CDB 1053 Introduction To

Engineering
Thermodynamics
By Herr Azry B Borhan
Dr Muhammad Rashid B Shamsuddin

INTRODUCTION
1

Lecturers
Herr Azry B Borhan
Room 04-03-10
E-mail: azrybo@petronas.com.my
Dr. Muhammad Rashid B Shamsuddin
Room 05-03-35
E-mail:
mrashid.shamsuddin@petronas.com.my

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Course Layout & Schedule

3 Credit Values:
3 hours of lecture/week

1 hours of tutorial/week
Assignment & Group Project 10%
Quizzes 10%
Test 1 & 2 20%
Final examination 60%
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Final exam (60%): Must pass the final exam, otherwise

fail for the course

Attendance : Must exceed 90%, below which the

students can be barred from the final
exam.

Attendance of all international students will be recorded and

submitted to the Ministry of Education and will be forwarded to
the Ministry of Home Affairs.
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Course Layout & Schedule

CDB 1053 Trimester Sept 2015 Timetable

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Reference
Yunus A. engel is the Dean of the Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering and the Director
of the Energy Center at Yildiz Technical
University in Istanbul, Turkey, and Professor
Emeritus at the University of Nevada, Reno,
USA. He received his Ph. D. in Mechanical
Engineering in 1984 from North Carolina
State University in USA. Before joining YTU
in 2010, he served as a faculty member at
the University of Nevada, Reno for 18 years.
He also served as the director of the
Industrial Assessment Center at UNR for
several years.

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Outcome-Based Education (OBE)

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Chemical Engineering Programme Outcomes (PO)

PO1

PO2

PO3

PO4

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8
PO9

PO10
PO11

PO12

Engineering Knowledge : Apply knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals and engineering specialisation to the solution
of complex engineering problems
Problem Analysis : Identify, formulate, research literature & analyse
complex eng problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
Design & Development of solutions : Design sols for complex eng
problems and design systems, components or processes that meet
specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and
safety, cultural, societal & environmental considerations.
Investigation : Conduct investigation into complex problems using research
based knowledge & research methods including DOE, analysis and
interpretation of data and synthesis of information to provide valid
conclusions.
Modern Tool Usage : Create, select & apply appropriate techniques,
resources & modern eng & IT tool, including prediction & modeling, to
complex eng activities, with an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer& Society : Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal & cultural issues & the consequent
responsibilities relevant to profnl eng practice.
Environment & Sustainability : Understand the impact of professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and
demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
Ethics : Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of eng practice.
Communication : Communicate effectively on complex eng activities with
the eng community & with society at large, e.g. being able to comprehend
& write effective reports & design docn, make effective presentations &
give and receive clear instructions.
Individual &Team Work : Function effectively as an ind & as a member or
leader in diverse teams & in multidiscip settings.
Life Long Learning : Recognise the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.
Project Management & Finance : Demonstrate knowledge & understanding
of eng & management principles & apply these to ones own work, as a
member & leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students should be able to:
1. Apply and identify the fundamental principles and laws of
thermodynamics.
2. Analyse and explain the properties of pure substances using
thermodynamics data and relationship.
3. Perform related calculations and apply them in various
thermodynamics systems.
4. Analyse and solve thermodynamics cycles using related
principles.

The above course learning outcomes are mapped to the two highlighted
programme outcomes i.e., PO 1& 3

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

CHAPTER 1

BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
THERMODYNAMICS

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

What is Thermodynamics?
Greek Words

Early description: Convert heat into power

Current Definition: The study of energy and energy

transformations, including power
generation, refrigeration and
relationship among the properties of
matter

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

House-hold utensils appliances:

Air-cond, heater, refrigerator
humidifier, pressure cooker, water heater
computer & TV
Engines:
Automotive, aircraft, rocket

Plant/ Factory
Refinery, power plants, nuclear power plant

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.1
What is Energy?
Ability to cause changes
One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the Conservation of
energy principle - during an interaction, energy can change from
one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant.
E.g. a rock falling off a cliff & in the diet industry.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
Zeroth Law = dealing with
First Law = dealing with
Second Law =

Hot

heat

Cold

heat

Cold body, spontaneous

Hot body, requires work

Third Law = entropy of pure crystalline substance at absolute zero

temperature is zero

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.2 Dimensions and Units

Dimension is a property that can be measured or calculated

by or (e.g.: mass, length, time, temperature)
Unit is the means of expressing dimensions (Systems: SI,
CGS, American Engineering System)
Prefixes: centi, milli, micro, nano, kilo, mega, giga etc.

Table 1.1:
Prefixes for SI units

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

14

Dimensions and Units

Primary
Dimension
Secondary

Eg: Volume V
velocity v
energy E

Units

M - mass
L - length
T - temperature
t - time
n - mole
A - Ampere

SI - International System
- Commonly applied
English System - also known as United States Customary
System (USCS)
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Dimensions and Units

Conversion of units
Table A.1: Conversion factors

Quantity

Conversion

Length

1 m = 100 cm
= 3.280 84 (ft) = 39.3701 (in)

Mass

1 kg = 103 g
= 2.204 62 (lbm)

Force

1 N = 1 kg m s-2
= 105 (dyne)
= 0.224 809 (lbf)

Pressure

1 bar = 105 kg m-1 s-2 = 105 N m-2

= 105 Pa = 102 kPa
= 106 dyne cm-2
= 0.986 923 atm
= 14.5038 psia
= 750.061 Torr

Volume

1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 103 liters

= 35.3147 (ft)3
= 264.172 (gal)

Density

1 g cm-3 = 103 kg m-3

= 62.4278 (lbm) (ft)-3

Energy

1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2 = 1 N m
= 1 m3 Pa = 10-5 m3 bar = 10 cm3 bar
= 9.869 23 cm3 atm
= 107 (dyne) cm = 107 (erg)
= 0.239 006 (cal)
= 5.121 97 10-3 (ft)3 (psia) = 0.737 562 (ft) (lbf)
= 9.478 31 10-4 (Btu) = 2.777 78 10-7 kWh

Power

103

103

m2 s-3

1 kW =
W=
kg
=
= 239.006 (cal) s-1
= 737.562 (ft) (lbf) s-1
= 0.947 831 (Btu) s-1
= 1.341 02 (hp)

103

s-1

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Always check the units in your

calculations

16

1.3

Closed and Open Systems

Thermodynamic system (system) - quantity of matter or a region in

space chosen for study.
Surroundings - the mass or region outside the system
Boundary - the real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surrounding
- is the contact surface shared by both the system &
surroundings
- has zero thickness & can either contain any mass nor
occupy volume in space.
- can be fixed or movable
fixed

Boundary
movable

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Types of system:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)

- no heat/ mass transfer across boundary

- only heat transferred
- heat & mass transferred
(c)

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.4

Energy

Forms of energy - thermal, mechanical, chemical, kinetic, potential,

electric, magnetic & nuclear
E = total energy i.e sum of all energy in a system
e = total energy = E (kJ/kg)
mass
m
Forms of energy that make up the total energy of a system :

Energy form
macroscopic
microscopic

energy of a system as a whole

with respect to some outside
reference frames, e.g. KE, PE
- related to molecular structure of a
system and the degree of molecular
activity
- independent of outside reference
frames

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Sum of all microscopic forms of energy = Internal Energy (U)

Macroscopic forms of energy

Kinetic energy (KE)

- result of motion relative to
some
reference frame
KE = mv2/2 (kJ)
where v = velocity of the system
relative to some fixed
reference frame (m/s)
m = mass of an object (kg)

Potential energy (PE)

- due to elevation in a gravitational
field
PE = mgh (kJ)
where g = gravitational acceleration,
9.81 m/s2
h = elevation of center of gravity of
a system relative to some
arbitrarily plane (m)

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.5

Internal Energy

Internal energy related to - 1) molecular structure

2) degree of molecular activity

I. E

KE

PE

molecular translation
molecular rotation
electron translation
molecular vibration
electron spin
nuclear spin

a.k.a
sensible energy
depend on the
temperature

Latent heat - Internal energy associated to with the phase of a

system
- phase -change process can occur without a change in
the chemical composition of a system

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.6

Properties of a System

Property -

Some familiar properties are P, T, V and m. But can be extended

to include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal
conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient and etc
m
Density (mass per unit volume),
(kg/m3) depends on T & P

Specific gravity or relative density (ratio of the density of a

substance to the density of some standard substance at a

specified temperature) e.g. for water,

Specific volume,

(m3/kg)

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

H 2O

Intensive

Properties
Extensive

independent of the
size/extent of the
system
dependent on the
size/extent of the
system

Specific properties - extensive properties per unit mass

E.g. specific volume (v = V/m) and specific total energy (e = E/m)
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.7

State & Equilibrium

State

a set of properties that describe the condition of a

system at certain time
At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values.
If the value of one property changes, the state will change to a
different one.
Equilibrium state

Thermal equilibrium
Mechanical equilibrium

Phase equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium
(uniform temperature)

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.8

Processes & Cycle

Process

Path
need to specify the initial & final states of the process, as well
as the path it follows, and the interactions with the
surroundings.

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

1.9

Quasi-equilibrium/ Quasi-static

When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system

remains infinitesimally close to equilibrium state at all times.
Sufficiently slow process that allows the system to adjust to itself
internally so that properties in one part of the system do not change
any faster than those at other parts.
Slow compression
(quasi-equilibrium)

very fast compression

(non-quasi equilibrium)

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

 The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a

particular property remains constant.
Isothermal Process
Isobaric
Isochoric/ Isometric

Process
B

Process

A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its

initial state at the end of the process.
For a cycle, the initial & final states are identical
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

P =

1.10 Pressure
Force
F
=
Unit
Area
A

= N/m2 or Pa

Gas or liquid
Pressure
Solids
Stress
Common units
1 bar = 105 Pa
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01325 bars
1 kgf/ cm2 = 0.9807 bar = 0.96788 atm
English unit

Ibf/in2 or psi

Absolute pressure

Actual pressure at given position &

measured relative to absolute vacuum

Gage pressure

Difference between absolute pressure &

local atmospheric pressure

Vacuum pressure

Difference between atmospheric pressure &

absolute pressure
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

 Absolute, gage & vacuum pressures are all +ve quantities &
related to each other by:
Pgage = Pabs - Patm
(for pressure above Patm)
Pvac = Patm - Pabs
(for pressure below Patm)

In thermo, absolute pressure is always used unless stated.

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Example 1-1
A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 5.8 psi at a
location where the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psi. Determine
the absolute pressure in the chamber.
Using Pvac = Patm - Pabs = 14.5 - 5.8 = 8.7 psi

Manometer
Small to moderate pressure difference are measured by a
manometer and a differential fluid column of height h
corresponds to a pressure difference between the system and
the surrounding of the manometer.

P g h

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

( kPa )

Other Pressure Measurement Device

Bourdon Tube

Modern pressure sensors:

1) Pressure transducers
2) Piezoelectric material

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Example 1-2

A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a location

where the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. What is the absolute
pressure in the tank?
Solution:
Pabs = Patm - Pgage
= 98 kPa - 30 kPa
= 68 kPa
Example 1-3
A pressure gage connected to a valve stern of a truck tire reads
240 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
What is the absolute pressure in the tire, in kPa and in psia?
Solution:

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

What is the gage pressure of the air in the tire, in psig?

Example 1-4
Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to
measure its pressure. If the pressure gage reads 80 kPa,
determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the
manometer if the fluids is mercury whose density is 13,600
kg/m3.

P
h
g

103 N / m3
80 kPa
kPa
h
kg
m
1N
13600 3 9.807 2
m
s kg m / s 2
0.6 m
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Example 1.5
An astronaut weighs 730 N in Houston, Texas, where the local acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.792 m s-2. What are the astronauts mass (kg) and weight (N) on the
moon, where g = 1.67 m s-2 ?
Solution
In Texas, F = 730 N, a = g = 9.792 m s-2
= =
=

730 N
=
= 74.55 N m1 s 2
9.792 ms 2
= 74.55 (kg m s-2) m-1 s2
= 74.55 kg

The mass of the astronaut is independent of location, thus,

mass (moon) = mass (Texas) = 74.55 kg
On the other hand, the weight of the astronaut depends on
the local acceleration of gravity, thus, on the moon,
= = 74.55 kg 1.67 m s 2
= 124.5 kg m s-2 = 124.5 N
CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

A body weighing 730 N on earth

will weigh only 124.5 N on the
moon
35

Example 1.6
A dead-weight gauge with a 1 cm diameter piston is used to measure pressures
very accurately. In particular instance a mass of 6.14 kg (including piston and pan)
brings it into balance. If the local acceleration of gravity is 9.82 m s-2, what is the
gauge pressure being measured? If the barometric pressure is 748 Torr, what is the
absolute pressure?

Solution
Given d = 1 cm, m = 6.14 kg, g = 9.82 m s-2

Pgauge =

=
4

(6.14 kg)(9.82 m s2 )

1 cm

1m 2
2
100 cm

= 76.77 104 N m2

Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric

= 76.77 104 N m2 + 748 Torr

105 N m2
750.061 Torr

= 867 425 N m2 = 867 425 Pa = 867.4 kPa

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

36

Example 1.7
At 27oC (300.15 K), the reading on a manometer filled with mercury is 60.5 cm.
The local acceleration of gravity is 9.784 m s-2. To what pressure does this height of
mercury correspond? At 27oC (300.15 K), the density of mercury is 13.53 g cm-3.
Solution
Given h = 60.5 cm, g = 9.784 m s-2, = 13.53 g cm-3
P = h
1
= 60.5
100

100
13.53
3
1

9.784 2
1000

= 80088.4 kg m-1 s-2

= 80088.4 Pa
= 80.09 kPa

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

37

Temperature
Measure of hotness and coldness
Transfer of heat from higher to lower temp. until both bodies
attain the same temp. At that point, heat transfer stops and the
two bodies have reached
thermal equilibrium
requirement: equality of temperature
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:

Temperature scales:

Celcius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
Kelvin (K)
Rankine (R)

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Conversion:
T(K) = T(C) + 273.15
T(R) = T(F) + 459.67

T K = (T2C +273.15) - (T1C + 273.15)

= T2C - T1C
= TC
T R = TC

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Temperature Scale Comparison

T (K) = t (oC) + 273.15

t (oF) = 1.8 t (oC) + 32
T (R) = t (oF) + 459.67
T (R) = 1.8 T (K)

Figure 1.1: Relations among temperature scales

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics

Example 1:

Consider a system whose temperature is 18C. Express this

temperature in R, K and F.

Example 2:
The temperature of a system drops by 27 F during a cooling
process. Express this drop in temperature in K, R & C

CDB 1053 Into to Eng Thermodynamics