3 Water Content of Moisture Saturated Gas

HYDRATES AND HYDRATE PREVENTION
H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES
EP 20266_a_A_ppt_11 - WATER CONTENT OF MOISTURE SATURATED GAS
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
WATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION
H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF SOURGASES
USE OF SIMULATION PROGRAMS
WATER DEW CURVE OF A NATURAL GAS
ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF WATER CONTENT
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INTRODUCTION ORIGINS OF WATER
All fluids at reservoir conditions are water saturated

Therefore water is always present in oil and gas effluent: in VAPOR phase, and often also
in LIQUID phase
Liquid water: either production water or condensation water

Forms with CO2 and H2S corrosive products
Reduces the capacity of transport of the pipelines
Liquid (or vapour) water:

Forms hydrates with C1, C2, C3, iC4, CO2, H2S, N2, typically at pressures > 10 bar and
temperatures < 25C
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aWATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION

Why should we know the water content of a natural gas ?
To know if a gas is saturated or not ( function of conditions, comp. of the gas, etc..)
To know the conditions that will make the water vapor condense
To estimate conditions in which gas hydrates of acidic aquous solutions may

appear
Definitions :
The water dew point of a gas is, at a given pressure, the higher temperature to see liquid
water
It is also, at a given pressure, the temperature of saturation of the gas
Please take notes, at the end of this part, you gonna summarize ;)
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A gas is not-saturated when it can still accept some water vapor without any liquid water
condensation
ComportemeWATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION

Water content and saturation of a natural gas
The produced gas naturally contains a certain amount of water :

its water content
The water content of a gas must be compared to the water

content at saturation. The water content at saturation depends of
the HC composition of the natural gas but also, and mainly, from
the pressure and temperature.
At saturation, a gas is in contact with liquid water.
Respectively, a gas in contact with liquid water is saturated with

water.
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ComportemeWATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION

Water content and saturation of a natural gas
A gas cannot contain more water vapor than its water content at
saturation. The nature as a way to regulate the water vapor
content : water vapor in excess condenses and forms liquid
water.
Water content at saturation can be estimated by using several

methods ( need to know, P, T, and the HC and AG composition of
the gas). We gonna see these methods in a few minutes .
Every change in (P,T) can saturate or not a gas. Take care !
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aWATER CONTENT
OF A NATURAL
AND vs
SATURATION
Comportement
dun gazGAS
humide
saturation
How to compare water content and saturation

Case N1 : water content < water content at saturation

No liquid water condensation
Case N2 : water content > water content at saturation

Liquid water is produced until
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water content = water content at saturation
aWATER CONTENT
OF A NATURAL
AND vs
SATURATION
Comportement
dun gazGAS
humide
saturation
Water content of the natural gas
Case N2 : inital water content

Produced liquid water :
Initial final ( = saturation) water content
Water content at saturation Case N2 : final water content : saturation
(P,T)
gas saturated with water + liquid water
Case N1 : initial water content = final water content

Nothing happens : Only gas, no liquid water
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Compare water content with a speed limit:

If you are below the speed limit, you are not obliged to slow down
If you are over the speed limit, you have to slow down to the speed limit
but this is true only if you want to respect the laws
aWATER CONTENT
OF A NATURAL
AND vs
SATURATION
Comportement
dun gazGAS
humide
saturation
How to manage this information ?
Determine water content at P1, T1 ( measurement or saturation at P1,T1 if gas in

contact with liquid water at T1,P 1)
You remember, a gas in contact with water is saturated at these conditions

Determine saturation at P2, T2
Compare, see previous slide
If saturation, you can calcul the quantity of water produced
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Can you give example of gas saturated with water in O&G industry ?
Water dew curve
For one given water content:
Water dew curve of a natural gas
Saturation ( presence of liquid water) is

dependent of P and T
In a P, T diagram, the appearance of the
first droplet of liquid water is noted : it is
the water dew curve
One water content : one water dew curve
Liquid water
+ vapor
For one dew point defined by a pressure

and a temperature, there is only one
water content
Temperature
Consequently, the water content of a gas

at its dew point can be estimated by
knowing the P and T at saturation
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One dew point = One water content

Vapor
10
Water dew point

So water dew point is a measure of the water content
Why using water dew point ?

its easy to measure on a field ( we gonna see how later )
it gives the temperature of condensation of water at a given pressure
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Gas to Gas + liquid water
11
aWATER CONTENT
OF A NATURAL
AND vs
SATURATION
Comportement
dun gazGAS
humide
saturation
Applications :
Water content of a natural gas : 350 mg/Nm3

Water content at saturation (determined using X method): 400 mg/Nm3
What happens ?
Water content at saturation (determined using X method): 400 mg/Nm3

Gas not in contact with liquid water. Water content?
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12
aWATER CONTENT
OF A NATURAL
AND vs
SATURATION
Comportement
dun gazGAS
humide
saturation
To summarize : it is you turn !
And now lets see how to estimate the water content of a natural gas at saturation
2014 - IFP Training
13
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF SOUR GASES
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H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases
McKetta chart with corrections for

Specific Gravity, water salinity, H2S
and CO2 content
(JM Campbell charts give equivalent
results)
BUKACEK correlation
Example :
Thermodynamic simulation programs

(PRO II, HYSYS)
Given by TABLES
or GdF equations
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Coefficients depending
on Temperature
H2O CONTENT OF SWEET NATURAL GAS

- JM Campbell charts -
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Water dew point

So water dew point is a measure of the water content
One water content = One dew point ?
One dew point gives one water content
So if I know a water dew point and I have access to the curves, I can determine water
dew point at other P or T
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One water content gives as much water dew point I want : read the curves/lines
17
Water dew point
Example : Natural gas in a scrubber at 70 bars and 140F in contact with liquid water
Water dew point ?
Water content ?
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After a valve, pressure is about 50 bars and temperature is about 120F. Risk of liquid
water ?
18
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BUKACEK CORRELATION GdF equations for A and B calculation
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McKETTA Chart
1 - What is the H2O content of a natural gas at 200F and 3000 psi.a ?
280
.
lb/MMSCF
2 For the same base pressure (3000 psi.a), what will be the H2O content of this natural gas at lower
temperature (100F) ?
33
lb/MMSCF
Conclusion: the moisture content of a natural gas increases, when the temperature INCREASES
3 For the same base temperature (200F), what will be the H2O content of this natural gas at lower
pressure (1500 psi.a) ?
lb/MMSCF
Conclusion: the moisture content of a natural gas increases, when the pressure DECREASES
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480
.

McKETTA Chart
4 What is the Dew Temperature at 1,000 psi.a of this same gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and
3,000 psi.a) ?
150
5 What is the Dew Pressure at 100F of this same gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and 3,000
psi.a) ?
170
.
psi.a
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Remark: the water contents of gases do not exceed 47,484 lb/MMSCF of wet gas, which
corresponds to pure vapor stream (100% water). This is clearly shown on the McKETTA chart.

McKETTA Chart Correction for Specific Gravity
The McKETTA chart is aimed at a gas with

a Specific Gravity of 0.6 (air = 1.0).
Given that:
Sp.GrGas
M:
Sp.Gr:
MGas
MAir
MGas
kg
29
kmol
Molecular Weight (kg/kmol)

Specific Gravity
..
17.4
kg/kmol
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This is equivalent to a gas molecular weight of :

McKETTA Chart Correction for Specific Gravity
6 What will be the H2O content of the same natural gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and 3,000
psi.a) if we take into account the correction factor for Specific Gravity (Molecular Weight 23.2
kg/kmol) ?
Gas Molecular Weight:
23.2
kg/kmol
Gas Specific Gravity:
0.8
..
Correction Factor for Specific Gravity, Cg:
.
0.975
H2O content without correction for Sp.Gr:
..
280
lb/MMSCF
H2O content corrected for Specific Gravity:
..
273
lb/MMSCF
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Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the Specific Gravity DECREASES.

McKETTA Chart Correction for Water Salinity
A Correction Factor Cs could be introduced in order to take into account the salinity of
the formation water.
This correction factor is lower than one.
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McKETTA Chart Correction for Water Salinity
7 What will be the H2O content of the same natural gas (moisture-saturated at 200F and 3,000
psi.a) if we take also into account the correction factor for formation water salinity (Salt
content : 3% weight of salted water) ?
Salinity of formation water:
Weight %
H2O content corrected to Sp.Gr:
273
...
lb/MMSCF
Correction Factor for Salinity, Cs:
0.93
H2O content corrected for Sp.GR and Salinity:
...
254
lb/MMSCF
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Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the water Salinity DECREASES.
..

McKETTA, BUKACEK correlations comparison
8 Compare the H2O content obtained by McKETTA to BUKACEK for the same natural gas
(moisture-saturated at 200F = 93.3C; 3,000 psi.a = 206.9 bar.a; M = 23.3 kg/kmol and 3 %
weight of water salinity).
McKETTA
BUKACEK
Tables
GdF equations
A coeff. (in the adequate unit system)
547
000
644 556
...
B coeff. (in the adequate unit system)
104
...
1472.4
.
H2O content without corrections, mg/Nm3
4587.7
.
286.3
271.3
.
H2O content without corrections, lb/MMSCF
280
..
0.975
...
Salinity Correction Factor, Cs
0.93
260
.
H2O content with corrections, lb/MMSCF
N.B.
1 lb/MMSCF = 16.9076 mg/Nm3
254
..
246
..
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Specific Gravity Correction Factor, Cg
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF SOUR GASES
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H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SOUR gases
The McKetta & Bukacek methods are valid for (H2S + CO2) < 5% mol
Otherwise correction factors are required :

CAMPBELL method
GASUNIE method
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CAMPBELL Method
CAMPBELL method
WSour Gas = YHC WHC + YCO2 WCO2 + YH2S WH2S
: water content of sour gas
WHC
: water content of sweet gas (HC fraction)
YHC
: mole fraction of all components except H2S and CO2
WCO2
: effective water content of CO2, given by charts
YCO2
: mole fraction of CO2 in natural gas
WH2S
: effective water content of H2S, given by charts
YH2S
: mole fraction of H2S
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WSour Gas

CAMPBELL Method
Effective H2O content of H2S and CO2
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CAMPBELL Method
9 Using the CAMPBELL method, what will be the H2O content of the same natural gas (moisturesaturated at 200F, 3,000 psi.a), given a H2S content of 4% mol and a CO2 content of 6 % mol.
For simplification corrections for Specific Gravity and Salinity will not be considered.
H2O content of the sweet gas (without acid components) :
..
280
lb/MMSCF
Effective H2O content of H2S:
..
1 083
lb/MMSCF
Effective H2O content of CO2:
400
..
lb/MMSCF
H2O content of gas with acidity correction:
320
lb/MMSCF
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Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the acidity INCREASES.

GASUNIE Method
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GASUNIE Method
Using the GASUNIE method, what will be the H2O content of a natural gas saturated with
moisture at 30C and 80 bar.a), given a H2S content of 4% mol and a CO2 content of 6 % mol.
For simplification corrections for Specific Gravity and Salinity will not be considered.
Equivalent H2S content:
8.5
% mol
GASUNIE correction factor
40
mg/Nm3
Water content of the sweet gas:
581
mg/Nm3
(Bukacek)
H2O content of gas with acidity correction:
.
621
...
INCREASES
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Conclusion: the H2O content of a natural gas increases when the acidity
mg/Nm3
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF SOUR GASES
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WATER CONTENT COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAMS
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COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF SOUR GASES
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WATER DEW POINT (DP) / WATER DEW CURVE DEFINITION
Definition:
A water saturated gas at given conditions (P
& T) is said to be at its water dew point
when water vapour starts to condense when
the gas is slightly cooled at constant P.
GAS WATER DEW POINT CURVE

160
140
Water content can be expressed using

P & T values of the gas at its water
dew-point
For one water content, there is an
infinite number of water dew-points,
defining the water Dew Curve
120
Pressure (bar a)
100
80
60
40
20
0
For one water dew-point defined by

one (P & T) couple, there is only one
water content
50
100
Temperatue (C)
150
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WATER DEW POINT (DP) / WATER DEW CURVE APPLICATION

Lets consider a natural gas saturated with moisture at 1000 psi.a and 100F.
Fill-in the following table with the water dew points (No corrections for Sp.Gr. nor Salinity)
60.40
..
Water Content (lb/MMSCF)

Dew Temperature (F)
Dew Pressure (psi.a)
20
40
60
80
100
120
130
140
150
17.7
..
43.7
..
101.3
..
223.3
..
474.1
..
1,000
2,191
..
3,387
..
5,524
..
10,291
..
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COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

CASE OF SWEET GASES
CASE OF ACID GASES
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ON SITE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF WATER DEW POINT

Bureau of Mines Dew Point Tester
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ON SITE MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF WATER DEW POINT
PORTABLE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS (Bureau of Mines DP tester)

Consists into detecting condensation over a scope or a glass
Allows to measure either Water or HC DP, whatever the first to meet (the highest
temperature)
The detection could be automatic
Could be used up to pressures of 170 bar.a
Temperature drop must be very gradual
0.1C for temperatures higher than 0C
0.3C for temperatures lower than 0C
IN-LINE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
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most are based on the Bureau of Mines tester

the mirror is cooled by elements based on PELTIER effect (an electric current flowing
through a loop composed of two different metals generates a temperature difference
between the two weld junctions)
The measurement thus obtained is processed by the DCS in the control room
Remark: the PANAMETRIX is an instrument used on site for dew point measurement is
composed of GOLD sensors, which can not tolerate any presence of MERCURY in the gas
(formation of amalgam)
ON SITE MEASUREMENT QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT WATER

CONTENT
USE OF SOLID CHEMICAL ABSORBENTS (DRGER TUBE TYPE)
USE OF LIQUID CHEMICAL ABSORBENTS
Typically Magnesium Perchlorate, which has a specific feature to retain moisture

The water content is obtained by measuring the increase in mass of the absorbent (Gravimetry)
More adapted to LOW PRESSURE measurements (relatively high H2O content)
Remark: the absorbent must be pre-saturated with the HC of the gas itself
Chemical solutions that absorb moisture

The most common is Karl-Fisher method (solution of Methanol, containing iodine, pyridine and SO2)
the water content is obtained by Titrimetry
Remark: the Karl-Fisher solution is very unstable (degraded under light effect). More stable reagents
are now available.
OTHER TYPES OF ANALYZERS

Other types are available. All of them are sensitive to liquids (water, methanol, glycols, HC)
Electrolytic Sensors, based on the use of Phosphorous Pentoxide P2O5: slow process
Piezoelectric Sorption: complex and not always precise due to H2S
Dielectric Layers (metal oxide, silicon-optic): good precision initially
Absorption Spectroscopy: danger of overlap by the gaseous compounds
Idem + Tunable Diode Laser (TDL): very good precision
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QUIZ
True
Moisture content of gas increases as temperature increases
..
A gas is moisture saturated at 70 bar.a and 30C. Its water dew point at 70 bar.a is 30C
False
..
Moisture content of gas increases as pressure increases
..
Presence of acid gases increases the moisture content at saturation of a gas
..
Presence
of (H2S and/or CO2) increases moisture content of a gas. If acid gas concentration is greater than 5 mole %, then McKetta
or Bukacek results need to be corrected
The lower the water content of a gas, the lower its water dew temperature (at a given pressure)
..
CO2 influences the water content of a gas to a higher extent than H2S
..
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KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
Natural gases are almost always saturated with moisture because they are often in
contact with an aqueous phase (except of course after a dehydration and/or
reheating step).
The lower the pressure and the higher the temperature, the higher the water
content at saturation of a natural gas.
The water saturation of a natural gas decreases if the Molecular Weight increases.
The water saturation of a natural gas decreases if the salinity of the reservoir water
(which saturates the gas) increases.
The acidity of a natural gas results in a higher moisture content at saturation

(corrections needed for H2S + CO2 contents in the natural gas greater than 5 % mol)
All water dew point measuring instruments are sensitive to liquids carry over
(water, methanol, glycols, HC)
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UNIT CONVERSION
Normal Conditions:
1 atm.a = 1.013 bar.a = 760 mmHg

0C (Universal!!!)
Standard Conditions:
1 atm.a = 1.013 bar.a = 760 mmHg

US: 60F? (=15.6C); UE: 15C?;
1 bar = 14.5 psi

1 atm = 14.7 psi
Water content of a gas:

1 lb/MMSCF =
16.9076 mg/Nm3
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
16.0187 mg/Sm3
1 m3 = 35.31467 CF
379.495/18.02 21.06 ppm
23.645/18.02 1.31 ppm volume
1 bbl = 0.159
m3
volume
1 mg/Sm3
0.0282623 Sm3 (at 15C and 101.325
1 Sm3 (at 15C and 101.325 kPa) = 35.382754 SCF (at 60F and 14.7
psi.a)
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1 SCF (at 60F and 14.7 psi.a) =

kPa)

3 Water Content of Moisture Saturated Gas

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HYDRATES AND HYDRATE PREVENTION

H2O CONTENT OF MOISTURE-SATURATED GASES

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_11 - WATER CONTENT OF MOISTURE SATURATED GAS

WATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS

WATER DEW CURVE OF A NATURAL GAS

ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF WATER CONTENT

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_11 - WATER CONTENT OF MOISTURE SATURATED GAS

2014 - IFP Training

INTRODUCTION ORIGINS OF WATER

All fluids at reservoir conditions are water saturated

Liquid water: either production water or condensation water

Liquid (or vapour) water:

2014 - IFP Training

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_11 - WATER CONTENT OF MOISTURE SATURATED GAS

aWATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION

To estimate conditions in which gas hydrates of acidic aquous solutions may

2014 - IFP Training

ComportemeWATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION

The produced gas naturally contains a certain amount of water :

The water content of a gas must be compared to the water

At saturation, a gas is in contact with liquid water.

Respectively, a gas in contact with liquid water is saturated with

2014 - IFP Training

ComportemeWATER CONTENT OF A NATURAL GAS AND SATURATION

Water content at saturation can be estimated by using several

Every change in (P,T) can saturate or not a gas. Take care !

2014 - IFP Training

How to compare water content and saturation

Case N1 : water content < water content at saturation

Case N2 : water content > water content at saturation

water content = water content at saturation

Case N2 : inital water content

Case N1 : initial water content = final water content

Compare water content with a speed limit:

How to manage this information ?

Determine water content at P1, T1 ( measurement or saturation at P1,T1 if gas in

You remember, a gas in contact with water is saturated at these conditions

Determine saturation at P2, T2

Compare, see previous slide

If saturation, you can calcul the quantity of water produced

2014 - IFP Training

Water dew curve

For one given water content:

Water dew curve of a natural gas

Saturation ( presence of liquid water) is

For one dew point defined by a pressure

Consequently, the water content of a gas

2014 - IFP Training

One dew point = One water content

Water dew point

One dew point = One water content

Why using water dew point ?

Gas to Gas + liquid water

Water content of a natural gas : 350 mg/Nm3

Water content at saturation (determined using X method): 400 mg/Nm3

To summarize : it is you turn !

2014 - IFP Training

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS

WATER DEW CURVE OF A NATURAL GAS

ON SITE MEASUREMENT OF WATER CONTENT

EP 20266_a_A_ppt_11 - WATER CONTENT OF MOISTURE SATURATED GAS

2014 - IFP Training

H2O CONTENT ESTIMATION METHODS Case of SWEET gases