Baking register:

One of the formats of baking register is as below.

Col 1: Serial number

Col 2: Date in which the row entry is made
Col 3: AWS class of electrode. eg:- E 7018, E8018-B2 etc.
Col 4: Size of electrode. eg:- 1.6mm, 2.5mm, 3.15mm, 4.0mm etc.
Col 5: Manufacturer of the electrode. eg:-D&H, ADOR, ESAB etc.
Col 6: Quantity put in the baking oven.
Col 7: Batch number of the electrode placed in the oven for baking.
Col 8: Opening balance in the baking oven. This is significant if two or more batch electrodes are
placed in the oven.
Col 9: Time when the electrodes are placed in the oven are to be entered in this column.
Col 10: Time at which the baking temperature is reached is to be recorded in this column.
Col 11: Entry time in holding oven. If the baking time is one hour, the electrodes are to be removed
from the mother oven one hour after the time recorded in Col 10 and are to be kept in Holding
Oven.
Col 12: The total qty of electrodes in the holding oven are to be recorded here.
Col 13: The qty of electrodes issued to the job site ( as per the electrode issue slip) is to be recorded
in this column..
Col 14: Balance quantity of electrodes are to be recorded in this column.
Col 15: Welder to whom the electrodes are to be issued are to be recorded in this column.
Col 16: Area of the job to which the electrodes are to be issued.
Col 17: Signature of the electrode issuing person.
Col 18: Verification signature to be done on random basis by welding engineer/supervisor
additional one more column can be given as 'REMARKS' if required.

Electrode Issue Slip

(1): Organization name and logo to be given.

(2): Welder name to be given.
(3): Welder identification number to be given.
(4): Date at which the requisition is raised to be entered in this area.
(5): Serial number
(6): AWS class of the required welding electrode to be specified.
(7): Brand name of the electrode to be entered here. This is having significance only if there is any
specific brand of electrode are to be used in the job.
(8): Size of the electrode in millimeter.
(9): Quantity (in numbers) of electrode required for the job are to be mentioned by the welding
engineer.
(10): Signature of welding engineer who raises the electrode issue requisition to be signed in this
column.
(11): Quantity of electrodes issued to be recorded in this column and this is done by the electrode
issuer.
(12): Signature of the electrode issuer to be done
(13): Remarks if any are to be recorded.

What is the procedure for baking of electrodes?

The electrodes are removed from their original packets(hermetically sealed containers will
discussed later) and are put in the trays in the mother oven at a temperature not exceeding one half
the final baking temperature for a minimum of one half hour prior to increasing the oven
temperature to the final baking temperature. The temperature is set in the automatic temperature
controller. When the set temperature is reached it will be allowed to remain at that
temperature(baking temperature) as per manufacturer recommendation/as per
standard/code/procedure requirement. When the time is completed it will be transferred to the
holding/storage oven, where a constant temperature is maintained. Electrodes as required for the job
will e transferred to the portable oven from the holding oven.
The baking temperature will be as per manufacturer recommendation. As per AWS D1.1, Clause
5.3.2.4,
1. All electrodes having low-hydrogen coverings conforming to AWS A5.1 shall be baked for at
least two hours between 260 Deg C and 430 Deg C
2. All electrodes having low-hydrogen coverings conforming to AWS A5.5 shall be baked for at
least one hour at temperature between 370 Deg C and 430 Deg C
As per AWS D1.1, Clause 5.3.2.1, the holding oven temperature shall be maintained at a minimum
temperature of 120Deg C.
Who should issue the electrodes?
Electrodes are to be issued by a experienced store keeper/person (Electrode Issuer). Nobody is
allowed to enter to the electrode issuing area for taking the electrodes by their own other than the
electrode issuer.
There should be an engineer/supervisor responsible for electrode handling process and he should
monitor the process of electrode issuer and corrections/directions to be issued by time to time
What is the experience required for an electrode issuer?
He should have the basic knowledge of English for reading and writing. He should know the
electrode names, brand, baking procedure and electrode issue procedure.
What are the Duties of an electrode issuer/electrode store keeper?
1. Maintain and update the stock records of electrode.
2. Maintain the correct backing procedure.
3. Maintain the baking register.
4. Issue of electrodes based on the electrode slip approved by welding engineer.

5. Liaison with the engineer/supervisor in-charge of the electrode handling process for stocks,
discrepancy happened if any, damages in electrode if any etc.
6. Maintain the mother oven and portable oven in good condition
7. Calibration of ovens before due dates and maintain a valid calibration certificate.
8. Replenish the electrodes in the ovens as per work load and in communication with welding
engineer.
9. Electrode mix if happened to be brought to the knowledge of welding engineer.
10. If power has gone during baking re-baking to be done in consultation with the
engineer/supervisor in charge for electrode handling process.
What is baking of an electrode?
The coating of the electrode is having the tendency to absorb moisture. Baking is the process of
removing moisture from the electrodes, with the help of heat, thereby reducing the level of
dissolved H2 in the weld metal which is prone to make delayed cracking in the weld metal.
How baking is done?
Baking is done with the help of ovens. These ovens are fitted with electrical resistant heating coils
which will generate heat upon giving electrical current. The heat in the coils are controlled by
temperature controllers. The temperature required is set in the temperature controllers. It
automatically controls the temperature in the oven.
What is the difference between mother oven, holding oven and portable oven (Heated
Electrode Quiver)?
Mother oven is the oven in which fresh electrodes are put which are taken from the original
electrode packets.
Holding oven is the oven in which the electrodes are put to maintain the holding temperature.
Portable oven is the oven which are used to carry the electrodes, transferred from the holding oven,
to the job location, where it is electrically connected and holding temperature is maintained.
Electrode Issue Process:
Electrode as per requirement at site/job location are assessed by welding engineer. Welding
engineer will raise the requisition to issue the electrodes through electrode issue slip.
The welding assistant (Helper to the welder) will take the electrode issue slip to the electrode store
and handover the slip to the electrode issuer (electrode store keeper). The welding assistant will
take the electrode bits of the previously issued electrodes along with the electrode issue slip and
that also will be handed over to the electrode issuer.
The electrode issuer cross check the signature of the welding engineer with the specimen signature
list of welding engineers available with him. He will also cross check the welder details
(qualification to use the requested electrode) with the qualified welder list available with him. He
will issue the electrodes as per requirement in the electrode issue slip.

If the electrode is of low hydrogen type, electrodes are taken in a portable oven by the welding
assistant, if else the welding assistant will take it as a loosely tied bundle
What is the expiry date of an electrode?
There is no expiry date for an electrode. Before using the electrodes/before placing the electrodes in
an oven ensure that the electrodes are in good condition.
If you have doubt about the quality of electrodes, take some electrodes and do a test weld. If the
electrode is giving a good weld then the electrode can be used
Oven validation Process
A sticker will be pasted on the oven with the signature of the validating person. A register will be
maintained with the details of validation.

VALIDATION STICKER
Duration of oven validation: Duration will be fixed based on the usability, chances of abnormalities
of machines etc. Normally mother oven and holding oven are validated once in 6 months. Portable
ovens are validated once in 3 months. But it is advisable to validate the mother oven and holding
oven once in 3 months and portable oven in every month.
What is the time period that an electrode can be kept at atmospheric temperature after electrodes are
taking out from hermetically sealed containers or from baking or storage ovens?
As per AWS D1.1, Clause 5.3.2.2 and Table 5.1, approved atmospheric time periods are as per the
below table.

.
HANDLING OF GTAW FILLER WIRES
For GTAW welding, filler wires are used. Color coding of filler wires are done for easily
identifying them.

How color coding is done:

Both the ends of the filler wire are dipped in paint and will be kept at sunlight for drying. Approximate
one inch length of both sides to be dipped in paint. Each AWS code of filler wire will have different
colour. This will make identification easier.
Colour shall be applied at both ends: The GTAW welders will cut the filler wires in the middle for
easily handling them while welding. So for identifying both the cut pieces colour coding is done on
both ends.
Same filler wire but with some special properties can be easily identified by this method only.
Example: ER 70 S2 for normal CS welding and NACE qualified material welding are different. For
NACE qualified material the ER 70 S2 will be of NACE qualified. So differentiate between these
two can be done only with the colour coding.
Cut pieces of filler wires returned to the store, after welding without color coding or identification
marks shall be stored in consultation with welding engineer only. The safest way is to discard those
pieces or else PMI methods shall be used to identify them. After identifying the filler wire color
coding to be done.
Color coding chart are to be made available to all welders, welding engineers, site supervisor s and
electrode issuer.
A sample color coding chart is given below

Refer the above chart, if you see the filler wire with yellow colour on on one end, you can easily
identify from the chart that it is ER70 S2.

Tool Box Talk with welders

1. Weld area cleaning: Need of chipping in each pass, need of filling the pits due to removal of
tacks, cleaning using wire brush after the weld, visual inspection of weld by welder after
completion of welding.
2. Electrode handling: Need for proper baking, basics of baking, requirement of baking, returning
of balance electrodes to the electrode storage area, use of portable oven
3. Documents needed with a welder: need of keeping welder identity card, welder certificate
4. Welding positions qualified by welders: different positions of welding, qualified positions by
each welder
5. Material and electrodes that can be welded: based on qualifications materials that can be welded
by each welder, based on qualifications electrodes that can be used by each welder
6. Safety in welding: earthing, proper clamping of holders, arc strike, proper use of safety glasses,
problems due to welding with naked eye, use of hand gloves, use of welding helmet, electric shock,
first aid during electric shock, dehydration, heat generation during welding, hot surfaces, ultra
violet rays, dress code for welders
7. Welding defects, causes and solutions: porosity, arcstike, spatter, lack of penetration, incomplete
fusion, undercut, excessive reinforcement, crack, slag inclusion,
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
1. Holding oven not get properly heated, at times not even connected.
2. Welders welding with out identification cards.
3. Welding done by non qualified welders.
4. Welders welding in positions in which they are not qualified.
5. Use of non approved electrodes.
6. Baking register not properly maintained.
7. Stainless steel materials mixed with carbon steel materials.
9. Stainless steel materials supported by stones from rolling.
10. Stainless steel materials grinded by improper grinding wheel.
11. Flange face protection not properly done.
12. Non approved materials use in site.
14. Clits, used for fitup purposes are not properly colour coded.

WEBBING SLING OR LIFTING BELT SELECTION, IDENTIFICATION AND

INSPECTION
SWL and WLL
There are two terms we usually come across when dealing with lifting items. They are Safe Working
Load (SWL) and Working Load Limit (WLL).
SWL sometimes stated as the Normal Working Load (NWL) is the load that a piece of lifting
equipment, lifting device or accessory can safely lift, suspend, or lower without fear of breaking.
U.S. Engineering Standards, as well as European and ISO Standards no longer use the term Safe
WorkingLoad or SWL, officially. They are using the term Working Load Limit (WLL). A simple
definition of Working Load Limit is the maximum load that includes mass or force, that should ever
be applied to load carrying equipment in a specified configuration or application. The load carrying
equipment manufacturer calculates the WLL of their product. So Working Load Limit (WLL), is the
maximum working load designed by the manufacturer. Working load limits are calculated on straight
line pulls only. Never side load. Other conditions such as extreme temperatures, chemicals solutions
or spills, vapors, or immersion in salt water can reduce the Working Load Limit.
WEBBING SLING or LIFTING BELT
Webbing sling or Lifting belt is a common material handing item used in the industry. Lifting belt is
made from polyester or fabric material.
SELECTION
Lifting belt is selected based on the load to be lifted. Length for the lift can be adjusted using multiple
belts. Belt contact area should not contain sharp edges.
IDENTIFICATION
The belts can be identified based on the colour as given in the table below. The load lifting capacity
of different method of lifting arrangement of the belts can also be found from the table.
WLL

1T
2T
3T
4T
5T

Colour
Code

Violet
Green
Yellow
Grey
Red

Width
(mm)

Vertical
Straight Lift

Choked
Lift

Basket

Basket
450

Basket
900

25/30/50
56/60
75/90
100/120
125/150

1
1
2
3
4
5

X 0.8
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4

X2
2
4
6
8
10

X 1.8
1.8
3.6
5.4
7.2
9

X 1.4
1.4
2.8
4.2
5.6
7

6T
8T
10T
12T
15T
16T
18T
20T

Brown
Blue
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange
Orange

150/180
200/240
250/300
300
300
300
300
300

6
8
10
12
15
16
18
20

4.8
6.4
8
9.6
12
12.8
14.4
16

12
16
20
24
30
32
36
40

10.8
14.4
18
21.6
27
28.8
32.4
36

8.4
11.2
14
16.8
21
22.4
25.2
28

The other easiest way of identifying the tonnage of the belt is by counting the black stitches along
the width of the belt.
Eg:
5 stitches indicates 5T
3 stitches indicates 3T

1.
a.
b.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
a.
b.

INSPECTION
Before using of the belt for any lifting purpose the following are to be inspected
Whether the correct belt is used?
Check the load to be lifted.
Check whether the belt is of correct tonnage.
Whether the belt is having any damage?
Check for any wear and tear.
Check the eye of the belt for any cut in the belt.
Check whether any damage to the stitching in the belt.
Belts wetted with water, oil etc should not be used.
Whether it is properly hooked with the material to be lifted?
Sharp edges in contact with the belt to be avoided.
Belt to be positioned considering the Center of gravity of the material to be lifted.

LINE HISTORY SHEET (LHS)

Line History Sheet or LHS is the recording sheet made for keeping the records of the joints in a
pipeline in a systematic manner. LHS gives tractability of joints in a pipeline. In LHS each process
done on a joint is recorded with its process report number and date.

There are many ways to record the LHS. The most popularly used method is maintaining the
records in a Microsoft Excel Format. There are other softwares available like Parascadd (
www.parascadd.com). Some organisations will use in-house developed software's.
Why MSExcel became a popular platform for maintaining LHS?
1. A software programming crew is not required.
2. The process of entering and managing rows and columns is a simple process.
3. People can be trained easily on the software.
4. With a single licence for a system, it can be used by any number of persons.
5. Filtering option makes it easy for searching conditions of the entered data.
For starting the LHS the person should be familiarize with,
1. A line numbering system - for starting the column heading in LHS.
2. The data's in the isometric drawings.
3. The joint numbering system
4. The reports generated for a joint.
A isometric line number system is given below.
2" - P - 334143 - A1A - IH
What you can understand from this?
2" - P - 334143 - A1A - IH :
The red coloured 2" is the main line size of that line.
2" - P - 334143 - A1A - IH
The red coloured "P" represents this is a process line. Some times this contains the fluid handled by
that line. For example: DW - Drinking Water, PW - Process Water, HO - Hot Oil etc.
2" - P - 334143 - A1A - IH
The red coloured "334143" is line number. This may contain other information like, the area where
the pipe comes is "334" and the number of the line is "143" etc.

2" - P - 334143 - A1A - IH

The redcolour "A1A" represents the grouping of the piping done based on material, pressure,
temperature etc.
2" - P - 334143 - A1A - IH
The red colour "IH" represents insulation - Hot. Similarly there will be IP which means Insulation
for personnel protection etc.
How piping progress can be tracked using LHS(Line History Sheet ) Entry / pipe book
entry?
How Piping progress can be monitored through QC activities?
1) Backlog of Fitup report entry against Weld Visual report entry and vice verse.
Controlling Parameter: Should be always in the range of 500 Nos of joints.
Points to Check and control if gone outside the limit
a) Check whether your area engineer is making the reports - daily wise (Create an excel sheet to
monitor how many reports are submitted by each area engineer for daily entry (for fitup and weld
visual)
b) Whether your client in that area is inspecting the joints offered by your engineer in daily basis?
c) Whether your subcontractor (if so) is offering joints to your engineer?
d) Is your subcontractor doing the rectifications as instructed by your area engineer?
e) Check with which welder you find more time in dressing the joints for weld visual.
2) Backlog of Radiography Testing against Weld Visual report entry and/or PWHT report
entry.
Controlling Parameter: It should not be greater than the average of radiography ( in number of
joints) that can be taken in two days time by your NDT agency.
Points to Check and control if gone outside the limit
a) Check whether proper offering (in nos of joints) is getting to your NDT agency from your area
engineers.
b) Check your NDT agency is taking joints which are being offered.
c) Check whether your NDT agency is having experienced technicians (experienced technicians
will take more joints - speed will be more) .
d) Check whether you are providing proper number of riggers and scaffolding for your NDT
agency (Speak with your night NDT technicians.)

e) Check whether proper lighting is available night near each and every joint that you are offering.
3) Backlog of PWHT report entry against Weld Visual report entry.
Controlling Parameter: It should not be greater than the average of PWHT (in number of joints)
that can be done in two days time by your PWHT agency.
Points to Check and control if gone outside the limit
a) Check whether proper offering (in nos of joints) is getting to your PWHT agency from your
area engineers.
b) Check your PWHT agency is doing joints which are being offered.
c) Check whether your PWHT agency is having experienced technicians (experienced technicians
will do more joints - speed will be more) .
d) Check whether you are providing proper number of riggers and scaffolding for your pwht
agency in time (Speak with your PWHT technicians.)
e) Check whether proper number of coils (in gauge, numbers), cables (compensating and power
cable in sufficient length and qty), ceramic wool (the inventory of wool should be monitored
regularly), binding wire etc. are available with your PWHT agency.
f) Check whether shift of works are properly overlapped - of your PWHT agency. When a shift
starts, the shift technicians along with helpers should execute the PWHT of the joints- made ready
in previous shift- as well as prepare the joints (coil wrapping, wool wrapping, connection etc.) for
next shift.
g) Under stand the thump rule (a general rule based on the commonly available machines) is , to
one PID, 3 numbers of coils can be connected and these three coils can be monitored using three
recorders. So it should be ensured that with each PID machine 3 recorders should be available.
With each recorder 6 numbers(there are mcahines with 12 thermocouple also) of thermocouples can
be connected. So as per the number of thermocouples for each joint, the number of joints that can
be done (PWHT) can be calculated. When calculating keep in mind that 6 themocouple in one
recorder but one recorder to one coil only. that is if size is big for example 30" joint (3
themocouples) and one coil is used to wrap it, then one coil - one recorder but to this recorder only
3 termocouples will be connected (balance 3 thermocouple points in this recorder will be free - not
connected)
4) Backlog of DPT report entry against Weld Visual report entry and/or PWHT/RT entry.
Controlling Parameter: It should not be greater than the average of DPT (in number of joints) that
can be done in two days time by your NDTagency/In house level-1 technicians.
Points to Check and control if gone outside the limit

a) Check whether proper offering (in nos of joints) is getting to your ND agency from your area
engineers.
b) Check your NDT agency is doing joints which are being offerred.
c) Check whether your NDT agency is having experienced technicians (experienced technicians
will do more joints - speed will be more) .
d) Check whether you are providing proper number of riggers and scaffolding for your NDT
agency in time (Speak with your NDT technicians.)
d) Check whether your mechnical sub contractor is attending repairs as instructed by your area
engineer.
5) Repair status
a) Make a rule that, if a joint is found of having defects, that welder (who welded the defective
joint) should not weld further before attending the repairs.
6) PMI status
a) Check PMI report progress against total scope
b) Check the time period over which you have to do the job and plan for PMI machine and
operator. One day of 8hrs duty time, one operator- one PMI machine can check a maximum of
250Spots on an average.
7) Ferrite/Hardness checking status
a) Check Ferrite report progress against total scope
b) Check the time period over which you have to do the job and plan for Ferrite/Hardness checking
machine and operator. One day of 8hrs duty time, one operator- one machine can check a maximum
of 300 Spots on an average.
IQI (Penetrameter) Selection in Industrial Radiography Testing

IMAGE OF ASTM IQI

How to select the penetrameter (IQI) for radiography? Or How to ensure that proper sensitivity is
there on the radiography film?
IQI or Penetrameter is used to ensure that the minimum required sensitivity is there on the
radiography film.
What is sensitivity?
Sensitivity of a radiography film is the minimum size of discontinuity that can be detected in that
radiography film.
How we will ensure that the required sensitivity is there on the radiography film?
This is done by using IQI or Penetrameter
Most of the codes and specification asks for a minimum sensitivity of 2%.
In the below example you will understand what is mean by 2% sensitivity.
Example - 1:
You have to radiograph a plate to plate welded joint of 8mm thickness. The specification asks for 2%
sensitivity.
Now 2% of 8mm=0.16mm.
So in the radiography film a discontinuity of size from 0.16mm should be visible. In other words, at
least the discontinuity starting from the size of 0.16mm should be visible. In other words the
minimum size of the discontinuity that should be visible in the radiography film is of 0.16mm.

Now how will you measure that the radiography film is having minimum 2% sensitivity. We have
to use the 'instrument' called IQI or Penetrameter.
IQI is a set of standard wires having standard diameter.(Hole type IQI is also used. In that case it will
be standard thickness plates with standard diameter holes).
The IQI is placed on a radiography film while doing the radiography. The image will be caught in
the film. If the wire having 0.16mm diameter is visible in the radiography film, then we can say that
the film is having a sensitivity of this 2%.
The IQI that is commonly used is of ASTM and DIN standards.
Below table (Table 233 T-233.2 in ASME BPVC Sec V) is the set of ASTM wire type IQI with its
wire diameters.

Now to our above example, select the set of IQI to be used. How this is done?

What is the minimum size of wire to be shown in our radiography film in our example?
It

is

Select

the

of

set

of

wire

0.16mm.

having

0.16mm

dia

wire.

It is in 'set A' in the above table and the wire is having a identity number of 4. So use this set at the
time of taking radiography and if that wire is visible (3 wires minimum will be visible that is wire of
thickness 0.16mm, 0.2mm and 0.25mm will be visible) in the film, then that radiography film is said
to be of having 2% sensitivity.
Example

2:

Radiography to be done on a plate with thickness of 32mm with a minimum sensitivity of 2%.
Now

the

2%

of

32

that

is

32

2/100=0.64mm

Select the set having a wire of 0.64mm thickness from the table given above. It is set B and wire
identity

number

is

10.

If in the radiography film of the above 32mm thickness plate, the wire with identity number 10 is
visible, we can say that the radiography film is having 2% sensitivity.
We have taken the radiography of a 60mm thickness plate and in the radiography film used set C and
the wire with identity number up to 12 is visible (5 wires will be visible in this radiography film).
What is the sensitivity?
Find

the

From

diameter

of

the

the

wire

table,

having

identity

it

number

is

12.

1.02mm.

Sensitivity =Diameter of the smallest IQI wire visible x 100 / Thickness of the plate radiographed.
So

in

the

above

case,

Sensitivity

1.02

100

60

1.7%

So the sensitivity is higher than that is required and the radiography film is acceptable from sensitivity
point

ofview.

Now there is no need for this type of extensive calculations for sensitivity. ASME BPVC Section 5
specifies the wire identity number that shall be minimum visible while taking radiography of material
with minimum thickness range as in the below table.

Please note an interesting fact in this. Up to and including 6.4 mm thickness the IQI identity number
that

shall

be

visible

is

for

source

side

and

for

film

side.

The other important point to note in the IQI selection is that the IQI shall be made up of the same
material as that of the material to be radiographed or the IQI shall be of a radiographically similar
material.
.

ASTM AND DIN - IQI (Penetrameter) Details

ASTM WIRE TYPE IQI DETAILS

DIN WIRE TYPE IQI DETAILS

EXPIRY OF VALIDITY CERTIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHY CAMERAS

Industrial Gamma Radiography Exposure Devices(s) (IGREDs) or radiography camera can be used
only with a valid type B(U) certificate from AERB in india. There are similar certification methods
for radiography cameras in different countries.
600 Series of Techops/Amertest
It is to be noted that the 600 series of Techops/Amertest cannot be used in India after 31-122015 as per the notification from AERB.
Non-Availability of radiography Isotope-Ir192
CIRUS (Canada India Research Utility Services) is now closed - the main reactor which produced
radioactive isotopes for industrial purpose.
APSARA is also under shutdown

DHRUVA (Indias largest neuclear reactor),now supplies radioactive substances but limited for
medical and other research applications.

NOTIFICATION FROM AERB

SPEC-2T
Another important news related to radiography camera is that M/s.Source Production & Equipment
Company Inc. (SPEC) the manufacturer of SPEC-2T camera is stopping the production of SPEC2T as per the information given in their website www.spec150.com. From April 30, 2015 onwards
they stopped the supply of the spare parts for that camera also.

How we check, whether the face preparation for a pipe joint is correct or not?.

That is the face width will be the same as thickness, including 2.5 to 3 mm gap. This is a thumb rule
only.
How is the lifting capacity(in ton) of a steel rope be identified from its diameter?
6 x d2, Where d is the diameter in inches, the result you will get will be in ton.
eg: 1" diameter rope = 6 x 12 =6MT capacity
Oxygen and Acetylene Cylinders
Acetylene becomes unstable above 15PSI, so we can see a red area marked on the regulators used
with acetylene cylinder.
Oxygen hose - Green Colour; Acetylene hose - Red Colour
One litre of acetone will absorb 250litres of acetylene at a pressure of 10 bar.
Acetylene is less dense than air.

DIGITAL THERMOMETER
The instrument is used to measure,
1. Temperature of welding viz, interpass temperature
2. Temperature verification during PWHT
CLAMP METER
Measuring current and voltage during welding (Production welding, welding for procedure
qualification and welding for welder performance qualification)
The bevel protractor can be used for measuring,
1. Angle of bevel.
2. Miscellaneous other angles of such as fabricated branches etc.
The Vernier caliper can be used for measuring,
1. Dimensions of rods, shafts, pipes etc
2. Difference in heights, Hi-Lo condition from outside etc can also be accurately measured by the
same.
The weld gauge can be used for measuring,
1. Weld thickness of fillet.
2. Reinforcement thickness of a butt weld.
3. Depth of undercut.
4. Depth of pit due to corrosion/indentations on material
.
HI-LO Welding gauge is used for measuring the,
1. Offset in fit-up.
2. Ovality of a joint at a location.
3. Internal misalignment.
4. Height of reinforcement in the weld.
5. Fillet weld leg length
DIGITAL SURFACE PROFILE GAUGE (Painting)
1. Measuring the surface roughness.
Surface roughness of the desired profile for the paint to be applied can be judged by this instrument.

MAGNETISATION IN SA335 Gr P11 USED PIPE