Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)- Review Sheet

Level 1:
1. When is ANOVA used?
ANOVA is used to compare means (on continuous outcomes) among 3 or
more groups under the assumption that the populations are normally
distributed.
2. After calculating for the means of four different groups, your SAS
calculations determined the means were different. What is your next step in
the calculation process to determine your final answer for the problem? Do
you run any additional tests, if so, what is the name of the test?
The next step in the calculation is to determine where the difference of
means exists. You would run a post-hoc test to determine where the
difference in the means lies and which groups differ from each other or if
they all differ. Post-hoc test of choice varies.
3. Name the two types of variance found in One-Way ANOVA testing.
- Within group variance (error)
- Between group variance (group effect)
4. True or False: The F-test statistic is always positive and does not change
based on degrees of freedom.
False. The F-test statistic is always positive and DOES change based on
degrees of freedom.
5.

List

the

assumptions

Ho (Ho=1=2=3) is true

for

using

the

F-test

assuming

- The population distribution of the response variable y, is normal for each

group
- The standard deviation of the population distribution is the same for each
group
- The samples from the population are independent random samples
6. Your F-test statistic was calculated to be F (3, 16) =3.24. P-value is 0.05.
Is there a significant difference in the means of the data?
Yes, based upon the p-value of p=0.05, there is a significant difference of the
means. However, we cannot determine where the difference is based upon
this information alone, we would need further analysis.
7. What is the difference between one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA?
In one-way ANOVA the focus is on group differences. The purpose is to test
whether there is a difference in the population means among the different
levels of one factor.
In two-way ANOVA the focus is on interaction of factors. The purpose is to
test whether the effect of one factor varies at different levels of another
factor.
8. What are the two types of sum of squares and what do they do they show
us?
Sum of squares between groups (SSb) and sum of squares within groups
(SSw), they show us the sources of variation.
9.F=1, what does this mean?

If the F test statistic is found to be 1, this means that the variances are
equal, between group and within group variances are equal.
10 . What type of ANOVA would be conducted given we have 1 independent
variable with 2 or more independent groups?
One-way ANOVA
Level 2:
1. For a given data set, the number of groups is 4 with the size of each group
being 4. How many degrees of freedom do we have for within groups sum of
squares in the ANOVA?
df(within) = df(total) - df(between)
= (Total number of subjects -1) - (4 -1)
= (16-1)-3
= 15-3
= 12
Level 3:
1.Following is the data available for tar content (in milligrams) for three
different brands of cigarettes. 6 samples from each of the three brands were
taken.
Brand A
10.21
10.25
10.24
9.80
9.77
9.73

Brand B
11.32
11.20
11.40
10.50
10.68
10.90

Brand C
11.60
11.90
11.80
12.30
12.20
12.20

Find if there is a significant difference within groups and between groups ?

data problem1;
input brand $ tar;
cards;
A 10.21
A 10.25
A 10.24
A 9.80
A 9.77
A 9.73
B 11.32
B 11.20
B 11.40
B 10.50
B 10.68
B 10.90
C 11.60
C 11.90
C 11.80
C 12.30
C 12.20
C 12.20
run;

proc univariate data=problem1;

Class brand;
var tar;
run;
proc glm;
class brand;
model tar=brand;
means brand/tukey;
run;

There is a significant difference in mean weight of tar among cigarettes of

different brands, F (2,15)= 65.46, p < .0001.
Based on a Tukey posthoc analysis, the means of brand A (M=10, SD=0.26),
brand B (M=11, SD=0.36), and brand C (M=12, SD=0.27) are all significantly
different from one another.
2. The number of groups is 5 and sample size for each is 11. Complete the
following ANOVA table.
Source

of Sum

Variation
Between

squares
176.4

Groups
Within

83.6

Groups
Total

260.0

of df

Mean
Square

k=5
n=5*11=55
Source

of Sum

Variation
Between

Squares
176.4

of df
k-1=5-1=4

Groups

Mean

square
SS
MS b= b
k 1

F=

MS b
MS w

44.1
1.672

176.4
4

=26.3
7

=44.1
Within

83.6

Groups

n-k=55-

MS w =

5=50
SS b
nk

=
83.6
50

= 1.6
72
Total

260

n-1=551=54

Data source:

One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2016,

from
http://sites.stat.psu.edu/~ajw13/stat200_upd/10_anova/10_anova_print
.html