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Mathematical Investigation
Collected Data
Table 1:
Figure 1: This figure shows the relationship between Urban Population and Carbon
Dioxide Emissions in Nigeria. (Graph by Plotly)
Figure 2
Figure 2 is the same scatter plot as the last, but this time there is a line of best fit.
As we can see the line has positive linear correlation. This shows that there is a
relation between two variables used in the data and they do have an effect on one
another.
Correlation Coefficient
A number between +1 and 1 calculated so as to represent the linear
interdependence of two variables or sets of data
Results:
X Values
= 940.28
Mean = 40.882
(X - Mx)2 = SSx = 485.321
Y Values
= 1536909
Mean = 66822.13
(Y - My)2 = SSy = 12012917320.367
X and Y Combined
N = 23
(X - Mx)(Y - My) = 1631752.632
R Calculation
r = ((X - My)(Y - Mx)) / ((SSx)(SSy))
r = 1631752.632 / ((485.321)(12012917320.367)) = 0.6758
Linear Regression
Linear regression is an approach for modelling the relationship between a
scalar dependent variable y and one or more explanatory variables (or
independent variables) denoted X.
Figure 3
XY
33.215
59337.667
1970900.609 1103.23622
41
5
33.904
70741.000
2398402.864
1149.48121
6
34.593
42438.000
1468057.734
1196.67564
9
35.282
45371.333
1600791.370 1244.81952
91
4
35.994
45243.000
1628476.542
1295.56803
6
36.706
64878.000
2381411.868
1347.33043
6
37.419
60056.333
2247247.924 1400.18156
53
1
38.131
46654.667
1778989.107 1453.97316
38
1
38.843
34914.000
1356164.502
39.545
40417.667
1598316.641 1563.80702
52
5
40.246
40186.667
1617352.600 1619.74051
08
6
40.948
40179.333
1645263.327 1676.73870
68
4
41.649
44784.667
1865236.595 1734.63920
88
1
42.351
79174.333
3353112.176 1793.60720
88
1
43.031
83343.333
3586346.962 1851.66696
32
1
43.711
98116.333
4288763.031 1910.65152
76
1
44.390
93129.667
4134025.918
1970.4721
13
45.070
97038.333
4373517.668
2031.3049
31
45.750
104034.333
4759570.734
2093.0625
75
46.400
93316.667
4329893.348
2152.96
8
47.050
90610.667
4263231.882
XX
1508.77864
9
2213.7025
y = a + bx
y = 70631.125 + 3362.216x (This is the linear regression line, it can be used as a
line of best fit Figure 2 and 3).
Data Understanding
The graph in Figure 1 showed the rise and then fall of Carbon Dioxide emissions. In
Figure 2 and 3 the same graph is shown but this time they both have the line of best
fit and Figure 3 also had the regression calculation. The line showed a positive linear
correlation. Also from calculating my correlation coefficient which was 0.6578
meaning there was a strong correlation.
Limitations
There was only one limitation in my investigation and that was I was unable to get
sufficient data. I was only able to collate data from 1987 till 2009. If I had data
dating till 2014, then it will help support my investigation.
Conclusion
From my investigation I believe I received a concrete answer to my studies and was
able to come to the conclusion that Carbon Dioxide emissions in relation to Urban
Population were rising from 1987 till 2006 where they peaked and they gradually fell
from 2006 to 2009 and this can be attributed to the wide spread awareness of
global warming in the world. For a 3rd world country such as Nigeria which my
investigation was focused on this was a remarkable improvement in the effort to
reduce the damage of greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide and its effects on
the environment. My line of best fit and correlation coefficient gave positive results
which reinforced my conclusion of the increase of Carbon Dioxide emissions with the
continuous increase in Urban Population.
Bibliography
Gapminder, can, T. and Documentation, territories (no date) Data. Available at:
http://www.gapminder.org/data/ (Accessed: 18 March 2016).
Linear regression (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression (Accessed: 18 March 2016).
Citations, Quotes & Annotations
Gapminder, can, T. and Documentation, territories (no date) Data. Available at:
http://www.gapminder.org/data/ (Accessed: 18 March 2016).
(Gapminder, can, and Documentation, no date)
Linear regression (2016) in Wikipedia. Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression (Accessed: 18 March 2016).
(Linear regression, 2016)