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Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
Control
variable
Error amplifier - G
Rupper
Vin
Modulator - GPWM
Vp
Vref
Rlower
Verr
Im the
law!
Verr
TL431
optocoupler
fc = 6.5 kHz
0 - 0 dB
T ( s )
GM = 67 dB
-88
m = 92
-180
10
T ( s ) = 67 dB
100
1k
10k
100k
1Meg
Q=5
Q=1
1.40
10
7.5
Q = 0.707
Asymptotically stable
1.00
600m
200m
2.5
15.0u
0
25.0u
35.0u
76
Q = 0.5
Q = 0.1
5.00u
45.0u
25
50
75
100
Vp
Vout(t)
I out
2 f c Cout
10
20
270
270
G ( s )
50
100 200
Type 1
500
1k
10
100
1k
Type 2
10k
100k 10
boost
boost
G ( s ) = 270
1
G (s)
G (s)
G (s)
G ( s )
100
1k
Type 3
10k
100k
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
TL431A
A
2.5V
R
A
K
Slow lane
Fast lane
Vout
Vout
R pullup
RLED
RLED
R1
I1
VFB
I bias =
I LED
Rbias
C2
Rbias
V f 1V
I1
C1
TL431
1V
Rbias
Rlower
Vmin = 2.5 V
dc representation
RLED must leave enough headroom over the TL431: upper limit!
When the capacitor C1 is a short-circuit, RLED fixes the fast lane gain
Vout ( s )
Vdd
RLED
R1
I1
I1 =
R pullup
VFB ( s )
Ic
0V
in ac
Rlower
Vout ( s )
RLED
R pullup
VFB ( s )
= CTR
Vout ( s )
RLED
RLED ,max
5 1 2.5
20k 0.3
4.8 0.3 + 1m 0.3 20k
G0 > CTR
R pullup
RLED
> 0.3
20
> 7 or 17 dB
0.857
180
20.0
90.0
-17 dB
-20.0 -90.0
-40.0
Not ok
H (s)
f c > 500 Hz
Requires
less
than 17 dB
of gain
arg H ( s )
ok
-180
10
Requires
17 dB
or more
100
500
1k
10k
100k
Ibias = 1.3 mA
Easy
solution
Ibias
Rbias
Ibias = 300 A
Rbias =
1
= 1 k
1m
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
RLED
I1
R1
C1
I1 ( s ) =
Vout ( s ) Vop ( s )
1
sC1
1
= Vout ( s )
Vop ( s ) = Vout ( s )
Rupper
sRupper C1
1
1
I1 ( s ) = Vout ( s )
1 +
RLED sRupper C1
We know that:
Vop ( s )
RLED
Rlower
VFB ( s )
Vout ( s )
RLED
sR
C
upper 1
R pullup
RLED
9 a zero z =
1
C1 Rupper
Rupper C1
R pullup
VFB ( s )
C2
R pullup CTR
1 + sRupper C1
=
Vout ( s )
RLED
sRupper C1 (1 + sR pullup C2 )
VFB ( s )
Rpullup
VFB(s)
FB
C2 = C || Copto
Copto
e
optocoupler
Ic
2
Rled
20k
5
O ( s )
Rpullup
20k
Rbias
VFB
Vdd
5
X1
SFH615A-4
Vbias
Vac
IF
O (s)
-3 dB
4k
1
2 R pullup f pole
1
2 nF
6.28 20k 4k
Another design
constraint!
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
R pullup CTR
1 + sRupper C1
=
Vout ( s )
RLED
sRupper C1 (1 + sR pullup C2 )
VFB ( s )
sRupper C1 = sR pullup C2
CTR
po =
C2 RLED
C1 =
R pullup
Rupper
substitute
C2
po =
1
Rupper RLED
R pullup CTR
CTR
C2 =
2 f po RLED
po
| G ( f c ) |=
f po
fc
f po = G fc f c
C2 =
CTR
2 G fc f c RLED
C1
Apply 15%
margin
RLED = 728
I bias = 1 mA
CTR min = 0.3
R pullup = 20 k
G fc = 10
5
20
= 1.77
f c = 10 kHz
C2 =
CTR
0.3
=
7.4 nF
2 G fc f c RLED 6.28 1.77 5k 728
Copto = 2 nF
C = 7.4n 2n = 5.4 nF
C1 =
R pullup
Rupper
C2 14.7 nF
Vdd
{Vdd}
4.80V
6
Rpullup
{Rpullup}
Rupper=(Vout-2.5)/250u
fc=5k
Gfc=-5
VFB
RLED
{RLED}
3.97V
4
Rpullup=20k
Cpole
{Cpole}
RLED=Rmax*0.85
R2
{Rupper}
2
2.50V
R5
100m
10
C3
1k
R6
1k
C1
{C1}
2.96V
4.99V
err
4.99V
Fpo=G*fc
4.99V
7
2.50V
2.50V
G=10^(-Gfc/20)
pi=3.14159
L1
1k
4.99V
E1
-1k
0V
B1
Voltage
V(err)<0 ?
0 : V(err)
V2
2.5
V3
AC = 1
C1=Cpole1*Rpullup/Rupper
X2
Cpole1=CTR/(2*pi*Fpo*RLED)
Optocoupler
Cpole=Cpole1-Copto
Cpole = Copto
CTR = CTR
Fopto=4k
Copto=1/(2*pi*Fopto*Rpullup)
CTR = 0.3
X1
TL431_G
R3
10k
Automatic bias
point selection
G (s)
20.0
10.0
3.7 dB
0
-10.0
-20.0
270
arg G ( s )
180
90.0
0
-90.0
100
200
500
1k
2k
5k
10k
20k
50k
100k
ac representation
VFB(s)
I1
Ib
IL
Rd
Ic
Rpullup
Rbias
Vf
Rbias
Rbias + Rd
Vout
Rbias
IL =
RLED + Rbias || Rd Rbias + Rd
I L = I1
RLED
VFB
Vout
R pullup CTR
s =0
Rbias
=
RLED + Rbias || Rd Rbias + Rd
CTR
Both bias and dynamic resistances have a role in the gain expression
0.002000
0.001800
IF Forward Current(A)
0.001600
Rpullup = 1 k, IF = 1 mA (CTR = 1)
Rd = 38
0.001400
0.001200
IF = 1 mA
0.001000
IF @ 110C
IF @ 70C
0.000800
IF @ 25C
0.000600
IF @ -20C
IF @ -40C
0.000400
IF = 300 A
0.000200
0.000000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
Make sure you have enough LED current to reduce its resistance
Yes!
G (s)
10.0
5 dB
0
-10.0
-20.0
270
180
arg G ( s )
90.0
0
-90.0
100
200
500
1k
2k
5k
10k
20k
50k
100k
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
RLED
R1
VFB
G0 = CTR
z =
1
Rbias
C2
C1
p =
1
TL431
Rlower
R pullup
RLED
1
Rupper C1
1
R pullup C2
f z = fc
G0 = CTR
R pullup
RLED
= 1015 20 = 5.62
C1 = 1 2 f z R1 = 2.3 nF
R pullup CTR
G0
= 1.06 k
ok
Already above!
1
1
=
= 3.8 kHz
2 R pullup C 6.28 20k 2.1n
For a 50 phase boost and a 3.8-kHz pole, the crossover must be:
fc =
fp
tan ( boost ) + tan ( boost ) + 1
2
1.4 kHz
C1 = 1 2 f z R1 = 8.1 nF
R pullup
RLED
> 0.3
20
> 1.2 or 1.8 dB
4.85
G (s)
20.0
10.0
0
14 dB @ 1.4 kHz
-10.0
140
arg G ( s )
130
120
50
110
100
10
100
1k
10k
100k
Vout
Vbias
RLED
R1
Comp. network
changes!
VFB
Vdd
R pullup
Rbias
C2
C1
TL431
Rz
RLED
VFB
Rbias
C2
Vout
Vz
Rlower
R2
C1
TL431
Rlower
R1
Vout
Vz
RLED
Vout ( s )
R1
G1 ( s )
VFB
C1
G (s)
R2
C2
Transmission
chain O(s)
Vref
Compensaton
chain G1(s)
Rlower
O (s)
VFB ( s )
O(s) =
R pullup
RLED
CTR
1
1+ sR pullup C pole
R1
G (s)
O (s)
C1
VFB
IC
C2
CTR
R pullup
R2
G1 ( s ) =
IL
RLED
Rlower
1+ R 2 C1
sR1C1
O(s) =
R pullup
RLED
CTR
1
1+ sR pullup C pole
G1 ( s ) =
1+ R 2 C1
sR1C1
G(s) =
R pullup
RLED
G2
1+ R2C1
CTR
sR1C1 (1+ sR pullup C pole )
Vz V f VTL 431,min
Vdd VCE , sat + I bias CTR min R pullup
Apply 15%
margin
RLED = 1.27 k
I bias = 1 mA
CTR min = 0.3
R pullup = 20 k
G2 =
R pullup
RLED
20k
CTR =
0.3 = 4.72
1.27k
G fc = 1010 20 = 0.316
The mid-band gain from the type 2A is therefore:
G0 0.316
G1 =
=
= 0.067 or 23.5 dB
G2
4.72
Calculate R2 for this attenuation:
R2 = G1 R1
fc
+ 1
fp
2
fz
+1
fc
= 2.6 k
D1
1N827A
C4
0.1u
Vdd
{Vdd}
5.00V
R5
1k
6.17V
6
12.0V
Err
R4
{Rpullup}
2.51V
E1
-1k
12
X2
Optocoupler
Cpole = Copto
CTR = CTR
11
2.50V
1
10
C1
{C1}
X1
TL431_G
LoL
1kH
R2
{R2}
Rlower
10k
2.50V
9
12.0V
13
2.50V
Rbias
1k
3.31V
0V
14
Rupper
{Rupper}
4.32V
4
CoL
1kF
12.0V
R1
{RLED}
Vac
B1
Voltage
V(err)
Vref
2.5
G (s)
0
-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
150
arg G ( s )
130
50
110
90.0
70.0
10
100
1k
10k
100k
TL431
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
R pullup
Vout
RLED
R pz
R1
fz1 =
f p1 =
C pz
G=
Rbias
C2
C1
Rlower
1
2 R1C1
f z2 =
1
2 ( RLED + R pz ) C pz
1
2 R pz C pz
f p2 =
1
2 R pullup ( C2 || Copto )
R pullup
RLED
CTR
TL431
R pullup
Vout
Vz
Rz
RLED
R1
C1
1
2 R2C1
f z2 =
1
2 R1C3
f p1 =
1
2 R3C3
f p2 =
1
2 R pullup ( C2 || Copto )
G=
R pullup
R3
C3
Rbias
C2
fz1 =
R2
Rlower
RLED
CTR
TL431
Vz V f VTL 431,min
Vdd VCE , sat + I bias CTR min R pullup
X 0.85
1.3 k
G2 =
R pullup
RLED
20k
CTR =
0.3 = 4.6
1.3k
G fc = 1010 20 = 0.316
TL431
G0 0.316
G1 =
=
= 0.068 or 23.3 dB
G2
4.6
Calculate R2 for this attenuation:
R2 =
G1 R1 f p1
f p1 f z1
fc
1+
f p
1
f z1
1+
fc
fc
1+
f p
2
fc
1+
f z
2
= 744
G (s)
10.0
-9.3 dB @ 1 kHz
0
-10.0
Isolated 12-V
dc source
-20.0
-10 dB @ 1 kHz
-30.0
arg G ( s )
240
200
160
135
120
80.0
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
TL431
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
Ip
X2
XFMR
RATIO = -250m
Vout
Iout = 2.4 A
52.5V
-210V
8.74V
7
vc
154mV
X1
PWMBCMVM
L=L
GAIN
3.09V
V1
{Vrms*1.414}
Fsw
Ip
68.4V
Dc
1 V = 1 s
19
598mV
R1
100m
0V
R2
50m
X5
K = Gpwm
GAIN
D4
1N965
52.5V
R7
65k
26.9V
9
4
11
50 V
2 A string
1.57V
22
L1
{L}
C5
0.1uF
C1
2.2mF
B1
Voltage
V(errac)-0.6
Rsense
1.24V
0.5
Vsense
23
parameters
Vdd
15.1V
{Vdd}
Vrms=100
L=400u
1.25 V
1.24V
ILED
14
R5
{RLED}
5.00V
R4
{Rupper}
18
Ct=1.5n
Icharge=270u
Gpwm=(Ct/Icharge)*1Meg
On-time
selection
VFB
errac
LoL
1k
2.17V
CoL
1k
20
AC = 1
V3
12.2V
17
16
X4
Optocoupler
Cpole = Copto
CTR = CTR
C2
{C2}
Ac out
R6
{Rpullup}
2.17V
29
0V
ac in
2.17V
10
11.1V
13
1.24V
15
X3
TLV431
R9
{R2}
C4
{C1}
28
1.24V
Average simulation
H (s)
-2.5 dB
20 Hz
0
-4.00
-8.00
80.0
40.0
arg H ( s )
-11
0
-40.0
-80.0
1
10
20
50
100
200
500
1k
20.0
2
1
10.0
fc = 19 Hz
13
0.5
15 V
-10.0
3
-20.0
5V
10
6.1 k
11
ton
generation
10 k
20 k
180
90.0
T (s)
m = 90
586 nF 13.6 k
395 nF
-90.0
12
G (s)
-180
1
argT ( s )
2
10
20
50 100 200
500 1k
2.2 A
2.00
I LED ( t )
0
-2.00
VFB ( t )
5.00
4.60
4.20
3.80
3.40
4.00
2.00
0
I in ( t )
-2.00
-4.00
20.0m
60.0m
100m
140m
180m
DC
vc
a
duty-cycle
389mV
90.0V
X2x
XFMR
RATIO = -166m
3
PWM switch CM
839mV
-76.1V
Vin
90
AC = 0
D1A
mbr20200ctp
12.0V
vout
12.6V
R10
20m
0V
X9
PWMCM
L = Lp
Fs = 65k
Ri = 0.7
Se = Se
vout
13
L1
{Lp}
8
V(errP)/3 > 1 ?
1 : V(errP)/3
12.0V
1
C5
3mF
B1
Voltage
Coming from FB
Rload
7.2
180
20.0
90.0
H (s)
Phase at 1 kHz
-70
0
-20.0 -90.0
-40.0
-180
10
arg H ( s )
Magnitude at 1 kHz
-23 dB
100
1k
10k
100k
Vout(s)
Vdd
38 k
2 k
20 k
k factor
gave
C = 3.8 nF
FB
VFB(s)
10 nF
2.5 nF
install
10 k
Copto = 1.3 nF
dB
180
80.0
90.0
40.0
T (s)
argT ( s )
m = 60
0
-90.0 -40.0
Crossover
1 kHz
-180 -80.0
10
100
1k
10k
100k
Vout(t)
Hi
line
12.00
Excellent!
11.96
11.92
100
mV
Low
line
11.88
200 mA to 2 A in 1 A/s
3.00m
9.00m
15.0m
21.0m
27.0m
3.
Compute
pole/zero
check open
loop gain
2.
Show power
stage gain
and phase
4.
See final
values on
TL431
www.onsemi.com
NCP1200, design tools
Conclusion
Classical loop control theory describes op amps in compensators
Engineers cannot apply their knowledge to the TL431
Examples show that the TL431 with an optocoupler have limits
Once these limits are understood, the TL431 is simple to use
All three compensator types have been covered
Design examples showed the power of averaged models
Use them to extensively reproduce parameter dispersions
Applying these recipes is key to design success!
Merci !
Thank you!
Xi-xie!