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Design of band-pass waveguide filter using

frequency selective surfaces loaded with surface
mount capacitors based on split-field update
FDTD method
ARTICLE in PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH B JANUARY 2008
DOI: 10.2528/PIERB07122402

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2 AUTHORS:
Mohammad Amjadi

M. Soleimani

University of Michigan

Iran University of Science and Technology

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 271281, 2008

DESIGN OF BAND-PASS WAVEGUIDE FILTER USING

FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACES LOADED WITH
SURFACE MOUNT CAPACITORS BASED ON
SPLIT-FIELD UPDATE FDTD METHOD
S. M. Amjadi and M. Soleimani
Iran University of Science and Technology
Iran
AbstractA new band-pass narrow-band, miniaturized and single
resonance within a wide range of frequency band frequency selective
surface structure with lumped capacitors suitable for low frequency
and narrowband waveguide lter applications is presented. The
lter structure consists of ve unit cells in one direction with notch
square ring elements each consists of two lumped capacitors placed
on the transverse plane of the rectangular waveguide. To reduce
the simulation time in design procedure, split-eld update FDTD
method is used for the analysis of the unit cell of the analogous
innite frequency selective surface at dierent oblique incidence of
plane waves to predict the FSS performance in the waveguide. As an
application, a waveguide lter has been designed to be used in an easy
to fabricate and inexpensive S-band band-pass lter. By using lumped
capacitors, several undesirable higher order resonance frequencies near
the dominant resonance frequency are eliminated and the waveguide
lter dimensions are reduced considerably in one direction compared
with the analogous waveguide lter without lumped capacitors.

1. INTRODUCTION
In the past years, waveguide lters by using periodic structures
with periodicity in the longitudinal direction of the waveguide , to
attain a band-pass or band-stop frequency characteristic have been
introduced [1, 2]. Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) have also been
used for their state of being special to act as metallic-dielectric
spatial lters in order to design dual-frequency waveguide lters [3, 4].
Recently, lter designing by placing FSSs transversally into the
waveguide to achieve more advantages including miniaturization, being

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Amjadi and Soleimani

lightweight and easy to be fabricated, have been presented [5, 6].

Making multiple images of the FSS, the metallic walls of the waveguide
cause the FSS unit cell to be innite [4, 6]. The fundamental mode of
a rectangular waveguide can be considered as two transverse electric
uniform plane waves (in the longitudinal direction of the waveguide)
bouncing back and forth at oblique incidence between the waveguide
smaller size side walls having 180 phase reversal with the propagation
angle that depends on frequency and can be expressed as [7]:


2   


2
2f
2f
180

cos1
(1)
inc (Degree) =

c
a
c
In this equation, c, a and f are the free-space velocity of light, the
widest dimension of the rectangular waveguide, and the operating
frequency respectively. Therefore, if the FSS exhibits stable resonance
with respect to polarization and incidence angle of plane waves, the
waveguide lter characteristics will be more symmetric around the
resonance frequency and more similar to the frequency response of
the analogous innite FSS. When used as a band-pass lter in the
waveguide, a conventional FSS may pass some higher order resonance
frequencies that is not favorable. Furthermore the unit cell size in a
conventional FSS is large for low frequency bands. Lumped elements
including inductors and capacitors at microwave and millimeter wave
frequencies are now available and can be used in high frequency band
periodic structures such as frequency selective surfaces [8] and articial
magnetic conductors. In this paper, lumped capacitors are used in the
FSS structure as an alternative approach to achieve all these features
simultaneously. In order to reduce the simulation time in the waveguide
lter design procedure, rst the unit cell size of the analogous innite
FSS is analyzed. Because these structures are needed to be analyzed
over a wide range of frequency band, fast time domain methods are
preferred rather than the frequency domain methods. Several time
domain methods have been presented for the analysis of periodic
structures. Split-eld update FDTD method [9] is one of the most
powerful methods used for the analysis of periodic structures at oblique
incidence. Here, lumped elements formulations are incorporated in
this method formulation based on [10] and the proposed structure is
analyzed using this method. Finally a band-pass waveguide lter is
designed using the presented FSS structure.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 2008

273

2. METHOD FORMULATION
The proposed method for including lumped elements in the split-eld
method is presented in this section for 3D case. Here a parallel RLC
in considered. When a parallel RLC is inserted into the FDTD space

equation becomes [10]:

lattice, the Maxwells curl H

D
+ J
Res + J
Cap + J
Induc
t
dz
=
Ez
Rdxdy


Cdz Ez
=
dxdy
t
t
dz
=
Ez dt
Ldxdy

=
H

(2)

JzRes

(3)

JzCap
JzInduc

(4)

(5)

A periodic structure in y and z directions is considered and lumped

elements are x, y or z-directed that is dened by an index. Using (2)
(5), the 3D transformed eld equations with lumped elements for P
components are given by:
k y Qz
Qy
k z Qy
Qz
r Px
dx
+ 0 Px =

Px
c t
y
z
c t
c t
c0 Rx dydz


t
Px
Cx dx
c0 dx

Px dt
(6)

c0 dy dz
t
Lx dy dz
0

Qz
r Py
Qx k z Qx
dy
+ 0 Py =
+

Py
c t
x
z
c t
c0 Ry dxdz


t
Py
Cy dy
c0 dy

Py dt
c0 dx dz
t
Ly dxdz

(7)

Qy
r Pz
Qx k y Qx
dz
+ 0 Pz =

Pz
c t
x
y
c t
c0 Rz dxdy


t
Pz
c0 dz
Cz dz

Pz dt
c0 dx dy
t
Lz dx dy

(8)

k y Pz
Py
r Qx
k z Py
Pz
+ Qx =
+
+

c t
0
y
z
c t
c t

(9)

274

Amjadi and Soleimani

r Qy
Pz

Px k z Px
+ Qy =
+
+
c t
0
x
z
c t

Py

Px k y Px
r Qz
+ Qz =
+

c t
0
x
y
c t

(10)
(11)

By dening new variables, the extra time derivatives on the

right hand side can be eliminated. In [9] the elds in the directions
of the structure periodicities are split into two components. Here,
UPML absorbing boundary condition is used. For similar periodic
boundary conditions for a portions of the elds in the UPML region
and non-UPML region, the eld components in the direction of the
structure periodicities are split into three components as for the UPML
region [11]. New variables must be dened as follows:
Px = Pxa +

ky
ky
kz
kz
Qy
Qz ; Qx = Qxa Py + Pz (12)
Cx dx
Cx dx
r
r
r + 0 dydz
r + 0 dydz

Py = Pya + Pyb
Pz = Pza + Pzb +

kz

kz
Px
r

(13)

ky
ky
Qx ; Qz = Qza + Qzb Px
Cz dz
r
r + 0 dxdy

(14)

r +

Cy dy
0 dxdz

Qx ; Qy = Qya + Qyb +

Substituting these variables into the systems (6)(11) results in:





Pxa
r
dx
Cx dx
Pxa
+
+ 0 +
c
c0 dydz
t
c0 Rx dydz
0 + c0 Rdx
0 + c0 Rdx
Qy
Qz
x dydz
x dydz
=
k y Qz
k z Qy

+
C
dx
C
dx
x
x
y
z
r + 0 dydz
r + 0 dydz
c0 dx

Lx dydz

t
0

kz
c0 dx
Pxa dt
Cx dx L dydz
r + 0 dydz x

t
Qy dt
0

ky
c0 dx
Qz dt
Cx dx L dydz
r + 0 dydz x
0




Pya
Cy dy
r
dy
Pya
+
+ 0 +
c
c0 dxdz
t
c0 Ry dxdz
t
Qz
c0 dy
=
Pya dt

x
Ly dxdz

(15)

(16)

Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 2008

275



Pyb
dy
Pyb
+ 0 +
t
c0 Ry dxdz
dy
t
Qx 0 + c0 Ry dxdz
c0 dy
=
k z Qx
Pyb dt
+
C dy
z
Ly dxdz
r + y


Cy dy
r
+
c
c0 dxdz

0 dxdz

c0 dy
Qx dt
Ly dxdz
r +
0




r
Pza
dz
Cz dz
Pza
+
+ 0 +
c
c0 dxdy
t
c0 Rz dxdy
t
Qy
c0 dz
=
Pza dt

x
Lz dxdy
0




r
Pzb
dz
Cz dz
Pzb
+
+ 0 +
c
c0 dxdy
t
c0 Rz dxdy
t
dz
Qx 0 + c0 Rz dxdy
c0 dz
=
k y Qx
Pzb dt

z dz
y
Lz dxdy
r + Cdxdy

kz

Cy dy
0 dxdz

ky
c0 dz
Cz dz L dxdy
r + 0 dxdy z

r Qxa

+ Qxa
c t
0
r Qya

+ Qya
c t
0

r Qyb
+ Qyb
c t
0
r Qza

+ Qza
c t
0

r Qzb
+ Qzb
c t
0

(17)

(18)

t
Qx dt

(19)

Py
ky
Pz
kz
Pz +
Py
+

y
z
0 r
0 r
Pz

x
ky
Px
kz

Pz
Px

z
0 r
0 r
Py

x
ky
Px
+
Px
y z 0 r

(20)

(21)

=
=
=

(22)
(23)
(24)

Once a and b portions are updated, the new values of the x-

276

Amjadi and Soleimani

components are found by:

2
2
ky
kz
1



 Qx
Cy dy
Cz dz
r r + 0 dxdy
r r + 0 dxdz
ky
kz
= Qxa
(Pya + Pyb ) +
(Pza + Pzb )
r
r

2
2
ky
kz
1



 Px
Cx dx
x dx
r r + 0 dydz
r r + C0 dydz
= Pxa +

(25)

ky
kz
(Qya + Qyb )
(Qza + Qzb ) (26)
Cx dx
x dx
r + 0 dydz
r + C0 dydz

The remaining eld components are given by:

Py = Pya +Pyb 

kz
Cy dy
r + 0 dxdz

Qy = Qya + Qyb +

 Qx ; Pz = Pza + Pzb + 

ky
r +

Cz dz
0 dxdy

ky
kz
Px ; Qz = Qza + Qzb Px
r
r

 Qx
(27)
(28)

The stability factor condition does not change and is explained in [9].
3. FILTER DESIGN AND NUMERICAL RESULTS
In order to design the waveguide lter, rst the analogous innite bandpas FSS used in the waveguide lter is analyzed using split-eld method
to predict the waveguide lter performance. The unit cell of the FSS
structure designed at the 3.15 GHz with four 2 mm 1 mm ceramic
chip capacitors is shown in Fig. 1. All capacitors are 1 pf. A dielectric
substrate with r = 2.5 and h = 1 mm is used. The transmission
coecient of this structure for dierent incidence angles of T Ex plane
wave with z-directed electric eld component is illustrated in Fig. 2. As
it shows, the structure exhibits stable resonance in dierent incidence
angles. The maximum shift in the resonance frequency is less than
0.1%. The transmission coecient of this structure at normal incidence
from 1GHz to 14 GHz is shown in Fig. 3. The only resonance
frequency in this frequency band is 3.15 GHz. Therefore, several
undesirable higher order resonance frequencies near the dominant
resonance frequency are eliminated. In fact, not only the unit cell
size of a conventional FSS with notch square ring elements without

Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 2008

277

lumped capacitors at this frequency band is larger by a factor of about

four in comparison with the structure shown in Fig. 1, but also a
conventional notch square ring FSS is transparent at some higher order
resonance frequencies near the dominant resonance frequency that is
not favourable. Furthermore, the maximum resonance frequency shift
for dierent incidence angles for this structure is much less than the
resonance frequency shift of a conventional FSS with notch square ring.

Figure 1. The Geometry of notch square ring FSS with ceramic chip
capacitors. (T y, T z, L, W ) = (10, 10, 6, 2) mm.

Figure 2. Transmission coecient of the FSS structure shown in

Fig. 1 for dierent plan waves.

278

Amjadi and Soleimani

Figure 3. Transmission coecient of the FSS structure shown in

Fig. 1 for normal incidence.

Figure 4. The incidence angle of the corresponding plane wave versus

frequency for the dominant mode of the waveguide shown in Fig. 5.
The waveguide lter setup is shown in Fig. 5. The widest side of
the waveguide size is chosen so that the waveguide cut-o frequency
is below the FSS resonance frequency. Therefore, ve FSS unit cells
can be placed in the transverse plane of the rectangular waveguide.
Fig. 4 illustrates the incidence angle of the corresponding plane wave
bouncing at oblique incidence between the waveguide smaller size
lateral walls versus frequency for the dominant mode of this waveguide

Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 2008

279

Figure 5. Setup of the lter within the waveguide. (a = 50 mm,

b = 10 mm).

Figure 6. Transmission coecient for the dominant mode of the

waveguide lter shown in Fig. 5.
obtained by (1). The transmission coecient of the waveguide lter
from 1GHz to 14 GHz is shown in Fig. 6. As it shows, the resonance
occurs at 3.17 GHz and there is no other resonance frequency in this
frequency band. The frequency response of the waveguide lter at each
frequency is similar to the frequency response of the analogous innite
FSS exited by a plane wave with the corresponding incidence angle
showed in Fig. 4. If a conventional notch square ring FSS without
lumped capacitors is used for the design of a waveguide lter at this
frequency, the size of the narrower waveguide side increased about
80% in comparison with the waveguide shown in Fig. 5, because the
FSS unit cell size is increased about 80%, while the wider side size is

280

Amjadi and Soleimani

the same as the waveguide shown in Fig. 5 because of the waveguide

cut-o frequency considerations. Therefore, the waveguide dimension
in one direction is reduced considerably and undesirable higher order
resonance frequencies near the dominant resonance frequency are
eliminated by using lumped capacitors in the FSS structure. The lter
bandwidth is less than 2%. Therefore, it is suitable for narrow band
applications.
4. CONCLUSION
A new band-pass FSS structure with lumped capacitors suitable for
the design of the waveguide lters has been presented. By using
lumped capacitors, the waveguide lter dimension is reduced about
80% in one direction compared with the analogous waveguide lter
without lumped capacitors. Furthermore several undesirable higher
order resonance frequencies near the dominant resonance frequency are
eliminated. The future work is designing wideband waveguide lters by
using multiple FSSs placed on the transverse plane of the rectangular
waveguide.
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