Chapter 1

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 01
A View of Life
BIOLOGY
Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
A View of Life
PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Defining Life
Living
things:
Comprised of the same chemical elements

e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Obey the same physical and chemical laws
Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or

Multi-cellular).
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of
all living things e.g. plants, animals, and fungus
Cells are produced from preexisting cells
Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital
physiological functions
Defining Life
Living organisms can be Microscopic:
Bacteria
Paramecium
Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):
Snow goose
Humans
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Bacteria
Paramecium
Morel
Sunflower
Snow goose
(Bacteria): Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): Royalty-Free Corbis;
(Sunflower): Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): Charles Bush Photography
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Defining Life
Each level of organization has Emergent Properties
Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules

and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and
Biosphere)
Each level of organization is more complex than the level

preceding it
Emergent properties:
Interactions between the parts making up the whole
All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry
Levels of Biological Organization

Biosphere
Regions of the Earths crust,
w aters, and atmosphere
inhabited by liv ing things
Ecosystem
A community plus
the physical env ironment
Community
Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population
Organisms of the same
species in a particular area
Organism
An indiv idual; complex
indiv iduals contain organ systems
Organ System
Composed of sev eral organs
w orking together
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Tissue
A group of cells w ith a common
structure and function
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all liv ing things
Molecule
Union of tw o or more atoms of
the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons
Living Things: Acquire & Process Food

Energy required to maintaining organization and

conducting life-sustaining processes
The sun:
Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth
Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar

energy to
carry on photosynthesis
Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical

energy (Organic Molecules)
Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in

an organism.
Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain

boundaries
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Acquiring Nutrients
food
a.
d.
e.
c.
b.
a: Niebrugge Images; b: Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: Charles Bush Photography;

d: Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo
f.
Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to

changes in the environment
Response ensures survival of the organism and it often

results movement
Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar
toward dinner
Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south
Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals
Even leaves of plants follow sun
Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior
Living Things: Reproduce and Develop

Organisms live and die
All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued

existence and maintain population
In most multicellular organisms reproduction:

Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)
Followed by cell division and differentiation
Developmental instructions encoded in genes

Composed of DNA
Long spiral molecule in chromosomes
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring

Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.
10
Living Things: Adapt to Change

Adaptation
Any modification that makes an organism more suited

to its way of life
Organisms become modified over long period time

Respond to environmental changes by developing new

adaptations
However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor
Descent with modification - Evolution
Caused by natural selection

11
Evolution, the Unifying Concept

of Biology
Despite diversity, organisms share the same

basic characteristics
Composed of cells organized in a similar manner
Their genes are composed of DNA
Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire

energy
This suggests that they are descended from a

common ancestor
12
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Classification
Taxonomy:
Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms

according to certain rules
Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized

evolutionary relationships
Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and

domain
A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level

below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it
(e.g. kingdom)
13
Levels of Classification
14
Domains
Bacteria
Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes
Archaea
Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes
Extreme aquatic environments
Eukarya
Eukaryotes Familiar organisms

15
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Evolutionary Tree of Life

BACTERIA
common
ancestor
(first cells)
ARCHAEA
Protists
Photosynthetic
protist
Plants
cell with nucleus
EUKARYA
Fungi
Heterotrophic
Protist
Animals
common ancestor
Past
Present
Time
16
Domains: The Archaea

Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
Adaptations to
extreme environments
Absorb or
chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical
characteristics
Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon
1.6
Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited
17
Domains: The Bacteria

Prokaryotic cells
of various shapes
Adaptations to
all environments
Absorb, photosynthesize,
or chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical
characteristics
Escherichia coli, a bacterium
1.5
A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
18
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Kingdoms
Archaea Kingdoms still being worked out
Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out
Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
19
Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms

Protists
KINGDOM: Plants
Algae, protozoans,
slime molds, and
water molds
Complex single cell
(sometimes filaments,
colonies, or even
multicellular)
Absorb, photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Certain algae, mosses, ferns,

conifers, and flowering plants
Multicellular, usually with
specialized tissues,
containing complex cells
Photosynthesize food
Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan
KINGDOM: Animals
KINGDOM: Fungi
Sponges, worms, insects,

fishes, frogs, turtles,
birds, and mammals
Multicellular with
specialized tissues
containing complex cells
Ingest food
Molds, mushrooms, yeasts,

and ringworms
Mostly multicellular filaments with
specialized, complex cells
Absorb food1
Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom
Vulpes, a red fox
(Protist): Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): Rob Planck/Tom
Stack; (Animal): Royalty-Free/Corbis
20
Scientific Names
Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)used to assign each organism with two part name
e.g. Homo Sapience
Universal
Latin-based
First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo
Second word is specific epithet of a species within

the genus e.g. Sapience
Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)
Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia Coli as E.

Coli
21
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Organization of the Biosphere

Population
- Members of a species within
an area
Community
- A local collection of
interacting populations
Ecosystem
A community plus its

physical environment
How chemicals are cycled and re-used by

organisms
How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top

predators
22
Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland

heat
solar
energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
heat
WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,

AND DECOMPOSITION
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
23
Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef

a. Healthy coral reef
1975 Minimal coral death

b.
1985 Some coral death with

no fish present
1995 Coral bleaching with limited

chance of recovery
2004 Coral is black from sedimentation;

bleaching still evident
a: Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): Dr. Phillip Dustan
24
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Human Populations
Humans modify ecosystems

Humans negative impact on ecosystems:

Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing,

industry, etc.
Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.
However, humans depend upon healthy

ecosystems for
Food
Medicines
Raw materials
Other ecosystem processes

25
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water

where organisms exist
Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.
The variability of their genes, and
The ecosystems in which they live
Extinction is:
The death of the last member of a species
Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

26
The Scientific Method

Scientific method is a standard series of steps in

gaining new knowledge through research.
Begins with observation

Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to

observe animal behavior
Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use

microscope to see microorganisms
Take advantage of prior studies
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for what was observed
Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to

general
27
Chapter 01
A View of Life
The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram

Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various
sources is used to formulate
a testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,

and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.
28
The Scientific Method: Experimentation

Experimentation

Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis

Designed through deductively reasoning from
general to specific
Often divides subjects into a control group

and an experimental group
Predicts how groups should differ if
hypothesis is valid

If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged

If not, hypothesis is unsupportable
29
The Scientific Method

The results are analyzed and interpreted
Conclusions are what the scientist thinks

caused the results
Findings must be reported in scientific journals
Peers review the findings and the conclusions
Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or

dismiss the published findings
30
10
Chapter 01
A View of Life
The Scientific Method: Results

Results
or Data
Observable, objective results from an

experiment
Strength of the data expressed in probabilities
The probability that random variation could

have caused the results
Low probability (less than 5%) is good
Higher probabilities make it difficult to dismiss

random chance as the sole cause of the results
31
Scientific Theory
Scientific
Theory:
Joins together two or more related hypotheses
Supported by broad range of observations,

experiments, and data
Scientific
Principle / Law:
Widely accepted set of theories
No serious challenges to validity

32
Controlled Experiments
Experimental
(Independent) variable
Applied one way to experimental group
Applied a different way to control group
Response
(dependent) variable
Variable that is measured to generate data
Expected to yield different results in control

versus experimental group
33
11
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Observations:
Nitrate fertilizers boost grain crops, but may damage

soils by altering its properties
When grain crops are rotated with pigeon pea it adds

natural nitrogen
Hypothesis:
Pigeon pea rotation will boost crop production as much

as nitrates
Pigeon pea rotation will NOT damage soils

34
Root Nodules
nodules
Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, Inc.
35
Experimental
Design
Control Group
Winter wheat planted in pots without fertilizer
Experimental Groups
1-Winter wheat planted in pots with 45 kg/ha nitrate
2-Winter wheat planted in pots with 90 kg/ha nitrate
3-Winter wheat planted in pots that had grown a

crop of pigeon peas
All groups treated identically except for above

36
12
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Crop Rotation Study

Control pots
Test pots
Test pots
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
a. Control pots and test pots

of three types
Test pots
45 kg of nitrogen/ha
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)
20
15
Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
10
year 1
year 2
year 3
b. Results
(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack
37
Experimental
Prediction:
Wheat production following pigeon pea rotation

will be equal or better than following nitrate
fertilizer
Results
45 kg/ha produced slightly better than controls
90 kg/ha produced nearly twice as much as

controls
Pigeon pea rotation did not produce as much

as the controls
38
Conclusion
Research hypothesis was not supported by results
However, research hypothesis was not proven false by

negative results
Revised experiment
Grow wheat in same pots for several generations
Look for soil damage in nitrate pots and improved

production in pigeon pea pots
39
13
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Results
After second year:

Production following nitrates declined
Production following pigeon pea rotation was greatest of all
After third year

Pigeon pea rotation produced 4X as much as controls
Revised conclusions

Research hypothesis supported

Pigeon pea rotation should be recommended over
nitrates
40
14

Chapter 1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Comprised of the same chemical elements

Obey the same physical and chemical laws

Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Each level of organization has Emergent Properties

Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules

Each level of organization is more complex than the level

Interactions between the parts making up the whole

All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

Levels of Biological Organization

Living Things: Acquire & Process Food

Energy required to maintaining organization and

Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth

Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar

Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical

Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in

Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

a: Niebrugge Images; b: Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: Charles Bush Photography;

Living Things: Respond to Stimuli

Living things interact with the environment and respond to

Response ensures survival of the organism and it often

Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south

Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals

Even leaves of plants follow sun

Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

Living Things: Reproduce and Develop

Organisms live and die

All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued

In most multicellular organisms reproduction:

Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)

Followed by cell division and differentiation

Developmental instructions encoded in genes

Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring

Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

Living Things: Adapt to Change

Any modification that makes an organism more suited

Organisms become modified over long period time

Respond to environmental changes by developing new

However, organisms very similar at basic level

Suggests living things descended from same ancestor

Descent with modification - Evolution

Caused by natural selection

Evolution, the Unifying Concept

Despite diversity, organisms share the same

Composed of cells organized in a similar manner

Their genes are composed of DNA

Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire

This suggests that they are descended from a

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms

Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized

Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and

A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level

Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes

Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic environments

Eukaryotes Familiar organisms

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader