Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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4-0
Description
Add the following:
6.
4.1.2
Grades
Add the following
4.1.2.6
PG 76-10
230C minimum
135 C
PG 82-10
230C minimum
135 C
76C
82C
ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN (T240) or THIN FILM OVEN (T179) RESIDUE
PG 76-10
PG 82-10
Mass loss, Maximum
1%
1%
Dynamic Shear, TP5;
76 C
82 C
G*/sin , Minimum, 2.20 kPa
Test Temp @ 10 rad/s
PRESSURE AGING VESSEL RESIDUE
PAV Aging Temperature
Dynamic Shear, TP5
G*/sin , Minimum, 5000 kPa
Test Temp @ 10 rad/s
Physical Hardening
Creep Stiffness, TP1
Stiffness, Maximum, 300.0 MPa @ 60 seconds
m-value, Minimum, 0.300 @ 60 seconds
Test Temp
Direct Tension, TP3
Failure Strain, Minimum, 1.0% (loading rate of
1.0 mm/min)
Test Temp
PG 76-10
110 C
37C
PG 82-10
110 C
40 C
0C
Report
0C
0C
0C
4-1
G* -- Shear modulus; -- phase angle; G*sin (for fatigue); G*/sin (for rutting) ;
mrate of change in the creep stiffness.
The Contractor is only required to perform viscosity Quality Control Testing on the Performance
Graded Binder. The Ministry of Communication Materials and Research Department Materials
laboratory is equipped with the remaining equipment for the complete Performance Graded
Binder Quality Assurance testing.
4-2
SECTION 4.02 BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT, TACK COAT AND FOG SEAL
4.2.8
Measurement
This Subsection is amended to provide that bituminous tack coat shall not be measured
for payment.
4.02.9 Payment
Replace the first sentence with the following:
Bituminous tack coat will not be paid for directly as it is subsidiary to the Pay Item for the
surface being tacked.
4-3
Description
Add the following:
Bituminous overlay Work shall consist of the construction of one course of hot-mixed, hotlaid bituminous mixture conforming to the requirements of this section, spread and compacted on
an approved surface, in compliance with the lines, grades and cross sections indicated on the
plans or as directed. The exact limits of construction and the widths and thicknesses of
bituminous overlay will be confirmed by the Engineer, and will be based on the job conditions
prevailing at the time the Work is performed.
For the purpose of this section, when the term "bituminous wearing course" or surface
course is used, it shall mean "bituminous wearing course and/or bituminous leveling course
and/or bituminous overlay", as applicable.
4.5.2
Materials
4.5.2.1 Bituminous Materials
Replace with the following:
Bituminous Material for bituminous concrete pavements including bituminous
concrete friction course, hot mixed, recycled bituminous concrete, bituminous stone matrix
asphalt (SMA) and porous bituminous concrete (PBC) shall be performance graded (PG) asphalt
cement meeting the requirements of Paragraph 4.01.2.6 Performance Graded (PG)
Bituminous Materials in this Addendum to the General Specifications.
4.5.2.2
Aggregate
Add the following immediately below Table 4.05-2:
The contractor shall add an approved polymer material to all bituminous concrete
mixtures in accordance with the following criteria:
4.5.6
Construction Requirements
4.05.6.5
Preparation of Surface
Add the following :
4-4
be obtained in sets of two (2), cut from the same location on the existing bituminous pavement.
Two (2) sets of samples per traffic lane-kilometer to be overlaid, or fraction thereof, shall be
obtained and all test holes shall be filled and compacted by the Contractor at his own expense.
The Contractor shall perform all tests that may be required to assist the Engineer
in his evaluation of the properties of the existing pavement and the verification of the thickness of
the bituminous wearing course to be constructed. Should the resulting total thickness of the
bituminous layers, including the layer to be constructed, exceed two hundred and fifty (250)
millimeters, the matter shall be referred to the Maintenance Department of the Ministry. A
detailed report containing the findings of the foregoing investigation, the specific problems
encountered, and the proposed solutions accompanied by cost estimates shall be submitted to
the said Department by the Engineer. Within fifteen (15) days from receipt of the Engineers
proposal, the Ministry shall advise the Engineer of its decision, that shall be final and binding to
the Contractor under the provisions of the Contract.
The Contractor shall perform all sampling and testing at his own expense
and in the presence of the Engineer.
Sections of existing, old failed base may, if so directed, be replaced by
aggregate base course material, in accordance with General Specifications Section 3.03 Aggregate Bases. This work shall be paid at the unit rate bid per cubic meter for "Aggregate
Base Course" as specified in the Bill of Quantities.
Catch basin grates, drop inlet grates, manhole covers, etc., that must be
adjusted to match the new surface grade, shall be paid at the Contract unit price bid per each
item for such adjustment, as specified in the Bill of Quantities.
7. When the bituminous wearing course is to be placed on Portland cement
concrete bridge decks or Portland cement concrete pavement, the surface shall be prepared and
primed as specified in Section 4.02 - Bituminous Prime Coat, Tack Coat and Fog Seal.
4.05.10 Method of Measurement
Replace the last paragraph with the following:
Antistripping agents, mineral fillers, fibers and chemical admixture/asphalt modifiers other
than polymers used by the contractor to meet the job mix formula (JMF) requirements will be
considered subsidiary to the Bituminous Concrete Pay Items in the General Specifications and in
this Addendum to the General Specifications and will not be measured separately unless
specifically stated in the special specifications and listed in the Bill of Quantities. Polymer
chemical admixture/asphalt modifiers shall be measured separately by the kilogram.
4.05.11 Payment
Replace the third paragraph with the following:
Antistripping agents, mineral fillers, fibers and chemical admixture/asphalt modifiers other
than polymers will not be paid for separately as they are subsidiary to the Bituminous Concrete
Pay Items in the General Specifications and in this Addendum to the General Specifications
unless specifically specified in the Special Specifications and listed Bill of Quantities. Polymer
chemical admixture/Asphalt modifiers will be paid for separately when measures in accordance
with subsection 4.05.10 Method of Measurement in this Addendum to the General Specifications.
Under Pay Item No. 4050802 chemical admixture/asphalt modifier, polymer.
4-5
Materials
Replace Paragraph 4.06.2.1 -- Bituminous Material with the following:
4.06.4.1.1
1.
Batch Plant Type. The batch plant shall prepare the mixture with
heat transfer and may employ one of the methods described herein.
The first method shall utilize a long belt conveyor with brake
motor and a feeder bin for reclaimed materials. A chute shall be attached to the batching tower to
direct the reclaimed material from the incline conveyor into the weigh hopper. The control system
on the plant shall be modified with additional presets so that the feeder bin and incline are
handled like a fifth aggregate. When adding reclaimed materials, the fifth preset shall
automatically turn on the incline conveyor and the recycle bin and run the material into the weigh
hopper until the desired weight is reached.
The second method shall utilize a feeder bin for reclaimed
material that continuously feeds a separate bucket elevator that dumps the material in a special
hopper attached to the tower. This hopper shall be equipped with a gate to release the materials
on demand into the weigh hopper as needed for each batch.
2.
Drum Mix Plant Type. This type of plant shall be specifically
designed to produce a recycled bituminous mix. Its cold feeder system shall consist of at least
five cold bins capable of accurate control of the materials supplied. The feeder system shall be
automatic, linked to the main control system of the plant. Heating of the reclaimed materials shall
be done in the drum in such a manner as to prevent any deterioration of the bituminous binder.
The plant shall be provided with a mix storage system with a capacity of not less than forty (40)
tons.
4-6
4.06.4.2
4.06.4.2.1
Heater/Scarifier/Repaver
This unit shall be fully independent, capable of treating the surface layer
in place and furnished with an additional heater. The unit shall be complete with an integral
system for adding the bitumen modifier in a uniform and controlled manner. The mobile blending
unit shall be equipped with a coordinated system for adding and mixing with the old materials to
be recycled, new aggregate, bitumen, asphalt modifier or new bituminous mixture at the required
quantities. The unit shall be capable of disposing any surplus materials prior to the mixing
process.
4.06.4.3
4.06.4.3.1
Milling Machine
The unit shall be capable of picking the reclaimed materials and the new
aggregate, heating the mixture, adding asphalt modifier and/or asphalt cement separately and
mixing. Materials shall be heated in a drum-type plant in such a manner as to prevent damage to
the bituminous binder in the reclaimed materials. The unit shall be capable of cleaning the
surface and applying asphalt emulsion thereon after picking up the materials for heating and prior
to spreading.
4.06.6 Construction Requirements
Add the following:
The exact locations of the areas to be recycled along with the respective thicknesses
thereof shall be determined and delineated by the Engineer immediately prior to the start of the
Work. The process shall involve controlled removal of the existing pavement layer and the
addition and mixing in place or at a central plant of any required new aggregate, new asphalt and
asphalt modifiers. The resultant hot mixture shall be spread, compacted and, when directed or
shown on the plans, sealed with a surface treatment or an overlay. When such a treatment or an
overlay is required, it shall be carried out and paid for separately as specified in other sections of
the specifications.
4.06.6.1
4.6.6.1.1
4-7
the placement of the recycled layer. Deficient parts of base course or subgrade that are to be
restored, as shown on the plans or directed by the Engineer prior to start of the removal
operations, shall be repaired and paid for separately as specified in the pertinent sections of the
General Specifications and this Addendum to the General Specifications.
4.6.6.1.2
4.06.6.3
4.6.6.3.1
4-8
4.06.6.3.2
Reclaimed materials shall be picked up, and mixed with new aggregate, new
asphalt cement and recycling agents in a drum-type plant as detailed in Subparagraph 4.06.6.1.3
above. The heating temperature and the overall mixing time shall be suitable for drying, heating,
mixing, and covering the aggregate in a manner acceptable to the Engineer. The heating
temperature shall be kept within the limits of one hundred-fifty (150) and one hundred-sixty (160)
degrees Celsius. The water content in the mixture immediately upon its spreading shall not
exceed one and one-half percent (1.5%), by weight.
4.06.9 Method of Measurement
Replace the fourth paragraph with the following:
Antistripping agents, mineral fillers, fibers and chemical admixture/Asphalt modifiers other
than polymers used by the contractor to meet the Job Mix Formula (JMF) requirements will be
considered subsidiary to the construction of the hot-mix recycled bituminous concrete pavement
and will not be measured separately unless specifically stated in the Special Specifications and
listed in the Bill of Quantities. Polymer chemical admixture/Asphalt modifiers shall be measured
separately by the kilogram.
4.06.10 Payment
Replace the paragraph with the following:
Antistripping agents, minerals fillers, fibers and chemical admixture/asphalt modifiers other than
polymers used by the contractor to meet the Job Mix Formula requirement shall be considered
subsidiary to the construction of hot-mix recycled bituminous concrete and shall not be paid for
separately unless specifically stated in the Special Specifications and listed in the Bill of
Quantities. Polymer chemical admixture/asphalt modifiers will be paid for in accordance with
subsection 4.05.11 Payment in this Addendum to the General Specificatons.
4-9
Materials
Replace Paragraph 4.07.2.1 -- Bituminous Material with the following:
4.7.2.1
Bituminous Material
Measurement
Replace the last paragraph with the following:
Payment
Replace the fourth paragraph with the following:
Asphalt cement modified asphalt cement, antistripping agents, mineral fillers, fibers
and chemical additive/asphalt modifiers other than polymers will not paid for separately as they
are considered subsidiary to the construction of the bituminous concrete friction course in the
General Specifications and this Addendum to the General Specification. Polymer chemical
admixture/asphalt modifiers will be paid for separately in accordance with Subsection 4.05.11
Payment in this Addendum to the General Specifications.
4 - 10
PAY ITEM
PAY UNIT
40951
Cubic Meter
40952
Square Meter
4 - 11
Description
This work shall consist of placing Bituminous Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) as shown on
the plans, and in accordance with these specifications, the General Specifications and as directed
by the Engineer. The SMA may be produced in batch or drum mix plant.
The SMA is a gap graded hot mix asphalt mixture consisting of crushed coarse and fine
aggregates, mineral filler, asphalt cement, and stabilizing agent. The stabilizing agent typically
consists of fibers and / or polymers.
Supplemental Pay Items
Bituminous Stone matrix Asphalt (SMA)
4.16.2
Materials
The materials shall conform to the following requirements:
Bituminous Material
Bituminous material shall be Performance Graded (PG) asphalt cement conforming to the
requirements in Paragraph 4.01.2.6 Performance Graded Bituminous Materials in this
Addendum to the General Specifications
4.16.2.2
60% min
30% max
12% max
40 min
0.4 min
40 min
100%
20%
5%
100%
0%
4 - 12
12% MAX
4.16.3
Mineral Filler
Mineral Filler shall be rock dust, crushed lime stone, portland cement or other suitable
filler material and shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M17. Additionally, plasticity index
(T90) of mineral filler shall not exceed 4%. Filler shall be kept as dry as possible, but in not case
the moisture shall exceed 10%.
4.16.4
Fiber
The cellulose fibers which meet the following requirements shall be uniformly
dispersed in the SMA mixture. Fiber content shall be between 0.3-0.4% of the total mix (lower
limit for cellulose, higher for mineral fibers). [local fine aggregate is not acceptable as a fiber].
Property
Sieve Analysis
Method A Alpine Sieve 1 Analysis
Fiber Length
Passing 0.150 mm (No. 100 sieve)
Method B Mesh Screen 2 Analysis
Fiber Length
Passing 0.850 mm (No. 20) sieve
0.425 mm (No. 40 ) sieve
0.106 mm (No. 140) sieve
Ash Content 3
PH4
Oil Absorption5
Moisture Content6
(1)
Requirement
6 mm ( 0.25 in) Maximum
70 + 10 %
6 mm ( 0.25 in) Maximum
85 + 10 %
65 + 10 %
30 + 10 %
18 + 5 non-volatile
7.5 + 1.0
5.0 + 1.0 (times fiber mass)
Less than 5 % (by mass)
Method A Alpine Sieve Analysis. This test is performed using and Alpine Air Jet Sieve
(Type 200 LS). A representative five gram sample of fiber is sieved for 14 minutes at a
controlled vacuum of 5 kPa (11 psi) of water. The portion remaining on the screen is
weighed.
(2) Method B Mesh Screen Analysis. This test is performed using standard 0.850, 0.425,
0.250, 0.180, 0.150, and 0.106 mm sieves, nylon brushes, and a shaker. A representative 10
gram sample of fiber is sieved, using a shaker and two nylon brushes on each screen. The
amount retained on each sieve is weighed and the percentage passing calculated.
Repeatability of this method is suspect and needs to be verified.
(3) Ash Content A representative 2 3 gram sample of fiber is placed in a tarred crucible and
heated between 595 and 650 C (1100 and 1200F) for not less than two hours. The crucible
and ash are cooked in a desiccator and weighed.
(4) Ph Test Five grams of fiber is added to 100 ml of distilled water, stirred and let sit for 30
minutes. The Ph is determined with a probe calibrated with a Ph 7.0 buffer.
(5) Oil Absorption Test Five grams of fiber is accurately weighed and suspended in an excess
of mineral spirits for not less than 5 minutes to ensure total saturation. It is then placed in a
screen mesh strainer (approximately 0,5 mm2 opening size) and shaken on a wrist action
shaker for 10 minutes (approximately 32 mm (1 in) motion at 240 shakes per minutes).
The shaken mass is then transferred without touching to a tarred container and weighed.
Results are reported as to the amount (number of times its own weight) the fibers are able to
absorb.
4 - 13
(6) Moisture Content Ten grams of fiber is weighed and placed in a 121 C (250 F) forced air
oven for two hours. The sample is then re-weighed immediately upon removal form the
oven.
4.16.4.1
When fibers are used in batch plant, dry mixing time is increased by 5 7 seconds and
wet mixing times increased by at least 5 seconds for thorough mixing.
4.16.4.2
4.16.5
Introduction of loose fibers Loose fibers may be added using a fiber machine.
Introduction of pallet fibers Fibers in pellet form may be introduce using the
RAP conveyor.
SMA gradation shall be based on the maximum nominal size (one size above the
sieve that retains at least 10% of the material by weight.
15.6 mm SMA shall meet the following gradation:
Sieve Size
15.6 mm
Authorized limits
-
12.5 mm
9.5 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
0.075 mm
90 99
70-85
30 50
20 30
8 11
+ 5%
+ 5%
+ 4%
+ 4%
+ 2%
Authorized limits
+ 5%
12.5 mm
82 88
+ 5%
9.5 mm
55
+ 4%
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
0.075 mm
22 30
14 20
9 11
+ 4%
+ 2%
4 - 14
4.16.5.1
Marshall Mix Design criteria. SMA mixture shall conform to the following criteria:
Test
Stability
Voids in mineral aggregate, VMA
Air Voids in the mix
Voids in coarse aggregate mix, VCA
Draindown @ production temperature
TSR (D4867)
Compaction blows
4.16.5.2
4.16.5.3
Requirement
635 kg
17% minimum (18% desirable)
3 % minimum (4% recommended for
warmer climates)
Less than VCA of the coarse aggregate
(T19)
0.30% maximum
80% min
50 both sides
Asphalt Cement: Asphalt cement content during the design phase shall be a
minimum of 6% and no greater than a maximum of 7%.
Determination of Mixing and Compacting Temperatures
The mix design mixing and compacting temperatures shall be according to AASHTO
T-245 Subsections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 or according to the recommendations of the polymer
manufacturer in the case of using polymer modified binders.
4.16.5.4
Antistripping Additives
Antistripping additives will be added as needed to meet Marshal Mix Design Quality
Requirements in General Specifications Section 4.05 Bituminous Concrete Pavement.
4.16.6 Construction
4.16.6.1 Demonstration
Before proceeding with the actual work, the contractor shall demonstrate to the Engineer
that a satisfactory mix can be produced, placed, and compacted to determine the compactive
effort needed. A minimum of 100 tons shall be placed at a site that simulates the actual project
conditions.
4.16.6.2 Hauling Units
A liquid detergent shall be placed on the truck beds and any extra liquid shall be drained
before loading with the mix.
The mix shall not be stored at the plant for more than 30 minutes.
4.16.6.3 Mix Temperature at the site
The compaction temperature is established during the design. However, it should be
noted that mix will not compact after its temperature drops below 115C - 127C for polymer
modified mixes). Therefore, the initial temperature of the mix at the job site should not be less
than 140C. The haul time between the mixing plant and job site should preferably be kept to not
more than one hour.
4 - 15
Method of Measurement
Bituminous Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) shall be measured by the cubic meter of mix
acceptably placed and evaluated in accordance with the General Specifications and this
Addendum to the General Specifications.
4.16.9
Payment
The amount of Bituminous Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) actually incorporated in to the
work, and measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit prices in the Bill of
Quantities.
Prices and payment made under this section shall cover and be full compensation for
furnishing labor, equipment, materials, tools and incidentals necessary to complete all the work
involved as specified in Subsection 1.07.2 Scope of Payment in the General Specifications
except for polymer chemical admixture/asphalt modifiers which shall be paid for separately in
accordance with Paragraph 4.05.11 Payment in this Addendum to the General Specifications.
4 - 16
PAY ITEM
Bituminous Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)
4 - 17
PAY UNIT
Cubic Meter
Description
This work includes providing micro-surfacing systems in accordance with this Addendum
to the General Specifications and the plan dimensions.
SUPPLEMENTAL PAY ITEMS
Micro-Surfacing Layer
Micro-Surfacing Rut-Fill
16.2
Materials Requirements
The contractor shall furnish an asphalt emulsion, polymer modifier one hundred (100)
percent crushed mineral aggregate meeting the Type III Slurry Seal Aggregate requirements in
General Specifications Paragraph 4.10.2.2. Mineral filler, water and other additives are optional.
A signed and dated certification that the materials meet or exceed the following criteria shall be
submitted by the contractor as part of his mix design submission.
AGGREGATE
AASHTO T 176
(ASTM D 2419)
Sand Equivalent
60 min.
AASHTO T 104
(ASTM C 88)
Soundness
AASHTO T 96
(ASTM C 131)
Abrasion
AASHTO T 59
(ASTM D 244)
Viscosity
AASHTO T 59
(ASTM D 244)
Sieve Analysis
0.1% max.
AASHTO T 59
(ASTM D 244)
Asphalt
Content
ASPHALT EMULSION
Residual
62% min.
ASPHALT RESIDUE
ASTM D 2171
Absolute Viscosity
AASHTO T 53
Softening Point
57C, min.
AASHTO T 49
(ASTM D 2397)
Penetration
ASTM D 113
Ductility
70 min
4 - 18
MIXTURE
The following mixture properties are recommended by the International Slurry Seal
Association (ISSA). Document any deviation for the recommended mixture criteria and provide
such documentation to the Ministry.
ISSA TB-139
Wet Cohesion @
30 minutes
60 minutes
12 kg-cm, min.
20 kg-cm, min.
Asphalt Content,
Loaded Wheel Test
540 g/m2,max
Lat. Displace.
Vert. Displace
5% max.
10% max.
ISSA TB-144
Compatibility
ISSA TB-109 *
ISSA TB-100 *
* Tests ISSA TB-109 and TB-100 are used to determine optimum asphalt content. In lieu
of these test, the Ministry may require the use of a modified Marshall Stability Test (ISSA
TB-140) or Hveem Cohesionmeter Test (ASTM D 1560) to determine optimum asphalt
content.
16.3
Construction Requirements
16.3.1
Acceptance Criteria
No more than four (4) tear marks greater than thirteen (1) mm wide and or
hundred (100) mm long.
2.
No tear marks grater than twenty-five (25) mm wide and seventy five (75) mm
long
3.
Surface Friction The Contractor shall provide a uniform surface with a skid number
measured by ASTM E 274 at sixty-five (65) km/h, of at least forty (40).
Joints Longitudinal and transverse joints shall appear neat and uniform without buildup,
uncovered areas, or unsightly appearance.
4 - 19
Longitudinal joints shall be placed on lane lines with less than fifty (50) mm overlap on
adjacent passes and no more than six (6) mm difference in elevation between the adjacent
passes as measured with a 3-meter straight edge.
Transverse joints shall be restricted to five (5) per six thousand (6000) m of lane.
Construct transverse joints with no more than three (3) mm difference in elevation across the joint
as measured with a 3-meter straight edge.
Edges Edges shall appear neat and uniform along the roadway lane, shoulder, and curb
lines. Edges along curbs shall have no tolerance. Edges shall have no more than fifty (50) mm
horizontal variance in any thirty (30) m, along the roadway lane and shoulder.
Opening to Traffic Layers shall be open to traffic no sooner than one (1) hour after
placement. Filled ruts shall not be open to traffic for two (2) hours after placement.
Cross Section Cross section with a 3-meter straight edge. Filled ruts shall have no
depressions. Ruts shall not be more than three (3) mm per twenty five (25) mm.
If existing ruts are greater than six (6) mm, the ruts shall be filled by separate application
of micro-surfacing prior to the surface application. Ruts of six (6) mm or less may be filled during
the surface application.
Bleeding and Flushing Limit high severity bleeding and flushing in any one hundred
(100) m2 area to no more than two (2) percent by the end of the warranty period. No bleeding at
joints is allowed.
4.17.3.2
Execution Requirements
The Contractor will supply all material and labor to perform installation and repair work at
no additional cost to the agency and shall provide a certification that the materials and mixture
meet or exceed the requirements of Section 4.17.2 Materials Requirements in this Addendum to
the General Specifications.
Work shall include repairs, permanent replacement, traffic control, and tests in
accordance with the requirements in the General and Special Maintenance Specifications. Traffic
control for work operations shall be in accordance with section 9.02 Traffic Control Through
Work Zones in the General Specifications and these Special Specifications. Areas shall be
repaired within thirty working days of notification by the agency, that do not meet the acceptance
criteria.
Temporary repairs shall be performed when the climatic conditions temporarily prohibit
permanent repairs. Temporary repairs shall be replaced with permanent repairs as soon as
weather allows.
The Contractor shall replace any 400 m lane segment that has repairs or defects
exceeding five (5) percent of the area.
16.4
Method of Measurement
The layer application of micro-surfacing shall be measured by the square meter for the
area upon which the micro-surfacing was actually placed. Tack coat and water used to cover the
surface to be sealed shall not be measured separately as they are considered subsidiary to the
micro-surfacing item.
4 - 20
The filing of ruts with micro-surfacing shall be measured by the kilogram of the
aggregate/ modified asphalt emulsion mixture used to fill the ruts by separate application of
micro-surfacing prior to the surface application.
16.5
Payment
PAY ITEM
PAY UNIT
41751
Micro-surfacing Layer
Square-Meter
41752
Kilogram
4 - 21
Description
This work shall consist of placing Porous Bituminous Concrete (PBC) as shown on the
plans, and in accordance with these specifications, the General Specifications and as directed by
the Engineer. The PBC may be produced in batch or drum mix plant.
The PBC is an open graded hot mix asphalt mixture consisting of crushed coarse and
fine aggregates, mineral filler, and asphalt cement. A stabilizing agent will also be needed and
typically consists of fibers and / or polymers.
Supplemental Pay Items
Porous Bituminous Concrete (PBC)
4.18.2
Materials
The materials shall conform to the following requirements:
4.18.2.1
Bituminous Material
Bituminous material shall be a Performance Graded (PG) asphalt cement and shall be
in conformance with the requirements in Paragraph 4.01.2.6 Performance Graded (PG)
Bituminous Materials of this Addendum to the General Specifications.
Required bituminous gradation will be noted in the contract documents.
4.18.2.2 Aggregate. Aggregate shall conform to the following criteria:
4.18.2.2.1 Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate for PBC shall meet the requirements in the General Specifications
with the following additions or changes:
L.A. Abrasion Loss (AASHTO T96)
Sodium Sulphate Soundness Loss (T104)
Coarse and Fine Durability (T210)
One or more crushed faces (ASTM D5821)
Two or more crushed faces
Flat and Elongated (ASTM D 4791)
3 to 1
5 to 1
Flakiness
Sand Equivalent (T176)
Absorption (T85)
Polish Value
(ASTM D3319)
30% max
12% max
40 min
100%
90%
20%
5%
25% maximum
50 minimum
2% max
0.40 minimum
Note: Only polish resistant aggregate will be used for PBC. Polish value and testing
method requirement will be as noted above unless stated otherwise.
Note: Ministry may require a minimum surface friction number of at least 40 [ASTM E274
at 65 km/h] at the completion of construction. If required it will be noted in the contract
documents.
4 - 22
12% max
100%
0%
Mineral Filler
Mineral Filler shall be rock dust, crushed lime stone, portland cement or other suitable
filler material and shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M17. Additionally, plasticity index
(T90) of mineral filler shall not exceed 4%. Filler shall be kept as dry as possible, but in no case
the moisture content in filler shall exceed 10%.
4.18.3.1 Introduction of Mineral Filler
Either a mineral filler silo with a mechanical delivery system or cold feed bins may be
used for introduction of filler. If a silo system is used the filler is blown into the weigh hopper or
pugmill of a batch plant or into the drum of a drum mix plant. The delivery system must be able to
handle filler loads including metering of the proper amount of filler.
If a conveyor system is used the extra care will be needed to control the filler amount and dusty
conditions during windy days.
4.18.4 Fiber
Unless otherwise noted, the PBC shall incorporate a stabilizer (cellulose fibers) to
prevent/reduce the draindown. The draindown shall not exceed 0.3% of the mass (test method
attached). Fiber content shall be between 0.2-0.3% of the total mix (plant tolerance will be 0.1).
Limits closed to 0.3 are preferred, however, the use and amount of fibers should be based on
combination of the design mix evaluation, draindown test results, hauling distance, and the
demonstration strip evaluation. [local fine aggregate is not acceptable as a fiber].
Fibers shall be uniformly dispersed in the PBC mixture, and meet the following requirements.
Property
Sieve Analysis
Method A Alpine Sieve 1 Analysis
Fiber Length
Passing 0.150 mm (No. 100 sieve)
Method B Mesh Screen 2 Analysis
Fiber Length
Passing 0.850 mm (No. 20) sieve
0.425 mm (No. 40 ) sieve
0.106 mm (No. 140) sieve
Ash Content 3
PH4
Oil Absorption5
Moisture Content6
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Requirement
6 mm Maximum
70 + 10 %
6 mm Maximum
85 + 10 %
65 + 10 %
30 + 10 %
18 + 5 non-volatile
7.5 + 1.0
5.0 + 1.0 (times fiber mass)
Less than 5 % (by mass)
(1) Method A Alpine Sieve Analysis. This test is performed using and Alpine Air Jet Sieve
(Type 200 LS). A representative five gram sample of fiber is sieved for 14 minutes at a
controlled vacuum of 5 kPa (11 psi) of water. The portion remaining on the screen is
weighed.
(2) Method B Mesh Screen Analysis. This test is performed using standard 0.850, 0.425,
0.250, 0.180, 0.150, and 0.106 mm sieves, nylon brushes, and a shaker. A representative
10 gram sample of fiber is sieved, using a shaker and two nylon brushes on each screen.
The amount retained on each sieve is weighed and the percentage passing calculated.
Repeatability of this method is suspect and needs to be verified.
(3) Ash Content A representative 2 3 gram sample of fiber is placed in a tarred crucible and
heated between 595 and 650 C (1100 and 1200F) for not less than two hours. The crucible
and ash are cooked in a desiccator and weighed.
(4) Ph Test Five grams of fiber is added to 100 ml of distilled water, stirred and let sit for 30
minutes. The Ph is determined with a probe calibrated with a Ph 7.0 buffer.
(5) Oil Absorption Test Five grams of fiber is accurately weighed and suspended in an excess
of mineral spirits for not less than 5 minutes to ensure total saturation. It is then placed in a
screen mesh strainer (approximately 0,5 mm2 opening size) and shaken on a wrist action
shaker for 10 minutes (approximately 32 mm (1 in) motion at 240 shakes per minutes).
The shaken mass is then transferred without touching to a tarred container and weighed.
Results are reported as to the amount (number of times its own weight) the fibers are able to
absorb.
(6) Moisture Content Ten grams of fiber is weighed and placed in a 121 C (250 F) forced air
oven for two hours. The sample is then re-weighed immediately upon removal form the
oven.
4.18.4.1 Introduction of Fibers. A separate system for feeding fibers shall be used to: 1)
proportion the required amount into the mixture, and 2) achieve a uniform distribution.
Introduction of Fibers for batch plant: Fibers may be introduced manually or
mechanically. The automated supply system shall include low level and noflow
indicators, and a printout of status of feed rate in kg/min. The filler supply line shall
include a section of transparent pipe for visually observing consistency of feed.
1) Manual Introduction. Pre-weighed packaged fibers may be added directly to the
pugmill. These should be added during dry mixing time so that a uniform dispersion
could be achieved prior to injection of asphalt cement into the mixture.
2) Automated introduction. Using a fiber machine, loose fibers may be added directly
to the pugmill or weigh hopper during dry mixing time.
When fibers are used in batch plant, dry mixing time is increased by 3 4 seconds and
wet mixing times increased by at least 5 - 10 seconds for thorough mixing.
Introduction of Fibers for drum plants. Fibers may be introduced to the drum by only
using mechanical methods. These shall be added to the drum in a manner that prevents
the fibers from becoming entangled in the exhaust system.
1)
Introduction of loose fibers - Loose fibers may be added using a fiber machine.
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2)
Introduction of pellet fibers - Fibers in pellet form may be introduced using the
RAP conveyor
Authorized limits
12.5 mm
85 100
-5%
9.5 mm
50 80
+ 5%
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
0.075 mm
20 30
12 15
24
+ 4%
+ 2%
+ 1%
For 50 mm thick course, the PBC shall have the following gradation:
Sieve Size
Percentage of sieve passing Authorized limits
15.6 mm
95-100
-5%
12.5 mm
7590
+ 5%
9.5 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
0.075 mm
45-65
20 30
10 15
34
+ 5%
+ 4%
+ 2%
+ 1%
4.18.5.1 PBC mix design criteria. The Marshall method is used to compact PBC mixtures in the
laboratory, and to prepare samples for further analysis. In the PBC design the determination of
specific gravity and void content is more important than stability and flow values. Major
requirements are noted below. Note: Additional mixture design requirements and details shall be
provided by the Ministry.
Test
Stability
Flow Value, 0.25 mm
Air Voids in the mix (compacted sample, 50
blows Marshall, per side)
Voids in coarse aggregate mix, VCA
Draindown @ mixing temperature
(test method is attached)
TSR (D4867)
Requirement
NA (635 kg desirable)
N/A (8-16 desirable)
18-22% [20% minimum is desirable]
Less than VCA of the coarse aggregate
(T19)
0.30% maximum
80% min
Note: Ministry may require a permeability test during design and at the end of construction to
determine drainage rate for PBC. Details on Permeability Test and minimum permeability
requirement will be provided by the Ministry.
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4.18.5.2
AC content for PBC shall be determined during the design. Initial binder content can
be estimated using an aggregate surface capacity test procedures (as noted for friction course).
This initial AC content is then optimized to provide thick asphalt coating (usual binder film
thickness 20-40 micron) within the air void limits without resulting in drain down. Note: Optimum
AC content will normally be in the range of 5-6.5%.
4.18.5.3 Mixing and Compaction Temperatures
These temperatures shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO T 245,
sections 3.3.1,2, or that recommended by the producer when polymer-modified binders are used.
[Mixing temperature is generally in the range that will correspond to asphalt cement viscosities of
700-900 centistokes] Mixes with polymer modification and fibers can generally be produced at
about 140-160C. If fibers are used mixing time is extended by about 15-25 seconds as noted
earlier]
4.18.5.4
If needed anti stripping additives will be added in accordance with General Specifications.
4.18.6 Construction
4.18.6.1 Demonstration
Before proceeding with the actual work, the contractor shall demonstrate to the Engineer that a
satisfactory mix can be produced, placed, and compacted to determine the compactive effort
needed. A minimum of 150 meters shall be placed at a site that simulates the actual project
conditions.
4.18.6.2
Hauling Units.
To prevent mix sticking on the truck beds, a suitable release agent (such as dry soap powder or a
liquid detergent) shall be placed on the truck beds. Any extra liquid shall be drained before
loading with the mix.
The mix shall not be stored at the plant for more than 30 minutes.
4.18.6.3
The compaction temperature is established during the design. However, it should be noted that
mix will not compact after its temperature drops below 115C for conventional PBC and 125C for
polymer modified PBC. Therefore, the initial temperature of the mix at the job site should not be
less than 135C. The haul time between the mixing plant and job site should be kept to not more
than one hour to prevent mix cooling and draindown.
Each load should be covered with a full tarp to prevent loss of temperature.
4.18.6.4
Pavement Thickness.
Pavement layer thickness be as specified in the contract documents. It should be noted that PBC
is generally placed at thicknesses of 40-50 mm.
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4.18.6.5
Weather
Placement of PBC shall be permitted only when the ambient and pavement
temperature are at least 15C.
4.18.6.6
Tack Coat.
The surface on which PBC is placed should be impervious and sloped about 2%
towards the edge of the road. A strong, durable bond of the PBC to the pavement surface is
essential. A heavier tack coat or a SAMI-like seal coat is preferred.
A tack coat of a slow setting emulsion (diluted with 50% water) shall be applied at a
rate of 0.35 and 0.50 l/m to seal the underlying surface. Note: Application rate may have to be
adjusted based on the field conditions. [if a SAMI is used the application rate will be in the range
of 0.8-1.5 l/m; and cover aggregate will be 6 to 9.5 mm size]
4.18.6.7
Compaction.
The finished surface of the PBC pavement when placed as a wearing course shall
conform to Ministry ride quality standards contained in Subsection 4.05.8 Quality Assurance
Procedures in the General Specifications.
4.18.8
Method of Measurement
PBC shall be measured by the cubic meter of mix acceptably placed and evaluated in
accordance with the General Specifications, this Addendum and certified by the Engineer.
4.18.9
Payment
The amount of PBC actually incorporated in to the work, and measure as provided
above, will be paid for at the contract unit prices in the Bill of Quantities.
Prices and payment made under this section shall cover and be full compensation for
furnishing labor, equipment, materials, tools and incidentals necessary to complete all the work
involved as specified in Subsection 1.07.2 Scope of Payment in the General Specifications,
except for polymer chemical admixture/asphalt modifier which shall be paid for separately in
accordance with Paragraph 4.05.11 Payment in this Addendum to the General Specifications.
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Pay Item
Porous Bituminous Concrete (PBC)
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Pay Unit
Cubic Meter