SCALAR: A scalar is said to have magnitude but no direction.

A scalar is any quantity that only

requires a magnitude or size to describe it completely. That is, it is completely specified by its
magnitude and has no direction. Scalars are used to describe one dimensional quantities, that is,
quantities which require only one number to completely describe them. Examples of scalar
includes Mass, Speed and Temperature.

VECTOR: Any quantity that possess both magnitude (size) and direction, is said to be a vector.
It must have both direction and magnitude, such as force or velocity. Vectors are used to describe
multi-dimensional quantities. Multi-dimensional quantities are those which require more than
one number to completely describe them. Vectors, unlike scalars, have two characteristics,
magnitude and direction. Examples of vector quantities are: Velocity, Acceleration, force.

Newton first law:

Newton first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as
the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force resulting from
unbalanced forces acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out), then the
object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest.
And if an additional external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force.
This means that there is a natural tendency of objects to keep on doing what they're doing. All
objects resist changes in their state of motion. In the absence of an unbalanced force, an object in
motion will maintain this state of motion. There are many excellent examples of Newton's first
law involving aerodynamics. The motion of a ball falling down through the atmosphere, or a
model rocket being launched up into the atmosphere are both examples of Newton's first law.
The motion of a kite when the wind changes can also be described by the first law.

Newton Second law of Motion

Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net
force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net
force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. It is pertained to the behavior of
objects for which all existing forces are not balanced. That is the acceleration of an object is
dependent upon two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object.
The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude
of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of
the object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is
increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased.
The Second Law gives us an exact relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. It can be
expressed as a mathematical equation:

Force = Mass X Acceleration

For an external applied force, the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object. A force
will cause a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The
equation works both ways.

Newton third law of motion

The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.
That is, if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object also exerts an equal
force on the first object. These forces are exerted on different objects. The third law can be used
to explain the generation of lift by a wing and the production of thrust by a jet engine.
The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two
interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the
second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the
force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction
force pairs.
Consider a car which is equipped with wheels that spin. As the wheels spin, they grip the road
and push the road backwards. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the road must also be
pushing the wheels forward. The size of the force on the road equals the size of the force on the

wheels (or car); the direction of the force on the road (backwards) is opposite the direction of the
force on the wheels (forwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in
direction) reaction. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for cars to move along a roadway
surface.

Calculate the resultants and components for the followings

Solution
4 kN

R2= 42 + 62
R=7.21kN
6Kn

Tan = 6/4
=Tan-1 (3/2)
= 56.30

2Kn

Solution:
R2= 22 + 82
R = 8.25kN

8Kn

Tan = 8/2
=Tan-1 (4)
= 75.96 = 800

10kN

Solution
Fx = Rcos
Fx = 10 x cos 300

300

Fx = 8.7kN

Fy = Rsin
Fy = 10 x sin 300
Fy = 5kN

30kN

Solution
Fy = Rsin
Fy = 30 x sin 600
600

Fy = 25.98kN

Fx = Rcos
Fx = 30 x cos 600
Fx = 15kN

Explain free body diagram and draw free body diagram for the following

Free body diagram (force diagram, or FBD) is a graphical illustration used to visualize the
applied forces, movements, and resulting reactions on a body in a steady state condition (no
acceleration of the system). They are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction
of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. They depict a body or connected bodies
with all of the applied forces and moments, as well as reactions, that act on that/those body. The
body may consist of multiple internal members, for example, a truss, or be a compact body such
as a beam. A series of free bodies and other diagrams may be necessary to solve complex
problems.

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

Explain principle of transmissibility.

This principle states that the conditions of equilibrium or conditions of motion of a rigid body
will remain unchanged if a force acting at a given point of the rigid body is replaced by a force of
the same magnitude and same direction, but acting at a different point, provided that the two
forces have the same line of action. I.e. The main thing to be noted is when analyzing the internal
forces (stress) in a rigid body, the exact point of application does matter. This difference in
stresses may also result in changes in geometry which will may in turn affect reaction forces. For
this reason, the principle of transmissibility should only be used when examining external forces
on bodies that are assumed to be rigid.
For example a force F is acting at point A on a rigid body along the line of action AB. At point
B, apply two equal and opposite forces F1 and F2 such that F1 and F2 are collinear and equal in
magnitude with F. Now, we can transfer F1 from B to A such that F and F1 are equal and
opposite and accordingly they cancel each other. The net result is force F2 at B. This implies that
a force acting at any point on a body may also be considered to act at any other point along its
line of action without changing the equilibrium of the body.

In using law of transmissibility of forces it should be carefully noted that it is applicable to only
if the body can be treated as rigid.
Explain system of forces with examples and sketches:
A force system is a collection of forces acting at specified locations (may also include couples).
Thus the set of forces shown on any free body diagram make up a force system. Force system is
simply a term used to describe a group of forces. When a number of forces act on a body
simultaneously, they are known as a force system.
Collinear Forces: Co-means same and linear means along a line. Thus forces acting along a line
are known as collinear forces. Example include forces on the rope in a tug of war.
Coplanar Forces: Co-means same and planer means along a plane: Thus forces acting along a
plane are known as coplanar forces. Examples include system of forces acting on a beam
subjected to vertical loads including reactions.
Concurrent Forces: Con-means same and current means meeting thus forces meeting at a point
or emerging from a point are known as concurrent forces. Example include forces on a rod
resting against a wall.
Spatial Forces: force, acting in space are known as spatial forces or forces acting in space.
Non-Concurrent Forces: forces: forces not meeting at a point are known as non-concurrent
forces. Example include tripod carrying camera or theodolite.
Like Forces: Forces that act parallel to each other and also act in same direction.
Unlike Forces: Forces that act parallel to each other but do not act in the same direction.

Coplanar parallel

Coplanar like forces

Coplanar concurrent

coplanar non-concurrent

Collinear

Z
Non coplanar non-concurent