11-Dec-15

Kuliah Mekatronika 2

Sensor Posisi
Dr. Indrawanto
Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara
Institut Teknologi Bandung

Industrial Switches and Sensors

Proximity
switches

Position and
Velocity Sensors

Mechanical

Position

Optical

Velocity

Ultrasonic

Inductive and
Capacitive

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Mechanical Proximity Switches

Often called micro switches
activation causes electrical contacts to either
break (normally closed or NC switch) or
make (normally open or NO switch) or
both NC and NO.

Types of Mech. Proximity Switches

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Types of Mech. Proximity Switches

Mechanical Proximity
Switches Application

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When to Use
Mechanical Proximity Switches
Where physical contact is possible.

Where definitive position is required.

In operation-critical or safety-critical situations.

Where environment conditions preclude the use of optical or

inductive sensors.

Optical Proximity Switches

It is also known as photoelectric proximity sensors.

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Optical Proximity Switches

It is also known as photoelectric proximity sensors.

Photoelectric Sensor Design

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Types of Photoelectric Sensor

Transmitted
beam sensing

Retroreflective
sensing

Diffuse
sensing

There are three basic types of photoelectric sensors. Transmitted beam, or

through-beam, requires a sender and a receiver. Retroreflective senses light
returning from a reflector. Both types switch an output when the beam is
broken. Diffuse sensors sense light returning from the object to be detected
and switch the output when it senses

Photoelectric Sensor Applications

Conveyor Handling

Truck Height Control

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Photoelectric Sensor Applications

Production Counting

Case sorting by size

Automatic Door Opener

When to Use an
Optical Proximity Sensor
Many configurations
available

Non-contact

PROS

Fast switching, no
switch bounce.
Insensitive to
vibration and shock
Alignment always
required

CONS

Can be blinded by
ambient light conditions
(welding for example)
Requires clean, dust and
water free, environment

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Position and Velocity Sensors

Position
Potentiometers

Velocity
Tachometer

LVDT

Encoders

Potentiometers
Basically, potentiometers are variable resistors.

MW22B Series - Wirewound element (22HP) 22 mm (.87") dia.

General Purpose - Low Cost - Available in 1,3,5 or 10, turns
Standard resistance values available :
1 turns: 50 to 100K ohms - Linearity: +/-.0.5%- Power rating 0.5 watts
3 turns: 50 to 50K ohms - Linearity: +/-.0.5%- Power rating 1 watts
5 turns: 50 to 50K ohms - Linearity: +/-.0.3%- Power rating 1 watts
10 turns: 50 to 100K ohms - Linearity: +/-0.25%- Power rating 2 watts
Total Resistance tolerance +/-5%

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Types of Potentiometers
Wirewound
Resistance tollerance 0.005%, stable (15-50 ppm/yr),
TCR less than 10ppm/oC. TCR can be controlled by
selecting special wire alloys.

Cermet (Conductive Ceramic)

?????
Film
Can be printed onto substrate, low cost in high
quantities, excellent in high frequency, fast rise time
application, resistance tolerance greater than 0.005%,
unstable (200-600 ppm/yr), large TCR 20-200 ppm/oC.

Linear Potentiometers

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When to Use a Potentiometer

Require analog signals
for control

Low cost

Require absolute
positional information

PROS

Temperature
variations

CONS
Wear variations
Not in dusty and
wet environment

LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)

An LVDT is an accurate and reliable sensor for measuring
linear distance. It consists of an iron core that moves in a
cylinder.
LVDTs are used in modern machine-tool, robotics, avionics,
and computerized manufacturing.
Wide variety: 100 m to 250 mm.
Typical excitation voltage: 1 to 24 VRMS with frequency from
50 Hz to 20 kHz.

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LVDT Working Principle

LVDT Output Signal Processing

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Precision Absolute Value Circuit

Typical LVDT Signal Conditioning

Zero
set

LVDT
Power
supply

Carrier
oscillator

AC Power

Amplitude
control

Current
amplifier

Demodulator

Phase
shifter

In practice, the signal conditioning is done in a

single-chip:
AD698 (for 4 wire LVDT) or AD598 (for 5 wire LVDT).

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The AD698 (for 4 Wire LVDT)

The AD598 (for 5 Wire LVDT)

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When to Use an LVDT

Less friction.

Infinite resolution!!!
Analog position control

High accuracy, good linearity and sensitivity.

Linear operation (synchro resolver is equivalent rotary LVDT)
Harsh environment
Embedding (in cylinder for example)

Optical Encoders
Encoders measures
position/velocity by
detecting alternating light
as illustrated bellow.

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Optical Encoders Types

Absolute Encoder

Incremental Encoder

Hall Effect Sensors

The sensor senses the presence of magnetic flux.
In 1879, E.H. Hall discovered a small transverse
voltage was generated across a currentcarrying conductor in the presence of a static
magnetic field, a phenomenon now known as
the Hall effect.

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Hall Effect Sensor Characteristic

Slide-by actuation

Head-on Hall actuation

TEAG is total effective air gap.

Hall Sensor Used as a Rotational Sensor

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Hall Effect Sensor Application

Potitioning

Speed Measurement

Brushless Motor Control

Thank you

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