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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
a,*
KEYWORDS
Microchannel heat exchanger;
Parallel ow;
Numerical solution;
Axial heat conduction;
Effectiveness
Abstract In this paper the axial heat conduction in an isosceles right triangular microchannel heat
exchanger is numerically investigated, for laminar, 3D, incompressible, single-phase, steady state
ow. The behaviour of axial heat conduction in the separating wall under different conditions is
studied. The solution was obtained by solving the continuity and NavierStokes equations for
the hot and cold uids by using the pressure-correction method to obtain the velocity distribution,
and then the energy equations were solved for the two uids and the separating wall simultaneously
to obtain the temperature distribution. The governing equations are discretized using nite-volume
and the hybrid differencing scheme with FORTRAN code was used. Various parameters that can
have effect on the axial heat conduction were investigated.
The results showed that, the axial heat conduction plays an important role in a parallel ow
microchannel heat exchanger and the factors affecting the local and average axial heat conduction
are; Reynolds number (Re), thermal conductivity ratio (Kr), hydraulic diameter (Dh), thickness of
separating wall (ts) and channel volume. Increasing of Re, Kr and ts leads to an increase in the axial
heat conduction while increasing of Dh and channel volume leads to a decrease in the axial heat
conduction.
2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
1. Introduction
The rapid development of modern electronics industry has
necessitated effective cooling techniques which are capable of
dissipating ultra-high heat ux of about 100 W/cm2 from the
highly integrated microelectronics systems to ensure a stable
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +964 7801140094.
E-mail address: mushtaq76h@yahoo.com (M.I. Hasan).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
1018-3639 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2012.12.004
123
Nomenclature
Symbol
vin
x
D
L
u
v
w
Cc
Ch
q
z
Dh
m
qmax
P
ts
Cp
T
k
y
V
Greek symbols
q
density, kg/m3
l
dynamic viscosity, N s/m2
e
heat exchanger effectiveness,
Subscripts
c
cold uid
h
hot uid
I
inlet
max
maximum value
o
outlet
s
solid
Dimensionless groups
Pe = RePr Peclet number
P
Pr lC
kf Prandtl number
Re = quh,in Dh/l Reynolds number
Kr = ks/kf thermal conductivity ratio
heat conduction that takes place through the walls of the heat
exchangers used in miniature refrigerators. They used a two
dimensional energy balance to account for the conduction
through wall and convection through the uid. They assumed
the temperature of the uid to be uniform at any ow cross
section.
Al-bakhit and Fakheri (2005) numerically investigated
the parallel ow microchannel heat exchanger with rectangular ducts. They showed that using a high conductive material will not have an effect on increasing the heat
exchanger effectiveness since the heat exchanger effectiveness
will be independent of the wall thermal conductivity for Kr
above 40.
Al-bakhit and Fakheri (2006) numerically investigated the
parallel ow microchannel heat exchanger with rectangular
ducts. They showed that the overall heat transfer coefcient
is rapidly changed for x/DhPe (Graetz number) below 0.03,
and therefore the assumption of constant overall heat transfer
coefcient is not valid if the Graetz number based on the heat
exchanger length is of the order of 0.03. Also, the accurate results can be obtained by solving the thermally developing energy equation using fully developed velocity proles.
Al-Nimr et al. (2009) numerically investigated the hydrodynamics and thermal behaviours of the laminar, 2D, fully developed, slip ow inside an insulated parallel-plate microchannel
heat exchanger. They showed that both the velocity slip and
the temperature jump at the walls increased with increasing
Knudsen number.
Hasan (2009) made numerical investigation to study the
counter ow microchannel heat exchanger with different channel geometries and working uids. He studied the effect of axial heat conduction on the performance of counter ow
microchannel heat exchanger with square shaped channel
124
2. Mathematical formulation
Simulation of full continuity, momentum and energy equations for different uid ows arises in various engineering
problems. Various different algorithms have been proposed
and developed by various researchers. But an approach that
is fully robust from the point of view of numerical and modelling accuracy as well as efciency has yet to be developed.
The conguration shown in Fig. 1 represents a unit cell of
microchannel arrays. It includes two isosceles right triangular
channels with a separating wall between them where, L is
channel length, D is height and base of channel, ts is solid
thickness and S is projected distance of ts. In this gure, the
hot uid enters the lower channel with a uniform velocity uh,in
and uniform temperature Th,in, while the cold uid enters the
upper channel at uc,in and Tc,in. Heat is transferred from the
hot uid to the cold uid through the inclined wall of thickness
ts. However, the governing equations for the present model are
based on the following physical and geometrical assumptions:
The ow is laminar and steady.
The Knudsen number is small enough so that, the uid is a
continuous medium (no slip).
The uids are incompressible, Newtonian with constant
properties; in this case the water is used as working uid.
There is no heat transfer to/from the ambient.
The energy dissipation is negligible.
The pressure gradient is in axial direction only.
Three dimensional is the ow and heat transfer.
outlet
x-Momentum equation:
2
@ui
@ui
@ui
@p
@ ui @ 2 ui @ 2 ui
qi ui
vi
wi
i li
1
@x
@y
@z
@x
@x2 @y2 @z2
y-Momentum equation:
2
@vi
@vi
@vi
@ vi @ 2 vi @ 2 vi
vi
wi
li
qi ui
@x
@y
@z
@x2 @y2 @z2
z-Momentum equation:
2
@wi
@wi
@wi
@ wi @ 2 wi @ 2 wi
vi
wi
li
2 2
qi ui
@x
@y
@z
@x2
@y
@z
c
h
c
h
c
c
h
c
h
c
h
h
c
h
h
c
h
c
h
c
h
h
c
h
0
@x @y
@z
vi
wi
ki
qi CPi ui
@x
@y
@z
@x2
@y2
@z2
Conduction equation for solid:
@ 2 Ts @ 2 Ts @ 2 Ts
2 0
@x2
@y2
@z
uh uh;in ; vh wh 0; Th Th;in
At x L
h
h c
h c c h
h c
c
h
c
h
c
c
h
h
c
c
h
0;
0
@x
@x
@x
@x
inlet
At y 0; 0 6 z 6 D
uh vh wh 0;
chamfered
S
@Th
0
@y
At y D z tan45; 0 6 z 6 D
S
cold fluid
D
uh vh wh 0
ts
hot fluid
S
D
y x
L
chamfered
kh
@Th
@Ts
ks
; Th Ts
@n
@n
At z 0; 0 6 y 6 D
h
c
Continuity equation:
At x 0
h
uh vh wh 0;
@Th
0
@z
z D y tan 45; 0 6 y 6 D
uh vh wh 0
@Th
@Ts
ks
; Th Ts
kh
@n
@n
Upper channel (cold uid)
At
x0
uc uc;in vc wc 0; Tc Tc;in
At
xL
0;
0
@x
@x
@x
@x
At
y D z tan45 2S; S 6 z 6 D S
uc vc wc 0
kh
@Th
@Ts
ks
; Th Ts
@n
@n
At y D z tan45 2S; S 6 z 6 D S
kc
@Tc
@Ts
ks
; Tc Ts
@n
@n
At z D y tan45; 0 6 y 6 D
kh
@Th
@Ts
ks
; Th Ts
@n
@n
At z y tan45; S 6 y 6 D S
kc
@Tc
@Ts
ks
; Tc Ts
@n
@n
At z 0; D 6 y 6 D S
@Ts
0
@z
At z D S; 0 6 y 6 S
kc
@Tc
@Ts
ks
; Tc Ts
@n
@n
@Ts
0
@z
At
yDS
At y D S; 0 6 z 6 S
uc vc wc 0
@Ts
0
@y
@Tc
0
@y
At y 0; D 6 z 6 D S
At
z y tan45; S 6 y 6 D S
uc vc wc 0
kc
@Tc
@Ts
ks
; Tc Ts
@n
@n
At
zDS
uc vc wc 0
@Tc
0
@z
Separating wall (solid)
At
x0
@Ts
0
@x
At
xL
@Ts
0
@x
At
y D z tan45; 0 6 z 6 D
125
@Ts
0
@y
where, n is the normal to the iso surfaces (isotherm lines). After
establishing the governing equations and boundary conditions,
the nite-volume method with FORTRAN code will be used
to obtain a numerical solution to the problem.
The nite-volume method has become popular in Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD, this is because, rst, it ensures
that the discretization is conservative, i.e., mass, momentum,
and energy are conserved in a discrete sense. Second, the
nite-volume method does not require a coordinate transformation in order to be applied for irregular meshes. This exibility can be used to great advantages in generation grids about
arbitrary geometries (Lomax, 1999). Moreover, the nite volume method combines the simplicity of the nite differences
method with the local accuracy of the nite element method;
also, at the same dimension of the discretized problem, the
accuracy is higher than with nite differences and nearly the
same as with nite elements (Petrila and Trif, 2005; Versteeg
and Malalasekera, 1995).
After discretization of the governing equations and boundary conditions, a FORTRAN program is developed to perform the numerical solution to the problem. Firstly the
distribution of velocity, pressure and temperature for both
hot and cold liquids is obtained in addition to the distribution
of temperature in solid wall. Then, the parameters such as the
axial heat conduction q00 in the separating wall, the amount of
heat transferred between two uids and the effectiveness e
126
1
0.8
Tm
0.6
0.4
Cc m_ c cc
0.2
_ h
and Ch mc
10
Otherwise
qmax Cc Th;in Tc;in
11
Thus
qmax Cmin Th;in Tc;in
12
Cc Tc;out Tc;in
Ch Th;in Th;out
13
14
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
x+
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
T T
perature Tm Th;ini Tc;inc;in for the hot and cold uids in a rectangu-
flow
i+1
"
i qx
__
T s ,i +1
__
T s ,i
Figure 2
Distribution of axial velocity along y and z directions in different locations along x axis.
2000
1800
Re=100
1600
q "x ( kW m 2 )
Figure 5
127
Re=200
1400
Re=400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.02
x (m)
Figure 8 Longitudinal variation of the axial heat conduction
ux with axial distance x for different Reynolds numbers.
128
1200
1000
Dh=58
800
q "x ( kW m 2 )
q "x ( kW m 2 )
1000
Dh=117
Dh=234
600
400
ts=0.00005 m
ts=0.0001 m
800
ts= 0.0002 m
600
400
200
200
0
0
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.004
x (m)
Figure 9 Longitudinal distribution of the axial heat conduction
ux with axial distance x for different hydraulic diameters.
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.02
x (m)
0.02
2500
0.025
ts=50
0.02
q "x (W )
ts=100
ts=200
0.015
0.01
0.005
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.02
x (m)
Figure 10 Longitudinal distribution of the axial heat conduction
with axial distance x for different wall thicknesses.
Kr=1
2000
q "x ( kW m 2 )
Kr=5
Kr=10
1500
Kr=40
Kr=100
1000
500
0
0
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.02
x (m)
Figure 12 Longitudinal variation of the axial heat conduction
ux with axial distance x for different values of Kr.
0.0025
0.8
0.002
average
0.2
Kr = 1
K r = 500
Kr = 5
K r = 10
K r = 1000
0
34
68
102
136
0.001
K r = 100
0.0005
170
x
Figure 13 Longitudinal variation of the wall dimensionless mean
temperature for different thermal conductivity ratios taken from
Hasan (2009).
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
Number of channels
Figure 16 Variation of the heat exchanger effectiveness to
average axial heat conduction ratio with number of channels for
different Reynolds numbers.
450
450
400
400
350
350
300
"
q average
(kW m 2 )
"
q average
(kW m 2 )
Re=400
0.0015
Tsm
0.4
250
200
150
Re=100
100
Re=200
50
0
Re=100
Re=200
0.6
129
Re=400
300
250
200
Kr=1
150
Kr=5
Kr=10
100
Kr=40
50
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
Kr=100
Number of channels
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
Number of channels
Figure 17 Variation of the average axial heat conduction ux
with number of channels for different thermal conductivity ratios.
0.5
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.3
0.2
0.15
Re=100
0.1
Re=200
0.05
Re=400
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
0.2
Kr=1
Kr=5
0.1
Kr=10
300
Number of channels
Figure 15 Variation of the microchannel heat exchanger effectiveness with number of channels for different Reynolds numbers.
Fig. 14 shows the variation of the average axial heat conduction ux q00average with the number of channels for different
Reynolds numbers for heat exchanger volume 2 108 m3 at
ts = 50 lm and Kr = 1. From this gure it can be noted that,
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
Number of channels
Figure 18 Variation of the heat exchanger effectiveness with
number of channels for different thermal conductivity ratios.
130
0.0008
0.0006
Kr=1
"
average
0.001
0.0004
Kr=5
Kr=10
0.0002
0
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
Number of channels
Figure 19 Variation of the heat exchanger effectiveness to average axial heat conduction ratio with number of channels for different
thermal conductivity ratios.
131