Prof.

Dr.-Ing Christian Ressel

Ambient Intelligent Systems
Hochschule Rhein-Waal
Department of Communications and Environment

Identification and Automation: Chapter Sensors

Voltage Divider

1. Given is the following circuit. Calculate the voltage over R1, R2. V=12 V

R1
R2
R1/R2
V1
60 60

R1# V1#

V#
R2# V2#

60

30

90

30

120

60

120

40

2. Given is the following circuit. Calculate R2. V= 20 V and V2= 5 V

R1
30

R1# V1#

90

V#

120

R2# V2#

V2

R2

Wheatstone Bridge

1. Given is the following circuit. Calculate the potential difference V. Vin=20V

R1
R2
R3
R4
V
120 120 120 120

R1$
R3$
60 120 120 120

Vin$
V
30 120 120 120

30 60 120 120
R2$
R4$

30

60

60

120

Prof. Dr.-Ing Christian Ressel

Ambient Intelligent Systems
Hochschule Rhein-Waal
Department of Communications and Environment

2. Assume that R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R and Vin= 12V. The resistor R1 is changeable. Choose
R so that a change of R1 by 0.01 results in a change of V = 1 mV. (Hint :use
simplification)

3. Check your result by applying the (not simplified) equation of Vout.

Strain Gauge

1. A cupper wire has a length of l=1 m and a diameter of d=0.1 mm.

a) Calculate the total resistance of the wire, if the resistivity of cupper is given as:
1.68 * 10-8 m
b) Because of an external force the wires length is expanded by l=1.818 mm. What
is the change in resistance if the poissons ratio for cupper is 0.364.


2. A strain gauge has a resistance of 120 and a gauge factor of k=2. Calculate the
change in resistance R and the total resistance if the strain gauge is expanded by a
stress of 250x10-6 .

Light barriers
a) Label the following types of light barriers
Sender&

Receiver&

Sender&
Receiver&

(using a reflector)
Sender&

Receiver&

(the object is reflecting the light beam)