Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
AUTOR
Dra. Olga Rodrguez Carmona
TUTOR
Dra. Claudia Liba
INDICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
INTRODUCCION
JUSTIFICACION
OBJETIVOS
METODOLOGIA
DEFINICIONES Y MARCO TEORICO
MANIFESTACIONES BUCODENTALES EN LOS PACIENTES DIABETICOS
CONSIDERACIONES DEL TRATAMIENTO ORTODONTICO EN PACIENTES
DIABETICOS
1. INTRODUCCIN
2
2. JUSTIFICACION
3
3. OBJETIVO
Generar recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, para confeccionar
una
gua clnica
orientada a la planificacin del tratamiento ortodncico en pacientes con DM, a fin de prevenir
y evitar complicaciones en la atencin a estos pacientes.
4. METODOLOGIA
La metodologa que se sigui para la realizacin de este documento, consisti en la recopilacin
y sistematizacin de informacin de referencias bibliogrficas, en revistas de carcter
cientfico en biblioteca universitaria y a travs de internet, en sitios como PudMed y
MEDLINE, del tipo revisiones sistemticas, elegidas por su mayor calidad de evidencia. Se
consultaron textos gua como referentes de bases tericas.
3. MARCO TEORICO
3. DEFINICION
3. EPIDEMIOLOGA
La diabetes afecta a individuos de todas las edades, con un pico de incidencia en la quinta
dcada de vida. Aproximadamente, del 5 al 10% de todos los pacientes diabticos tiene diabetes
tipo 1, con un pico de incidencia entre los 10 y los 14 aos de edad.
En Argentina, se estimaron 2.426.000 diabticos en el ao 2011 y se prev que este nmero va a
duplicarse para el ao 2030. Esta tasa de crecimiento es similar a la de EE.UU. y Canad y muy
superior a la de pases europeos. Segn la ltima Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo del
Ministerio de Salud, de 2011, el 9,6% de la poblacin argentina tiene diabetes. Los estudios de
prevalencia para Amrica Latina concluyen que la DM afecta entre el 6 y el 8% de sus
poblaciones adultas y urbanas.
La OMS estima que la prevalencia global de la DM aumentar de 180 millones en 1995 a 360
millones en 2030, de los cuales el 90% corresponde al tipo2.
Dadas las perspectivas muy poco optimistas arrojadas por el estudio realizado por la FID, 1 es
urgente la toma de medidas preventivas a nivel estatal e individual. El aumento de factores
predisponentes como el sedentarismo, la alimentacin inadecuada, el sobre peso y la obesidad,
junto con el envejecimiento poblacional y el descenso de la mortalidad por enfermedades
3.3 DIAGNSTICO
Para el diagnostico de la diabetes mellitus se pueden utilizar cualquiera de los siguientes
criterios diagnostico:
a. Sntomas de diabetes (poliuria, polifagia, polidipsia y prdida de peso) mas una
glicemia en cualquier hora del da sin relacin con el tiempo transcurrido desde la
ltima comida. medida en plasma venoso que sea igual o mayor a 200mg/dl.
b. Glicemia en ayunas (periodo sin ingesta calrica de 8 horas) medida en plasma venoso
que sea igual o mayor 126 mg/dl.
c. Glicemia medida en plasma que se igual o mayor a 200mg/dl dos horas despus de una
carga de glucosa durante una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (PTOG).
d. Hemoglobina A1C (HbA1C) sta ha sido el indicador ms fiel para monitorear los
pacientes diabticos y gracias a la estandarizacin alcanzada en la prueba en los ltimos
7
3.4.1.2 HIPOGLUCEMIA
Disminucin del nivel de glucosa en sangre por debajo de los 50mg/dl. Puede ser consecuencia
de ejercicio fsico no habitual o sobre esfuerzo, sobredosis de insulina, cambios en el lugar de
inyeccin, ingesta insuficiente.
3.4.2 COMPLICACIONES CRNICAS
Pueden ser microvasculares o macrovasculares. Las lesiones microvasculares causan lesiones
oculares, renales y lesiones de los nervios. Las lesiones macrovasculares son las enfermedades
cardiovasculares, los ataques cardiacos, los accidentes cerebrovasculares y la insuficiencia
circulatoria de miembros inferiores.
3.4.2.1 RETINOPATA DIABTICA
Es una causa frecuente de ceguera y de discapacidad visual. Esta causada por el dao de los
vasos sanguneos de la capa posterior del ojo, la retina, lo que ocasiona una prdida progresiva
de la vista. Comnmente los pacientes manifiestan visin borrosa. Un buen control metablico
puede retrasar el inicio y la evolucin de la retinopata diabtica. As mismo la deteccin
temprana y el tratamiento oportuno de la retinopata pueden prevenir o retrasar la ceguera.
3.4.2.2 NEFROPATA DIABTICA
Causada por la lesin de los pequeos vasos sanguneos de los riones, puede causar
insuficiencia renal y llegar a la muerte. Este dao se detecta por altas concentraciones de
albumina en la orina. Esta es una causa importante de dilisis y trasplantes renales. Los
pacientes pueden manifestar fatiga, anemia e incluso desequilibrios electrolticos peligrosos.
3.4.2.3 NEUROPATAS
La diabetes puede lesionar los nervios por distintos mecanismos, como el dao directo por la
hiperglucemia y la mengua del flujo sanguneo que llega a los nervios como resultado del dao
de los pequeos vasos. La lesin en los nervios se puede manifestar por prdida sensorial,
lesiones de los miembros e impotencia sexual. La disminucin de la sensibilidad en los pies
puede impedir que los diabticos reconozcan a tiempo los rasguos y cortes que se infectan y
agravan, si estas lesiones no se tratan a tiempo, pueden obligar a efectuar la amputacin.
3.4.2.4 ENFERMEDADES CARDIOVASCULARES
La hiperglucemia daa los vasos sanguneos mediante el proceso conocido como aterosclerosis
o endurecimiento u obstruccin de las arterias. Este estrechamiento de las arterias puede reducir
el flujo sanguneo al musculo cardiaco (infarto del miocardio), del encfalo (accidente
cerebrovasculares).
se aplica un
3.6.3. HIPOSIALIA
Afecta a un tercio de los pacientes diabticos, que manifiestan sequedad oral. Su patogenia es
controvertida: se atribuye a la deshidratacin derivada de la hiperglucemia y al incremento de la
diuresis (a mayor descompensacin metablica, menor flujo salival). Entre la lesin de tejidos
blandos de la cavidad bucal se encuentran las infecciones por hongos (candidiasis), las lceras y
los cambios en la lengua (fisuras linguales, lengua saburral, alteraciones del sentido del gusto,
lengua ardiente, depapilacin lingual, sensacin de ardor). El desarrollo de estas afecciones se
debe a la hiposialia y la alteracin de respuesta inmune e inflamatoria.
12
14
CLASE DE DROGA
NOMBRES GENRICOS
DE LAS DROGAS
MECANISMO DE ACCIN
Clorpropamida
Sulfonilureas
Glipizide
Glyburide
Glimepiride
Meglitinides
Repaglinide
Biguanides
Metformin
3.7.3
Inhibidores de la Alfa-Glucosidasa
Thiazolidinadiones
Disminuye la glucogenlisis y
produccin de glucosa heptica
Acarbose
Disminuye la absorcin
Miglitol
gastrointestinal de carbohidratos
Rosiglitazone
Pioglitazone
a la insulina
HORARIO DE CONSULTA
En general, las citas en la maana son recomendables, ya que los niveles endgenos de cortisol
son generalmente ms altos en ese horario (el cortisol aumenta los niveles de azcar en sangre).
En el caso de que el paciente sea insulino-dependiente, debemos tener en cuenta el tipo de
insulina prescrita y la frecuencia de su aplicacin (es necesario leer las especificaciones del
laboratorio o fabricante, y en caso de duda, solicitar un informe al mdico tratante), ya que
existen picos de alta actividad insulnica durante los cuales es preferible no efectuar ningn
tratamiento odontolgico; es decir, las citas deberan ser en un horario que no coincida con los
15
TIPO DE
INICIO DE LA
PICO DE
DURACIN
PREPARACIN
ACTIVIDAD
ACTIVIDAD
EFECTIVA
Accin rpida
< 15 minutos
45-90 minutos
3-4 horas
Accin corta
30 minutos
2-5 horas
5-8 horas
Accin intermedia
1-3 horas
6-12 horas
12-24 horas
Larga accin
4-6 horas
8-20 horas
24-48 horas
(tomados a cualquier hora del da) por encima de 200 mg/dl (11,1 mmol/l) y en ayunas por
encima de 126 mg/dl (7,0 mmol/l).
Cantidad a tomar
Un paquete de 2 o 3 tabletas
180 c.c.
180 c.c.
Miel
1 Cucharada
Uvas pasas
2 Cucharadas
17
Caramelos duros
Leche descremada
1 Vaso
grandes infecciones orales o en aquellos que vayan a ser sometidos a intervenciones quirrgicas
importantes. Entonces, si los pacientes diabticos tienen una mayor susceptibilidad a las
infecciones, es fcil pensar que la cavidad oral es un campo que puede verse frecuentemente
afectado.
Si el odontlogo prev que la ingesta normal del paciente se va a ver alterada tras el tratamiento,
la dosis de insulina o de los antidiabticos orales tendr que ser ajustada por el mdico del
paciente.
El estrs agudo aumenta la liberacin de adrenalina y disminuye la secrecin de insulina, por lo
que el control del dolor en el paciente diabtico, es fundamental, ya que la adrenalina tiene
efecto contrario a la insulina.
Es importante considerar que los salicilatos aumentan la secrecin de la insulina y la
sensibilidad a sta, y puede potenciar la accin de las sulfonilureas, por lo que en general, la
aspirina deber ser evitada en los pacientes diabticos. Salicilatos y otros AINEs por su
competencia con los hipoglicemientes orales por las protenas plasmticas, necesitan una
indicacin muy precisa.
El analgsico a indicar en un paciente diabtico es: Paracetamol, o Paracetamol + codena. 2
19
personas indica una disminucin en todas las mediciones lineales y cambios en algunas
mediciones angulares. La disminucin observada en el ngulo SNA puede ser interpretada como
interferencia de la diabetes en el crecimiento del maxilar. La enfermedad parece afectar la
morfologa craneofacial y la maduracin esqueltica, principalmente cuando se manifiesta antes
o durante el estirn puberal. La investigacin en ratas diabticas mostr deterioro en el
crecimiento craneofacial de estos animales. El setenta por ciento de los esqueletos mandibulares
evaluados (parte basal, condilar, cornides, angular, alveolar y sinficial) se vieron afectadas, lo
que resulta en una reduccin del crecimiento y la deformidad de la estructura mandibular. Las
mediciones lineales de la regin craneofacial y mandibular de ratas diabticas, hechas a partir de
radiografas cefalomtricas, se redujeron en todas las dimensiones espaciales en comparacin
con las mediciones realizadas en ratas saludables. Se necesitan ms estudios para confirmar y
dilucidar el mecanismo exacto por el que la diabetes produce cambios en las mandbulas
humanas. Sin embargo, los posibles efectos nocivos de la diabetes sobre el crecimiento del
maxilar y la mandbula que ya se ha informado deben ser tenidos en cuenta durante el
diagnstico y la planificacin de los tratamientos ortodncicos y ortopdicos en pacientes
diabticos en etapa de crecimiento.
20
23
24
3. CONCLUSIONES
Dada a la alta prevalencia creciente de la DM, la probabilidad de que un ortodoncista trate a
pacientes diabticos es muy alta. Por lo tanto, es responsabilidad del ortodoncista tener un
conocimiento bsico de los signos y sntomas de esta enfermedad. Debe haber por parte de los
profesionales y del sistema de salud una estrategia para el tratamiento de ortodoncia en
pacientes que sufren trastornos metablicos, especialmente aquellos que tienen efectos directos
e indirectos sobre el crecimiento seo, como es el caso de la condicin diabtica
Los pacientes que tienen un buen control glucmico pueden someterse a un tratamiento de
ortodoncia mientras que el tratamiento de los pacientes diabticos no controlados no est
indicado. Hay que hacer hincapi en la buena higiene oral, control periodontal regular, as como
el uso de fuerzas ligeras y comprobar la vitalidad de los dientes. El nfasis debe estar tambin
en un buen control metablico con HbA1c> 9% y pruebas de glucemia normales.
Como ortodoncistas, debemos esforzarnos por brindar tratamiento de alta calidad a nuestros
pacientes y conseguir tanto conocimiento como sea posible, para servir adecuadamente a
pacientes con condiciones de salud particulares como los pacientes con DM y de este modo
ellos se puedan beneficiar no solo de la correccin de las anormalidades dentofaciales, sino
tambin en la mejora de su confianza y autoestima que este tratamiento conlleva.
25
4. REFERENCIAS
BIBLIOGRFICA
.
1. American Diabetes Association. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2009; suppl 32, 62- 67.
2. Abbassy MA, Watari L, Soma K. Effect of experimental diabetes on craniofacial growth
in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53: 819-825.
3. Abbassy MA, Bakry AS, Watari L, Ono T. The Effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the
dento-craniofacial complex. Intech open access publishes 2013.
4. Arango J, Macas C, Alarcn M, Balen G, Barahona G. Gua de prcticas clnicas en
salud oral pacientes con compromiso sistmico. www.
Saludcapital.gov.co/subs/documemts/guia2011.pdf.
5. Auwerx J, Dequeker J, Boullon R, Geusens P, Nijs J. Mineral metabolism and bone mass
at peripheral and axial skeleton in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1998; 37: 8-12.
6. Aziz R, Pattabiraman V, Pai S, Sabrish S. Diabetes mellitus, A Dilemma in Orthodontics.
Journal of orthontic research 2014; 2: 113-117.
7. Bensch L, Braem M, Van Acker K, Willems G. Othodontic treatment considerations in
patients with diabetes mellitus. American Journal orthodontic- dentofacial orthopedic
2003; 123: 74-78.
8. Betancur K, Candanoza K, Carbonell M, Mora L, Mrelo V, Curiel E, Contreras Y,
Carvajal C, Pacheco S, Gonzales M, Manotas A. protocolo de manejo del paciente
26
27
24. Nam-Hee Oh, Il-Sik Cho, Eun-Young Kim, Gerald Nelson, Do-Min Jeong. Evaluation of
Stability of Surface-Treated Mini-Implants in Diabetic Rabbits. International Journal of
Dentistry 2014, vol. 2014: 1-7.
25. Nicolosi L. Endocarditis infecciosa. Nuevas recomendaciones para su prevencin. Gua de
la American Heart Association 2007.revista de la facultad de odontologa (UBA) 2007,
vol. 22 n 53: 9-14.
26. Orbak R, Simsek S, Orbak Z, Kavrut F, Colak M. The Influence of Type-1 Diabetes
Mellitus on Dentition and Oral Health in Children and Adolescents. Yonsei Medical
Journal 2008, vol. 49 n 3: 357-365.
27. Patil A, Sable R, Kothari R. Role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), their receptors and
genetic regulation in the chondrogenesis and growth of the mandibular condylar cartilage.
Journal of Cellular Physiology 2012, vol. 227 n5: 17961804.
28. Plan mundial contra la diabetes 2011-2021. Federacin internacional de la diabetes.
29. Pithon MM, Ruellas CV, Ruellas AC. Orthodontic treatment of a patient with type 1
diabetes mellitus. Journal Clin Orthodontic 2005, vol.39 n 7:435-9.
30. Reichert Ch, Deschner J, Jager A. Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on the development and
treatment of malocclusions- A case report with literature review. J Orofac Orthop 2009;
vol. 70:160-75.
31. Skamagas M, Breen T, Le Roith D. Update on diabetes mellitus prevention, treatment and
association with oral disease. Oral disease 2008, vol. 14 n 2:105-114.
32. Saatci E, Tahmiscioglu G, Bozdemir N et al. The well-being and treatment satisfaction of
diabetic patients in primary care. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010; 8: 67.
33. Tbar M, Escobar J. La diabetes mellitus en la prctica clnica. Editorial Mdica
Panamericana Buenos Aires Madrid 2009.
34. Tuominen JT, Impivaara O, Puukka P, Ronnemaa T. Bone mineral density in patients with
type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care 1999, vol. 22 n 7: 1196- 1200.
35. Uratani A, Saber M. Influence of diabetes mellitus on orthodontic treatment: a literature
review. The orthodontic cyber journal 2013.
36. Verinillo T. Dental considerations for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus. The
Journal of the American Dental Association 2003, vol. 134 n 1:24-33.
37. Villarino M, Lewicki M, Ubios A. Bone response to orthodontic forces in diabetic Wistar
rats. America Journal of orthodontic dentofacial orthopedics 2011, vol. 139 n4:76-82.
38. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global Prevalence of Diabetes Estimates
for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004 vol. 27 no. 5 1047-1053.
28
Diabetes
mellitus,
Syed
Aziz
Omar
Rizvi, Vinod
Dilemma
in
Pattabiraman, Sandesh
Orthodontics
Pai, Sharanya
Sabrish
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research
Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
12-Sep-2014
Correspondence
Address:
Syed
Omar
Aziz
Rizvi
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research
Center,
#82
EPIP
Area,
White
field,
Bengaluru,
Karnataka
29
India
DOI: 10.4103/2321-3825.140620
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The prevalence
of DM is growing rapidly worldwide and is reaching epidemic proportions. Traditionally, orthodontic
treatment was considered to be a treatment modality for healthy young people. However, with increasing
patient awareness the trend has changed with adults now seeking orthodontic treatment. Approximately,
half of the patients with diabetes are undiagnosed and a dental examination may provide the first
indication of the disease, and therefore a clinician must have a basic knowledge of the oral manifestations
of DM. This article briefly deals with the medical aspects of DM, its oral manifestations and orthodontic
treatment considerations.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, deficient insulin secretory response, hyperglycemia
Introduction
Traditionally, orthodontic treatment was considered as a treatment modality for healthy young people.
However, with increasing patient awareness the trend has changed with adults now seeking orthodontic
treatment. Considering the current lifestyle and habits many adults are suffering from chronic diseases,
one such disease is diabetes mellitus (DM). The clinician should therefore understand the consequences
of DM in relation to dental and/or orthodontic treatment and should have a basic knowledge and
understanding of this disease and its impact on the oral cavity. This article briefly deals with the medical
aspects of DM, its oral manifestations and orthodontic treatment considerations.
30
(hyperglycemia) is also a characteristic feature, resulting from deficiency in insulin secretion, insulin action,
or both. The classic symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and
susceptibility to infections. Longterm complications include retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral and
autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disease and in addition, increased tendency for periodontal disease
is often found. [2]
The two broad categories of DM are designated Type 1 and Type 2. In Type 1 diabetes, the cause is an
absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. It is often diagnosed in adolescence and therefore was called
"juvenile-onset diabetes." [3]
Type 2 DM is a heterogeneous group of disorders. Distinct genetic and metabolic defects in insulin action
and/or secretion give rise to the common phenotype of hyperglycemia in Type 2 DM. [3]
In addition to these types, there are other specific types of DM [Table 1]. [7]
Peak incidence of Type 2 DM is in the fifth decade of life due to increasing obesity and reduced activity
levels.
The prevalence of DM is growing rapidly worldwide and is reaching epidemic proportions. [4] It is estimated
that there are currently 285 million people with diabetes worldwide and this number is set to increase to
438 million by the year 2030.
According to the World Diabetes Atlas
diabetes.
More Details
Genetic defects,
31
Approximately, half of the patients with diabetes are undiagnosed and a dental examination may provide
the first indication of the disease, and therefore a clinician must have a basic knowledge of the oral
manifestations of DM.
These include dry mucous membranes (xerostomia), oral candidiasis, burning mouth or tongue
(glossopyrosis), impaired wound healing, recurrent oral infections, ketone breath, cheilosis, mucosal drying
and cracking, diminished salivary flow, alterations in the flora of the oral cavity, with greater predominance
of Candida albicans, hemolytic streptococci, and staphylococci and an increased rate of dental caries.
,
Occasionally, enlargement of the parotid salivary gland can be noticed. [7 8]
Diabetic patients on hypoglycemic agents have xerostomia, which may predispose to opportunistic
infections with C. albicans.
Oral manifestations associated with diabetes are in most cases restricted to the uncontrolled or poorly
controlled patient. Factors that may contribute to the oral complications in diabetes include decreased
polymorphonuclear leukocyte function (leads to impaired resistance to infections) and abnormal collagen
metabolism. [8] Altered protein metabolism resulting from impaired utilization of glucose can contribute to
increased breakdown of collagen in the connective tissues. In addition, impaired neutrophil chemotaxis
and macrophage function may add to the impaired wound healing responses in diabetic patients. [9]
Healing is impaired in diabetics due to decreased synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts, increased
degradation by collagenase, glycosylation of existing collagen at wound margins, defective remodeling
rapid degradation of newly synthesized poorly cross-linked collagen and reduced vascularity of tissues due
to defective collagen in the vessel wall. [9]
Diabetes mellitus patients have more gingival inflammation, probably because of impaired neutrophil
function. [9] Vascular changes, such as DM-related microangiopathies, have been shown to encourage
periodontal disease. This was also confirmed by Rylander et al., [10]who compared the periodontal
conditions of 46 young insulin-controlled DM patients with 41 healthy young adults. They reported
significantly more gingival inflammation in the young DM patients with retinopathy and nephropathy
compared with those without complications. Because periodontal disease tends to be more common and
more extensive in patients with uncontrolled or poorly controlled DM, one could hypothesize that
normalizing the blood glucose levels should stop the progression of periodontal disease. This is, however,
not true. Sastrowijoto et al. [11] demonstrated that better metabolic control in Type 1 patients did not improve
the clinical periodontal condition; it ameliorates only when local oral hygiene measures are used. The
periodontal condition will continue to deteriorate when the blood glucose level is not well controlled.
32
Hypoglycemia is most commonly the result of taking drugs used to treat DM or other drugs, including
alcohol. An important framework for making the diagnosis of hypoglycemia is Whipple's triad:
1.
2.
3.
Relief of symptoms after the plasma glucose level is raised. Hypoglycemia can cause significant
morbidity and can be lethal, if severe and prolonged. [3]
When a hypoglycemic reaction occurs in the dental office, the dentist should recognize the symptoms and
act in an appropriate way. Loss of consciousness in insulin shock can occur quite rapidly, within minutes
after the appearance of the first symptoms. At the onset, patients appear weak, nervous, and confused.
Their skin is moist and pale, and they exhibit excessive flow of saliva. Respiration is normal, the pulse is
full and pounding, and blood pressure is usually normal. Frequently, a tremor may be noted. The still
cooperative and conscious patient with these clinical symptoms should be administered a highcarbohydrate beverage such as orange juice or cola (not diet). When treating a diabetic patient, it is
advised to have a source of sugar available in the office that is handy for quick and easy use. The patient
will respond within a few minutes and should then remain under observation until all signs and symptoms
have disappeared. If the state of hypoglycemia continues, the patient will soon become unconscious
unless a 50% dextrose solution (50 mL) is administered intravenously at once. Management of the
unconscious patient also includes airway maintenance, oxygen administration, and monitoring of vital
signs. Another drug that can be administered is glucagon (1 mg intramuscularly), which is also preferable if
the patient is conscious but uncooperative to take carbohydrates orally. [12]
Orthodontic Considerations
The key to any orthodontic treatment is good medical control. Orthodontic treatment on uncontrolled
diabetics should be avoided. If the patient is not in good metabolic control (HbA1c >9%), every effort
should be made to improve blood glucose control.
There is no treatment preference with regard to fixed or removable appliances. It is important to stress
good oral hygiene, especially when fixed appliances are used. These appliances may give rise to
increased plaque retention, which could more easily cause tooth decay and periodontal breakdown in
these patients. The blood glucose levels should be monitored to rule out deterioration of the DM control.
Diabetes-related microangiopathy can occasionally occur in the periapical vascular supply, resulting in
unexplained odontalgia, percussion sensitivity, pulpitis, or even loss of vitality in sound teeth. [13] Especially
with orthodontic treatment when forces are applied to move teeth over a significant distance, the
practitioner should regularly check the vitality of the teeth involved. It is advisable to apply light forces and
not to overload the teeth.
Holtgrave and Donath [14] studied periodontal reactions to orthodontic forces. They found retarded osseous
regeneration, weakening of the periodontal ligament, and microangiopathies in the gingival area. They
concluded that the specific diabetic changes in the periodontium are more pronounced after orthodontic
tooth movement. Because DM patients, and especially those who are uncontrolled or poorly controlled,
have a higher tendency for periodontal breakdown, they must be considered in the orthodontic treatment
plan as periodontal patients, and treatment considerations must accordingly be made.
If plaque control is difficult to achieve with mechanical aids such as toothbrush and interdental brush, then
using a disinfectant mouthrinse such as chlorhexidine as an adjuvant chemical plaque control can be
considered. To minimize the neutralizing effect of the toothpaste on the chlorhexidine molecule, there
33
should be at least a 30 min interval between tooth brushing and the chlorhexidine rinse. [15]
Because today there is no upper age limit for orthodontic treatment, the practitioner will see both Type 1
and Type 2 DM patients. Type 2 patients can be considered more stable than Type 1 patients, who can be
presumed to be "brittle." Morning appointments are preferable. If a patient is scheduled for a long
treatment session, e.g., about 90 min, he or she should be advised to eat a usual meal and take the
medication as usual. At each appointment, before the dental procedure starts, the dental team should
determine whether the patient has fulfilled these recommendations, to avoid a hypoglycemic reaction in
the office.
Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Diabetes may also affect bone turnover, resulting in diminished bone-mineral density, osteopenia,
osteoporosis, [16] and an increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. [17] Several mechanisms
have been reported to explain the altered bone remodeling in diabetes, one of which is diminished bone
formation as a result of decreased osteoblastic activity [17] or enhanced apoptosis of osteoblastic cells.
Another contributing factor may be increased bone resorptive activity. [17] However, it is still controversial
whether osteoclastic recruitment and function are altered in diabetes, because no change or decrease in
the activity of osteoclasts has been reported. [18]
Chemokine, cytokines, and bone-remodeling regulators [19] influence the recruitment and activity of
osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recent reports demonstrated increased expression of messenger ribonucleic
acid (mRNA) for Ccl 2 , Ccl 5 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and receptor activator of nuclear
factor-kB ligand (Rankl) that are associated with osteoclast recruitment and activity during orthodontic
movement. [20] Previous investigators have reported that diabetes is associated with prolonged expression
of mRNA for TNF-alpha, Ccl 2 , [21] Rankl, and colony-stimulating factor 1, which may lead to more
persistent inflammation and tissue damage. [21]However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms
associated with the diabetic state that may influence orthodontic movement are not known.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Orthodontic bands placement and separator placement may produce significant bacteremia where
significant oral bleeding and/or exposure to potentially contaminated tissue is anticipated, and this would
,
typically require antibiotic prophylaxis in patients at risk. [22 23]Simple adjustment of orthodontic appliances,
do not require antibiotic prophylaxis.
Mini Screws
The mini-implant retention results from the mechanical interlocking of its metal structure in cortical and
dense bone and is not based on the concept of osseointegration. One of the key success factors are bone
quality and/or density. [24] Well-controlled diabetic patients can undergo mini-screw placement under
antibiotic prophylaxis.
Conclusion
Due to the high prevalence of DM, the probability of the orthodontist treating such patients is also very
high. Therefore, it is the responsibility of an orthodontist as well as of the dentist to have a basic
knowledge of the signs and symptoms of DM. Patients having good glycemic control can undergo
orthodontic treatment whereas treatment of uncontrolled diabetics is not indicated. Stress should be laid
on good oral hygiene, regular check of the periodontium as well as vitality check of the teeth. Light forces
should be applied. Emphasis should also be on regular glycemic tests.
As orthodontists, we must strive to improve the treatment of our patients and elevate the standard of our
specialty to its biologic science status by paying attention to the biologic aspects of treatment as much as
to its mechanical aspects.
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