CHAPTER 7 SOLUTIONS

5.

REASONING The impulse that the volleyball player applies to the ball can be found from the
impulse-momentum theorem, Equation 7.4. Two forces act on the volleyball while its being spiked:
an average force F exerted by the player, and the weight of the ball. As in Example 1, we will
assume that F is much greater than the weight of the ball, so the weight can be neglected. Thus,
the net average force F is equal to F .
SOLUTION From Equation 7.4, the impulse that the player applies to the volleyball is

F t
Impulse

mv f
Final
momentum

mv 0
Initial
momentum

m( v f v 0 ) (0.35 kg) (21 m/s) (+4.0 m/s) 8.7 kg m/s

The minus sign indicates that the direction of the impulse is the same as that of the final velocity of
the ball.
7.

REASONING The impulse-momentum theorem (Equation 7.4) states that the impulse of an applied
force is equal to the change in the momentum of the object to which the force is applied. We will
use this theorem to determine the final momentum from the given value of the initial momentum.
The impulse is the average force times the time interval during which the force acts, according to
Equation 7.1. The force and the time interval during which it acts are given, so we can calculate the
impulse.
SOLUTION According to the impulse-momentum theorem, the impulse applied by the retrorocket
is

J mvf mv0

(7.4)

The impulse is J F t (Equation 7.1), which can be substituted into Equation 7.4 to give

F t mvf mv0

or

mvf F t mv0

where mvf is the final momentum. Taking the direction in which the probe is traveling as the
positive direction, we have that the initial momentum is mv0 = +7.5 107 kgm/s and the force is

F 2.0 106 N . The force is negative, because it points opposite to the direction of the
motion. With these data, we find that the final momentum after the retrorocket ceases to fire is

mvf Ft mv0 2.0 106 N 12 s 7.5 107 kg m/s 5.1107 kg m/s

9.

REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. According to Equation 7.4, the impulse-momentum theorem, F t mvf mv 0 . Since the

only horizontal force exerted on the puck is the force F exerted by the goalie, F F . Since the
goalie catches the puck, vf 0 m/s . Solving for the average force exerted on the puck, we have

m( v f v 0 )
t

0.17 kg 0 m/s +65 m/s

5.0 10

2.2 103 N

By Newtons third law, the force exerted on the goalie by the puck is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the force exerted on the puck by the goalie. Thus, the average force
exerted on the goalie is 2.2 103 N .
b. If, instead of catching the puck, the goalie slaps it with his stick and returns the puck straight
back to the player with a velocity of 65 m/s, then the average force exerted on the puck by the
goalie is

m( v f v 0 )
t

b 0.17 kg g (65 m / s) (+65 m / s)

5.0 10

4.4 10 3 N

The average force exerted on the goalie by the puck is thus 4.4 103 N .
The answer in part (b) is twice that in part (a). This is consistent with the conclusion of Conceptual
Example 3. The change in the momentum of the puck is greater when the puck rebounds from the
stick. Thus, the puck exerts a greater impulse, and hence a greater force, on the goalie.
13. REASONING The impulse applied to the golf ball by the floor can be found from Equation 7.4, the

impulse-momentum theorem: F t mv f mv 0 . Two forces act on the golf ball, the average
force F exerted by the floor, and the weight of the golf ball. Since F is much greater than the
weight of the golf ball, the net average force F is equal to F .

Only the vertical component of the ball's momentum changes during impact with the floor. In order
to use Equation 7.4 directly, we must first find the vertical components of the initial and final
velocities. We begin, then, by finding these velocity components.
SOLUTION The figures below show the initial and final velocities of the golf ball.

If we take up as the positive direction, then the vertical components of the initial and final
velocities are, respectively, v 0y v0 cos 30.0 and vf y vf cos 30.0 . Then, from Equation
7.4 the impulse is

F t m( vfy v 0y ) m (vf cos 30.0) ( v0 cos 30.0)

Since v 0 v f 45 m / s , the impulse applied to the golf ball by the floor is

Ft 2mv0 cos 30.0 2(0.047 kg)(45 m/s)(cos 30.0) 3.7 N s

15. REASONING AND SOLUTION The excess weight of the truck is due to the force exerted on the
truck by the sand. Newton's third law requires that this force be equal in magnitude to the force
exerted on the sand by the truck. In time t, a mass m of sand falls into the truck bed and comes to
rest. The impulse is

Ft m( vf v0 )

so

m( vf v0 )
t

The sand gains a speed v0 in falling a height h so

v0 2 gh 2 9.80 m/s2 2.00 m 6.26 m/s

The velocity of the sand just before it hits the truck is v0 = 6.26 m/s, where the downward
direction is taken to be the negative direction. The final velocity of the sand is vf = 0 m/s. Thus, the
average force exerted on the sand is

m
F ( vf v0 ) 55.0 kg/s 0 m/s 6.26 m/s 344 N
t
17. REASONING AND SOLUTION The collision is an inelastic one, with the total linear momentum
being conserved:
m1v1 = (m1 + m2)V
The mass m2 of the receiver is

m2

m1v1
V

m1

115 kg 4.5 m/s

2.6 m/s

115 kg 84 kg

21. REASONING The two-stage rocket constitutes the system. The forces that act to cause the
separation during the explosion are, therefore, forces that are internal to the system. Since no
external forces act on this system, it is isolated and the principle of conservation of linear
momentum applies:

m1 v f1 m2 v f2 ( m1 m2 ) v 0

Total momentum
before separation

Total momentum
after separation

where the subscripts "1" and "2" refer to the lower and upper stages, respectively. This expression
can be solved for vf1.
SOLUTION

Solving for vf1 gives

v f1

( m1 m2 ) v 0 m2 v f2
m1
2400 kg 1200 kg ( 4900 m / s) (1200 kg)(5700 m / s)
2400 kg

+4500 m / s

Since vf1 is positive, its direction is the same as the rocket before the explosion .
27. REASONING The cannon and the shell constitute the system. Since no external force hinders the
motion of the system after the cannon is unbolted, conservation of linear momentum applies in
that case. If we assume that the burning gun powder imparts the same kinetic energy to the system
in each case, we have sufficient information to develop a mathematical description of this
situation, and solve it for the velocity of the shell fired by the loose cannon.
SOLUTION For the case where the cannon is unbolted, momentum conservation gives

m1vf1 m2vf2
Total momentum
after shell is fired

(1)

Initial momentum
of system

where the subscripts "1" and "2" refer to the cannon and shell, respectively. In both cases,
the burning gun power imparts the same kinetic energy to the system. When the cannon is
bolted to the ground, only the shell moves and the kinetic energy imparted to the system is
2
KE 12 mshellvshell
12 (85.0 kg)(551 m/s)2 1.29 107 J
The kinetic energy imparted to the system when the cannon is unbolted has the same value and
can be written using the same notation as in equation (1):
2
KE 12 m1vf1
12 m2vf22

(2)

Solving equation (1) for vf1, the velocity of the cannon after the shell is fired, and substituting the
resulting expression into Equation (2) gives

KE
Solving equation (3) for vf2 gives

2
m22 vf2

2m1

2
12 m2vf2

(3)

2KE
2(1.29 107 J)
vf2

+547 m/s
m2

85.0 kg

(85.0 kg)
1
m2
1
3
m
5.80

10
kg

29. REASONING Since the collision is an elastic collision, both the linear momentum and kinetic
energy of the two-vehicle system are conserved. The final velocities of the car and van are
given in terms of the initial velocity of the car by Equations 7.8a and 7.8b.
SOLUTION
a. The final velocity vf1 of the car is given by Equation 7.8a as

m m2
vf 1 1
v
m m 01
2
1
where m1 and m2 are, respectively, the masses of the car and van, and v01 is the initial velocity of
the car. Thus,

715 kg 1055 kg
vf 1
2.25 m/s 0.432 m/s
715 kg 1055 kg
b. The final velocity of the van is given by Equation 7.8b:

2m1
2 715 kg
vf 2
v
2.25 m/s 1.82 m/s
m m 01 715 kg 1055 kg

2
1

31. REASONING We obtain the desired percentage in the usual way, as the kinetic energy of the target
(with the projectile in it) divided by the projectiles incident kinetic energy, multiplied by a factor of
100. Each kinetic energy is given by Equation 6.2 as

1
2

mv 2 , where m and v are mass and speed,

respectively. Data for the masses are given, but the speeds are not provided. However, information
about the speeds can be obtained by using the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
SOLUTION We define the following quantities:
KETP = kinetic energy of the target with the projectile in it
KE0P = kinetic energy of the incident projectile
mP = mass of incident projectile = 0.20 kg
mT = mass of target = 2.50 kg
vf = speed at which the target with the projectile in it flies off after being struck
v0P = speed of incident projectile

The desired percentage is

KETP
Percentage
100
KE0P

1
2

mT mP vf2
1
m v2
2 P 0P

100%

(1)

According to the momentum-conservation principle, we have

mT mP vf

Total momentum of target and

projectile after target is struck

0 mP v0P
Total momentum of target and
projectile before target is struck

Note that the target is stationary before being struck and, hence, has zero initial momentum.
Solving for the ratio vf /v0P, we find that

vf
v0P

mP

mT mP

Substituting this result into Equation (1) gives

Percentage

1
2

mT mP vf2
1
m v2
2 P 0P

100 %

1
2

mT mP
1
m
2 P

mP

mT mP

100 %

mP
0.20 kg
100 %
100 % 7.4 %
mT mP
2.50 kg 0.20 kg

35. REASONING Batman and the boat with the criminal constitute the system. Gravity acts on this
system as an external force; however, gravity acts vertically, and we are concerned only with the
horizontal motion of the system. If we neglect air resistance and friction, there are no external
forces that act horizontally; therefore, the total linear momentum in the horizontal direction is
conserved. When Batman collides with the boat, the horizontal component of his velocity is zero,
so the statement of conservation of linear momentum in the horizontal direction can be written as

(m1 m2 )vf

Total horizontal momentum

after collision

m1v01 0
Total horizontal momentum
before collision

Here, m1 is the mass of the boat, and m2 is the mass of Batman. This expression can be solved for
vf, the velocity of the boat after Batman lands in it.
SOLUTION Solving for vf gives

vf

m1v01
m1 m2

510 kg 11 m/s
510 kg 91 kg

9.3 m/s

The plus sign indicates that the boat continues to move in its initial direction of motion.
39. REASONING AND SOLUTION The total linear momentum of the two-car system is conserved
because no net external force acts on the system during the collision. We are ignoring friction
during the collision, and the weights of the cars are balanced by the normal forces exerted by the
ground. Momentum conservation gives

(m1 m2 )vf m1v01 m2v02

Total momentum
after collision

Total momentum
after collision

where v02 = 0 m/s since the 1900-kg car is stationary before the collision.
a. Solving for vf , we find that the velocity of the two cars just after the collision is

vf

m1v01 m2v02
m1 m2

2100 kg +17 m/s + 1900 kg 0 m/s

2100 kg + 1900 kg

+8.9 m/s

The plus sign indicates that the velocity of the two cars just after the collision is in the same
direction as the direction of the velocity of the 2100-kg car before the collision.
b. According to the impulse-momentum theorem, Equation 7.4, we have

F t (m1 m2 )vfinal (m1 m2 )vafter

Impulse
due to
friction

Final momentum
when cars come
to a halt

Total momentum
just after collision

where vfinal = 0 m/s since the cars come to a halt, and vafter vf 8.9 m/s . Therefore, we have

F t 2100 kg + 1900 kg 0 m/s 2100 kg + 1900 kg 8.9 m/s = 3.6 104 N s

The minus sign indicates that the impulse due to friction acts opposite to the direction of motion of
the locked, two-car system. This is reasonable since the velocity of the cars is decreasing in
magnitude as the cars skid to a halt.
c. Using the same notation as in part (b) above, we have from the equations of kinematics
(Equation 2.9) that
2
2
vfinal
vafter
2ax

where vfinal 0 m/s and vafter vf 8.9 m/s . From Newton's second law we have that

a f k / m1 m2 , where f is the force of kinetic friction that acts on the cars as they skid to a
k

halt. Therefore,

fk
0 vf2 2
x
m m
2
1
According to Equation 4.8, f k k FN , where

or

x=

m1 m2 vf2
2 fk

k is the coefficient of kinetic friction and FN is the

magnitude of the normal force that acts on the two-car system. There are only two vertical forces
that act on the system; they are the upward normal force FN and the weight (m1 + m2)g of the
cars. Taking upward as the positive direction and applying Newton's second law in the vertical
direction, we have

FN (m1 m2 ) g (m1 m2 )a y 0 , or

f k k (m1 m2 ) g , and we have

FN (m1 m2 ) g . Therefore,

x=

(m1 m2 )vf2

2k (m1 m2 ) g

vf2

2k g

(8.9 m/s) 2
5.9 m
2(0.68)(9.80 m/s 2 )

41. REASONING The two skaters constitute the system. Since the net external force acting on the
system is zero, the total linear momentum of the system is conserved. In the x direction (the
east/west direction), conservation of linear momentum gives Pf x P0 x , or

( m1 m2 ) v f cos m1 v 01
Note that since the skaters hold onto each other, they move away with a
common velocity vf. In the y direction, Pf y P0 y , or

( m1 m2 ) v f sin m2 v 02
These equations can be solved simultaneously to obtain both the angle
and the velocity vf.
SOLUTION
a. Division of the equations above gives

tan 1

F m v I tan L (70.0 kg)(7.00 m / s) O

MN (50.0 kg)(3.00 m / s) PQ
GH m v JK
2

02

73.0

1 01

b. Solution of the first of the momentum equations gives

vf

m1 v 01
( m1 m2 ) cos

(50.0 kg)(3.00 m / s)
4.28 m / s
(50.0 kg 70.0 kg)(cos 73.0 )

43. REASONING The ratio of the kinetic energy of the hydrogen atom after the collision to that of the
electron before the collision is

KE hydrogen, after collision

KE electron, before collison

1
2

2
mH vf,H

1
2

2
me v0,e

where vf,H is the final speed of the hydrogen atom, and v0,e is the initial speed of the electron. The
ratio mH/me of the masses is known. Since the electron and the stationary hydrogen atom
experience an elastic head-on collision, we can employ Equation 7.8b to determine how vf,H is
related to v0,e.
SOLUTION According to Equation 7.8b, the final speed vf,H of the hydrogen atom after the
collision is related to the initial speed v0,e of the electron by

 2me
vf,H
m m
H
e

v0,e

Substituting this expression into the ratio of the kinetic energies gives

KE hydrogen, after collision

KE electron, before collison

1
2

2
mH vf,H

1
2

2
me v0,e

2me
mH
m m
H
e

me

The right hand side of this equation can be algebraically rearranged to give

KE hydrogen, after collision

KE electron, before collison

m
H
m
e

2

1 mH

me

3
1837 1 1837 2.175 10

45. REASONING The two balls constitute the system. The tension in the wire is the only
nonconservative force that acts on the ball. The tension does no work since it is perpendicular to
the displacement of the ball. Since Wnc = 0 J, the principle of conservation of mechanical energy
holds and can be used to find the speed of the 1.50-kg ball just before the collision. Momentum is
conserved during the collision, so the principle of conservation of momentum can be used to find
the velocities of both balls just after the collision. Once the collision has occurred, energy
conservation can be used to determine how high each ball rises.
SOLUTION
a. Applying the principle of energy conservation to the 1.50-kg ball, we have

mv f2 mgh f 21 mv 02 mgh0

Ef
E0
1
2

If we measure the heights from the lowest point in the swing, hf = 0 m, and the expression above
simplifies to
1
2

mv f2 21 mv 02 mgh0

Solving for vf , we have

v f v 02 2 gh0 ( 5.00 m / s) 2 2(9.80 m / s 2 )(0.300 m) 5.56 m / s

b. If we assume that the collision is elastic, then the velocities of both balls just after the collision
can be obtained from Equations 7.8a and 7.8b:

v f1

F m m Iv
GH m m JK
1

01

and

v f2

F 2m I v
GH m m JK
1

01

Since v01 corresponds to the speed of the 1.50-kg ball just before the collision, it is equal to the
quantity vf calculated in part (a). With the given values of m1 1.50 kg and m2 4 .60 kg , and

the value of v 01 = 5.56 m / s obtained in part (a), Equations 7.8a and 7.8b yield the following
values:

v f1 = 2.83 m / s

and

v f2 = +2.73 m / s

The minus sign in vf1 indicates that the first ball reverses its direction as a result of the collision.
c. If we apply the conservation of mechanical energy to either ball after the collision we
have
1
mv f2 mgh f 21 mv 02 mgh0
2

Ef
E0

where v0 is the speed of the ball just after the collision, and hf is the final height to which the ball
rises. For either ball, h0 = 0 m, and when either ball has reached its maximum height, vf = 0 m/s.
Therefore, the expression of energy conservation reduces to

ghf v
1
2

2
0

or

hf

v 02
2g

Thus, the heights to which each ball rises after the collision are

1.50 - kg ball

4.60 - kg ball

hf

v 02
2g
v 02

(2.83 m / s) 2
0.409 m
2 (9.80 m / s 2 )

(2.73 m / s) 2
hf

0.380 m
2 g 2 (9.80 m / s 2 )