EC 4112: ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
COMPULSORY EXPERIMENTS:
1. Generation of AM wave using 2N2222 BJT Modulator circuit
2. Implementation of Voltage to Frequency Converter using IC 555 Timer
3. Generation of FM wave and its detection using ACL 03 and ACL 04 FM
Trainer kit
4. AM wave detection using Series Envelope detector stage in radio receiver
GR3151
5. Generation of Frequency Modulated wave using IC 8038
6. Design and Implementation of 2nd and 4th order LP Butterworth Filters
7. Design of Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation System using
Commsim
8. Design of Frequency Modulation and Demodulation System using
Commsim
9. Design of DSSBSC Modulation and Demodulation System using
Commsim
10. Design of SSBSC Modulation and Demodulation System using Commsim
11. Generation of the Amplitude modulated wave and Calculation of %
Modulation using ACL01 kit & ACL02
12. Design of PAM Modulation and Demodulation System using Commsim

OPTIONAL EXPERIMENTS:

13. Generation of DSBSC Modulated wave using Anacom-1/1 Trainer kit

14. Design of a Class B push- pull Complimentary Amplifier using Multisim
15. Design of Series / Shunt Voltage regulator circuit for given specification
using Multisim
16. Design of 2nd and 4th order LP Butterworth Filters using Multisim
17. Design of an AM Superhetrodyne receiver using Commsim
18. Design of an FM Superhetrodyne receiver using Commsim
19. Voice transmission using Varactor Modulator and the Foster Seeley
Detector
20. Voice Transmission using Phase modulation and Demodulation system
21. Design of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits and determination of
their Frequency Response

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
GENERATION OF AM WAVE USING 2N2222
BJT MODULATOR CIRCUIT

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Generation of AM wave using 2N2222 BJT Modulator circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Circuit board with components of desired values.
2. Function generator (2-Nos)
3. Transistor Power Supply (0-30V)
4. CRO
OTHER ACCESSORIES:
Connecting wire and probes.
THEORY:
When a low frequency signal controls the amplitude of high frequency signal,
we get amplitude-modulated wave. The high frequency signal is known as carrier and
low frequency signal is called the modulating signal.
PERCENT MODULATION: Ideally a sinusoidal modulating signal produces a
sinusoidal variation in voltage gain, which is expressed by: A=A0 (1+m sinyt)..(i)
Where A= Instantaneous Voltage Gain
A0= Quiescent Voltage Gain
M= Modulation co-efficient
As the sine function varies between 1 to+1 the voltage gain varies
sinusoidally between A0(1-m) and A0(1+m). For example, if A0=100 and m=0.5 then
the voltage gain varies sinusoidally between a minimum voltage gain of Amin=100(10.5)=50 and a maximum voltage gain of Amax=100(1+0.5)=150. In equation (i) m
controls the amount of modulation. The larger m is the greater the change in voltage
gain. Percent modulation is typically used to measure the amount of amplitude
modulation. It is given by m x 100%
2Vmax-2Vmin
Where m= ------------------------where 2Vmax=max peak to peak Voltage
2Vmax+2Vmin
2Vmin= min peak to peak Voltage

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

Carrier signal frequency is set at 80KHz and modulating frequency at 514 Hz.
Keep the carrier voltage signal at 25mV and modulating signal at 2V.
Set Vcc at 12 V from transistor power supply then see output waveform on
CRO. Calculate Vmax and Vmin from AM wave.
5. Vary the modulating voltage and see waveforms.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sl.
No

Modulating
Signal/
Voltage

Carrier
Signal/
Voltage

A=2Vmax
(Volts)

B=2Vmin
(Volts)

%mod =
(A-B)/(A+B)
x 100

Efficiency
=m2/(m2+2)
x 100

RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be perfect.
2. At the time of taking reading from the measuring equipments the errors of
reading must be avoided
REFERENCES:
1. Pamphlet to be supplied
2. Electronics Principle by Malvino.

Vcc(+12V)

10kohm

2.2kohm

Vo

0.15uF
2N222
0.22uF

12kohm
4.7kohm

Vc
fc=80KHz

2.2kohm

2200pF

514Hz
Modulating
signal

CKT DIAGRAM FOR AMPLITUDE MODULATION

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
IMPLEMENTATION OF VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY
CONVERTER USING IC 555 TIMER

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: - To Design a voltage to frequency converter using IC 555 Timer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard with components.
2. Transistor power supply 2 Nos
3. CRO
PIN DIAGRAM OF THE 555 TIMER

GND
Trigger
output
Reset

+ Vcc
Discharge
IC 555

Threshold
Control voltage

Functions of pins:
1. Ground: All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
2. Trigger: It is the external input that will be applied to the inverting input of the
lower comparator & will be compared with Vcc/3 coming from the potential divider
network.
3. Output: Complement of the output of the flip-flop acts as the final output of timer
as it passes through a power amplifier with inverter. Load can either be connected
between pin 3 & ground or pin 3 & Vcc.
4. Reset : This is an input to the timing device which provides a mechanism to reset
the flip-flop in a manner which overrides the effect of any instruction coming to the
FF from lower comparator. This is effective when the reset input is less than
0.4V.When not used it is returned to Vcc.
5. Control Voltage input: Generally the fixed voltages of 1/3Vcc & 2/3Vcc also aid in
determining the timing interval. The control voltage at 5 can be used when it is
required to vary the time & also in such cases when the reference level at V- of the
UC is other than 2/3Vcc.
Generally when not used a capacitor of 0.01uF should be connected between 5 &
ground to bypass noise or ripple from the supply.
6. Threshold: An external voltage by means of a timing capacitor & resistor is applied
to this pin. When this voltage is greater than 2/3Vccoutput of UC is 1 which is given to
the set input of FF thereby setting the FF making Q=1 & Q=0.
7. Discharge: This pin is connected to the collector of the discharge transistor
Q1.When Q output of the FF is 1,then Transistor Q1 is on due to sufficient base drive
hence driving transistor into saturation.
When output of the FF is low Transistor Q1 is off hence acting as a open circuit to any
external device connected to it.
8. +Vcc (Power Supply): It can work with any supply voltage between 5 & 18V.

OTHER ACCESSORIES:
Connecting Wires, Probes.
THEORY:
IC 555 is a very versatile timer, which can be operated with supply voltage
varying from 5V to 18V. It is an 8-pin timer. Fig. Shows. Specified block diagram.
Upper comparator has a threshold input pin (6) and a control input pin (5). In most
applications control pin is not used. Control voltage equals (2Vcc/3). Whenever
threshold voltage exceeds the control voltage the high output from comparator sets the
flip-flop.
The collector of the discharge transistor goes to pin (7). When this pin is
connected to an external timing capacitor, a high Q output from flip-flop saturates the
transistor and discharges the capacitor. When Q becomes low transistor opens and
capacitor charges.
The complementary signal out of the flip-flop goes to pin (3). When external
reset pin (4) is grounded, it inhibits the device (prevents it from working). This on-off
feature is sometimes useful. In most application external reset is not used and pin (4)
is tied directly to the supply. Voltage.
Lower comparator has inverting I/P which is called trigger pin (2). Because of
voltage divider, non-inverting I/P voltage has fixed voltage of +Vcc/3, the OpAmp
output goes high and resets the flip-flop.
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR: It is also called voltage to frequency converter, which is one application of 555
timer. In this circuit input voltage changes the output frequency. Control voltage is
adjusted by adjusting from external potentiometer. When control voltage increases it
takes the capacitor longer time to charge and discharge, therefore the frequency
decreases. As a result there is change in frequency of circuit by varying the control
voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit with components of desired value on the breadboard as
shown in the figure.
2. Connect the DC variable power supply at pin (5) through resistor. Also
connect Vcc between pin (4) and (8) through another power supply.
3. Vary the CRO at output pin (3) and observe the waveform for different
voltages. Calculate the frequency from the observed waveform from CRO.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

S. No.

Input Voltage

Time Period
(T)

Output Frequency
(1/T)

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be perfect.
2. At the time of taking reading from the measuring equipments the error of
reading must be avoided.
3. Vcc should not exceed 10V.
REFERENCE:
1. Pamphlet to be supplied.
2. Electronic Principle by A.P. Malvino.

+Vcc
10V
8
12kohm
4
RST

VCC

7
6
2
12kohm

DIS

OUT
555
THR
TIMER
TRI

O/P

5
CON
12kohm

GND
1

Vc
6200pF

CKT FOR VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERTER IC-555

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
GENERATION OF FM WAVE AND ITS DETECTION
USING ACL 03 AND ACL 04 FM TRAINER KIT

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Generation of FM wave and its detection using ACL 03 and ACL 04 FM
Trainer kit
OBJECTIVE:
A. To plot the modulation characteristics of varactor modulator.
B. To calculate the modulation sensitivity of varactor modulator.
C. To observe and measure frequency deviation and modulation
index of FM.
A.

To plot the modulation characteristics of varactor modulator:

EQUIPMENT:

Modules ACL-03
Power supply +/-12V.
Oscilloscope.
Volt meter
Frequency meter
Connecting links

PROCEDURE:
The characteristic modulation curve is given by the output frequency of the modulator
as function of the input modulating voltage (fig.1.7). It is possible to plot the curve of
fig.1.7 post by post, using a potentiometer to statically an amplitude variation of the
modulating signal, and measuring the corresponding output frequency of the
modulator.
1. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit. While connecting
this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Switch ON the power supply and Carry out the following presetting as shown
in the fig1.6.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR: LEVEL about 2Vpp; FREQ. To the
minimum; switch on 1500KHz.
3. Connect oscilloscope and frequency meter to the output of the modulator
FM/RF OUT.
4. Connect the voltmeter to the cursor of the frequency regulation potentiometer
post V below Sw2.
5. Vary the voltage at steps of 0.5 volt and fill a table with the voltage values and
the corresponding frequencies.
6. Plot a graph with the measured voltage and frequency values. You obtain a
curve similar to the one of fig. 1.8
7. From the analysis of the curve you can note that some segments have not a
linear behavior, while if you consider the whole characteristic you find a high
non-linearity.

B.

To calculate the modulation sensitivity of FM modulator. :

EQUIPMENT:

Modules ACL-03
Power supply +/-12 V
20 MHz oscilloscope
Voltmeter.
Frequency meter.
Connecting Links.

PROCEDURE:
1. Perform the procedure as done in Exp: 1(A).
2. Consider the modulator operation in the segment of curve within 700 to 1300
kHz, with central frequency of 1000 kHz. From the analysis of the curve of
fig. 1.8 it is possible to calculate the modulation sensitivity of the modulator.
3. The modulation sensitivity S is defined as:
S= dF (v)
dv
Where F (v) is the instantaneous frequency function of the modulating voltage
v. The last relation can be approximated writing the incremental ratio:
S=F
v
With reference to the curve of fig. 1.8, in correspondence to the central
frequency (1000kHz) you obtain:
F=50kHz
v 125mv from which: So=50/125=0.4kHz/mv
RESULT:
PRECAUTION:

C.
FM.

To observe and measure frequency deviation and modulation index of

EQUIPMENT:

Modules ACL-03
Power supply +/-12 V
Oscilloscope
Voltmeter
Frequency meter
Connecting Links

PROCEDURE:
1. Refer to the fig. 1.6 & carry out the following connections.
2. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit while connecting this;
ensure that the power supply is OFF.
3. Connect the o/p of function generator OUT post to the modulation IN of
FREQUENCY MODULATOR MOD IN post.
4. Switch ON the power supply and carry out the following presetting:
FUNCTION GENERATOR: sine wave (J1); LEVEL about 0.2Vpp;
FREQ. About 1kHz.
FREQUENCY MODULATOR LEVEL about 2Vpp; FREQ. on the
center; switch on 1500kHz
5. Connect the oscilloscope to the output of the modulator FM/RF OUT. You
obtain a waveform similar to the one of Fig.1.10.
6. The frequency deviation F can be calculated as follows (refer to fig. 11).
From the oscilloscope evaluate FM and Fm, detecting the periods of the
respective sine waves
The frequency deviation F is defined as: F = (FM Fm)/2 and F
You can note that if the modulator operates in a linear zone so FM and Fm
are over and under the central frequency F of the same quantity F,
otherwise this does not occur.
7. The value of the modulation index mf is calculated by the relation mf = F/f,
where f is the frequency of the modulating signal.
8. Then observe the FM signal as shown in fig. 1.1 in theory

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
AM WAVE DETECTION USING SERIES ENVELOPE
DETECTOR STAGE IN RADIO RECEIVER GR3151

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: AM wave detection using Series Envelope detector stage in radio

receiver GR3151
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1)
Circuit board with components of desired values.
2)
Standard AM Signal Generator range (5KHz-50MHz)
3)
CRO.
OTHER ACCESSORIES:
Connecting Wires, Probes.
THEORY:
The process of demodulation is used to recover the original modulating signal
from the incoming modulated wave. In effect, the demodulation is the reverse of the
modulation process. As with modulation, the demodulation of an AM wave can be
accomplished by using various devices. Here we describe simple and highly effective
device known as Envelope Detector. Some version of this demodulator is used in
almost all commercial radio receivers. However the AM wave has to be narrow band,
which requires that carrier frequency be large compared to message bandwidth.
Moreover the percentage modulation must be less than 100%.
An envelope detector of series type is shown in the fig, which consist of diode
and RC filter.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

Apply 30% amplitude-modulated signal to the I/P terminal using signal
generator.
Measure frequency Vmax, Vmin on Cro.
Take output from RC combination circuit on CRO.
Measure frequency of output signal.
Repeat the process for another value of AM wave.

PRECAUTION:
2.
3.

All the connections should be perfect.

At the time of taking reading from the measuring equipments the errors of
reading must be avoided.

REFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.

Pamphlet to be supplied.
Electronics Communication system by George Kennedy.
Communication system by S. Haykin, IInd Edition.

----+

1N4007GP

AMWAVE
I/P

Rs
C

Rl
22kohm

Vo

0.22uF
AM

-----

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SERIES ENVELOPE DETECTOR

I/P AM WAVE=

O/P WAVE=

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
GENERATION OF FREQUENCY MODULATED WAVE
USING IC 8038

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM Generation of Frequency Modulated wave using IC 8038

.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Circuit board with components of desired value.
2. Function Generator
3. CRO
OTHER ACCESSORIES:
Connecting wires, probes
THEORY:
FM is a system in which the amplitude of the carrier is kept constant, while its
frequency is varied by the modulating signal. By the definition of frequency
modulation the amount by which the carrier frequency is varied by its unmodulated
value is called the Deviation, which is made proportional to the instantaneous value of
the modulating signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Without applying the modulating signal observe the carrier signal at pin (2) of
8038.
Note down its amplitude and frequency using CRO and verify its frequency
theoretically.
3. Now apply the modulating signal 1KHz. Observe the FM signal on CRO at
pin (2).
4. Repeat the above procedure for different amplitude s of modulating signal.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
S.No.

Vm

Modulating Frequency
fm=1/T

Deviation
=fc-fm

Modulation Index
=/fm

RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be perfect.
2. At the time of taking reading from the measuring equipments the errors of
reading must be avoided.
3. DC supply should not exceed 12V.
REFERENCES:
1. Pamphlet to be supplied.
2. Electronics Communication System by George Kennedy
3. Op Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A. Gayakwad

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 2ND AND 4TH
ORDER LP BUTTERWORTH FILTERS

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design and Implementation of 2nd and 4th order LP Butterworth Filters
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard with components of desired values
(IC 741-2Nos, Resistors and Capacitors)
2. RC Oscillator (1 No)
3. DC Dual transistor power supply (0-35V)
4. CRO
OTHER ACCESSORIES:
Connecting wires and probes.
THEORY:
Butter Worth filter is one of the most commonly used practical filters that
approximate the ideal response. The key characteristics of Butter Worth filter is that it
has flat pass band as well as stop band. For this reason it is sometimes called flat
filter. An approximation for an ideal low pass filter is
Avs=1/Pn(s)..(i)
Pn(s) is a polynomial in variable(s) with zeros in left hand plane.
DESIGN RULE: The typical second order B.F. transfer function is of the form.
Av(s) =
Av (0)

1
.
(s/0) 2+2K(s/ 0)+1

..(ii)

Where 0 2f0 is the high frequency 3dB point.

First order filter
1
.....(iii)
(s/0)+1.

Av(s) =
Av (0)

First order and second order filter section have been shown in figure.
Av=V0/Vi= R1 + R1/R1
.(iv)
AV (S)=

Av (0). (1/RC) 2
S =(3-Av(0)/RC)s+ (1/RC)2

..(v)

From the above equation 0=1/RC, 2K=3-AV(0) or AV(0)=3-2K.

Normalized
n
1
2
3
4

Butter Polynomial
Factors of polynomial
(s+1)
s2+1.414s+1
(s+1)(s2+s+1)
(s2 +0.765s +1)(s2 + 1.848s +1)

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

Connect the power supply to the circuit at pin no. 4 and 7 of IC 741.
Vary the frequency of RC Oscillator.
Measure the output voltage at pin no. 6 on CRO for different frequencies
and calculate gain in dB.

OBSEVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sl. No.

FREQUENCY

Log10f

Amplitude
Peak to peak
Vout (V)

A=Vout
Vin

Gain in dB
20 log10A

RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
2. All the connections should be perfect.
3. At the time of taking reading from the measuring equipments the errors of
reading must be avoided.
4. DC supply should not exceed 12V.
REFERENCES:
1. Pamphlet to be supplied.
2. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A. Gayakwad

9.1kohm

9.1kohm

9.1kohm

9.1kohm

-12V

-12V
4

4
U1
2
741

Vin

741
9.1kohm

9.1kohm

9.1kohm

3
7 1 5

7 1 5

+12V
2200pF

6
2.2kohm

U2

+12V
2200pF

2200pF

CKT DIAGRAM FOR SECOND AND FOURTH ORDER LOW PASS

BUTTER WORTH FILTER

2200pF

Vout

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION SYSTEM USING COMMSIM

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Design of Amplitude modulation and demodulation system using Commsim.

THEORY:
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is defined as a process of Modulation in which the
Amplitude of the carrier wave c(t)is varied about a mean value, linearly with the base
band signal m(t). It may be described as a function of time in the form
S(t) = Ac (1+ Ka m(t) ) cos (2 fc t)
Where, Ac
fc
Ka
m(t)

= Amplitude of carrier wave c(t)

= Frequency of carrier wave c(t)
= Amplitude sensitivity
= Base band Signal

Fig. : AM waveform

Figure shows that the envelope of signal S(t) has the same shape as base band
signal m(t) provided two requirements are satisfied .

1. The amplitude of Ka m(t) is always less than unity.

2. The carrier frequency fc is much grater than the highest frequency
component

W of the message signal m(t).

Fig : Superheterdyne Am Receiver

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN OF FREQUENCY MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION SYSTEM USING COMMSIM

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM : Design of Amplitude modulation and demodulation system using Commsim.

THEORY:

Frequency modulation uses the information signal, Vm(t) to vary the carrier frequency
within some small range about its original value. Here are the three signals in
mathematical form:

Information: Vm(t)
Carrier: Vc(t) = Vco sin ( 2 fc t +
FM: VFM (t) = Vco sin (2 fc + (f/Vmo) Vm (t)t +

We have replaced the carrier frequency term, with a time-varying frequency. We have
also introduced a new term: f, the peak frequency deviation. In this form, you should
be able to see that the carrier frequency term: fc + (f/Vmo) Vm (t) now varies between
the extremes of fc - f and fc + f. The interpretation of f becomes clear: it is the
farthest away from the original frequency that the FM signal can be. Sometimes it is
referred to as the "swing" in the frequency.
We can also define a modulation index for FM, analogous to AM:
= f/fm , where fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.
The simplest interpretation of the modulation index, is as a measure of the peak
frequency deviation, f. In other words, represents a way to express the peak
deviation frequency as a multiple of the maximum modulating frequency, fm, i.e. f =
fm.
Example: suppose in FM radio that the audio signal to be transmitted ranges from 20
to 15,000 Hz (it does). If the FM system used a maximum modulating index, , of 5.0,
then the frequency would "swing" by a maximum of 5 x 15 kHz = 75 kHz above and
below the carrier frequency.
Here is a simple FM signal:

Here, the carrier is at 30 Hz, and the modulating frequency is 5 Hz. The modulation
index is about 3, making the peak frequency deviation about 15 Hz. That means the
frequency will vary somewhere between 15 and 45 Hz. How fast the cycle is
completed is a function of the modulating frequency.
FM Spectrum
A spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any
signal. Its like the display on the graphic-equalizer in your stereo which has leds
showing the relative amounts of bass, midrange and treble. These correspond directly
to increasing frequencies (treble being the high frequency components). It is a wellknow fact of mathematics, that any function (signal) can be decomposed into purely
sinusoidal components (with a few pathological exceptions) . In technical terms, the
sines and cosines form a complete set of functions, also known as a basis in the
infinite-dimensional vector space of real-valued functions (gag reflex). Given that any
signal can be thought to be made up of sinusoidal signals, the spectrum then
represents the "recipe card" of how to make the signal from sinusoids. Like: 1 part of
50 Hz and 2 parts of 200 Hz. Pure sinusoids have the simplest spectrum of all, just
one component:

In this example, the carrier has 8 Hz and so the spectrum has a single component with
value 1.0 at 8 Hz

The FM spectrum is considerably more complicated. The spectrum of a simple FM

signal looks like:

The carrier is now 65 Hz, the modulating signal is a pure 5 Hz tone, and the
modulation index is 2. What we see are multiple side-bands (spikes at other than the
carrier frequency) separated by the modulating frequency, 5 Hz. There are roughly 3
side-bands on either side of the carrier. The shape of the spectrum may be explained
using a simple heterodyne argument: when you mix the three frequencies (fc, fm and
f) together you get the sum and difference frequencies. The largest combination is fc
+ fm + f, and the smallest is fc - fm - f. Since f = fm, the frequency varies ( + 1)
fm above and below the carrier.
A more realistic example is to use an audio spectrum to provide the modulation:

In this example, the information signal varies between 1 and 11 Hz. The carrier is at
65 Hz and the modulation index is 2. The individual side-band spikes are replaced by
a more-or-less continuous spectrum. However, the extent of the side-bands is limited
(approximately) to + 1) fm above and below. Here, that would be 33 Hz above and
below, making the bandwidth about 66 Hz. We see the side-bands extend from 35 to
90 Hz, so out observed bandwidth is 65 Hz.
You may have wondered why we ignored the smooth humps at the extreme ends of
the spectrum. The truth is that they are in fact a by-product of frequency modulation
(there is no random noise in this example). However, they may be safely ignored
because they are have only a minute fraction of the total power.

RESULT:
CONCLUSION:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN OF DSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
SYSTEM USING COMMSIM

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM : Design of DSBSC modulation and demodulation system using Commsim.

THEORY: Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC):

Transmission in which (a) frequencies produced by Amplitude Modulation are
symmetrically spaced above and below the Carrier frequency and (b) the Carrier level
is reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally completely suppressed.

The Carrier wave is completely independent of message signal This means that
transmission of carrier wave represents a waste of power. This points to a
shortcoming of AM, that only fraction of total transmitted power is affected by m(t).
To overcome this we may suppress the carrier component from the modulated wave.
Result in Double sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Modulation.
In the double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) modulation, unlike
AM, the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, a great percentage of power that is
dedicated to it is distributed between the sidebands, which implies an increase of the
cover in DSB-SC, compared to AM, for the same power usedThus by suppressing the
carrier, we obtain a modulated wave that is proportional to the product of the carrier
wave and the base band signal

SPECTRUM
This is basically an amplitude modulation wave without the carrier therefore reducing
power wastage, giving it a 50% efficiency rate.

GENERATION
DSBSC is genereated by a mixer. This consists of an audio source combined with the
frequency carrier.

DEMODULATION
For demodulation the audio frequency and the carrier frequency must be exact
otherwise we get distortion.

HOW IT WORKS
This is best shown graphically. Below, is a message signal that one may wish to
modulate onto a carrier, consisting of a couple of sinusoidal components.

The carrier, in this case, is a plain 10 kHz sinusoid -- pictured below.

The modulation is performed by multiplication in the time domain, which yields a 10

kHz carrier signal, whose amplitude varies in the same manner as the message signal.

The name "suppressed carrier" comes about because the carrier signal component is
suppressed -- it does not appear (theoretically) in the output signal. This is apparent
when the spectra of the output signal is viewed

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN OF SSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
SYSTEM USING COMMSIM

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

]AIM : Design of SSBSC modulation and demodulation system using Commsim.

THEORY: Single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (SSB-SC):

It is a refinement of Amplitude Modulation that more efficiently uses electrical
power and bandwidth It is closely related to vestigial sideband modulation (VSB
Amplitude Modulation produces a modulated output signal that has twice the
bandwidth of the original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this
bandwidth doubling, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of somewhat
increased device complexity
SIGNAL GENERATION
Bandpass filtering
Consider an amplitude-modulated signal, which will have two frequency-shifted
copies of the modulating signal (the lower one is frequency-inverted) on either side of
the remaining carrier wave. These are known as sidebands.
One method of producing an SSB signal is to remove one of the sidebands via
filtering, leaving only either the upper sideband (USB) or less commonly the lower
sideband (LSB). Most often, the carrier is reduced (suppressed) or removed entirely.
Assuming both sidebands are symmetric, no information is lost in the process. Since
the final RF amplification is now concentrated in a single sideband, the effective
power output is greater than in normal AM (the carrier and redundant sideband
account for well over half of the power output of an AM transmitter). Though SSB
uses substantially less bandwidth and power, it cannot be demodulated by a simple
envelope detector like standard AM.
Hartley modulator
An alternate method of generation known as a Hartley modulator uses phasing to
suppress the unwanted sideband. To generate an SSB signal with this method, two
versions of the original signal are generated which are mutually 90 out of phase.
Each one of these signals is then mixed with carrier waves that are also 90 out of
phase with each other. By either adding or subtracting the resulting signals, a lower or
upper sideband signal results.
Throwing the baseband signal 90 out of phase cannot be done simply by delaying it,
as it contains a large range of frequencies. In analog circuits, a phasing network is
used. The method was popular in the days of valve radios, but later gained a bad
reputation due to poorly adjusted commercial implementations. Modulation using this
method is again gaining popularity in the homebrew and DSP fields. This method,
utilizing the Hilbert transform to throw the baseband audio out of phase, can be done
at low cost with digital circuitry.

Weaver modulator
Another variation, the Weaver modulator, uses only lowpass filters and quadrature
mixers, and is a favored method in digital implementations
In Weaver's method, the band of interest is first translated to be centered at zero,
conceptually by modulating a complex exponential exp(jt) with frequency in the
middle of the voiceband, but implemented by a quadrature pair of sine and cosine
modulators at that frequency (e.g. 2 kHz). This complex signal or pair of real signals
is then lowpass filtered to remove the undesired sideband that is not centered at zero.
Then, the single-sideband complex signal centered at zero is upconverted to a real
signal, by another pair of quadrature mixers, to the desired center frequency.
MATHEMATICAL HIGHLIGHTS
Let

be the baseband waveform to be transmitted. Its Fourier transform,

, is

Hermitian symmetrical about the

axis, because
is real-valued. Doubl
sidebandmodulation of
to a radio transmission frequency, , moves the axis of
symmetry to
Let

, and the two sides of each axis are called sidebands.

represent the Hilbert transform of

. Then

is a useful mathematical concept, called an analytic signal. The Fourier transform of

equals
, for
, but it has no negative-frequency components. So
it can be modulated to a radio frequency and produce just a single sideband.
The analytic representation of

is:
(the equality is Euler's

formula
whose Fourier transform is

When
is modulated (i.e. multiplied) by
, all frequency components are
shifted by
, so there are still no negative-frequency components. Therefore, the
complex product is an analytic representation of the single sideband signal:

where

is the real-valued, single sideband waveform. Therefore:

And the "out-of-phase carrier waves" mentioned earlier are evident.

Lower sideband
represents the baseband signal's upper sideband,

. It is also possible, and

useful, to convey the baseband information using its lower sideband,

, which is
a mirror image about f=0 Hz. By a general property of the Fourier transform, that
symmetry means it is the complex conjugate of

Note that:

The gain of 2 is a result of defining the analytic signal (one sideband) to have the
same total energy as
(both sidebands).
As before, the signal is modulated by
. The typical is large enough that
the translated lower sideband (LSB) has no negative-frequency components. Then the
result is another analytic signal, whose real part is the actual transmission.

Note that the sum of the two sideband signals is

which is the classic model of suppressed-carrier double sideband AM.

SSB and VSB can also be regarded mathematically as special cases of analog
quadrature amplitude modulation.

DEMODULATION
The front end of an SSB receiver is similar to that of an AM or FM receiver,
consisting of a superheterodyne RF front end that produces a frequency-shifted
version of the radio frequency (RF) signal within a standard intermediate frequency
(IF) band.
To recover the original signal from the IF SSB signal, the single sideband must be
frequency-shifted down to its original range of baseband frequencies, by using a
product detector which mixes it with the output of a beat frequency oscillator (BFO).
In other words, it is just another stage of heterodyning.
For this to work, the BFO frequency must be accurately adjusted. If the BFO is misadjusted, the output signal will be frequency-shifted, making speech sound strange
and "Donald Duck"-like, or unintelligible.
As an example, consider an IF SSB signal centered at frequency
= 45000 Hz. The
baseband frequency it needs to be shifted to is
= 2000 Hz. The BFO output
waveform is

. When the signal is multiplied by (aka

'heterodyned with') the BFO waveform, it shifts the signal to

and to

, which is known as the beat frequency or image frequency. The

objective is to choose an
unwanted components at
the human ear).)

that results in

= 2000 Hz. (The

can be removed by a lowpass filter (such as

Note that there are two choices for

: 43000 Hz and 47000 Hz, aka low-side and
high-side injection. With high-side injection, the spectral components that were
distributed around 45000 Hz will be distributed around 2000 Hz in the reverse order,
also known as an inverted spectrum. That is in fact desirable when the IF spectrum is
also inverted, because the BFO inversion restores the proper relationships. One reason
for that is when the IF spectrum is the output of an inverting stage in the receiver.
Another reason is when the SSB signal is actually a lower sideband, instead of an
upper sideband. But if both reasons are true, then the IF spectrum in not inverted, and
the non-inverting BFO (43000 Hz) should be used.
If
is off by a small amount, then the beat frequency is not exactly
can lead to the speech distortion mentioned earlier

, which

RESULT:
CONCLUSION

RESULT:
CONCLUSION:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
GENERATION OF THE AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE
AND CALCULATION OF % MODULATION USING
ACL01 KIT & ACL02

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Generation of the Amplitude modulated wave and Calculation of %

Modulation using ACL01 kit & ACL02

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. ANACOM 1/1 kit
2. IC power supply (+12V, 200mA and 12V, 50mA)
3. CRO
OTHER ACCESSORIES:
CRO probes and wires.
THEORY:
When a low frequency signal controls the amplitude of high frequency signal,
we get the amplitude-modulated wave. The high frequency signal is known as carrier
and low frequency signal is called the modulating signal.
When a carrier is amplitude modulated by a single sine wave the resulting
signal consists of three frequencies:
1. Original Carrier Frequency
2. Lower Sideband Frequency (fc-fm)
3. Upper Sideband Frequency (fc+fm)
When one of the above sideband is suppressed it is known as single sideband
modulation. Up to 50% of power can be saved by using this modulation technique.

PROCEDURE:
DSB GENERATION:
1. Connect the 1/1 module to the power supply as shown in the figure.
2. Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board.
a) Audio input select switch in INT position.
b) Mode switch in DSB position.
c) Output amplifier gain preset in fully clockwise position.
d) Speaker switch in OFF position.

3. Turn ON power to the ANACOM 1/1 board.

4. Turn the Audio Oscillator blocks amplitude preset to its fully clock wise
position.

5. Turn the Balance preset in the balanced modulator and band pass filter circuit
to its fully clock wise position.
6. Observe the waveform at tp1, tp9 & tp3 on CRO.
7. Turn the Balanced preset in the balanced modulator & Band pass filter circuit
and observe the waveform at tp3 on CRO.
Test pin are tp1, tp9, tp3 and tp13.

SSB GENERATION:
1. Connect the 1/1 module to the power supply as shown in the figure.
2. Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board.
a. Audio input select switch in INT position.
b. Mode switch in DSB position.
c. Output amplifier gain preset in fully clockwise position.
d. Speaker switch in OFF position.
3. Turn ON power to the ANACOM 1/1 board.
4. Turn the Audio Oscillator blocks amplitude preset to its fully clock wise
position and observe waveform at tp14 on CRO.
5. To achieve the single sideband following blocks are used:
a) BALANCED MODULATOR
b) CERAMIC BAND-PASS FILTER
c) BALANCED MODULATOR AND BAND-PASSFILTER
CIRCUIT-2
6. Observe the waveform at tp15, tp17 & tp20 on CRO.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be perfect.
2. At the time of taking reading from the measuring equipments the errors of
reading must be avoided
REFERENCES:
1. Pamphlet to be supplied
2. Electronics communication System by George Kennedy.
3. Communication System by S. Haykin,IInd Edition.

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
DESIGN OF PAM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
SYSTEM USING COMMSIM

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

]AIM : Design of PAM modulation and demodulation system using Commsim.

THEORY:
Pulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where
the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
Example: A two bit modulator (PAM-4) will take two bits at a time and will map the
signal amplitude to one of four possible levels, for example 3 volts, 1 volt, 1 volt,
and 3 volts.
Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every
symbol period.
Pulse-amplitude modulation is now rarely used, having been largely superseded by
pulse-code modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation.
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is the transmission of data by varying the
amplitudes (voltage or power levels) of the individual pulses in a regularly timed
sequence of electrical or electromagnetic pulses. The number of possible pulse
amplitudes can be infinite (in the case of analog PAM), but it is usually some power
of two so that the resulting output signal can be digital. For example, in 4-level PAM
there are 22 possible discrete pulse amplitudes; in 8-level PAM there are 23 possible
discrete pulse amplitudes; and in 16-level PAM there are 24 possible discrete pulse
amplitudes.
In some PAM systems, the amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to the
instantaneous modulating-signal amplitude at the time the pulse occurs. In other PAM
systems, the amplitude of each pulse is inversely proportional to the instantaneous
modulating-signal amplitude at the time the pulse occurs. In still other systems, the
intensity of each pulse depends on some characteristic of the modulating signal other
than its strength, such as its instantaneous frequency or phase.
PAM is only one of several forms of pulse modulation. Other methods include
varying the durations (or widths), the frequencies, the positions, or the intervals of the
individual pulses in a sequence.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is the simplest form of pulse modulation. This
technique transmits data by varying the voltage or power amplitudes of individual
pulses in a timed sequence of electromagnetic pulses. In other words, the data to be
transmitted is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. PAM can also be
used for generating additional pulse modulations.
If you look at this from a purely theoretical standpoint, the possible pulse amplitudes
in pulse amplitude modulation can be infinite. This is the case with analog pulse
amplitude modulation. A 2 level pulse amplitude modulation causes the resulting

signal to be digitized while a 4 level pulse amplitude modulation has 22 possible

discrete pulse amplitudes. An 8-level pulse amplitude modulation has 23, and 16-level
pulse amplitude modulation has 24 discrete pulse amplitudes.
Regarding various pulse amplitude modulation, some systems maintain the amplitude
of each pulse directly proportional to the instantaneous modulating-signal amplitude
at the time of pulse occurrence. In other pulse amplitude modulation systems, the
reverse is true - that is, inversely proportional to the instantaneous modulating-signal
amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence. In other pulse amplitude modulation
systems, the amplitude is dependent on additional factors related to the modulating
signal such as the instantaneous frequency and phase, which may be different than its
strength.
However, in practical telecommunication applications, pulse amplitude modulation is
a rare use technology, having been superceded by other techniques such as pulse
position modulation and pulse code modulation. Additionally, a technology called
quadrate amplitude modulation is widely used in telephone modems with a data
transfer rate of more than 300 Kbps.

RESULT:
CONCLUSION:

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR CARRYING OUT PRACTICAL

ON
GENERATION OF DSBSC MODULATED WAVE USING
ANACOM-1/1 TRAINER KIT

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI

AIM: Generation of DSBSC Modulated wave using Anacom-1/1 Trainer kit

OBJECTIVE:
A. To study the operation of a DSB AM Modulator.
B. To calculate the modulation index of an AM modulated
wave.
A. To study the operation of an DSB AM Modulator.
EQUIPMENT:
Modules ACL-01 & ACL-02.
Power supply =/-12V
20MHz Oscilloscope
Connecting Links.
Frequency Counter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Refer to the fig.1.14 & Carry out the following connections. Connect OUT
post of SINEWAVE SECTION (ACL-01) to the i/p of Balanced Modulator
(ACL-01) SIG. Post (signal post)
2. Connect output of VCO (ACL-01) OUT post to the input Balance modulator
CAR. post (ACL 01)
4. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit, while connecting
this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
5. Switch on the power supply and Carry out the following presetting:
SINEWAVE: OUT post LEVEL about 0.5 Vpp;
FREQ. About 1 KHz
VCO: LEVEL about 1 Vpp; FREQ. About 450KHz, Switch on
500KHz.
BALANCED MODULATOR: CARRIER NULL completely
rotated clockwise or counter clockwise, so as unbalance the
modulator and to obtain an AM signal with not suppressed carrier
across the output; OUT LEVEL in fully clockwise.
6.
Connect the Oscilloscope to the inputs of the modulator post (SIG and
CAR) and detect the modulating signal and the carrier signal (fig.1.15a/b).
7.
Move the probe from post SIG to post OUT (output of the modulator),
where signal modulated in amplitude is detected (fig.1.15c). Note that the
modulated signal envelope corresponds to the waveform of the DSB AM
modulating signal.
8.
Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and check the 3 following
conditions: modulation percentage lower than the 100% (fig.1.15c), equal
to the 100% (fig1.15d), superior to 100% (over modulation, fig.1.15e).
9.
Vary the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal, and check the
corresponding variations of the modulated signal.
10.
Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and note that the modulated
signal can result saturation or over the modulation.

B. To calculate the modulation index of an AM modulated wave.

OBJECTIVE: To study modulation index of DSB AM modulated wave.
EQUIPMENTS:
Modules ACL-01 & ACL-02.
Power supply =/-12V
20MHz Oscilloscope
Connecting Links.
PROCEDURE:
1. Perform the operation as done in procedure (a) and obtain the AM modulated
wave as shown in fig. (1.16).
2. Using the oscilloscope measure from the waveform. The amplitude B of the
modulation signal at the OUT of the balanced modulator ACL-01. The
amplitude H and h of the modulated signal, and the amplitude C of the
envelope of the modulated signal post OUT of balanced modulator (ACL-01).
3. Calculate the constant k of the modulator, equal to: k=C/B, You find a value a
little over 1.
4. Calculate the amplitude A of the carrier, equal to:
H+h
A=-------------2
5. Calculate the percentage index of modulation m, equal to:
H-h
m=----------------*100%
H+h
RESULT:
PRECAUTION: