Assignment Communication-2014

CE00038-2-Communications
Individual Assignment
Page 1of 27
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO
CONTENTS
Page no.
1.
Acknowledgement.3
2.
Abstract..4
3.
Introduction of communication............................................................................................ 5-6
4.
14)
Section 1 (6-
a) What do you understand by modulation and demodulation in communication system?

Explain how modulation makes possible to transmit several modulating signals over a
common channel.
b) Classify analog pulse modulation systems? Compare them
c) How digital modulation techniques are useful in communication system? Explain the
different digital modulation techniques with block diagram.
d) Describe the PCM technique along with expression of signal to noise ratio with examples.
e) Determine the applications where these techniques are used with the help of diagram.
5.
24)
Section 2. ...(15-
a. Do simulation for the DSB-AM modulator using simulink software having

single tone message signal of 100 Hz and a sinusoidal carrier signal of
frequency 7 kHz modulated at modulation depths of 0.25, 0.5,1, 1.5, 2 and 100
by varying the value of Vdc.
i. For each value of the modulation depths present and analyze the
modulated signal both in the time and in frequency domains.
ii. Derive suitable conclusions.
b. Make a synchronous demodulator model for the DSB-AM modulator of part
(a) at the same values of the modulation depths
1. Analyses and present the demodulated signal both in frequency
and time domains.
2. Derive suitable conclusions.
c. Given a two Phase modulator shown in figure 2(a). The input signal consists of
voice signal occupying the frequency band 0.3 to 3.4 kHz. The two oscillator
frequencies(OSC) have the values f1=10kHz and f2=1 MHz. Specify the
following:
i. Sidebands of DSBSC modulated wave appearing at the two product
modulator output.
ii. Sidebands of SSB modulated wave appearing at the two (band pass
filters) BPF outputs.
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iii. The pass band and guard bands of the two BPF.
iv. Present and analyses all the results and derive suitable conclusions.
v. Show the waveforms.
Figure 2(a)
6. References25
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to thank to those supportive and caring hands that were
there with us during the completion of the whole Assignment. First and foremost we would
like to begin with our Lecturer Monika Gambhir for her precious support throughout the whole
Assignment preparation. She was always there to help us in any difficulties by taking the pain
of checking the project and correcting the mistakes. She provided us with the most useful and
valuable guidelines about the Assignment matters without which we couldnt have come up
with successful paper on time. She gave us the knowledge of each & everything related and
beyond the module in order to enhance our skills and this assignment has been made possible
due to her expertise and knowledge.
Also we would like to take this opportunity to thanks the Librarian
and my friends who have been a source of motivation and ideas for their help.
DILIP KUMAR
(PT1284420)
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ABSTRACT
A communications system is a collection of communications networks with the capability of
interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole.
Modulation in communication system: - Modulation is an important step of communication
system. Modulation is defined as the process whereby some characteristic line amplitude.
Demodulation in communication system:-The Transferred of Demodulation is removed
from the carrier wave modulated with the information signal.
Analog pulse modulation system: - Pulse modulation systems, instead of a continuous wave,
a train of pulse is employed and some parameter of the pulse is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
PAM:- The PAM (Pulse amplitude modulation) is a modulation mode, in which amplitude of
the carrier pulse train is varied according to the modulating signal.
Digital modulation:- Digital modulation techniques are useful in communication system. The
move to digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital data
services, higher data security.
Amplitude shift keying (ASK):- Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that
represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
Frequency shift keying modulation (FSK):- Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency
modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency
changes of a wave.
Phase shift keying modulation (PSK):- Phase modulation Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a
digital modulation scheme based on changing, or modulating, the initial phase of a carrier
signal.
Sampling:-The process of generating pulses of zero width and of amplitude equal to the
instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal.
Quantization:- Representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a number of
discrete values.
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INTRODUCTION OF COMMUNICATION
A communications system is a collection of communications networks with the capability of
interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole. The purpose of a
communications system is to serve a common purpose of effective communication and operate
in unison. Introduction, Orientation Introduction to communication system, Need for
modulation, Amplitude modulation, Time domain and Frequency domain description, Power
relations in AM wave, Square law modulator, Switching modulator, Detection of AM waves,
Square law detector, Envelope detector .Now a days communication and modulation is one of
the basic requirements of higher communication technique. In this assignment we have to
solve different problems related to the communication methods and also we have to show
some modulation technique by simulation, in the SIMULINK of MATLAB Software.
Need for modulation
Definition of modulation
Types of modulation techniques AM, FM, PM
AM definition - Types of AM Standard AM, DSB, SSB, and VSB
Modulation index or depth of modulation and % modulation
Spectra and Bandwidth of all types of AM
Generation of AM wave using Square law modulator & Switching modulator
Generation of DSB wave using Balanced modulator & Ring modulator
Detection of AM wave using Square law detector & Envelope detector
Research idea for communication system for a new generation:The transmission of information-bearing signal over a band pass communication channel, such
as telephone line or a satellite channel usually requires a shift of the range of frequencies
contained in the signal to another frequency range suitable for transmission. A shift in the
signal frequency range is accomplished by modulation. This chapter introduces the definition
of modulation, need of modulation, types of modulation- AM, PM and FM, Various types of
AM, spectra of AM, bandwidth requirements, Generation of AM & DSB-SC, detection of AM
& DSB-SC, and power relations.
Communication Networks need for a new generation:Interfaces between wireless and guided media networks. Investigation of routing, congestion,
and transmission control mechanisms for networks ranging from wireless networks (such as
multichip packet radio networks, wireless local area networks, personal communications
networks and cellular telephony networks) to high-speed guided media networks (such as
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fiber-optic ATM networks and multi- processor computer networks.)Performance of wireless

networks under changes in traffic, interference and connectivity. Interaction between channel
measurements and network protocols; support for multimedia traffic. Methods to provide
service guarantees for multiple classes of traffic in guided media networks. Tools used include
stochastic modeling and analysis, optimization, computer simulations, estimation theory,
combination, and information theory.
SECTION 1
Q 1 a) What do you understand by modulation and demodulation in communication
system? Explain how modulation makes possible to transmit several modulating signals
over a common channel.
ANSWER: 1(a)
Modulation in communication system: - Modulation is an important step of communication
system. Modulation is defined as the process whereby some characteristic line amplitude,
frequency, phase of a high frequency signal wave (carrier wave) is varied in accordance with
instantaneous value intensity of low frequency signal wave (modulating wave.)
Demodulation in communication system:-The Transferred of Demodulation is removed
from the carrier wave modulated with the information signal. There are different ways of
demodulation depending on how the parameters of the base-band signal are transferred to the
carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency or phase. For example, a signal modulated with a
linear configuration and AM (Amplitude Modulation), we can make a synchronous detector.
On the other hand, a modulated signal having a modulation angle, we need a FM (Frequency
Modulation) demodulator or a clock (phase modulation) demodulator.
An AM signal encodes the information onto the carrier wave by varying its amplitude in direct
sympathy with the analogue signal to be sent. There are two methods used to demodulate AM
signals. The crystal set exploits the simplicity of AM modulation to produce a receiver with
very few parts, using the crystal as the rectifier, and the limited frequency response of the
headphones as the filter.
The first method of demodulation is very simple method that is envelope detector. It has a
rectifier that passes current in one direction only, and also a low pass filter. The rectifier may
be in the form of a single diode, or may be more complex. Many natural substances exhibit
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this rectification behavior, which is why it was the earliest modulation and demodulation
technique used in radio. The filter is usually a RC low-pass type, but the filter function can
sometimes be achieved by relying on the limited frequency response of the circuitry following
the rectifier
Multiplexing Techniques:
Sharing of a channel by several user.
Channel with higher bandwidth.
Cost per bite is reduce.
Cost of transmission reduce.
How Modulation make it possible to transmit several signal simultaneously

1. Frequency division multiplexing.
2. Time division multiplexing.
3. Code division multiplexing.(PN Code) or pseudo code.
Q 1 b) Classify analog pulse modulation systems? Compare them
ANSWER 1(b)
Analog pulse modulation system: - Pulse modulation systems, instead of a continuous wave,
a train of pulse is employed and some parameter of the pulse is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
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Fig.:-1 (Classification of PCM)
Classification of Analog Pulse Modulation

There are two pulse modulation
(1) Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
(2) Pulse duration modulation (PTM)
1)PAM:- The PAM (Pulse amplitude modulation) is a modulation mode, in which amplitude
of the carrier pulse train is varied according to the modulating signal.
TYPES OF PAM:a) Natural PAM: Natural PAM sampling occurs when finite width pulses are used in the
modulation and tops of pulses follow the modulating signal.
b) Flat top PAM: In this, method, the pulses obtained are flat. The pulses have a constant
amplitude within the pulse interval. It can easily be achieved by a sample and hold circuit
The flat top PAM is most popular and widely used, because during transmission the noise
interferes with the top of the pulses. This noise can be removed easily if pulses have a flat top.
Classification of PAM
(i) Dual polarity PAM
(ii) Single polarity PAM,
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2) PTM:- In Pulse time modulation (PTM ) amplitude of the pulse is kept constant, whereas
width or position of the pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of the message signal
The PTM has two types:
a) Pulse width modulation(PWM)
b) Pulse position modulation(PPM)
a) Pulse width modulation:- In pulse width modulation (PWM),the width of the carrier pulse is
varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal, while the amplitude
remains constant. This system is also called Pulse duration modulation (PDM) or
Pulse length modulation (PLM).
b) Pulse position modulation (PPM) : In this system, amplitude and width of the carrier pulses
are kept constant while position of each pulse with respect to the Position of a reference pulse
is varied in accordance to the message signal
COMPARE THE PAM, PWM & PPM

S.no PAM
PWM(PDM,PLM)
PPM
1.
Amplitude of the carrier

pulse is proportional to the
amplitude of modulating
signal.
The width of the carrier pulse

is proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating
signal.
The relative position of

carrier
pulse
is
proportional to the
modulating signal.
2.
The
The B.w of the channel The B.w of the channel
the
bandwidth
of
transmitting
channel
depends
upon the width of pulse.

3.
depends upon the pulse
depends upon the rise of
B.W=
the pulse. B.W=
Where t is the rise time.
The instantaneous power of The instantaneous power of The

instantaneous
the transmitter.
the transmitter.
power of the transmitter
remains constant
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4.
Noise interface is high
Noise interface is Law.
Noise interface is Law.
Similar
Similar
Similar
to
amplitude
modulation.
to
frequency
modulation.
to
Phase
modulation.
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Q1.C) How digital modulation techniques are useful in communication system? Explain the
different digital modulation techniques with block diagram.
ANSWER 1(C)
DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES USEFUL IN COMMUNICATION
Digital modulation techniques are useful in communication system. The move to digital
modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital data services,
higher data security, better quality communications, and quicker system availability.
Developers of communications systems face these constraints:
Available bandwidth
Permissible power
Inherent noise level of the system

The RF spectrum must be shared, yet every day there are more users for that spectrum as
demand for communications services increases. Digital modulation schemes have greater
capacity to convey large amount of information than analog modulation scheme.
The digital modulation techniques are:
1) Amplitude shift key modulation (ASK)

2) Frequency shift key modulation (FSK)
3) Phase shift keying modulation (PSK)
1. Amplitude shift keying (ASK):- Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that
represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital
data. ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits.
Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the
symbol that is represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator, which is designed
specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the
received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data.
Frequency and phase of the carrier are kept constant.
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Fig.2-Block diagram of ASK

2. Frequency shift keying modulation (FSK):- Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency
modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency
changes of a wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete
frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the
mark frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency. The time domain of an FSK
modulated carrier is illustrated in the figures to the right.
Fig.3-Block diagram of FSK

3. Phase shift keying modulation (PSK):- Phase modulation Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a
digital modulation scheme based on changing, or modulating, the initial phase of a carrier
signal. PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary digits zero (0) and one (1).
PSK uses a finite number of phases; each assigned a unique pattern of binary digit. Usually,
each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the represented by the
particular phase. The demodulation , which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by
the modulator, determines the phase of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it
represents, thus recovering the original data.
Fig.4-Block diagram of PSK

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Q1 d) Describe the PCM technique along with expression of signal to noise ratio with
examples.
ANSWER 1(d)
PULSE CODE MODULATION :-Pulse coded modulation is known as the digital Pulse
coded modulation system. Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) is the most commonly used digital
modulation scheme. In PCM, the available range of signal voltages is divided into levels and
each is assigned a binary number. Each sample is represented by a binary number and
transmitted serially. The number of levels available depends upon the number of bits used to
express the sample value. The number of levels is given by: N = 2m. It consists of three main
parts i.e., transmitter, transmission path and receiver. The essential operations in the
transmitter of a PCM system are sampling, quantizing and encoding as discussed earlier,
sampling is the operating in which an analog signal is according to the sampling theorem
resulting in a discrete -time signal..
PCM consists of three steps to digitize an analog signal:
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Binary encoding
Before we sample, we have to filter the signal to limit the maximum frequency of the signal
.Filtering should ensure that we do not distort the signal, ie remove high frequency
components that affect the signal shape.
Fig.:- 5
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Sampling:-The process of generating pulses of zero width and of amplitude equal to the
instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal. The no. of pulses per second is called sampling
rate. A scientist by the name of Harry Nyquist discovered that the original analog signal can
be reconstructed if enough samples are taken. He determined that if the sampling frequency is
at least twice the highest frequency of the original input analog voice signal, this signal can be
reconstructed by a low-pass filter at the destination..
Fig. :-6(Graph of sampling)

Quantization:- Representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a number of
discrete values. The process of dividing the maximum value of the analog signal into a fixed
no. of levels in order to convert the PAM into a Binary Code. The levels obtained are called
quantization levels.
Fig.:-7(Graph of quantization)
By quantizing the PAM pulse, original signal is only approximated.
The process of converting analog signals to PCM is called quantizing.
Since the original signal can have an infinite number of signal levels, the quantizing process will
produce errors called quantizing errors or quantizing noise.
Binary encoding:-
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Fig.:-8(Graph of binary encoding)
Q 1.e) Determine the applications where these techniques are used with the help of diagram.
ANSWER 1(e)
Digital devices translate and reassemble data and in the process are more prone to loss of
quality as compared to analog devices. Computer advancement has enabled use of error
detection and error correction techniques to remove disturbances artificially from digital
signals and improve quality.
Application of Analog & Digital Techniques
Analog
Digital
Signal
Analog signal is a continuous Digital signals are discrete

signal
which
represents time signals generated by
physical measurements.
digital modulation.
Waves
It is Denoted by sine waves
Representation
Uses continuous range of Uses discrete or discontinuous
It is Denoted by square waves
values to represent
values to
information
represent information
Example
Human voice in air, analog Computers, CDs, DVDs, and

electronic devices
other
digital
electronic
devices.
Technology
Analog technology records

waveforms as they are.
Data transmissions
Subjected to deterioration by Can be noise-immune without

noise during transmission and deterioration
during
write/read cycle
transmission and write/read
cycle.
Samples analog waveforms

into a limited set of numbers
and records them.
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Response to Noise:
Page 16of 27
More likely to get affected Less affected since noise

reducing accuracy
response are analog in nature
SECTION:-2
Q 2(a)
ANSWER 2a(i)
DSB AM MODULATOR
Given that
Message signal= 100 Hz (Let 0.1 Hz in the model)
Carrier signal = 7kHz
(Let 7 Hz in the model)
Modulation depth = 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 Model:- modulating frequency =

100Hz(0.1 Hz) Carrier frequency = 7kHz (7Hz)
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Fig. :-9 MODEL OF DSB AM Modulator
M=0.25
Modulation index = 0.25 modulating frequency = 100Hz Carrier frequency = 7kHz
Fig.-10 Modulated wave for m=0.25

M=0.5
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Fig.-11 Modulated wave for m= 0.5

M=1
Modulation index = 1 modulating frequency = 100Hz Carrier frequency = 7kHz
Fig.no-12 Modulated wave for m=1

M=1.5
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Fig.-13 Modulated wave for m=1.5
M=2
Fig.:-14 Modulated wave for m=2

Q 2a(ii) Derive suitable conclusions.
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ANSWER 2a(ii)
CONCLUSION:In this above DSB-AM modulator I know that DSB AM modulator when I change the
modulation depth the amplitude of the wave is also changed. I have designed a DSB AM
modulator on Simulink and give the parameters which are required for desired waves in
Simulink. I have got many waves on different modulation depths as 0.25,0.5,1,2 and
frequency.
Q 2b(i)
ANSWER 2 b(i)
DSB AM DEMODULATOR
Given that
Message signal= 100 Hz
Carrier signal = 7 kHz
Modulation depth = 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2
Model:- modulating frequency = 100Hz(0.1Hz) Carrier frequency =

7kHz(7Hz)
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Fig.-15 MODEL DSB AM DEMODULATOR
M=0.25
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Fig.:-16 Demodulated wave for m= 0.25

M=0.5
Fig.:-17 Demodulated wave for m= 0.5

M=1
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Fig.no-18 Demodulated wave for m= 1

M=1.5
Fig.no-19 Demodulated wave for m= 1.5

M=2
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Fig.:-20 Demodulated wave for m= 2

Q 2b(ii)
ANSWER 2 b(ii)
CONCLUSION:In this above DSB-AM Demodulator. I know that DSB AM Demodulator when I change the
modulation depth the amplitude of the wave is also changed. I have designed a DSB AM
Demodulator on Simulink and give the parameters which are required for desired waves in
Simulink. I have got many waves on different modulation depths as 0.25,0.5,1,2 and
frequency.
.
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Q 2C
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DSBSC MODULATION ANSWER
ANSWERE 2 C (i)
(i) Sideband of DSBSC modulated wave appearing at the two product modulator output are:
Output at PM1:
Lower sideband
100 KHz 300 to 100 KHz 3 KHz

99.7 KHz to 97 KHz
Upper sideband : 100 KHz + 300 to 100 KHz + 3 KHz

100.3 KHz to 103 KHz Output
at PM2:
Lower sideband : 10 MHz 100.3 KHz to 10 MHz 103 KHz
9.8997 KHz to 9.897 KHz
Upper sideband : 10 MHz + 100.3 KHz to 10 MHz + 103 KHz
10.1003 MHz to 10.103 MHz
ANSWER 2 C (ii)
(ii)Sidebands of SSB modulated wave appearing at the two BPF outputs are
Output at BPF1
Upper sideband : 100.3 KHz to 103 KHz
Output at BPF2
Upper sideband : 10.1003 MHz to 10.103 MHz
ANSWER 2 C (iii)
(iii)Pass band for BPF1
100.3 KHz to 103 KHz
Pass band for BPF2
10.1003 MHz to 10.103 MHz
(iv) Guard band for BPF1:
Highest frequency component of the lower sideband - Lowest frequency component of the upper
sideband = 99.7 KHz to 10.3 KHz
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Guard band for BPF2:

Highest frequency component of the lower sideband - Lowest frequency component of the upper
sideband = 9.8997 MHz to 10.1003 MHz
ANSWER 2 C (iv)
Conclusion:In this above DSBSC modulator. I know that DSBSC modulator when I change the modulation
depth the amplitude of the wave is also changed. I have designed a DSBSC modulator on
Simulink and give the parameters which are required for desired waves in Simulink. I have got
many waves on different modulation depths and frequency.
ANSWER 2 C (v)
Fig.21 Model of DSBSC Modulation

WAVEFOFM:-
Fig.
:-22 Waveform of DSBSC Modulation
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REFERENCES
Sahe.G (2003), Principles of Communication Systems,3rd ed, New Delhi, TMH.
Haykin .S & Wiley J,(2001), Principles of Communication Systems, 2nd Ed,London:

TMH.
Hari Bharti.K.N & Rao .G. (2009). Analog communications, 2nd Ed, Delhi: Pearson
Publication.
Sing R.P.& Saper SP,(2007) Communication System, Second Edition,Channai:TMH.
Lathi.B.P,Communication Systems,5TH Ed,(2009), Delhi:BS Publication.
Sharma.S., (2009),Communication System Analog and Digital, , 5th Ed. New Delhi: S.K.
Kataria &Sons, New Delhi.
Waggener.B (2008). Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. 6th ed. Londan: Springer
Science & Business Medi. p35-137.
Singh.R.P, Sapre.S.D (2008). Communication Systems. 7th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGrawHill Education. p54-78
Schwartz.M,Bennett.W.R, Stein.S (2009). Communication Systems and Techniques. 2nd

ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p167-69.
KAL.S
(2009).
BASIC
ELECTRONICS:
DEVICES,
CIRCUITS
AND
IT
FUNDAMENTALS. 3rd ed. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. p445-65.
Modulation Techniques - PWM and Pulse Code Modulation. 2014. Modulation

Techniques - PWM and Pulse Code Modulation. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.electronicshub.org/modulation-and-different-types-ofmodulation/.
[Accessed 01 November 2014].
What is Modulation Techniques and Types with Applications. 2014. What is Modulation
Techniques
and
Types
with
Applications.
[ONLINE]
Available
http://www.edgefx.in/types-of-modulation-techniques-with-applications/.
[Accessed 16 october2014].
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CE00038-2-Communications

Introduction of communication............................................................................................ 5-6

a) What do you understand by modulation and demodulation in communication system?

a. Do simulation for the DSB-AM modulator using simulink software having

fiber-optic ATM networks and multi- processor computer networks.)Performance of wireless

Sharing of a channel by several user.

Channel with higher bandwidth.

Cost per bite is reduce.

Cost of transmission reduce.

How Modulation make it possible to transmit several signal simultaneously

Fig.:-1 (Classification of PCM)

Classification of Analog Pulse Modulation

COMPARE THE PAM, PWM & PPM

Amplitude of the carrier

The width of the carrier pulse

The relative position of

The B.w of the channel The B.w of the channel

upon the width of pulse.

depends upon the pulse

depends upon the rise of

the pulse. B.W=

Where t is the rise time.

The instantaneous power of The instantaneous power of The

Noise interface is high

Noise interface is Law.

Noise interface is Law.

Inherent noise level of the system

1) Amplitude shift key modulation (ASK)

Fig.2-Block diagram of ASK

Fig.3-Block diagram of FSK

Fig.4-Block diagram of PSK

Fig. :-6(Graph of sampling)

Fig.:-8(Graph of binary encoding)

Analog signal is a continuous Digital signals are discrete

It is Denoted by sine waves

Uses continuous range of Uses discrete or discontinuous

It is Denoted by square waves

Human voice in air, analog Computers, CDs, DVDs, and

Analog technology records

Subjected to deterioration by Can be noise-immune without

Samples analog waveforms

More likely to get affected Less affected since noise

(Let 7 Hz in the model)

Modulation depth = 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 Model:- modulating frequency =

Fig. :-9 MODEL OF DSB AM Modulator

Fig.-10 Modulated wave for m=0.25

Fig.-11 Modulated wave for m= 0.5

Fig.no-12 Modulated wave for m=1

Fig.-13 Modulated wave for m=1.5

Fig.:-14 Modulated wave for m=2

Model:- modulating frequency = 100Hz(0.1Hz) Carrier frequency =

Fig.-15 MODEL DSB AM DEMODULATOR

Fig.:-16 Demodulated wave for m= 0.25

Fig.:-17 Demodulated wave for m= 0.5

Fig.no-18 Demodulated wave for m= 1

Fig.no-19 Demodulated wave for m= 1.5

Modulation index = 2 modulating frequency = 100Hz Carrier frequency = 7kHz

Fig.:-20 Demodulated wave for m= 2

DSBSC MODULATION ANSWER

100 KHz 300 to 100 KHz 3 KHz

Upper sideband : 100 KHz + 300 to 100 KHz + 3 KHz

Guard band for BPF2: