. Colorado Renewable Energy
Society, http://www.cres-energy.org/reba_2006_svp.html
Distribution
3-57
3-58
Insulate All Hot Water Pipes and Install Cold Inlet Heat Traps on Hot Water Heater
No specific resources listed.
Part II-65
LIGHTING
Natural Light
3-59
3-60
3-61
Sun Pipe, first light pipe sold for homes in North America. Sunpipe Co., Northbrook, IL,
800-844-4786, www.sunpipe.com.
Sun Tunnel with flexible tubing, distributed by The Sun Tunnel Skylights, 800-369-3664 or
www.suntunnel.com.
Efficient Lighting
The Lighting Design Lab provides a variety of services related to implementing high quality, energy
efficient lighting, including consultations for residential and commercial projects. The lab is located
at 400 E. Pine St., Suite 100 in Seattle, Phone 800-354-3864 or 206-325-9711. The web site
http://www.northwestlighting.com provides additional information, including a list of approved energy-efficient products. Call 206-325-9711 to set up a free consultation.
See also The Seattle Lighting Design Labs series of articles on home lighting. See northwestlighting.com/residential.
The National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP) is an objective source of manufacturerspecific performance information on efficient lighting products. Publications can be purchased at our
Online Store. Our databases of performance data for electronic ballasts and compact fluorescent
lamps have been updated with new products. We have also recently added a section on alternatives to
halogen torchieres.
Part II-66
The LightSite, An online resource of the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance for energy efficient
lighting information and products. Call 1-800-379-4121 or see their web site at:
http://www.lightsite.net/index.html
The Lighting Pattern Book, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Lighting Research Center, Troy, NY 12180,
518-276-8716. Cost is $60.00 including shipping. This and other publications related to energy efficient,
high quality lighting design for residential and commercial applications can be found on their web site:
www.lrc.rpi.edu. Also contact the Seattle Lighting Lab for more information and technical assistance.
3-62
3-63
3-64
Install Lighting Dimmer, Photo Cells, Timers, and/or Motion Detectors (Interior) for High
Efficiency Fixtures
See your local lighting supplier for suggestions.
3-65
Install Photo Cells, Timers, Motion Detectors (Exterior) for 90% of Fixtures
See your local lighting supplier for suggestions.
3-66
Install LED, Energy Star Compliant CFL Bulbs or Demonstrated Energy Equivalent in All Units
and Common Areas
Most building and lighting supply houses stock compact fluorescent lights.
The EPA lists online compact fluorescent lights that currently qualify for the ENERGY STAR
label and a store locator, see www.epa.gov/appdstar/estar/products.html. Or e-mail labeling@energystar.gov or call the ENERGY STAR hotline at 1-888-STAR-YES.
For additional information, contact the Puget Sound Power Energy Efficiency Hotline:
800-562-1482, www.psechoice.com/advisor.
Part II-67
3-67
Install LED, Energy Star Compliant Fixtures, or Demonstrated Energy Equivalent in All Units
and Common Areas
EPA lists online products that currently qualify for the ENERGY STAR label and a store locator,
see www.epa.gov/appdstar/estar/products.html. Or e-mail labeling@energystar.gov or call the
ENERGY STAR hotline at 1-888-STAR-YES.
3-68
Avoid Excessive Outdoor Light Levels While Maintaining Adequate Light for Security and Safe
Access, Meet IESNA Levels
Some manufacturers of floodlights offer attachable visor shields. They can also easily be made
from flashing aluminum or stainless steel sheet metal. Once the shields are installed, floodlights
can be re-aimed at night to properly "tune" the illumination to the property boundaryas shown
below. Another added benefit from shielding floodlight glare is that it creates a more visually inviting appearance to an area.
For the best performance in new outdoor lighting installations, consider full-cutoff type fixtures
instead of floodlights to avoid glare, light trespass, and light pollution.
Lighting for Exterior Environments, IESNA Publication No. RP-33-99 is available to order
online at www.iesna.org, $45.00.
Manufacturers include:
Part II-68
APPLIANCES
3-69
3-70
A New Spin On Clothes Washers, Consumer Reports, July 1998, pp. 50-53. A good comparison of front-loading versus top-loading washing machines. Consumer Reports also periodically reviews clothes washers; check the most recent index, www.consumerreports.com.
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings, by Alex Wilson and John Morrill, is updated annually (See General Resources above). For the washers listed as Top-Rated Energy-Efficient, see www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwash.htm.
WSU Cooperative Extension Energy Program can provide you with consumer fact sheets on
energy-efficient appliances, 360-956-2000, or www.energy.wsu.edu. You can include these
fact sheets in the O&M Kit (see below).
New Generation of Horizontal-Axis Washing Machines on the Way, Environmental Building News Volume 6, Number 4, April 1997. Available online at
www.buildinggreen.com/products/washers.html.
Part II-69
3-71
Install Common Laundry Facilities Instead of in Each Unit with Water-Saving, Energy-Efficient
Washers
3-72
Green Affordable Housing Coalition, Fact Sheet No. 14, Financing Photovoltaic Systems for
Affordable Multi-Family Housing, November 2005.
http://frontierassoc.net/greenaffordablehousing/index.shtml
Clean Enough for You? Consumer Reports, March 2000, pages 47-50,
www.consumerreports.com.
Dishing it Out, Consumer Reports, March 1999, pages 50-53.
Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings, by Alex Wilson and John Morrill, is updated annually (See General Resources above). For the dishwashers listed as Top-Rated Energy-Efficient, see www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwash.htm.
See Action Item 3-48, Install On-Demand (Tankless) Hot Water Heater, above for references.
See also GreenSpec and the REDI Guide for more information.
3-73
3-74
3-75
Part II-70
3-76
See also the NAHB Research Centers ToolBase TechSpecs on In-Line Fans, available online
at: www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/HVAC/in-line-fans.
3-78
3-79
Participate in the Local Utilitys Electricity Program for Renewable Electricity Sources
Outdoor Lighting Pattern Book, by Lighting Research Center. Available from Iris Communications, Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104 or www.oikos.com (Item #7562, $50.00).
Green Affordable Housing Coalition, Fact Sheet No. 14, Financing Photovoltaic Systems for
Affordable Multi-Family Housing, November 2005.
http://frontierassoc.net/greenaffordablehousing/index.shtml
5000 Solar Roofs in Washington, a program to promote solar energy in Washington State.
Contact Washington State University, Mike Nelson, 360-956-2148.
For current information on the state of PV technology in Washington, see the online Washington State University Cooperative Extension fact sheet on PV at
www.energy.wsu.edu/renewables/pv/SolarPV/.
Solar Shingles Can Turn Your Rooftop into a Miniature Power Plant, by April Reese, E
Green Living, available online at
www.environmentaldefense.org/pubs/emagazine/2000/solar.html.
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC, 202-586-5000 or www.eren.doe.gov.
Web site of the National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV), www.nrel.gov/ncpv. Provides
clearinghouse information on all aspects of PV systems.
See the REDI Guide and GreenSpec (See General Resources above) for PV systems product information
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Three Resources: Energy Efficiency
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-71
3-80
3-81
Install Innovative Non-Solar Renewable Power Systems That Produce a Minimum of 15%, 30%,
or 50% of the Common Areas Total Annual Energy
American Wind Energy Association provides many resources and tutorials about wind energy, including the tutorial, Small Wind Energy Systems at
www.awea.org/faq/wwt_smallwind.html.
Part II-72
Points
10% improvement
10
20% improvement
20
50% improvement
30
75% improvement
40
To document what you have done for the client, please record U values below.
Building Component
Upgrade
Window
Skylight / Vault
Wall
Attic
Vault
Slab on Grade
Other
Chart 3-2. BUILT GREEN Prescriptive Scoring Method; Upgrades for All Fuel Types.(See Note 1)
Envelope Component
Envelope Improvement
Vertical Multifamily Code baseline (Note 6): U = 0.40 (based on total glazing area = 15% of
heated floor area)
U-value
(Note 2)
0.40
0%
0.37
3%
0.35
6%
0.32
9%
0.28
14%
14
0.24
18%
18
0.17
23%
23
0.480
0%
0.37
1%
1%
0%
2%
0.029
0%
0.025
4%
Score
(Note 5)
Floor
Part II-75
Envelope Component
Attic
Vault
Envelope Improvement
U-value
(Note 2)
0.057
0%
0.054
2%
0.051
4%
0.043
9%
0.040
11%
11
6 Foam Panel
0.048
6%
8 Foam Panel
0.037
13%
13
0.038
11%
11
0.034
14%
14
0.031
0%
R-38 flat attic Truss w/ blown in insulation (add 1 point for raised heel)
0.026
2%
R50 flat attic Truss w/ blown in insulation (add 1 point for raised heel)
0.020
5%
R60 flat attic Truss w/ blown in insulation (add 1 point for raised heel)
0.016
6%
0.034
0%
0.032
1%
0.027
2%
0.024
3%
8 Foam Panel
10 Foam Panel
0.034
0.026
0%
3%
0
3
Score
(Note 5)
Part II-76
Envelope Component
Slab on grade
Envelope Improvement
U-value
(Note 2)
0.540
0%
R-15 Foam 2
0.520
1%
R-10 Foam 4
0.480
2%
0.360
3%
0.037
0%
0.034
1%
Foam Block
0.032
1%
0.540
0%
0.500
1%
Score
(Note 5)
TOTAL SCORE
Chart 3-2 Notes:
1. The prescriptive path is the simplest, but also the least flexible, method for estimating heat loss reduction. It does not provide credit for reductions in glazing areas. You may (or may not) have a higher score if you use the component performance method (Chart 3-1).
2. U-Value: Calculated U-value for the described building component. If you select a component that is not described in the text, use the Reference
U-value of the product to score it.
3. Heat Loss Reduction: Estimated reduction in total UA of the structure. Based on two prototypical structures. Note: This is NOT equivalent to energy savings.
4. Assigned Point Value: based on 1 point for each percentage point in heat loss reduction.
5. Score: Record your score based on assigned point values for the measures you implement. For example, if you use windows with U equal to 0.37, the
estimated heat loss reduction is 3%, so your score for these items is 3 points. If you use more than one component type per category (wall, attic, etc.),
average the scores for the two or more components. Your total score is the sum of all scores for individual items.
6. Code Baseline: WSEC target Path (see WSEC, Table 5-1.) Minimum requirements must be met for all components.
Identifies those products that provide wood savings as well as energy savings.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Three Resources: Energy Efficiency
Prepared by WSU Energy Extension 1/03
REVISED TO REFLECT ENERGY CODE CHANGES (@2008)
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-77
Section Four
Resources:
Health and Indoor
Air Quality
Overall
Jobsite Operations
Layout and Material Selection
Moisture Control
Overall
Below Grade
Roof
Openings
For Washington State Mechanical Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Code resources, see Section
One Resources: Build to Green Codes and Regulations.
Northwest EcoBuilding Guild, guide for identifying specialists in healthy design and construction, see
listings in Green Pages for Architects, Builders and General Contractors, Building Design, Building
Materials and Supplies, Healthcare and Enviro-Illness, and Indoor Air Quality, 206-575-2222.
www.ecobuilding.org/green_pages.
Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide, 3rd edition. Available through WSU Cooperative Extension, Educational Materials. Cost is $10.00. To order, call 800-723-1763. This guide will
be available as a free PDF download at www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings.
Energy Ideas Clearinghouse. The EIC is your library for information on energy efficient construction. EIC will provide customized responses to specific questions about energy efficiency, moisture
control, ventilation, and green building. 800-872-3568 or e-mail EnergyLine@energy.wsu.edu. Or
you can browse for resources yourself online at www.energyideas.org. The EIC is funded by the
Northwest Energy Alliance, Olympia, WA, www.nwalliance.org.
Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, an EPA publication on
pollutant sources in buildings and methods to prevent and resolve IAQ problems. Available online at
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/base/baqtoc.html.
NAHB Research Centers Tool Base Hotline is available to answer builder questions,
800-898-2842, www.nahbcrc.org/ToolBase.
Building Science Corporation web site, www.buildingscience.com. Offers useful information regarding frequently found problems in buildings and how to avoid them. Moisture control is emphasized.
Also available from this site is Joe Lstibureks Builders Guide, published by Building Science Corporation, Westford, MA, 978-589-5100.
Product Information
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-81
REDI Guide (Resources for Environmental Design Index), web database, diskette, or printed handbook; a good resource for energy-efficient products. Available from Iris Communications, Eugene,
OR, 800-346-0104, or online at data.oikos.com/products.
Builders Guide, by Joe Lstiburek. Published for four climate versions (For Pacific Northwest, appropriate climate type is Mixed-Humid.) The guide includes illustrations and resources for such subjects as home layout and design, foundations, framing, HVAC, insulation, drywall, plumbing, electrical systems, painting, sheathings, and windows all with respect to moisture control, energy efficiency,
and proper ventilation. Published by and available from Building Science Corporation. 70 Main
Street, Westford, MA. 978-589-5100, or www.buildingscience.com/books.html. Cost is $40.00 plus
S&H. Also available from the Journal of Light Construction Bookstore: phone 800-859-3669 or
online at www.jlconline.com/bookstore.
Healthy by Design: Building and Remodeling Solutions for Creating Healthy Homes, by David Rousseau and James Wasley, Hartley & Marks Publishers, Point Roberts, WA. Available from IRIS
Communications, Eugene, OR, 800-346-104, shop.oikos.com/catalog.
Healthy House Building for the New Millineum, John Bower, The Healthy House Institute, Bloomington, IN, 812-332-5073, www.hhinst.com. Good information on optimizing air distribution and ventilation.
Moisture Control Handbook: Principles and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings, by Joseph Lstiburek and John Carmody, published by John Wiley & Sons. Deals almost exclusively with moisture and water management. Some of the areas covered, including illustrations, are
moisture movement, wall assemblies in various climates, moisture control practices in various climates, case studies/moisture problems that create mold, odor, roof decay, and condensation, peeling
paint on wood trim, and hardboard panel problems. Available from Building Science Corporation,
Westford, MA, 978-589-5100 or shop.oikos.com/catalog.
Prescriptions for a Healthy House, A Practical Guide for Architects, Builders, and Homeowners,
Paul Baker, AIA, Eric Elliott, MD, and John Banta, InWord Press, Santa Fe, NM. Identifies the full
range of potential indoor health problems and then offers solutions. Organized by CSI Divisions and
includes specification language for construction documents. Available from Iris Communications in
Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104 or www.oikos.com/catalog.
Sustainable Building Technical Manual: Green Building Design, Construction, and Operations, produced by Public Technology, Inc., U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and U.S. Department of
Energy, with support from EPA, 1996. Useful for multi-family projects. Available from USGBC,
San Francisco, CA. 415-445-9500 or download online at http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/pdf/sbt.pdf.
OVERALL
4-1
Builder or Architect Certified to Have Taken American Lung Association (ALA) of Washington
Healthy House Professional Training Course, or Equivalent Approved by Director
This seven-week course provides an in-depth focus on indoor air quality issues in residential construction. Topics covered include indoor air quality and health, design and energy issues, material
selection, dust and moisture control, ventilation and filtration methods, and pesticide and chemi-
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-82
cal usage. Open to the public but targeting building professionals such as architects, builders, industrial hygienists, engineers, interior designers, and others.
Trainings are made possible by support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Building
Technology, State and Community Programs and Dr. Subrato Chandra, Florida Solar Energy
Center. For information on Healthy House Training classes, contact the American Lung Association of Washington.
American Lung Association of Washington
2625 3rd Ave, Seattle WA 98121
206-441-5100, 800-732-9339
www.alaw.org
4-2
4-3
4-4
Information about proper operation and maintenance of the ventilation system, if applicable
Information about any air filter systems installed (including filter size, type, quality, and the
ideal replacement schedule) or showerhead or other water fixture filters.
Information about pervious surfacing products for outdoor projects/surfaces (to avoid increasing stormwater runoff)
Information about operating and maintaining water-using fixtures and appliances to avoid
long-term leaks and optimize use.
Ideas to consider:
List of highly effective vacuums, if carpets are included in the house (see credit for no carpet)
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-83
JOBSITE OPERATIONS
4-5
Citra-Solv from Shadow Lake Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 800-343-6588 is sold in concentrated
form in many local grocery or department stores (such as Fred Meyer) and hardware stores.
Lists of vendors are available on the web site www.citra-solv.com. Do not use on vinyl as the
product will dissolve it.
Red Devil TSP/90 Heavy Duty Cleaner from Red Devil, Inc., Union, NJ, 800-4-A-Devil. Red
Devil also has a phosphate-free product, which is sold in most paint and hardware sores,
www.reddevil.com.
4-6
Require Workers to Use VOC-Safe Masks when Applying VOC Containing Wet Products and N-95
Dust Masks when Generating Dust
Dust and paint masks for limited exposure are manufactured by 3M. These gray carbon- impregnated masks cost around $4 to $5 each. For more information see:
4-7
Protecting Your Lungs on the Job, Fine Home Building, April/May 1994, 800-888-8286,
www.taunton.com/fh. Or call the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) at 800-356-4674, www.cdc.gov/niosh.
General Occupational Health Standards, WAC Chapter 296-62, Part C: Hazard Communication, www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/regs/wasindex.htm. (Requirements for notifying workers of
jobsite hazards.)
Take Measures During Construction Operations to Avoid Moisture Problems Later (Basic or
Expanded Levels)
Moisture Control Handbook: Principles and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial
Buildings by Joseph Lstiburek and John Carmody. (listed in Resources, Technical Books and
Guides, above.)
Energy Ideas Clearinghouse. The EIC will provide customized responses to specific questions moisture control. (See General Resources, above.)
The Building Science Corporation web site www.buildingscience.com. This web site offers
useful information, emphasizing moisture control. (See General Resources, above.)
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-84
4-8
4-9
Take Measures to Avoid Problems Due to Construction Dust by Performing All Items Listed
ZipWall is a temporary dust barrier that is both easy to install and does not damage ceiling,
wall, or floor finishes. Telescopic poles friction-seal plastic, canvas, or dropcloth material
against ceiling and floor. Zipwall, Stamford, CT, 800-718-2255 or www.zipwall.com.
FEIN Power Tools Inc. claims its FEIN Sander with Fein Turbo II Vacuum eliminates 98%
of the dust created by sanding. 800-441-9878.
Mechanical contractors provide services or check your yellow pages for duct-cleaning services.
4-10
4-11
4-12
Train Subs in Implementing a Healthy Building Jobsite Plan for the Project
4-13
Fact Sheet, Jobsite Planning for IAQ, Construction Waste Management, and Site and Water
Protection, by OBrien & Company, Inc., PO Box 10705, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110,
206-842-8995 or info@obriendandco.com ($7.50).
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-85
Inside the Building Envelope, Use Only Low-VOC, Low-Toxic, Water-Based, Solvent-Free Sealers,
Grouts, Mortars, Drywall Mud, Caulks, and Adhesives for:
Options include:
4-15
Auro Cold Casein Wood Glue, Sinan Company, Davis, CA, 530-753-3104, or
www.dcn.davis.ca.us/go/sinan/productguide.html. Also make a line of natural, all-purpose
floor adhesives.
Envirotec, a line of low-toxic flooring and multi-purpose adhesives, W.F. Taylor, Fontana,
California, 800-397-4583, www.wftaylor.com.
D-50 Plus Mortar and D-40 Latex Fortified Mortar, low-toxic mortars from DAP, Inc., Baltimore, MD, 1-888-DAP-TIPS.
Latapoxy SP-100 low toxic grout, epoxy grouts, and thin-set mortars, Laticrete International,
Bethany, CT, 800-243-4788, www.laticrete.com.
PL Premium Wood Glue and other low-toxic adhesives, ChemRex (makers of Sonneborn
Products), Shakopee, MN, 800-433-9517, www.chemrex.com.
Safe-Set, a line of solvent-free, low odor, professional quality adhesives by CHAPCO (Chicago Adhesive Products Co.), 800-621-0220.
Safecoat Grout Sealer, 3-in-1 Adhesive, Tile Grout and Caulking Compound, AFM Enterprises, San Diego, CA, 619-239-0321, www.afmsafecoat.com. Available through Ecohaus,
formerly Environmental Home Center in Seattle, 206-682-7332, 800-281-9785,
www.enviroresource.com.
See Action Items, Materials, Insulation 5-108 and 5-109, regarding recycled content and formaldehyde free foam insulation.
4-16
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-86
Also, see resources for Action Item 5-78, Use Environmentally Friendly Foam Building Products
(formaldehyde-free, CFC-free, HCFC-free.
4-17
Do Not Install Insulation or Carpet Padding that Contains Bromated Flame Retardant
Ask your supplier for products without bromated flame retardants.
4-18
4-19
Use Plywood and Composites of Exterior Grade with No Added Urea Formaldehyde
(for Interior Use)
Medex and Medite II MDF, formaldehyde-free alternatives for underlayment, cabinet frames,
countertops, interior door and window casings, and trim. Medex is water-resistant, Medite
Corporation, Medford, OR, 541-826-2671. Available through local suppliers.
Use Only Shelving, Window Trim, Door Trim, Base Molding, etc., with No Added
Urea Formaldehyde
SkyBlend, SCS and EPP certified to be 100% pre-consumer recycled wood fiber particleboard with no Urea Formaldehyde added during the manufacturing process. For use in any
particleboard application such as, shelving, countertops, cabinets, millwork, furniture. Roseburg Forest Products, Dillard, OR, 800-245-1115,
www.rfpco.com/particleboard/skyblend.htm
Extira, a treated wood composite panel product for non structural applications, treated with
zinc borate and manufactured with phenolic resins so that it resists moisture, rot and termites
Has a uniform density and thickness, more consistent physical properties throughout the
board Essentially no formaldehyde emissions. CMI, Chicago, IL, 866-382-8701
www.craftmasterdoordesigns.com/
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-87
4-20
4-21
Install Cabinets Made with Board with No Added Urea Formaldehyde and Low-Toxic Finish
Neil Kelly Naturals Collection is a line of manufactured cabinets that uses certified woods
and veneers as well as environmentally friendly finishes and case materials. Neil Kelly Signature Cabinets, Portland, OR, 503-288-6345 or www.neilkelly.com. Available from the
Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center in Seattle, 206-682-7332.
Also see other products available through Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center in
Seattle: 206-682-7332, 800-281-9785, www.enviroresource.com.
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-25
If Installing Carpet System (Carpet, Pad, and Adhesive), Specify CRI Green Label Plus or
Greenguard
Most local suppliers will be familiar with the CRI IAQ label.
4-26
CRI Green Label Plus test protocol, CRI Indoor Air Quality Green Label Plus,
http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customer, search for green building
TacFast is a velcro-like system for installing carpets to the floor without adhesives or tack
strips. TacFast Systems, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, 800-216-0662.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-88
If you use an adhesive, choose a low-odor, water-based product. Never use solvent-based carpet
adhesive. Options include:
4-27
Bellbridge natural fiber carpets and pads, made by Bellbridge in Concord, CA:
800-227-3408.
Collins & Aikman low-VOC carpets, Dalton, GA, 706-259-9711, www.powerbond.com. Or,
call Collins & Aikmans Bellevue office, 425-641-1958.
Homasote 440 Carpet Board, contains no asbestos or formaldehyde, and is made from recycled paper. Homasote Company, West Trenton, NJ, 800-257-9491, www.homasote.com.
Natures Carpet, 100% natural wool carpet and pads manufactured without toxic chemicals,.
Colin Campbell and Sons, Vancouver, BC, 800-667-5001, www.colcam.com. Available
through Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center in Seattle, 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, www.enviroresource.com.
Sustainable Lifestyles markets sisal floor coverings and sisal broadloom and area mats. Excelsior, MN, 800-287-3144.
See also resources for Action Items 5-66, Use Recycled Content Carpet Pad, and 5-67, Use Recycled Content or Renewed Carpet.
4-28
Also see other products available through Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center in
Seattle: 206-682-7332.
Also see resources for Action Item 4-27, Install Low Pile or Less Allergen-Attracting Carpet and
Pad.
4-29
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-89
4-30
4-31
Healthy House Building: A Design and Construction Guide, by John Bower (listed in Resources, Technical Books and Guides, above).
Healthy by Design: Building and Remodeling Solutions for Creating Healthy Homes, by David Rousseau and James Wasley (listed in Resources, Technical Books and Guides, above).
Prescriptions for a Healthy House, A Practical Guide for Architects, Builders, and Homeowners, by Paul Baker, AIA, Eric Elliott, MD, and John Banta (listed in Resources, Technical
Books and Guides, above).
Use Only Low-VOC / Low-Toxic Interior Paints, Primers, and Finishes for Large Surface Areas
Most suppliers have a good selection of low-VOC products. Some product alternatives to look at
include:
Best Paints, low-toxic latex paints from Best Paint Company, Seattle, WA, 206-783-9938.
Interior Health Spec, zero-VOC paint, Sherwin Williams Co., Cleveland, OH, 800-336-1110,
www.sherminwilliams.com.
Miller Low-Biocide Paint, with preservatives and fungicides removed. Miller Paints,
503-255-0190, www.millerpaint.com. Order from Ballard store on Leary Way in Seattle,
206-784-7878.
Right-on Crystal Shield and Right-on Crystal Aire Clear Finish (environmentally safe,
fast drying, non-toxic, hypo-allergenic, water cleanup). Available from Ecohaus, formerly
Environmental Home Center in Seattle: 206-682-7332, 800-281-9785,
www.enviroresource.com.
Rodda Paints, LLC, Horizon Clean Air Select paints. Available from Rodda Paint and Decor
Centers, two locations in the area: 5055 4th Ave S, Seattle, 206-767-6043 and 3633 Stone
Way N, Seattle, 206-547-7405.
Safecoat line of sealants (including Penetrating Water Seal and Dynoseal) from AFM, San
Diego, CA, 619-239-0321. They also offer enamels, exterior stains, and interior transparent
finishes. Available at Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center in Seattle,
206-682-7332, 800-281-9785, www.enviroresource.com.
Spread 2000 and Lifemaster 2000, zero-VOC paints, ICI Dulux Paints, (formerly Glidden),
800-984-5444, www.gliddenpaints.com. Available at ICI Paint stores, in over 70 colors.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-90
4-32
Tried & True, an old-fashioned, boiled linseed oil waterproof finish that is all natural and
food-safe, New York, 607-387-9280.
3-M Safe Strip is one of the least toxic strippers available. Call Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center in Seattle, 206-682-7332.
Use Only Low-VOC / Low-Toxic Interior Paints and Finishes for All Surface Areas (Including
Doors, Windows, Trim)
See above.
4-33
Select Materials Such That the Building is Free From the Following Materials/Chemicals:
Added Formaldehyde, Halogenated Flame Retardants, PVC, Mercury, CFCs, HCFCs, Neoprene
(Chloroprene), Cadmium, Chlorinated Polyethylene, Xylene, Toluene
You must acquire the MSDS for every product being considered, review ingredients to rule out
listed materials/chemicals, make a list of approved products, enforce through structured purchasing agreement.
MOISTURE CONTROL
The following provide resources for multiple aspects of moisture control in residential construction:
Builders Guide, by Joe Lstiburek (listed in Resources, Technical Books and Guides, above).
Moisture Control Handbook: Principles and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings by Joseph Lstiburek and John Carmody (listed in Resources, Technical Books and Guides,
above).
Energy Ideas Clearinghouse. The EIC will provide customized responses to specific questions
moisture control. (See General Resources, above.)
www.buildingscience.com -- This site offers useful information regarding moisture control is emphasized. (See General Resources, above.)
Overall
4-34
4-35
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-91
4-36
Roof
4-37
4-38
Low Slope Metal Roofs Provide Years of Low Cost, Low Maintenance Performance,
http://www.themetalinitiative.com/content/building_with_metal/building_products/roofs/low_slope.
cfm.
Provide Continuous Weather Resistive Barrier and Continuous Air Seal Barrier with
Manufacturers Recommended Termination (Seal or Tape)
See Building Science Corporation, under General Resources, or ask your supplier.
4-40
Use Self-Adhering Membrane Flashing and Counter-flashing at All Inside and Outside Corners,
and at Exterior Siding Materials
See Building Science Corporation, under General Resources, or ask your supplier.
4-41
Install an Enhanced Drainage Plane with an Air Space to Allow Ventilation Between the Weather
Barrier and Cladding and Include Weep Control System
See Building Science Corporation and Builders Guide, under General Resources (listed in Resources, Technical Books and Guides, above), Resources listed under Moisture Control, or ask
your supplier.
For a good description of Enhanced Drainage Plane with Air Space, see PATH, MoistureResistant Homes, http://www.pathnet.org/si.asp?id=2434.
Moisture Control Handbook: Principles and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial
Buildings by Joseph Lstiburek and John Carmody (listed in Resources, Technical Books and
Guides, above).
Moisture Control in Buildings, manual, Heinz R. Trechsel, editor. Philadelphia, PA. ASTM,
1994.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-92
4-42
Use Moisture Test to Ensure that Wood Framing Contains Less Than 15% Moisture Content Prior
to Installation of Any Interior Finish
4-43
Forsite is a permanent, mold-resistant, protective coating & sealer. ForSite is waterbased making it easy to apply to wood, concrete, tile, gypsum and other surfaces, available
locally at Ecohaus, 4121 1st Ave. S., 206-682-7332 or Dunn Lumber, 206-632-2129
Mold Solutions NW, full service provider, uses Microbe Guard, a permanent, surfacemodifying treatment that, once applied to a product, creates a new surface. This surface is
permanently resistant to microbial attack. http://www.moldsolutionsnw.com/
Below Grade
4-44
For Slab On Grade, Use 10 Mil Polyethylene Vapor Barrier or Equivalent Performance Under
Slab
See resources listed for Moisture Control above.
4-45
4-46
Perform Moisture Test for Any Slab On Grade Prior to Installing Any Finish to Manufacturers
Specifications
www.vaportest.com.
Install Working Mechanical Vent System to Eliminate Potential Moisture, Methane, and Radon
Problems in Crawl Space or Under Slabs On Grade
4-47
Model Standards and Techniques for Control of Radon In New Residential Buildings, a EPA
publication available online at www.epa.gov/iedweb00/radon/pubs/newconst.html
Install a Rigid Perforated Footing Drain at Foundation Perimeter, Not Connected to Roof
Drain System
The Building Science Corporation website www.buildingscience.com. This website site offers useful information, emphasizing moisture control. (See General Resources, above.)
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-93
4-48
Install Moisture Management System for Below Grade Walls Beyond Code, i.e., Drainage Mat
The Building Science Corporation website www.buildingscience.com. This website site offers useful information, emphasizing moisture control. (See General Resources, above.)
Openings
4-49
4-50
Provide Appropriately Sized Overhangs on 100% of South and/or West Side Openings
4-51
Sun Angle shareware program, www.susdesign.com/sunangle. Allows you to find solar angles at any time of day; a useful tool for locating and sizing overhangs.
Sun Angle shareware program, www.susdesign.com/sunangle. Allows you to find solar angles at any time of day; a useful tool for locating and sizing overhangs.
Properly Seal Building Openings and Penetrations Against Moisture and Air Leaks
See Builders Guide and Building Science.com, in General Resources, and Moisture Control listings.
4-52
4-53
The Building Science Corporation website www.buildingscience.com. This website site offers useful information, emphasizing moisture control. (See General Resources, above.)
Pan Flashing/Sill Protection Installations Effective in Reducing Water Intrusion, April 2006,
NAHB Research Center, Inc,.400 Prince Georges Blvd., Upper Marlboro, MD, see Appendix E, Manufacturer/Product Survey Matrix, http://www.toolbase.org/Newsletters/News/tbnspring2006#2 or http://www.toolbase.org/PDF/CaseStudies/PanFlashingReport.pdf
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Pan Flashing/Sill Protection and Water-Resistive Barriers, PATH NAHB Research Center, Inc. 14 April 2006.
http://www.toolbase.org/pdf/fieldevaluations/PanFlashingFinalReport.pdf.
Provide Hose Testing or Negative Pressurization Testing to Pre-Installed Sample of Each Window
Type to Test Assembly for Moisture Control Protection
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Pan Flashing/Sill Protection and Water-Resistive Barriers, PATH NAHB Research Center, Inc. 14 April 2006.
http://www.toolbase.org/pdf/fieldevaluations/PanFlashingFinalReport.pdf.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-94
Understanding Ventilation: How to Design, Select, and Install Residential Ventilation Systems, by
John Bower. Available from the Journal of Light Construction Bookstore, 800-859-3669 or
www.constructionbookstore.com.
Healthy House Building: A Design and Construction Guide (listed in Resources, Technical Books
and Guides, above). Good information on optimizing air distribution and ventilation.
See your local building materials or heating supplier for improved filters. For quiet fan options, see resources listed under Action Item 4-48, Install and Test Bath, Laundry, Pool, Hot Tub, and Kitchen Exhaust Fans.
4-54
Provide Ideal Relative Humidity and Air Circulation to Prevent IAQ Problems
No specific resources listed.
4-55
4-56
4-57
Do Not Install Electronic, Metal Mesh, Horse Hair, or Non-Pleated Fiberglass Filters
No specific resources listed.
4-58
Make Sure Air Intakes are Placed to Avoid Intake from Air Pollutant Sources that Go Beyond Code
No specific resources listed.
4-59
4-60
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-95
4-61
Install Operable Windows in All Occupied Spaces to Allow for Cross Ventilation and Daylighting
No specific resources listed.
4-62
4-63
Separately Ventilate All Janitorial Spaces, Copy Rooms, and Chemical Storage Areas
No specific resources listed.
4-64
HVAC EQUIPMENT
For information about air exchangers or other ventilation systems:
The Building Science Corporation website www.buildingscience.com. This website site offers useful
information, emphasizing moisture control. (See General Resources, above.)
Energy Ideas Clearinghouse. EIC will provide customized responses to specific questions about
ventilation, 800-872-3568 or e-mail EnergyLine@energy.wsu.edu. Or you can browse for resources
yourself online at www.energyideas.org (listed under General Resources, above).
Healthy House Building: A Design and Construction Guide (listed in Resources, Technical Books
and Guides, above).
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-96
Understanding Ventilation: How to Design, Select, and Install Residential Ventilation Systems, by
John Bower. Available from the Journal of Light Construction Bookstore, 800-859-3669 or
www.jlconline.com/bookstore.
4-65
4-66
4-67
Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide, Chapter 8 (listed in General Resources,
above).
See resources for Action Item 3-24, Performance Test Duct for Air Leakage Meets
Third-Party Review and Certification.
Spot fans are available from electrical and building material suppliers. Look for quiet fans. They
are more likely to be used.
American Aldes makes the quiet, efficient CMV (ceiling mounted ventilator) and SV-160 for
large bathrooms. American Aldes Ventilation Corp., Sarasota, FL, 800-255-7749 or
www.americanaldes.com.
Broan makes a variety of quiet bath, kitchen, and utility room fans. Look for their Solitaire
Ultra Silent Series and Lo-Sone Ventilators. Broan Mfg. Co., Hartford, WI, 800-548-0790 or
www.broan.com.
4-68
4-69
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-97
4-70
4-71
Install Quiet (0.8 sone) Bath Fan with Smooth Ducting, Minimum 4 Inch
No specific resources listed.
4-72
EPA lists of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes are updated several times each year.
Available for download at www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/snap/lists/index.html or call 800-2961996 to ask for free copies. See also:
4-73
For more information on ozone depletion and its effects, visit EPA's Ozone Depletion web
site at www.epa.gov/ozone/science or call EPA's Stratospheric Ozone Hotline at 1-800-2961996.
4-74
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-98
Build a Lockable Storage Closet for Hazardous Cleaning and Maintenance Products, Separate
from Occupied Space
No specific resources listed.
4-76
4-77
Install Showerhead Filter in All Units, Include Information in the Tenant Handbook
Talk to your plumbing contractor or local suppliers for product recommendations.
4-78
Provide Permanently Installed Track-Off Mats and/or Shoe Grates at Common Entryways to
Building
Talk to your local suppliers for product recommendations.
Look for mats with recycled content:
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-99
4-79
Provide Track-Off Mats at Exterior Unit Main Entrances to Each Unit and a Shoe Storage Area
Talk to your local suppliers for product recommendations.
Look for mats with recycled content:
4-80
4-81
4-82
What You Should Know About Combustion Appliances and Indoor Air Pollution What
are the health effects of combustion pollutants? Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor
Air Quality, publications, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/combust.html.
4-83
Install Floor Drain or Catch Basin with Drain Under Washing Machine
No specific resources.
BUILT GREEN MULTI-FAMILY Handbook Section Four Resources: Health and Indoor Air Quality
May 2001/Revised June 2008
Part II-100
Section Five
Resources:
Materials Efficiency
Overall
Jobsite Operations
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Source Separation Recycling
Comingle Recycling
Exterior Walls
Framing
Windows
Foundation
Trim
Sub-Floor
Cabinetry
Doors
Roof
Finish Floor
Insulation
Interior Walls
Other Exterior
Ceilings
Section Five
Resources:
Materials Efficiency
General Resources
Seattle/King County Construction Recycling Directory lists area recyclers in King and Snohomish
Counties, reusable building materials, salvage services and materials exchanges, recycling, hauling
and disposal facilities, and more. Available on-line at
http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/greenbuilding/documents/CDLguide.pdf. Also available at the
BUILT GREEN Resource Library.
Seattle/King County Contractors Guide to Preventing Waste and Recycling. This document is available at the BUILT GREEN Resource Library or online at
http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/construction-recycling/documents/ConGuide.pdf
Snohomish County Recycling Guide for Construction, Demolition and Landclearing Debris.
425-388-3425. Lists a directory of recyclers, salvage services and materials exchanges, and more. Also available at the BUILTGREEN Resource Library.
Resource Conservation Research House Information Guide (also Resource Conservation House Plans
and Resource Conservation House Video), NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD.
800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
Product Information
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle, carries a wide range of
environmentally friendly, resource-efficient building products. 206-682-7332, 800-281-9785, or
www.ecohaus.com.
GreenSpec The Environmental Building News Product Directory and Guidelines Specifications, E
Build, Inc., Brattleboro, VT, 1999. 802-257-7300 or www.buildinggreen.com. GreenSpec is organized in standard CSI divisions. Environmental Building News (EBN) also offers product reviews, information, and also lists some articles at the following website:
www.buildinggreen.com/products/productslist.html.
Guide to Resource-Efficient Building Elements, Center for Resourceful Building Technology, Missoula MT. 406-549-7678 or crbt@montana.com.
Green Building Resource Guide, The Architectural Machine, Redwood City, CA.
www.greenguide.com. Lists over 600 green building materials and products, available as CD-ROM
database or reference manual.
Innovative Housing Products Newsletter, NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD.
800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
REDI Guide (Resources for Environmental Design Index). Iris Communications, Eugene, OR.
800-346-0104. Also available free on the Oikos website: www.oikos.com. A database listing over
1,800 companies and 5,500 products as of 1998. Available in print or electronic form.
In King County, call the Green Tools hotline at 206-296-4466 or go to their website:
http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/greenbuilding/ .
In Snohomish County, call the Department of Public Works, Solid Waste Division at 425-388-3425 .
Energy Ideas Clearinghouse, Washington State University Cooperative Extension Energy Program.
800-872-3568, www.energyideas.org, or e-mail at EnergyLine@energy.wsu.edu. Offers customized
responses on green building in addition to energy efficiency, ventilation, and moisture control.
NAHB Research Centers Tool Base Hotline is available to answer builder questions,
800-898-2842, www.nahbcrc.org/ToolBase.
Green Pages, an annual publication of the Northwest EcoBuilding Guild, Seattle, WA. E-mail at
greenpages@ecobuilding.org. Lists sustainable designers, contractors, suppliers, and professional
services. Also available online at www.ecobuilding.org/green-pages.
OVERALL
5-1
5-2
Design for Disassembly Guide, King County Solid Waste Division, an introduction to the
principles, methods, and materials of Design for Disassembly in the built environment. It is
intended for owners, architects, designers and builders. Includes model specifications. Available on line at http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/construction-recycling/DfD.asp, or call
206-296-4466.
The Restore. 1440 N.W. 52nd Street Seattle, WA 98107. 206-297-9119. Deconstruction and
salvage services.
5-3
Eliminate Materials and Systems That Require Finishes or Finish Materials on a Minimum of 100
Square Feet in Common Areas 1 point per 100 sf 5 points maximum
No specific resources listed.
JOBSITE OPERATIONS
5-4
5-5
Substitute Products that Require Solvent-Based Cleaning Methods with Solvent-Free or WaterBased Methods
Ask your supplier and choose finish products accordingly.
5-6
Sources for estimating your carbon footprint: www.terrapass.com, offers a carbon calculator
for your business;
www.carbonoffsetreview.com/index.php?file=productdetail&product_id=10032&cat_id=578
offers an option to review carbon offset options; others focus on household usage:
www.carbonfund.org, www.climatecrisis.net/takeaction/carboncalculator,
www.greentagsusa.org/GreenTags/calculator/,
Sources for buying carbon offsets: http://achievenetgreen.com, a Seattle based company sells
offsets, or www.terrapass.com, www.carbonfund.org. The Climate Trust,
http://www.climatetrust.org/programs.php offers a program for large businesses.
Reduce
Reducing Waste at the Source, EcoBuilding Times, Fall 1996, Volume 4, Number 1. 206-575-222
or e-mail at ecobuild@wolfenet.com.
Lumber and Plywood Saving Techniques for Residential Light Frame Construction, NAHB Research
Center, Upper Marlboro, MD. 800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
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5-8
5-9
Subcontractor Kit, Recycling Plus Program Manual, available at the BUILT GREEN Resource Library.
Seattle/King County Contractors Guide to Preventing Waste and Recycling. (See General
Resources.)
WasteSpec: Model Specifications for Construction Waste Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling.
Triangle J Council of Governments, Research Triangle Park, NC. 919-549-0551. A manual
and computer disk to use in tailoring to your own needs ($28.00).
Reuse
Seattle/King County Construction Recycling Directory lists reusable building materials, salvage services, and materials exchanges. (See General Resources.)
Snohomish County Recycling Guide for Construction, Demolition and Landclearing Debris, lists salvage services and materials exchanges. 425-388-3425.
5-10
See Resources listed under Action Item 5-12, Donate, Give Away, or Sell Reusable Finish
Items
Washington Organic Recycling Council. www.compostwashington.org/organics.asp. Resources for recycling landclearing debris.
Snohomish County Recycling Guide: For Construction, Demolition and Landclearing Debris.
www.co.snohomish.wa.us/documents/Departments/Public_Works/SolidWaste/information/br
ochures/CDLrecyclingguide10.03.pdf. Resource for recycling construction materials, demolition and landclearing debris.
5-11
5-12
Washington Organic Recycling Council. www.compostwashington.org/organics.asp. Resources for recycling landclearing debris.
Snohomish County Recycling Guide: For Construction, Demolition and Landclearing Debris.
www.co.snohomish.wa.us/documents/Departments/Public_Works/SolidWaste/information/br
ochures/CDLrecyclingguide10.03.pdf. Resource for recycling construction materials, demolition and landclearing debris.
Many contractors provide wood scraps free to the public at the jobsite.
Habitat for Humanity. See the website first, www.seattle-habitat.org for a list of acceptable
materials and referral list. Accepts salvaged building materials. They will either use the material in construction of a new home, or will refer donor to a local reuse facility to raise funds to
build new homes. Either way, if you donate reusable materials, they will provide a receipt for
tax credit. Call for an appointment.
RE Store, 1440 NW 52nd Street, Seattle, WA. 206-297-9119. Sells used building materials
and also accepts them for resale. In addition, the RE Store field crews can remove materials
from your site. Contact them prior to any demolition work.
Second Use Building Materials, 7953 2nd Avenue South, Seattle, WA. 206-763-6929 or
www.seconduse.com. Sells and accepts used building materials at the store location. They
will also pick up materials from your site. Contact them prior to any demolition work.
Earthwise, 707 South Lander Street, Seattle, WA. 206-624-4510. Residential salvage and
demolition contractor. Pick-up service for reusable building materials. Specialize in
pre-1940s reusable building supplies. Call first.
In King County, contact the Green Tools program for an on-line materials exchange,
www.greentools.us or 206-296-4466
You may also want to sell salvaged goods directly to builders or the public by advertising in
professional newsletters or the local newspaper. Some builders have successfully posted signs
on site identifying items that are for sale.
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Reuse Materials:
See Action Item 5-12, Donate, Give Away or Sell Reusable Finish Items, for a list of vendors who
sell or accept used building materials.
5-14
Recycle
King County/Seattle Construction Recycling Directory lists area recyclers in King and Snohomish
Counties. http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/greenbuilding/construction-recycling/index.asp, select
documents tab. A hotline is available for direct assistance, call 206-296-4434.
Seattle/King County Contractors Guide to Preventing Waste and Recycling. (See above).
Snohomish County Recycling Guide for Construction, Demolition, and Landclearing Debris, lists a
directory of recyclers. (See General Resources.) Or call 425-388-3425.
Residential Construction Waste: A Builders Field Guide, NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro,
MD. 800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
5-16
5-17
Recycle Clean Scrap Wood and Broken Pallets by Source Separation, 90% Minimum Recycling
Rate
See resources listed under Recycle above.
5-18
Recycle Package Wrap and Pallet Wrap by Source Separation, 90% Minimum Recycling Rate
See resources listed under Recycle above.
5-19
New West Gypsum, 1321 54th Ave. East, Fife (604-534-9925). Accepts gypsum drywall
scraps and drywall related waste (mud boxes, tape, cornerboard). NO drywall with lead-based
paints or asbestos laden material. Rents containers.
Resource Recovery Services, Inc., 8624 219th St., SE, Woodinville. 425-486-2761. Accepts
new construction drywall waste.
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In Snohomish County the Hazardous Waste Drop-Off Station, 3434 McDougall, Everett,
425-388-6050, collects hazardous waste from SQGs and offers a special program to reuse
good-quality latex paint. The County offers the reformulated paint free of charge to county
residents. They will also accept oil-based paint for use as cement kiln fuel. Call for an appointment. There may be a fee based on the composition of the materials. See Section Two:
Site and Water, Action Item 2-31, Reduce Hazardous Waste through Good Jobsite Housekeeping, for tips on reducing hazardous waste on the jobsite.
RE Store, 1440 NW 52nd Street, Seattle, WA. 206-297-9119. Accepts non-oil based reusable
paint.
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American Roofing Recyclers, Inc., 1400 Bonneville Ave., Snohomish. 360-563-6114. Accepts composition and built-up roofing materials.
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5-26
To recycle your business-generated lamps in King County, please call the Business Waste
Line at 206-296-3976. In Snohomish County please call: 425-388-6050.
Eco Lights NW, 4400 Fourth Avenue South, Seattle. 206-343-1247. Accepts fluorescent
bulbs and PCB ballasts. Certificates of recycling are available, on-line at
http://www.ecolights.com/.
Residential glass collection alternatives, contact your local solid waste division.
Recycle Landclearing and Yard Waste, Soil, and Sod by Source Separation, 90% Minimum
Recycling Rate
See resources listed under Recycle above.
5-27
Recycle Batteries
King County Local Hazardous Waste Program, Hazardous Waste Directory on line at
http://www.govlink.org/hazwaste/business/wastedirectory/wasteindex.cfm#B.
5-28
Comingle Recycle at Least 50% of Remaining Jobsite Debris and Take to a Facility with a
Minimum Recycling Rate of 50%
See Comingle Recycling, below.
Comingle Recycling
5-29
Send Less Than 1 lb Per Square Foot of Gross Construction Waste to Land Fill, or Less Than
lb Per Square Foot to Land Fill (Does Not Include Deconstruction)
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5-31
Construction Waste Management Guide for Architects, Designers, Developers, Facility Managers, Owners, Property Managers & Specification Writers, Resource Venture, Third Edition,
September 2005, available on line www.resourceventure.org/free-resources/get-started/greenbuilding-publications/CWM%20Guide.pdf.
Send At Least 85% of Jobsite Waste (By Weight, Excluding Concrete) to a Comingled Recycling
Facility with a 50% Recycling Rate
In Snohomish County, for general information there is a Snohomish County Recycling Guide
for construction, demolition and landclearing debris available on-line at www.snoco.org, also
you can call 425-388-3425 for more information. Services available include:
Send At Least 85% of Jobsite Waste (By Weight, Excluding Concrete) to a Comingled Recycling
Facility with a 75% Recycling Rate
See above.
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Send At Least 85% of Jobsite Waste (By Weight, Excluding Concrete) to a Comingled Recycling
Facility with a 90% Recycling Rate
See above.
Material Selection: Tools, Resources, and Techniques for Choosing Green. Environmental Building
News, January 1997, Volume 6, Number 1, Brattleboro, VT. 802-257-7300 or
www.buildinggreen.com/products/productslist.html.
Design for Disassembly Guide, King County Solid Waste Division, an introduction to the principles,
methods, and materials of Design for Disassembly in the built environment. It is intended for owners,
architects, designers and builders. Includes model specifications. Available on line at
http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/construction-recycling/DfD.asp, or call 206-296-4466.
Designing for Disassembly, Solplan Review, July 1999. North Vancouver, BC. 604-689-1841 or
e-mail at solplan@direct.ca.
Also see the General Recourses at the beginning of this section and refer to Action Item 1-13, Conform to the House Size Matrix.
For wood certification guidelines, see Part 1, Section Five, Design and Material Selection, Table 5.1
for the list of requirements.
Overall
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Design and Install Recycling Stations on Each Floor Including a Maintenance Service Plan
In-wall recycling system, LHRS (Leland Home Recycling Systems), 528 N. Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59715. 406-587-0011.
Under-counter recycling system, Feeney (by Feeney Manufacturing Co.) or Rev-a-Shelf; both
are available from E.B. Bradley Co., 3314 S. 116th St, Seattle, WA 98168. 206-248-5250.
Blanco Box System, Blanco America, Inc., Cinnaminson, NJ, 800-451-5782, fax:
800-213-1963 or www.blanco-america.com. The Blanco Box System uses plastic boxes on
metal tracks below the kitchen sink to store and aid in sorting of household recyclables.
Recycling Receptacles, Doty and Sons Concrete Products, Inc., Sycamore, IL, 800-233-3907,
www.dotyconcrete.com, Doty and Sons Concrete Products uses recycled plastic lumber in its
precast concrete recycling and waste receptacles.
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5-36
NAHB Research Centers Tool Base Hotline is available to answer builder questions,
800-898-2842, www.nahbcrc.org/ToolBase.
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5-38
Cascadia Forest Goods. www.cascadiaforestgoods.com. Provide forest products that are certified by either SmartWood or FSC.
Crosscut Hardwoods. 4100 1st Ave. S, Seattle, WA 98134. 206-623-0334. Offers plantation
salvaged Durapalm (trees grown for coconuts and removed when no longer producing nuts).
Sold as a prefinished sheet good.
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com.
Healthy Forests Healthy Communities (HFHC). 620 SW Main, Suite 112, Portland. 503-2216911 ext. 112. http://www.hfhcp.org/products.php. Resource for urban and forest salvaged
materials.
Industrial Materials Exchange (IMEX) website: www.metroke.gov/hazwaste/imex. Sponsored by Seattle/King County Public Health: 206-296-4899.
Re-Tech Laminated Wood Products, Forks, WA: 360-374-4141. They provide re-milled, salvaged hardwood flooring as well as laminated and solid beams.
Resource Woodworks, Tacoma, WA. 253-474-3757. Offers reclaimed Douglas fir, cedar,
and, when available, redwood custom-milled beams, flooring, paneling, and trim.
5-39
Use Any Amount of Rapidly Renewable Building Materials and Products Made From Plants
Harvested Within a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter
{{Delete the below and make a general paragraph about how virtually every flooring supplier is
now carrying rapidly renewable alternatives. }}
5-40
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center. 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 800-281-9785.
www.ecohaus.com. Offers EcoTimber bamboo flooring, several varieties of cork, and several options for plant-based finishes.
Crosscut Hardwoods. 4100 1st Ave. S, Seattle, WA 98134. 206-623-0334. Offers Plyboo, a
bamboo-based plywood product.
In Three Applications, Use Rapidly Renewable Building Materials and Products Made From Plants
Harvested Within a Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter
See above for Resources.
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Woods of the World. Tree Talk Inc. 431 Pine St., VT. 802-863-6789.
http://www.cybozone.com/fg/woodcd.html. Software that provides an endangered species
wood list.
Forest Stewardship Council. www.fsc-info.org. Manufacturer and product search engine for
chain of custody certificate holders.
Green Seal. 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 827, Washington, DC. 202-872-6400.
www.greenseal.org/. Discusses standards of Green Seal product certification.
5-43
Use No PVC or CPVC Piping for Plumbing or Sprinkler Within the Building Envelope
Healthy Building Network list alternatives to PVC pipe, see 15100 & 15400 building services piping & plumbing (pipes), http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/alternatives.html.
National Geographic hosts the Green Guide website, Is My PVC Pipe Dangerous?, Samuel
Frank, lists sources for alternatives to PVC pipe, http://www.thegreenguide.com/doc/98/pipe
Framing
5-44
Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 1 Requirements, 50% Minimum
Collins Wood, Portland OR. 800-329-1219. Offers plywood, particleboard, and dimensional
lumber.
Edensaw Woods, 211 Seton Rd., Port Townsend, WA. 800-745-3336 or 360-385-7878. Website: www.edensaw.com. Offers selections of certified wood including ash, beech, birch,
cherry, Honduras mahogany, fir, maple, poplar, red oak, and white oak. Some certified veneers available.
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com. Offers framing lumber, flooring, custom order for trim,
panel goods, shingles, and raw lumber.
Forest Stewardship Council. www.fscus.org/news/archive.php?article=433&. Provides statistics about FSC certified land.
Forest Stewardship Council. www.fsc-info.org. Manufacturer and product search engine for
chain of custody certificate holders.
5-45
Certified Forest Service Council, Jeff Wartelle, 503-590-6600. Industry group provides information on distribution and other assistance.
Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 2 Requirements, 50% Minimum
A few programs may meet this criterion soon; information is included for future reference:
5-46
Sustainable Forestry Initiative. 1655 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite 1300, Arlington, VA.
www.aboutsfi.org/sfilabel.asp. Describes SFIs standards as a comprehensive forestry management program.
Canadian Wood Council. 99 Bank Street, Suite 400, Ottawa, Ontario. 800-463-5091.
www.cwc.ca/. Comprehensive listing and description of North Americas forest certification
standards and programs.
The American Tree Farm System. 1111 Nineteenth Street, NW, Suite 780, Washington, D.C.
202-463-2462. www.treefarmsystem.org/. Describes the American Tree Farm Systems sustainable forest management standards and guidelines.
Use Sheathing that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-47
Use Sheathing that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
5-48
Use Beams that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-49
Use Beams that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
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Wall Panelization Grows Up, Ryan Reed, Builder News Magazine, June 2004,
http://www.buildernewsmag.com/viewnews.pl?id=13
Use Engineered Structural Products and Use No 2xs Larger than 2x8, and No 4xs Larger
than 4x8
Building with Alternatives to Lumber and Plywood, NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD. 800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
Engineered Lumber Update, Journal of Light Construction, March 1998. Williston, VT.
802-859-3669 or www.jlconline.com/bookstore. (Last page lists related articles as well as a
number of manufacturers of engineered lumber.)
Setting Trusses: Tips from the Tracts, Journal of Light Construction, April 1995. Williston,
VT. 802-859-3669 or www.jlconline.com/bookstore.
5-52
For Interior Walls, Use Steel Studs with Minimum 50% Recycled Content
Ask your supplier to provide documentation.
5-53
Alternative Framing Materials in Residential Construction: Three Case Studies (July 1994),
NAHB Research Center, 800-638-8556, eshop.nahbrc.org/cgi-bin/nahbc.storefront. Also
available through the HUD Office of Policy Development and Research, 800-245-2691 or
www.huduser.org/publications/destech.html.
Building With Alternatives to Lumber and Plywood, NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD, 800-638-8556 or eshop.nahbrc.org/cgi-bin/nahbc.storefront Also available
through the HUD Office of Policy Development and Research, 800-245-2691 or
www.huduser.org/publications/destech.html.
Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA), Washington, DC, (local office in Gig Harbor,
WA, 253-858-7472). SIPA offers Building with SIPS, a video introduction to this construction material. To order, call 202-347-7800 or order online at www.sips.org, ($12).
Foam-Core Panels and Building Systems: Principles and Practice (+ Product Directory), by
Steve Andrews. Cutter Information Corporation, 800-964-5118 or
www.cutter.com/energy/reports/. Also available through the Structural Insulated Panel Association, 253-858-7472 or www.sips.org, or Iris Communications, Eugene, OR, 800-346-0104
or shop.oikos.com/catalog.
Structural Insulated Panels: An Efficient Way to Build, Environmental Building News, May
1998, 802-257-7300 or www.buildinggreen.com.
For ICF and SIP manufacturers/suppliers, see the web site of the Structural Insulated Panel
Association for a current list of SIP manufacturers, www.sips.org and the REDI Guide and
GreenSpec (listed in Resources, Production Information, above).
There are other types of panels becoming available, such as panels constructed with compressed
straw cores. For information about these products, see:
Guide to Resource-Efficient Building Elements, pp. 22-30, Center for Resourceful Building
Technology, Missoula MT, 406-549-7678 or crbt@montana.com.
Also, ask your local supplier or consult Resources, Product Information listings and:
Green Pages, an annual publication of the Northwest EcoBuilding Guild, Seattle, WA.
206-575-2222 or e-mail greenpages@ecobuilding.org. Lists sustainable designers, contractors, suppliers, and professional services. Also available online at
www.ecobuilding.org/green_pages The Guild also offers educational membership meetings
and other publications.
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For ICF manufacturers/suppliers, see the REDI Guide and GreenSpec (listed in Resources,
above.)
Also see:
5-55
Green Pages, an annual publication of the Northwest EcoBuilding Guild, Seattle, WA.
206-575-2222 or e-mail greenpages@ecobuilding.org. Lists sustainable designers, contractors, suppliers, and professional services. Also available online at
www.ecobuilding.org/green_pages. The Guild also offers educational membership meetings
and other publications.
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Washington State Energy Code Builders Field Guide, 6th edition. 800-723-1763. Available
through WSU Cooperative Extension, Educational Materials. Cost is $10.00. To order, call.
This guide is available in PDF for free on the Internet. http://www.energy.wsu.edu/pubs/ .
See Framing Chapter.
Super Good Cents Builders Guide to Energy-Efficient Construction. 800-622-4520. Available from Bonneville Power Administration. See Framing Chapter for information. ($10).
Foundation
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Use Regionally Produced Flyash or Blast Furnace Slag for 25% by Weight of Cementitious
Materials for All Concrete (20% for Flat Work), If Available
Ask your supplier. Other resources include:
Concrete Thinking for a Sustainable World website, includes case studies, technical briefs,
application overviews, and resources, www.concretethinker.com.
A major distributor of flyash is ISG Resources in Centralia: 888-333-5546. Check with your local
ready-mix company for suppliers. Also contact, local supplier:
For more information about using flyash in concrete and its performance consult the following:
5-59
Fly Ash Improves Concrete, Reduces Pollution, Journal of Light Construction, July 1999.
Available from the JLC Bookstore: 800-859-3669, fax 802-434-4467, or online at
www.jlconline.com/bookstore.
The Fly Ash Revolution: Making Better Concrete with Less Cement, Environmental Building News, June 1999. Brattleboro, VT, 1999. 802-257-7300 or www.buildinggreen.com.
Ball Glass (post-industrial) 5801 East Marginal Way S., Seattle, WA. 206-762-0660. Most is
-inch minus some as large as 2 to 2 -inch.
Cadman, Inc. (post-industrial) 18816 NE 80th St. Redmond, WA. 425-868-1234. 1-1/4-inch
minus. Varies from 10 to several hundred tons. Delivery available for 10 yards or more.
Fibres International (post-consumer) 9208 4th Ave. S., Seattle, WA. 425-455-9811. 5/8-inch
minus. Must be collected at their yard: you load.
Waste Management (post-consumer) 7901 First Ave. S., Seattle, WA. 206-762-1152. -inch
minus. Availability depends on timing, call first. Pick up at their yard to collect the material:
they can load.
Sub-Floor
5-60
Medite Corporation, Medford, OR. 800-676-3339. Sierra Pine Medex and Medite II MDF are
formaldehyde-free alternatives for underlayment as well as cabinet frames, countertops, interior door and window casings, and trim. New, Encore is 100% recycled wood fiber particleboard. Available through your local supplier.
Homasote, West Trenton, NJ. 800-257-9491. 440 Sound Barrier, 440 Carpetboard and Comfort Base. The 440 materials are high-density fiberboard panels made from 100% recycled
wastepaper and a formaldehyde-free paraffin binder. Comfort Base is specifically designed
for use over a concrete slab. Available at most wholesale lumberyards, including Ecohaus,
formerly, Environmental Home Center (see Resources, Product Information).
U.S. Gypsum Co., 800-874-4968. Fiberock brand gypsum fiber underlayment is a fiber-reinforced gypsum panel specially designed for use in residential construction as an underlayment for vinyl, carpeting, hardwood flooring and ceramic tile (dry areas only).
Doors
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Finish Floor
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Amtico. 800-268-4260. Stratica, a low VOC and chlorine-free, durable alternative to vinyl.
For local information call 425-453-6190.
No Vinyl Flooring
The most often used environmentally preferable substitute for vinyl is true linoleum. Both Forbo
(Marmoleum) and Armstrong make versions of this linseed oil and wood fiber based product.
Ask your supplier.
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Use Any Amount of Rapidly Renewable Flooring Products Made from Plants Harvested within a
Ten-Year Cycle or Shorter (Excluding Carpet)
Ask your supplier for cork or bamboo flooring and/or plant-based finishes.
5-65
On More Than 250 Square Feet per Unit, Use Rapidly Renewable Flooring Products Made from
Plants Harvested within a Ten-Year Harvest Cycle or Shorter (Excluding Carpet)
Ask your supplier.
5-66
Mohawk Right Step pad is made from 100% post-industrial waste fiber from carpet manufacturing, available at Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center.
Permafirm Pad Co, Los Angeles, CA. 800-344-6977. Company manufactures several lines
with recycled content: Pinnacle carpet pad, 3/8 thick and made with 100% recycled plastic; Nouveau is made of 100% post-consumer recycled nylon fiber from carpet manufacturing; Dura is made from 85% recycled-tire rubber mixed with 15% latex; and Ultimate is
made from 98% post-consumer jute fiber from recycled burlap bags. Manufactured by Carpet
Cushion Associates in Los Angeles.
Rebond carpet pad, made from 100% recycled upholstery foam. Manufactured by GFI in
Los Angeles. 800-631-0845.
Shaw Contract Group, Dalton, GA. 800-342-7429. Endurance II pad is made from 100%
post-industrial waste fiber from carpet manufacturing.
Also, see resources for Action Item 4-27, Install Low Pile or Less Allergen-Attracting Carpet and
Pad.
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Aladdin Carpet by Mohawk Industries, Armuchee, GA. 800-241-7597. Carpets contain 100%
recycled plastic fibers from used pop bottles (PET). Available through local carpet distributors including: Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle:
206-682-7332 or 800-281-9785; Contract Furnishings Mart: 800-275-8760; Commercial
Floor Distributors: 206-623-1355; and Carpet Resource Center: 206-623-5417 or
800-448-3939.
Patcraft recyclable carpet tiles, also contain recycled content in the backing, available through
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com.
Shaw Industries, 800-833-9665. Manufactures Philadelphia Carpets and E & B Carpets, made
from 50-70% post-consumer PET. Various distributors.
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Use Replaceable Carpet Tile for 50% of Carpeted Area or 100% of Carpeted Area
Patcraft recyclable carpet tiles, various local distributors and online purchasing.
Trinity Glass Products, Tiger Mountain Innovations, Woodinville, WA, concrete glass composite tile, www.trinityglassproducts.com, available at Ecohaus, formerly Environmental
Home Center, 206-682-7332 or www.ecohaus.com or One Earth One Design, 14300 Greenwood Ave. N, Suite A, Seattle, WA. 206-418-8120 or www.1earth1design.com.
One Earth One Design, 14300 Greenwood Ave. N, Suite A, Seattle, WA. 206-418-8120 or
www.1earth1design.com. Sell a variety of tile options.
Summitville Tiles, Summitville, OH. 330-223-1511. Makes Cobblestones, Imperva, Imperva Granite, and MorganMates from a by-product of feldspar mining. Indoor/outdoor
use. The company also reuses 100% of its solid wastes. Distributed by United Tile in Renton.
800-444-5290.
Terra Green Technologies, Richmond, IN. Manufactures Traffic Tile, made with 58% recycled auto windshield glass with some mirror and bottle glass. Pricey but very high quality;
indoor/outdoor uses. Company also makes Terra Classic from recycled glass and ceramic
tile, for residential floors, walls, and countertops. Both are available through E-Spec in Oakland, CA. 510-536-2600.
Tile Cera, Clarksville, TN. Makes tiles for floor and wall applications that include a small
amount of in-house scrap and cull tile. Company is notable for its closed-loop manufacturing
system, which eliminates tile solid waste and recycles water used in the manufacturing process within the plant. Tiles can be sourced from the distributor, Santa Catalina Inc. California:
510-351-7095.
Versatile and Master Tile Products, Canton, OH. Sells Enviroquarry tiles made with recycled
content. 330-493-1272.
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5-72
If Using Wood Flooring, Use Locally Salvaged Wood Flooring on 25%, 50%, or 90%+
of Total Flooring
RE Store, 1440 NW 52nd Street, Seattle, WA. 206-297-9119. Sells used building materials
and also accepts them for resale. In addition, the RE Store field crews can remove materials
from your site. Contact them prior to any demolition work.
Second Use Building Materials, 7953 2nd Avenue South, Seattle, WA. 206-763-6929 or
www.seconduse.com. Sells and accepts used building materials at the store location. They
will also pick up materials from your site. Contact them prior to any demolition work.
Earthwise, 707 South Lander Street, Seattle, WA. 206-624-4510. Residential salvage and
demolition contractor. Pick-up service for reusable building materials. Specialize in
pre-1940s reusable building supplies. Call first.
Use Flooring that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-73
Use Flooring that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements Outlined in the Handbook, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
5-74
There are a few repairable oil floor finishes on the market, talk to your supplier, or consider:
OSMO Polyx Oil, Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle.
206-682-7332, 800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com.
Interior Walls
5-75
Use Drywall with a Minimum of 90% Recycled Content Gypsum or Flue Gas Substitute for
Recycled Gypsum
As of this writing, no products meet this standard. Some local options are available that may
meet the intent of the Action Item. Consult the Program Director for clarification.
The Walls and Ceilings Association in Portland should also be able to help you locate a supplier
of recycled-content gypsum drywall, 503-295-0333. Ask for Fiberrock brand Aqua Tough Interior Panels, by USG Corporation. They contain up to 95% recycled materials.
5-76
Use Recycled or Reworked Paint and Finishes on Main Surfaces or All Surfaces
Your local paint supplier may carry recycled or reworked paints. Also see:
ICI Paints, 2925 4th Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-8070. Tacoma store, 2719 S. Tacoma Way.
253-474-5165. Distributes reworked mis-tints and store rejects at a reduced cost.
Metro Paints, Portland, OR, 503-234-3000, www.metropaint.info. First Green Seal certified
recycled latex paint.
IMEX. A King County web-based hazardous waste management program. This is a free service designed to help businesses find markets for industrial by-products and surplus materials. www.govlink.org/hazwaste/business/imex/about.html.
RE Store, 1440 NW 52nd Street, Seattle, WA. 206-297-9119. Accepts non-oil based paints
and stains in exchange for used building materials or tax credit.
Paint Solutions, Inc. 20245 77th Ave. S., Kent, WA, 253-872-0114. Distributes re-processed
interior and exterior paints recycled from post-consumer paint collection events. Wide range
of colors.
Rasmussen Paints. 425-454-5821. Offers latex interior/exterior paint with recycled content in
a variety of finishes and resin qualities.
Builders Guide to Paints and Coatings, NAHB Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD.
800-638-8556 or www.nahbrc.org.
5-77
5-78
Homex 300 Expansion Joint Fillers, Homasote Company. 100% recycled newsprint joint
filler. www.sweets.construction.com/mfg/1558/P9720.htm.
Cork Expansion Joint Filler, available from several suppliers on the web, or ask your local
supplier.
5-79
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com. Offers low-toxic and natural Olivetti Lime Paint, Bioshield Milk Paint and American Clay plaster.
Reduce Interior Walls Through Open Plan for Kitchen, Dining, and Living Areas
The Center for Universal Design, resources, publications, and education and training information,
see http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/index.htm
5-80
Santana, 800-368-5002.
Ceilings
5-81
Armstrong World Industries has a program for recycling old ceiling tiles, which it collects
from building owners and uses as raw materials in the manufacture of new acoustical ceilings. For more information: Phone 888-CEILINGS, the Armstrong ceilings web site,
http://www.ceilings.com, Environmental Building News, Oct 00, p 6.
Tectum Panels. Tectum Inc. 888-977-9691. Natural fiber acoustic ceiling panels. A new
product, two to four times more expensive than conventional panels, but price may drop as
demand increases.
Exterior Walls
5-82
5-83
Use Exterior Cladding with Reclaimed or Recycled Material On At Least 20% of Solid Wall
Surface
Ask your local supplier, consult Product Information resources under General Resources, above,
or try:
CertainTeed, Valley Forge, PA, recycled content fiber siding, contains 30-50% flyash and/or
slag. Available from local suppliers.
James Hardie Building Products, Fontana, CA. 800-426-4051. Hardiplank Lap Siding and
Hardipanel Vertical Siding are manufactured with Portland cement, ground sand, and cellulose fiber. Available from local suppliers.
TruWood Siding, Collins Products, The Collins Companies, Recycled Content and available
with FSC certified (Tier 1) wood fiber,
http://www.collinswood.com/WoodProducts/TruWood.html
FCP, Inc, Blandon, PA, 877-CEMPLANK (236-7526). Cemplank fiber-cement plank siding
is low maintenance and comes with a limited lifetime warranty.
Cladwood, Oregon City, OR. 800-547-6633. Cladwood siding panels have a phenol-formaldehyde-bonded particleboard core with resin-impregnated recycled paper overlays
. Recycled content ranges from 16-26% by weight with roughly 10% post-consumer content.
20 year warranty.
5-84
5-85
5-86
Reusable Building Materials Exchange: www.recycle.net/exch/aa023746.html, (see the Participating Jurisdictions). An online, user-driven website. Features descriptions of items, contact name, telephone number, e-mail address, and any costs or delivery information. Listings
are free.
5-87
CertainTeed, Valley Forge, PA, recycled content fiber siding, contains 30-50% flyash and/or
slag. Available from local suppliers.
James Hardie Building Products, Fontana, CA. 800-426-4051. Hardiplank Lap Siding and
Hardipanel Vertical Siding are manufactured with Portland cement, ground sand, and cellulose fiber. Available from local suppliers, including Dunn Lumber.
FCP, Inc, Blandon, PA, 877-CEMPLANK (236-7526). Cemplank fiber-cement plank siding
is low maintenance and comes with a limited lifetime warranty.
For metal and vinyl siding, talk to your local supplier/installer to make sure you get the highest
amount of recycled-content available.
5-88
Use Wood Siding that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1
Requirements On At Least 20% of Solid Wall Surface
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-89
Use Wood Siding that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2
Requirements On At Least 20 % of Solid Wall Surface
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
Windows
5-90
5-91
Andersen Windows
Pella Corporation
Millgard
Jeld-Wen
Atrium
No Vinyl Windows
5-92
5-93
Energy Star maintains a list of partner resources where you can find window manufacturers
in Washington State, www.energystar/gov/indes.
Milgard produces windows in Tacoma and Marysville, Certainteed in Auburn, CDI in Seattle,
Trim
5-94
5-95
5-96
The Collins Company, TruWood, exterior trim available with FSC certified materials. 800417-3674, www.collinswood.com.
Use Finger-Jointed or MDF Trim with No Added Urea Formaldehyde, 90% Minimum
Sierra Pine, Arreis line of fiberboard and moldings made with recycled content and recovered
wood fiber with no added urea-formaldehyde.
Use Wood Veneers that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 1 Requirements, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-44, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements.
5-97
Edensaw Woods, 8032 South 194th Street, Kent, WA 98032 253-216-1150 Fax: 253-2161151 or Toll-Free: 877-333-6729 Email: edensaw@edensaw.com, www.edensaw.com.
Use Wood Veneers that are Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 2 Requirements Outlined, 50% Minimum
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements.
Edensaw Woods, 8032 South 194th Street, Kent, WA 98032 253-216-1150 Fax: 253-2161151 or Toll-Free: 877-333-6729 Email: edensaw@edensaw.com, www.edensaw.com
Cabinetry
5-98
For Cabinets:
Ask your cabinet manufacturer to use certified wood, low toxic finish, and rapidly renewable
board for cabinet boxes such as:
See Resources listed for 5-44/45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Tier 2 Requirements.
5-99
Neil Kelly Cabinets, offers FSC-certified cabinet doors upon request, see their website for a
list of authorized dealers, http://www.neilkellycabinets.com/coverpage.htm or contact 503335-9207. Portland. OR.
Paperstone, Trinity Glass Products, and Squak Mountain Stone, available from Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Avenue South, 206-682-7332, 800-281-9785,
or www.ecohaus.com.
IceStone, high recycled content recycled glass and concrete composite, available in multiple
colors. Locally available through Ambiente European Tile Design, Seattle WA. 206-5242113, http://www.ambientetile.com, or One Earth One Design, Seattle WA. 14300 Greenwood Ave. N, Suite A, Seattle, WA. 206-418-8120 or www.1earth1design.com.
Timbergrass Bamboo, LLC 800-929-6333. Bamboo is highly renewable and harder than most
commonly used wood products.
Veterazzo, http://www.pentalonline.com/ecoline.html,
5-100 Use Countertops that are Salvaged, Recycled, or Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested
Wood with a Chain of Custody in All Units
For salvaged countertops, see 5-12, Donate, Give Away, or Sell Reusable Finish Items.
For recycled-content countertops:
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com. Offers salvaged wood butcherblock countertops, Squak
Mountain Stone recycled content countertops, Eleek Countertops made from recycled aluminum, Paperstone countertops made of 50-100% recycled FSC paper, and Ocean Side Glass
recycled tiles that can be used for countertops.
EnviroGlass, 3941 Legacy Drive, Suite 204, 211B, Plano, TX, 888-523-7894, 972-272-8084,
100% recycled glass terrazzo, http://enviroglasproducts.com/index.html
Ambiente Tile IceStone and Slatescape, available from. 227 NE 65TH Street, Seattle, WA
98115. 206-524-2113. www.ambientetile.com. Ambiente Tile also carries Ocean Side Glass
Tiles.
Ecohaus, formerly, Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com. Paperstone countertops made of 50-100% recycled
FSC paper.
Roof
5-102 Use Recycled Content Roofing Material
Ask your local supplier and consider the following manufacturers:
Ondura Corporation, Fredericksburg, VA. 800-777-7663 or www.ondura.com. Their corrugated asphalt roofing is composed of 50% asphalt and 50% cellulose fiber (by weight). The
cellulose fiber is 100% post-consumer mixed paper wastes.
EcoStar, Chicago, IL. 800-572-7672 or www.ecostarinc.com. Majestic Slate is a 100% recycled and recyclable lightweight slate tile made of industrial rubber and plastics.
Re-New Wood, Inc., Wagoner, OK. 800-420-7576. Eco-shake is a 100% recycled PVC
(vinyl) and reclaimed wood roofing product. It has the look of a wood shake in four colors.
Zappone Manufacturing, Spokane, WA. 800-285-2677 or www.zappone.com. Recycled Metal Shingles are made from either 85% recycled copper (75% post-consumer) or 100%
post-consumer recycled aluminum.
5-102 Upgrade Material Quality and Durability (Metal is Better than Torch Down)
Low Slope Metal Roofs Provide Years of Low Cost, Low Maintenance Performance, The
Metal Initiative,
http://www.themetalinitiative.com/content/building_with_metal/building_products/roofs/low_slo
pe.cfm
For more information on warranties, see A Sourcebook for Green and Sustainable Building/Roofing, www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/roofing.html.
Low Slope Metal Roofs Provide Years of Low Cost, Low Maintenance Performance
http://www.themetalinitiative.com/content/building_with_metal/building_products/roofs/low_slo
pe.cfm
Englert. 1200 Amboy Ave., Perth Amboy, New Jersey 08861. 732-826-8614.
www.englertinc.com/roofing-whymetal.aspx?Page=1. Website discusses advantages of
commercial and residential metal roofing.
Insulation
5-108 All Insulation to have a Minimum of 40% Recycled Content
Ask your supplier or installer about locally available options. The Cellulose Manufacturers Association in Dayton, Ohio is an additional resource for product information: 888-881-2462 or
www.cellulose.org.
Regional manufacturers of recycled-content cellulose insulation include:
GoldLine fiberglass insulation manufactured and distributed by Johns Mansville International, Denver, CO. 800-644-4013. Contains 25% recycled glass, including 18%
post-consumer remelted bottle glass. (They also make formaldehyde free insulation see Action Item 4-18, Use Formaldehyde-Free Fiberglass Insulation.
Thermafiber loose-fill mineral fiber made with rock wool, manufactured by USG Interiors,
Tacoma: 253-627-0379.
Ecohaus, formerly Environmental Home Center, 4121 1st Ave. S., Seattle. 206-682-7332,
800-281-9785, or www.ecohaus.com. Offers Ultra Touch recycled cotton insulation in R13,
R19 and R21.
5-109 Use Environmentally Friendly Foam Building Products (Formaldehyde-Free, CFC-Free, HCFC-Free)
The Icynene Insulation System. A plastic, formaldehyde-free, foam insulation material similar in chemical composition to the material used in pillows and mattresses. It is created on the
jobsite by mixing two liquid components that can be either sprayed or injected into the cavity.
It contains no ozone-destroying gas. Locally provided and installed by Progressive Insulation
Company, Doug Utt, V.P., 2161 N Northlake Wy, Seattle, WA 98103. 206-547-8706, e-mail:
progsyst@aol.com, or website: www.asg1.com/progressive
Insealation, Icynene, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, 800-758-7325. A modified urethane spray-in-place insulation that uses MDI but is water-blown rather than CFC-blown.
Foamed into wall cavities like polyurethane.
Palmer Industries, Inc., Frederick, MD, 301-898-7848. Air Krete, inorganic, cementitious
foam produced from magnesium oxide. Its nontoxic, inert, and non-combustible, and can be
the insulation of choice for people with high sensitivity to common household pollutants.
Foamed in place in closed wall or masonry block cavities, or behind mesh in open cavities.
Lightweight and rigid, but friable foam. Available through BioIntegra Building and Insulation, Ltd., Tacoma WA. 253-651-3525, aaron@biointegra.us,
http://web.mac.com/airkrete/iWeb/Site/home.html.
AFM Corporation, Excelsior, MN, 800-255-0176. Perform Guard EPS, pentane is generally
used in the manufacture of this rigid foam insulation. A low-pentane formulation is used by
AFM, the largest expanded polystyrene (EPS or beadboard) producer, and several EPS manufacturers recover 95% of the pentane used in production. Multiple suppliers.
Foam Tech Inc., North Thetford, VT, 802-333-4333. Polyurethane SuperGreen uses a less
ozone-depleting HFC in its insulation, which is foamed into wall cavities. (The product costs
slightly more than conventional polyurethane.)
C.P. Chemical Company, White Plains, NY. 914-428-2517. Tri-Polymer Foam, Phenolic
foam with good fire resistance foamed into primarily masonry block walls. Shrinkage over
time reduces thermal performance.
Beadboard or EPS (expanded polystyrene) rigid foam insulation can be used for interior or
below grade uses. However, it doesnt insulate as well (R-3.6 to R-4.4 per inch), but it is less
damaging to the environment because pentane is used in its production rather than HCFC.
Polyurethane insulation (e.g. polyisocyanurate) made with pentane instead of HCFCs as the
blowing agent is now available. Unlike, EPS, however, there are few outlets for polyurethane
foam as a recycled product.
Other Exterior
5-111 Use Reclaimed or Salvaged Material for Landscaping Walls
Also, see Action Item 5-11, Sell or Give Away Wood Scraps, Lumber, and Landclearing Debris,
especially:
5-112 Use 100% Recycled Content HDPE, Salvaged Lumber, or Lumber that is Third-Party Certified
Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 1 Requirements for Decking and Porches
For information on Third-Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood, see Action Item 5-44, Use
Dimensional Lumber that is Third--Party Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the
Tier 1 Requirements.
Recycled plastic/wood composite lumber does NOT qualify for credit. These composites cannot
be recycled or reclaimed at the end of its life span. In addition, many of these products contain
virgin materials.
Ask your local supplier or see Section Two: Site and Water, Action Item 2-38, Use Non-Toxic or
Low-Toxic Outdoor Lumber for Landscaping (e.g. Plastic, Least Toxic Treated Wood).
5-113 Use 100% Recycled Content HDPE, Salvaged Lumber, or Lumber that is Third-Party Certified
Sustainably Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements for Decking and Porches
See Resources listed for 5-45, Use Dimensional Lumber that is Third-Party Certified Sustainably
Harvested Wood that Meets the Tier 2 Requirements Outlined in the Handbook, 50% Minimum
California Integrated Waste Management Board maintains a recycled content products directory, which lists many manufacturers of recycled plastic lumber. http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov.
The American Chemistry Council, a trade association for plastics manufacturers, maintains a
web site containing information on recycled-content plastic products such as lumber and
decking. The council's national vendor database lists over 30 manufacturers of plastic lumber,
and specifies the level of post-consumer content in their products.
http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/sec_rppd.asp?CID=1592&DID=6054.
Ask your local supplier or see Section Two: Site and Water, Action Item 2-38, Use Non-Toxic or
Low-Toxic Outdoor Lumber for Landscaping (e.g. Plastic, Least Toxic Treated Wood).
Built Green
Jobsite Recycling Plan
Recyclable Materials
What material will
you target?
Wood
Cardboard
Ferrous metal
Non-ferrous
metal
Drywall
Asphalt Roofing
Concrete /
Asphalt Rubble
Other
Condition of
material*
Where will it be
taken?
*Check with your recycler or hauler to see if any specifications or conditions exist regarding the material
being recycled. Examples include size restrictions and non-acceptable materials (for example, treatments,
finishes, or fasteners).
Action Items
Separate and recycle wood, cardboard, metal, drywall and other recyclable materials.
Make sure both interior containers and exterior recycling dumpsters are convenient and clearly labeled.
Train new personnel where the recycling containers are located and which materials are recyclable.
Move trash and recycling containers close to each other, making it convenient to recycle.
Provide training to people who are mis-sorting recyclable materials or ask your superintendent or
safety manager to inform them.
Identify large quantities of waste that are not being recycled, and ask your superintendent if they can
be recycled.
The formula below helps you determine roughly how much material you saved from the landfill by comparing your actual disposal costs to your disposal costs if you were generating waste at the rate of
5 pounds per square foot, an industry average for conventionally built single-family homes. The cost to
dump waste in King County is $84.00 per ton. In Snohomish County the cost is $89.00 per ton.
_______________
Your project square footage
_____________ Tons
Multiplied by 5/2000
(avg. weight of waste, in
tons, generated per sq.ft.)
Multiplied by $X
$ _____________
Minus ___________
Divided by $X _______
= ___________ tons
avg. waste typically generated
for projects this size
= $_____________
avg. disposal cost for projects
this size
= $_____________
your savings
= __________ tons
tons of material you saved
through recycling and waste
reduction