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AIRCRAFTGENERALENGINEERING
ANDMAINTENANCEPRACTICES:
PostedonApril14,2014
Mooring:
Thefollowingisalistofequipmentneedtoparkand/ormoor(tiedown)theairplane.
4wheelchocks
3screwinmooringrings(leftandrightwing,andtail)
3ropes(nylonorothernonshrinking/nonstretchingsyntheticmaterial)
Ifwheelbrakesarehotfromprolongedtaxi,allowbrakestocoolbeforesettingparking
brake.
Controlsmaybesecuredwithaileronsneutralandhorizontalstabilizersleadingedge
downbypullingthecontrolstickaftasfaraspossibleandfasteningseatbeltsnugly
aroundit.
SHORTTERMPARKING
Performthisprocedureforshorttermparkingoftheairplane.
1.Taxiortowairplanetodesiredparkingposition.
2.Alignnoseofairplaneintothewind.
3.Ensurenosewheeliscentered.
4.Inwindyorgustyweather,moor(tiedown)theairplane,seeSection1020
Mooring(TyingDown)onpage11ofthischapter.
5.Settheparkingbrake.
Ifwheelbrakesarehotfromprolongedtaxi,allowbrakestocoolbeforesettingparking
brake.
6.Placechocksinfrontofandbehindmainwheels.
7.Releasetheparkingbrake.
8.Secureflightcontrolsinneutralpositionretractflaps.

Follow

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Controlsmaybesecuredwithaileronsneutralandhorizontalstabilizersleadingedge

Follow
downbypullingthecontrolstickaftasfaraspossibleandfasteningseatbeltsnugly
aroundit.

9.Closeandlockthedoors.

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LONGTERMPARKING

Enteryouremailaddress

Performthisprocedureforlongtermparkingoftheairplane.
1.Performthestepsforshortterm:parking.
2.Moor(tiedown)theairplane,seeSection1020Mooring(TyingDown)onSignmeup
page11ofthischapter..
3.Installexternalrudderlockifavailable.

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ALLGUSTLOCKSMUSTBEREMOVEDFROMTHEAIRCRAFTPRIORTOTAXI
ANDFLIGHT.CARE
SHOULDBETAKENNOTTODEFORMORDAMAGETHESTRUCTUREDURING
INSTALLATIONAND
REMOVALOFTHESELOCKS.ALLDEFOMRATION,DAMAGEAND
INTERFERENCEMUSTBE
REVIEWEDBYAQUALIFIEDMECHANICORTECHNICIANPRIORTOFLIGHT.
4.Installpitot/static,canopy,andpropellercoversasapplicable.
5.Refertoengine,electrical,andfuelsystemchaptersofthismanualforinformationon
requiredservicingforlongtermstorage.
Theairplanehasthreemooringpoints:oneundereachwing,andoneunderthetail.
Mooringringsareprovidedtosecuretiedownropesintothemooringpoints.Parkthe
airplane,seetheproceduresforshortandlongtermparkingoftheairplane.
Attachtiedownropestogroundtiedownsandaircraftmooringrings.Leavesufficientplay
orloosenessintheropestopreventinadvertentloadingofthestructure.Also,ifusinga
rope,tieabowlineknottoallowtensionfreedom.

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JACKINGAIRCRAFT
Theaviationtechnicianmustbefamiliarwiththejackingofaircraftinordertoperform
maintenanceandinspection.Sincejackingproceduresandsafetyprecautionsvaryfor
differenttypesofaircraft,onlygeneraljackingproceduresandprecautionsarediscussed.
Consulttheapplicableaircraftmanufacturersmaintenanceinstructionsforspecificjacking
procedures.

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Extensiveaircraftdamageandseriouspersonalinjuryhaveresultedfromcarelessor
improperjackingprocedures.Asanaddedsafetymeasure,jacksshouldbeinspected
beforeusetodeterminethespecificliftingcapacity,properfunctioningofsafetylocks,
conditionofpins,andgeneralserviceability.Beforeraisinganaircraftonjacks,allwork
standsandotherequipmentshouldberemovedfromunderandneartheaircraft.Noone
shouldremainintheaircraftwhileitisbeingraisedorlowered,unlessmaintenance
manualproceduresrequiresuchpracticeforobservinglevellinginstrumentsintheaircraft.
Theaircrafttobejackedmustbelocatedinalevelposition,wellprotectedfromthewind.
Ahangarshouldbeusedifpossible.Themanufacturersmaintenanceinstructionsforthe
aircraftbeingjackedshouldbeconsultedforthelocationofthejackingpoints.These
jackingpointsareusuallylocatedinrelationtotheaircraftcenterofgravitysotheaircraft
willbewellbalancedonthejacks.However,therearesomeexceptionstothis.Onsome
aircraftitmaybenecessarytoaddweighttothenoseortailoftheaircrafttoachievea
safebalance.Sandbagsareusuallyusedforthispurpose.
Tripodjackssimilartotheoneshowninfigure1138areusedwhenthecompleteaircraft
istobejacked.

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Asmallsinglebasejacksimilartotheoneshowninfigure1139isusedwhenonlyone
wheelistoberaised.Thejacksusedforjackingaircraftmustbemaintainedingood
conditionaleakingordamagedjackmustneverbeused.Also,eachjackhasa
maximumcapacity,whichmustneverbeexceeded.
JackingCompleteAircraft
Priortojackingtheaircraft,anoverallsurveyofthecompletesituationshouldbemadeto
determineifanyhazardstotheaircraftorpersonnelexist.Tripodjacksoftheappropriate
sizefortheaircraftbeingjackedshouldbeplacedundertheaircraftjackingpointsand
perfectlycenteredtopreventthemfromcockingwhentheaircraftisraised.Thelegsof
thejacksshouldbecheckedtoseethattheywillnotinterferewiththeoperationstobe
performedaftertheaircraftisjacked,suchasretractingthelandinggear.
Atleastthreeplacesorpointsareprovidedonaircraftforjackingpurposesafourthplace
onsomeaircraftisusedtostabilizetheaircraftwhileitisbeingjackedattheotherthree
points.Thetwomainplacesareonthewings,withasmalleroneonthefuselagenear
eitherthetailorthenose,dependingonthelandinggeardesign.
Mostaircrafthavejackpadslocatedatthejackpoints.Othershaveremovablejackpads
thatareinsertedintoreceptaclesboltedinplacepriortojacking.Thecorrectjackpad
shouldbeusedinallcases.Thefunctionofthejackpadistoensurethattheaircraftload
isproperlydistributedatthejackpointandtoprovideaconvexbearingsurfacetomate
withtheconcavejackstem.Figure1140illustratestwotypesofjackpads.
Priortojacking,determineiftheaircraftconfigurationwillpermitjacking.Theremaybe
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equipmentorfuelwhichhastoberemovedifseriousstructuraldamageistobeavoided
duringjacking.Ifanyotherworkisinprogressontheaircraft,ascertainifanycritical
panelshavebeenremoved.Onsomeaircraftthestresspanelsorplatesmustbeinplace
whentheaircraftisjackedtoavoidstructuraldamage.
Extendthejacksuntiltheycontactthejackpads.Afinalcheckforalignmentofthejacks
shouldbemadebeforetheaircraftisraised,sincemostaccidentsduringjackingarethe
resultofmisalignedjacks.

Whentheaircraftisreadytoberaised,amanshouldbestationedateachjack.Thejacks
shouldbeoperatedsimultaneouslytokeeptheaircraftaslevelaspossibleandtoavoid
overloadinganyofthejacks.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyhavingthecrewleaderstand
infrontoftheaircraftandgiveinstructionstothemenoperatingthejacks.Figure1141
showsanaircraftbeingjacked.
Cautionshouldbeobserved,sinceonmanyjacksthepistoncanberaisedbeyondthe
safetypointtherefore,neverraiseanaircraftanyhigherthanisnecessarytoaccomplish
thejob.
Theareaaroundtheaircraftshouldbesecuredwhiletheaircraftisonjacks.Climbingon
theaircraftshouldbeheldtoanabsoluteminimum,andnoviolentmovementsshouldbe
madebypersonswhoarerequiredtogoaboard.Anycradlesornecessarysupports
shouldbeplacedunderthefuselageorwingsoftheaircraftattheearliestpossibletime,
particularlyiftheaircraftistoremainjackedforanylengthoftime.

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Oncolletequipped
jacks,thecolletshouldbekeptwithintwothreadsofthelifttubecylinderduringraising,
andscreweddownfirmlytothecylinderafterjackingiscompletedtopreventsettling.
Beforereleasingjackpressureandloweringtheaircraft,makecertainthatallcribbing,
workstands,equipment,andpersonsareclearoftheaircraft,thatthelandinggearis
downandlocked,andthatallgroundlockingdevicesareproperlyinstalled.
JackingOneWheelofanAircraft
Whenonlyonewheelhastoberaisedtochangeatireortogreasewheelbearings,alow
singlebasejackisused.Beforethewheelisraised,theremainingwheelsmustbe
chockedforeandafttopreventmovementoftheaircraft.Iftheaircraftisequippedwitha
tailwheel,itmustbelocked.Thewheelshouldberaisedonlyhighenoughtoclearthe
concretesurface.Figure1142showsawheelbeingraisedusingasinglebasejack.

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AircraftTowing
Onaircraftwithanosewheellandinggear,asteeringarmshouldbefittedtothenose
wheeltoguidetheaircraftLightaircraftcanbemovedandguided,byhandorbyatug.

Specialattentionshouldbepaidtothefollowing:
Forceshouldnotbeappliedtothethintrailingorrearedgesofwingsorcontrolsurfaces
suchasaileronsorelevators.
Generallyspeakingitisbettertopushanaircraftbackwardsratherthanforwards,
becausetheleadingedgesofthewingsandtailplanearestrongerthanthetrailingedges.
Thestruts,whichsupporttheundercarriageonsomeaircraft,aresuitableforpushing
theaircraftasthesearethestrengthpartsoftheaircraft.
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Theflatofthehandsshouldbeusedwhenpushing,soastospreadtheloadoverthe
largestarea.
Whenpushingonstruts,theforceshouldbeappliedasneartotheendfittingsas
possible.
Apropellermustneverbeusedtopushorpulltheaircraft,astheengineshouldalways
beregardedasliveandapropellermaykickifitisturned.
Onaircraftwithasteeringnosewheelconnectedtotherudderpedals,caremustbetaken
nottoexceedtheturninglimits.Normallythemaximumlimitsaremarkedonnosewheel
doorsasNOTOW
Onthistypeofaircraftitisalsoimportantthattheruddercontrolsarenotlockedduring
thetowingoperations.Thisisbecausetheruddercontrolsandthenosewheelsteering
mechanismareinterconnectedandtheexcessivemovementscoulddamagethe
mechanicallinkages.
Whentowingaircraftbytowbarandtugspecialcareshouldbegiventobelowfacts,
Thecorrecttowbarshouldbeconnectedbetweenthetowingattachmentatthebaseof
thenoseundercarriagelegandthetug.

Apersonfamiliarwiththeaircraftbrakesystemshouldbeseatedinthecockpit/cabinto
operatethebrakesinanemergency.Thebrakesshouldnotnormallybeappliedunless
theaircraftisstationary.
Oncethetowbarisconnected,thebrakes,andiffitted,therudderlock,maybereleased
andtheaircrafttowedatasafespeed.Asafespeedisconsideredtobewalkingspeed.
Aclosewatchshouldbekeptonthewingtipsandtail,particularlyinconfinedspaces,to
ensurethattheydonotcomeintocontactwithotherstationaryormovingobject.

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Incircumstanceswherethegroundoverwhichtheaircrafthastobetowediseitherboggy
orveryuneven,thestrainimposedonthenoseundercarriagemaybeexcessiveandit
maybenecessarytotowtheaircraftbymeansofbridlesattachedtoeachmain
undercarriage.Iftowingattachmentsarenotprovidedonthemainundercarriagelegs,
ropesshouldbepassedcarefullyaroundthelegsasneartothetopaspossibleand
avoidingfoulingonadjacentpipesorstructure.Aseparatetugshouldbeconnectedto
eachmainundercarriageassembly.Steeringshouldbecarriedoutbymeansofasteering
armattachedtothenosewheelratherthanbydifferentialmovementofthetugs.

Themostcommonmeansoftowingalargeaircraftnowadaysisbymeansofatowbar
lessaircrafthandlingtractor.Thesetractorstendtobefrontwheeldrivenandtherefore
whentowinganaircraft,areactingtopullthetractor/aircraftcombination.Thetowbarless
tractorconsistsofalowleveltractorwitharearmountedcradle,comprisingofascoop
andgateassembly.
Owingtothetractorslowheightitcaneasilymoveinundertheaircraftsfuselageto
coupleupwiththeaircraftsnosewheel.Duringoperationthenosewheelisraisedby
about20cmsbythetractorandafterthetowingiscompletedthenosewheelislowered
andthenosewheelisreleasedfromthecradle.
EngineStartingProcedures:
PistonEngine:
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Thefollowingproceduresaretypicalofthoseusedtostartreciprocatingengines.There
are,however,widevariationsintheproceduresforthemanyreciprocatingengines.No
attemptshouldbemadetousethemethodspresentedhereforactuallystartinganengine.
Instead,alwaysrefertotheprocedurescontainedintheapplicablemanufacturers
instructions.
Reciprocatingenginesarecapableofstartinginfairlylowtemperatureswithouttheuseof
engineheatingoroildilution,dependingonthegradeofoilused.
Thevariouscovers(wing,tail,cockpit,wheel,etc.)protectingtheaircraftmustbe
removedbeforeattemptingtoturntheengine.Externalsourcesofelectricalpowershould
beusedwhenstartingenginesequippedwithelectricstarters.Thiseliminatesan
excessiveburdenontheaircraftbattery.Allunnecessaryelectricalequipmentshouldbe
leftoffuntilthegeneratorsarefurnishingelectricalpowertotheaircraftpowerbus.
Beforestartingaradialenginethathasbeenshutdownformorethan30minutes,check
theignitionswitchforoffturnthepropellerthreeorfourcompleterevolutionswiththe
starter,oritmaybepulledthroughbyhandtodetectahydrauliclockifoneispresent.
Anyliquidpresentinacylinderisindicatedbytheabnormaleffortrequiredtorotatethe
propeller,orbythepropellerstoppingabruptlyduringrotation.Neveruseforcetoturnthe
propellerwhenahydrauliclockisdetected.
Sufficientforcecanbeexertedonthecrankshafttobendorbreakaconnectingrodifa
lockispresent.
Toeliminatealock,removeeitherthefrontorrearsparkplugfromthelowercylindersand
pullthepropellerthrough.Neverattempttoclearthehydrauliclockbypullingthepropeller
throughintheoppositedirectiontonormalrotation.Thistendstoinjecttheliquidfromthe
cylinderintotheintakepipe.Theliquidwillbedrawnbackintothecylinderwiththe
possibilityofcompleteorpartiallockoccurringonthesubsequentstart.
Tostarttheengine,proceedasfollows:
1.Turntheauxiliaryfuelpumpon,ifaircraftissoequipped.
2.Placethemixturecontroltothepositionrecommendedfortheengineandcarburettor
combinationbeingstarted.Asageneralrule,themixturecontrolshouldbeintheidle
cutoffpositionforpressuretypecarburettorsandinthefullrichpositionforfloattype
carburetors.
Manylightaircraftareequippedwithamixturecontrolpullrodwhichhasnodetented
intermediatepositions.Whensuchcontrolsarepushedinflushwiththeinstrumentpanel,
themixtureissetinthefullrichposition.Conversely,whenthecontrolrodispulledall
thewayout,thecarburetorisintheidlecutofforfullleanposition.Unmarked
intermediatepositionsbetweenthesetwoextremescanbeselectedbytheoperatorto
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achieveanydesiredmixturesetting.
3.Openthethrottletoapositionthatwillprovide1,000to1,200rpm(approximately1/8to
1/2inchfromtheclosedposition).
4.Leavethepreheatoralternateair(carburetorair)controlinthecoldpositiontoprevent
damageandfireincaseofbackfire.Theseauxiliaryheatingdevicesshouldbeusedafter
theenginewarmsup.Theyimprovefuelvaporization,preventfoulingofthesparkplugs,
iceformation,andeliminateicingintheinductionsystem.
5.Energizethestarterafterthepropellerhasmadeatleasttwocompleterevolutions,and
turntheignitionswitchon.Onenginesequippedwithaninductionvibrator,turnswitchto
thebothposition.Whenstartinganenginethatusesanimpulsecouplingmagneto,turn
theignitionswitchtotheleftposition.Placetheignitionswitchtostartwhenthe
magnetoincorporatesaretardbreakerassembly.Donotcranktheenginecontinuously
withthestarterformorethan1minute.Allowa3to5minuteperiodforcoolingthestarter
betweensuccessiveattempts.Otherwisethestartermaybeburnedoutdueto
overheating.
6.Movetheprimerswitchtoonintermittently,orprimewithonetothreestrokesof
primingpump,dependingonhowtheaircraftisequipped.Whentheenginebeginstofire,
holdtheprimeronwhilegraduallyopeningthrottletoobtainsmoothoperation.
Aftertheengineisoperatingsmoothlyontheprimer,movethemixturecontroltothefull
richposition.Releasetheprimerassoonasadropinrpmindicatestheengineis
receivingadditionalfuelfromthecarburetor.
HandCranking
Iftheaircrafthasnoselfstarter,theenginemustbestartedbyswingingthepropeller.The
personwhoisturningthepropellercalls,fuelon,switchoff,throttleclosed,brakeson.
Thepersonoperatingtheenginewillchecktheseitemsandrepeatthephrase.Theswitch
andthrottlemustnotbetouchedagainuntilthepersonswingingthepropcallscontact.
Theoperatorwillrepeatcontactandthenturnontheswitch.Neverturnontheswitch
andthencallcontact.
Whenswingingtheprop,afewsimpleprecautionswillhelptoavoidaccidents.When
touchingapropeller,alwaysassumethattheignitionison.Theswitcheswhichcontrol
themagnetosoperateontheprincipleofshortcircuitingthecurrenttoturntheignitionoff.
Iftheswitchisfaulty,itcanbeintheoffpositionandstillpermitcurrenttoflowinthe
magnetoprimarycircuit.
Besurethegroundisfirm.Slipperygrass,mud,grease,orloosegravelcanleadtoafall
intoorunderthepropeller.Neverallowanyportionofyourbodytogetinthewayofthe
propeller.Thisapplieseventhoughtheengineisnotbeingcranked.Standcloseenoughto
thepropellertobeabletostepawayasitispulleddown.Steppingawayaftercrankingis
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asafeguardincasethebrakesfail.
Donotstandinapositionthatrequiresleaningtowardthepropellertoreachit.This
throwsthebodyoffbalanceandcouldcauseyoutofallintothebladeswhentheengine
starts.
Inswingingtheprop,alwaysmovethebladedownwardbypushingwiththepalmsofthe
hand.Donotgripthebladewiththefingerscurledovertheedge,sincekickbackmay
breakthemordrawyourbodyinthebladepath.
Excessivethrottleopeningandintermittentprimingaftertheenginehasfiredarethe
principalcausesofbackfiringduringstarting.Gradualopeningofthethrottlewhilepriming
continuouslywillreducetheinitialoverrichmixturetoasmoothrunning,bestpower
mixtureastheenginepicksupspeed.Anengineoperatingonanoverrichmixtureis
sluggishbutwillnotbackfire.
Whenstartinganengineusingaprimingpump,movethemixturecontrolintofullrich
position,ifnotpreviouslyplacedthere,whentheenginebeginstofire.Iftheenginefailsto
startimmediately,returnthemixturecontroltoidlecutoffposition.Failuretodosowill
createanexcessiveamountoffuelinthecarburetorairscoop,constitutingafirehazard.
Avoidprimingtheenginebeforeitisturnedoverbythestarter.Thiscanresultinfires,
scoredorscuffedcylindersandpistons,and,insomecases,enginefailuresdueto
hydrauliclock.Iftheengineisinadvertentlyfloodedoroverprimed,turntheignitionswitch
offandmovethethrottletothefullopenposition.Toridtheengineoftheexcessfuel,
turnitoverbyhandorbythestarter.Ifexcessiveforceisneededtoturnovertheengine,
stopimmediately.Donotforcerotationoftheengine.Ifindoubt,removethelower
cylindersparkplugs.Ifveryseriousoverloadinghasoccurred,itmaybenecessaryto
removethelowercylinderintakepipes.Toreducethelikelihoodofdamagetotheengine
duetooverprimingonsomemediumandlargeaircraft,theengineblowerdrainvalves
shouldbecheckedfrequentlyforfoulingorsticking.
Immediatelyaftertheenginestarts,checktheoilpressureindicator.Ifoilpressuredoes
notshowwithin30seconds,stoptheengineanddeterminethetrouble.Ifoilpressureis
indicated,adjustthethrottletotheaircraftmanufacturersspecifiedrpmforengine
warmup.Warmuprpmwillusuallybeinthe1,000to1,300rpmrange.
Mostaircraftreciprocatingenginesareaircooledanddependontheforwardspeedofthe
aircrafttomaintainpropercooling.Therefore,particularcareisnecessarywhenoperating
theseenginesontheground.
Duringallgroundrunning,operatetheenginewiththepropellerinfulllowpitchandheaded
intothewindwiththecowlinginstalledtoprovidethebestdegreeofenginecooling.The
engineinstrumentsshouldbemonitoredcloselyatalltimes.Donotclosethecowlflaps
forenginewarmupclosingofthecowlflapsmaycausetheignitionharnesstooverheat.
Whenwarminguptheengine,makesurethatpersonnel,groundinstallations,equipment
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thatmaybedamaged,orotheraircraftarenotinthepropellerwash.
ExtinguishingEngineFires
InallcasesafireguardshouldstandbywithaCO2fireextinguisherwhiletheaircraft
engineisbeingstarted.Thisisanecessaryprecautionagainstfireduringthestarting
procedure.Heshouldbefamiliarwiththeinductionsystemoftheenginesothatincaseof
firehecandirecttheCO2intotheairintakeoftheenginetoextinguishit.Afirecouldalso
occurintheexhaustsystemoftheenginefromliquidfuelbeingignitedinthecylinderand
expelledduringthenormalrotationoftheengine.Ifanenginefiredevelopsduringthe
startingprocedure,continuecrankingtostarttheengineandblowoutthefire.Iftheengine
doesnotstartandthefirecontinuestoburn,discontinuethestartattempt.Thefireguard
shouldextinguishthefireusingtheavailableequipment.Thefireguardmustobserveall
safetypracticesatalltimeswhilestandingbyduringthestartingprocedure.
TURBOPROPENGINES
PrestartProcedures
Thevariouscoversprotectingtheaircraftmustberemoved.Enginetailpipesshouldbe
carefullyinspectedforthepresenceoffueloroil.Aclosevisualinspectionofall
accessiblepartsoftheenginesandenginecontrolsshouldbemade,followedbyan
inspectionofallnacelleareastodeterminethatallinspectionandaccessplatesare
secured.Sumpsshouldbecheckedforwater.Airinletareasshouldbeinspectedfor
generalconditionandforeignmaterial.Thecompressorshouldbecheckedforfree
rotation,whentheinstallationpermits,byreachinginandturningthebladesbyhand.
Thefollowingproceduresaretypicalofthoseusedtostartturbopropengines.Thereare,
however,widevariationsintheproceduresapplicabletothemanyturbopropengines,and
noattemptshouldbemadetousetheseproceduresintheactualstartingofaturboprop
engine.Theseproceduresarepresentedonlyasageneralguideforfamiliarizationwith
typicalproceduresandmethods.Forstartingofallturbopropengines,refertothedetailed
procedurescontainedintheapplicablemanufacturersinstructionsortheirapproved
equivalent.
Thefirststepinstartingaturbineengineistoprovideanadequatesourceofpowerforthe
starter.Whereanairturbinestarterisused,thestartingairsupplymaybeobtainedfroma
gasturbinecompressor(GTC),anexternalsource,oranenginecrossbleedoperation.To
startthefirstengine,useaGTCorlowpressure,largevolumetank.Starttheremaining
engine(s)usingbleedairfromtherunningengine.
Whilestartinganengine,alwaysobservethefollowing:
1.Neverenergizethestarterwhiletheengineisrotating.
2.Donotmovethepowerleverofanyenginewhileitisbeingbledforcrossbleedstarting.
3.Donotperformagroundstartifturbineinlettemperatureisabovethatspecifiedbythe
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manufacturer.
4.Donotusebleedairfromanenginethatisaccelerating.
StartingProcedures
Tostartanengineontheground,performthefollowingoperations:
1.Placethestartselectorswitchtothedesiredengineandthestartarmingswitch(ifso
equipped)tothestartposition.
2.Turntheaircraftboostpumpson.
3.Placethefuelandignitionswitchon.
4.Positionthelowrpmswitchinlowornormal(high).
5.Makesurethatthepowerleverisinthestartposition.Ifthepropellerisnotatthe
startposition,difficultymaybeencounteredinmakingastart.
6.Depressthestartswitchand,ifprimingisnecessary,depresstheprimerbutton.
7.Makesurethefuelpumpparallellightcomesonat,orabove,2,200rpmandremainson
upto9,000rpm.
8.Checktheoilpressureandtemperature.Maintainthepowerleveratthestartposition
untilthespecifiedminimumoiltemperatureisreached.
9.Disconnectthegroundpowersupply.
Ifanyofthefollowingconditionsoccurduringthestartingsequence,turnoffthefueland
ignitionswitch,discontinuethestartimmediately,makeaninvestigationandrecordthe
findings.
1.Turbineinlettemperatureexceedsthespecifiedmaximum.Recordtheobservedpeak
temperature.
2.Accelerationtimefromstartofpropellerrotationtostabilizedrpmexceedsthespecified
time.
3.Thereisnooilpressureindicationat5,000rpmforeitherthereductiongearorthe
powerunit.
4.Torching(visibleburningintheexhaustnozzleotherthannormalenrichment)or
excessivesmokeisobservedduringinitialfireup.
5.Theenginefailstoigniteby4,500rpmormaximummotoringrpm(whicheverisfirst),
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andrpmstagnatesorbeginstodecay.
6.Abnormalvibrationisnotedorcompressorsurgeoccurs(indicatedbybackfiring).
7.Thereisfuelspewingfromthenacelledrain,indicatingthatthedripvalvedidnotclose.
8.Firewarningbellrings.(Thismaybeduetoeitheranenginefireorfailureofananti
icingshutoffvalvetoclose.)
TURBOJETENGINES
PreflightOperations
Unlikereciprocatingengineaircraft,theturbojetpoweredaircraftdoesnotrequireapre
flightrunupunlessitisnecessarytoinvestigateasuspectedmalfunction.Beforestarting,
allprotectivecoversandairinletductcoversshouldberemoved.Ifpossible,theaircraft
shouldbeheadedintothewindtoobtainbettercooling,fasterstarting,andsmoother
engineperformance.Itisespeciallyimportantthattheaircraftbeheadedintothewindif
theengineistobetrimmed.
Therunupareaaroundtheaircraftshouldbeclearedofbothpersonnelandloose
equipment.
Theturbojetengineintakeandexhausthazardareasareillustratedinfigure111.Care
shouldalsobetakentoensurethattherunupareaisclearofallitemssuchasnuts,
bolts,rocks,rags,orotherloosedebris.
Agreatnumberofveryseriousaccidentsoccurinvolvingpersonnelinthevicinityof
turbojetengineairinlets.Extremecautionshouldbeexercisedwhenstartingturbojet
aircraft.
Theaircraftfuelsumpsshouldbecheckedforwaterorice,andtheengineairinletshould
beinspectedforgeneralconditionandthepresenceofforeignobjects.Theforward
compressorbladesandthecompressorinletguidevanesshouldbevisuallyinspectedfor
nicksandotherdamage.
Ifpossible,thecompressorshouldbecheckedforfreerotationbyturningthecompressor
bladesbyhand.
Allenginecontrolsshouldbeoperated,andengineinstrumentsandwarninglightsshould
becheckedforproperoperation.
StartingaTurbojetEngine
Thefollowingproceduresaretypicalofthoseusedtostartmanyturbojetengines.There
are,however,widevariationsinthestartingproceduresusedforturbojetengines,andno
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attemptshouldbemadetousetheseproceduresintheactualstartingofanengine.These
proceduresarepresentedonlyasageneralguideforfamiliarizationwithtypical
proceduresandmethods.Inthestartingofallturbojetengines,refertothedetailed
procedurescontainedintheapplicablemanufacturersinstructionsortheirapproved
equivalent.
Mostturbojetenginescanbestartedbyeitherairturbineorcombustiontypestarters.Air
turbinestartersusecompressedairfromanexternalsource.Thissourcemaybeaground
cartunitorairbledfromanotherengineontheaircraftthatisinoperation.Combustion
startersaresmallgasturbineenginesthatobtainpowerfromexpandinggasesgenerated
inthestarterscombustionchamber.Thesehotgasesareproducedbytheburningoffuel
andairor,insomecases,aslowburningsolidorliquidmonopropellantspecially
compoundedforsuchstarterunits.
Fuelisturnedoneitherbymovingthepowerlevertoidlepositionorbyopeningafuel
shutoffvalve.Ifanairturbinestarterisused,theengineshouldstartorlightupwithin
approximately20secondsafterthefuelisturnedon.Thisisanarbitrarilychosentime
intervalthat,ifexceeded,indicatesamalfunctionhasoccurredandthestartshouldbe
discontinued.Afterthecauseofthetroublehasbeenremoved,anotherstartmaybe
made.Ifacombustionstarterisused,the20secondintervalneednotbeobserved,since
starteroperationwilldiscontinueautomaticallyafterapredeterminedtimeinterval.The
followingproceduresareusefulonlyasageneralguide,andareincludedtoshowthe
sequenceofeventsinstartingaturbojetengine.
1.Movepowerlevertooffpositionunlesstheengineisequippedwiththrustreverser.If
theengineissoequipped,placethepowerleverintheidleposition.
2.Turnonelectricalpowertoengine.
3.Turnfuelsystemshutoffswitchtofuelonposition.
4.Turnfuelboostpumpswitchon.
5.Afuelinletpressureindicatorreadingof5psiensuresfuelisbeingdeliveredtoengine
fuelpumpinlet.
6.Turnenginestarterswitchonwhenenginebeginstorotate,checkforoilpressurerise.
7.Turnignitionswitchonafterenginebeginstorotate.
8.Movethrottletoidle(ifengineisnotequippedwiththrustreverser).
9.Enginestart(lightup)isindicatedbyariseinexhaustgastemperature.
10.Afterenginestabilizesatidle,ensurethatnoneoftheenginelimitsareexceeded.
11.Turnenginestarterswitchoffafterstart.
12.Turnignitionswitchoff.
UnsatisfactoryTurbojetStarts
1.HotStarts.
Ahotstartoccurswhentheenginestarts,buttheexhaustgastemperatureexceeds
specifiedlimits.Thisisusuallycausedbyanexcessivelyrichfuel/airmixtureenteringthe
combustionchamber.Thefueltotheengineshouldbeshutoffimmediately.
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2.FalseorHungStart.
Falseorhungstartsoccurwhentheenginestartsnormallybuttherpmremainsatsome
lowvalueratherthanincreasingtothenormalstartingrpm.Thisisoftentheresultof
insufficientpowertothestarter,orthestartercuttingoffbeforetheenginestartsself
accelerating.Inthiscase,theengineshouldbeshutdown.
3.EngineWillNotStart.
Theenginewillnotstartwithintheprescribedtimelimit.Itcanbecausedbylackoffuel
totheengine,insufficientornoelectricalpower,ormalfunctionsintheignitionsystem.If
theenginefailstostartwithintheprescribedtime,itshouldbeshutdown.
Inallcasesofunsatisfactorystartsthefuelandignitionshouldbeturnedoff.Continue
rotatingthecompressorforapproximately15secondstoremoveaccumulatedfuelfrom
theengine.Ifunabletomotor(rotate)theengine,allowa30secondfueldrainingperiod
beforeattemptinganotherstart.

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