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each of the national and regional IP offices designated by the applicant and
party to the Madrid system. On the basis of the Madrid international
registration, the national or regional IP office decides whether or not to issue
a trademark registration that is valid within its jurisdiction.
Madrid System
The abbreviated form for the Madrid system for the International Registration
of Marks, established under the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol
and administered by WIPO. The Madrid system makes it possible for an
applicant to apply for a trademark registration in a large number of
contracting parties by filing a single application at a national or regional IP
office party to the system. In addition, it simplifies the process of
multinational trademark registration by reducing the requirement to file a
separate application with each IP office. The system also streamlines
subsequent management of the registration, since it is possible to record
changes or to renew the registration through a single procedural step.
Registration through the Madrid system does not create an international
registration of a trademark, and the decision to register or refuse the
trademark remains in the hands of the national and/or regional IP office(s).
Trademark rights are limited to the jurisdiction of the trademark registration
office(s).
Maintenance
The process by which IP rights are maintained (i.e., kept in force). This
usually consists of paying maintenance (renewal) fees to an IP office at
regular intervals. If maintenance (renewal) fees are not paid, IP rights may
lapse.
Nice Classification
The abbreviated form of the International Classification of Goods and
Services for the Purposes of Registering Marks under the Nice Agreement.
The Nice Classification is divided into 34 classes for goods and 11 for
services.
Non-resident application
An application filed with a patent office of a given country/jurisdiction by an
applicant residing in another country/jurisdiction. For example, a patent
application filed with the USPTO by an applicant residing in France is
considered a non-resident application for the USPTO. Non-resident
applications are sometimes also referred to as foreign applications. A nonresident grant is a patent granted on the basis of a non-resident application.
Origin
The country of residence (or nationality, in the absence of a valid residence)
of the first-named applicant of an IP application. Country of origin is used to
determine the origin of the IP application.
Paris Convention
The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, signed in Paris
on March 20, 1883, is one of the most important IP treaties. It establishes the
right of priority which enables a patent applicant, when filing an application
In general, a patent application filed with a patent office and for which no
patent has yet been granted or refused nor the application withdrawn. In
jurisdictions where a request for examination is obligatory to start the
examination process, a pending application may refer to an application for
which a request for examination has been received but for which no patent
has been granted or refused, nor the application withdrawn.
The date on which an IP application is disclosed to the public. On that date,
the subject matter of the application becomes prior art.
Reference date
Application data are based on the date of application. Grant/registration data
are based on the date of grant/registration. Patent data by field of
technology and top PCT applicants are based on the publication date. Patent
family data are based on the priority (or first filing) date.
Regional application
An IP application filed with a regional IP office having jurisdiction over more
than one country or territory. There are currently four regional patent offices:
the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization, the Eurasian Patent
Organization, the European Patent Office and the African Intellectual Property
Organization. There are two regional trademark and industrial design offices:
the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property and the Office for Harmonization
in the Internal Market of the EU.
Regional grant (registration)
An IP right granted (registered) by a regional IP office having jurisdiction over
more than one country or territory.
Registration
Exclusive rights, notably for trademarks and industrial designs, issued to an
applicant by an IP office. Registrations are issued to applicants to make use
of and exploit trademarks or industrial designs for a limited period of time
and, in some cases, particularly in the case of trademarks, can be renewed
indefinitely.
Research and development (R&D) expenditure
The money spent on creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order
to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge related to humans
culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new
applications.
Resident application
An application filed with an IP office by an applicant residing in the
country/region in which that office has jurisdiction.. For example, an
application filed with the JPO by a resident of Japan is considered a resident
application for the JPO. Resident applications are sometimes referred to as
domestic applications. A resident grant/registration is an IP right issued on
the basis of a resident application.
Trademark
A trademark is a distinctive sign, which distinguishes certain goods or
services of one undertaking from those produced or provided by other