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Code No: N0402 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
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Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????
1. (a) A step index multimode fiber with a numerical aperture of 0.2 supports 1000
modes at 850 nm, what is the diameter of the core? How many modes of the
fiber support at 1320 nm. What percent of optical power flows in the cladding.
(b) Discuss the significance of numerical aperture in optical fibers. Derive a rela-
tion for NA in case of step index fiber. [8+8]
2. (a) Give an account of cut off wavelength for single mode and multi mode fibers
and discuss its dependence on fiber length.
(b) When the mean optical power launched into an 8 Km length of fiber is 120
µw, the mean optical power at the fiber output is 3 µw. Calculate the over
all signal attenuation in decibels and over all signal attenuation for a 10 Km
length of same kind of fiber. [8+8]
3. (a) The zero dispersion wavelength for a single mode fiber is 1.3 µm with a disper-
sion slope 0.1 ps m−2 km−1 . Compare the total first order dispersion for the
fiber at the wavelengths 1.25 µm and 1.55 µm. When the material dispersion
and profile dispersion of the wavelength 1.55 µm are 12 ps nm−1 km−1 and
0.3 ps nm−1 km−1 respectively. Determine the wave guide dispersion at this
wavelength.
(b) The polarization mode dispersion in an uniformly birefringent single mode
fiber is 250 ps km−1 . Calculate the bandwidth and maximum bit rate that
may be obtained on a 10 Km repeaterless link assuming that there is only
polarization mode dispersion. [8+8]
4. (a) A laser diode has maximum average output of 1mw (0 dBm). The laser is
to be amplitude modulated with a signal x(t) has a DC component of 0.5
and a periodic component of ± 2.6. If the current input to optical output
relationship is
p(t) = i(t)
25
, find the values of IO and m if the modulating current is.
i(t) = I0 [1 + mx(t)]
(b) Obtain the expression for the 3 dB modulation bandwidth of LED and discuss
the importance of radiative recombination lifetime. [8+8]
5. (a) Sketch the radiation patterns from a surface emitting LED in both axial and
perpendicular planes with reference to active emitting region. Support the
sketches with corresponding mathematical expressions.
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(b) Derive an expression for power coupling from a large surface emitting LED
into a smaller step-index fiber. [8+8]
6. (a) Derive an expression for sensitivity of a PIN diode based digital fiber optic
receiver including all the types of noise sources in the receiver.
(b) A silicon PIN diode with a responsivity of 0.5 A/W is operated at a binary
signaling rate of 35 Mbps and working at 850 nm wavelength. Determine the
minimum optical power required to be incident in order to maintain a BER
of 10−8 . [8+8]
7. (a) Discuss all the criteria to select the set of components sufficing design of a
fiber optic link.
(b) Describe the types of dispersion predominant in single mode and multimode
fiber optic links.
(c) Estimate the effect of such dispersion on system rise-time for above types of
fibers. [6+5+5]
8. (a) List the conditions under which cut-back method of measurement of fiber
attenuation yields more accurate values.
(b) Suggest a non-destructive method for measurement of fiber attenuation. Men-
tion the principle behind this method.
(c) Output of a PIN detector preamplifier of an optical receiver for 1.6Km fiber
is 2.26 Volts at 820nm wavelength. The output of PIN preamplifier increases
to 9.06 Volts when this fiber is cutback to 4m length at the same wavelength.
Compute the total attenuation and attenuation per unit length (dB/Km) of
the cut-off fiber. [5+5+6]
?????

2 of 2

Telematics)
?????
1. (a) What are modes? Distinguish between single mode fiber and multimode fiber.
Give an account on LP modes.
(b) A single mode fiber is made with a core diameter of 10 µm and is coupled
to a light source with a wavelength of 1.3 µm. Its core glass has refractive
index of 1.55. Determine the maximum value of the fractional difference of
index and the cladding index required for producing single mode propagation.
Determine the maximum acceptance angle of the fiber if placed in air medium.
[8+8]
2. (a) The mean optical power launched in to an optical fiber link is 1.5 mw and the
fiber has an attenuation of 0.5 dB km−1 . Determine the maximum possible link
length without repeaters (assuming loss less connectors) when the minimum
mean optical power level required at the detector is 2 µw.
(b) Briefly describe the following linear scattering losses in optical fiber.
i. Rayleigh scattering
ii. Mie scattering. [8+8]
wavelength.
4. (a) What are desired features of an optical source.

(b) Describe the structure and principle of operation of a typical laser diode.
Define the parameters involved. [8+8]
5. (a) Describe all the factors giving rise to losses while coupling optical power be-
tween any two devices of a fiber optic link.
(b) What is a pig-tailed device? List out the advantages and disadvantages of
pig-tailing either a fiber optic source or a fiber optic detector.
1 of 2

(c) Write expressions for power coupling from an LED into a step index fiber for
larger and smaller active area relative to the area of the fiber.
[5+5+6]
6. (a) Define responsivity of an APD. List out the drawbacks of a Germanium APD
for use in digital fiber optic links.
(b) An APD with a multiplication factor of 20 operates at a wavelength of 1550
nm. Calculate the quantum efficiency and the output photo current from the
device if the responsivity due to primary photo detection is 0.6 A/W when
1011 photons per second are incident on the device. Use the necessary physical
constants listed. [8+8]
Speed of light in vacuum =3 × 108 m/s
Electron charge =1.602 × 10−19 C
Planck’s constant =6.6256 × 10−34 J-S.
7. (a) Describe a method to carryout rise time budget analysis for a fiber optic link
(b) Explain the procedure to determine the maximum allowable RZ and NRZ data
rates from rise time budget analysis.
(c) Explain the effect of mode mixing factor, q, on modal dispersion induced rise
time. [8+4+4]
8. Describe any TWO of the following:
(a) Estimates made from Eye pattern analysis.

(b) Necessity of line coding in optical communication.
(c) Uni-directional and Bi-directional WDM for optical links. [8+8]
?????

2 of 2

Telematics)
?????
1. (a) Explain the mode theory for circular wave guide.

(b) Compare step index and graded index fibers in all aspects. [8+8]
2. (a) Differentiate between bound modes and cut off modes in an optical fiber.
(b) Derive the cut off condition for mode bounded in an optical fiber. Also specify
the range of β for bound solution. [8+8]
wavelength.
4. (a) What are desired features of an optical source.

(b) Describe the structure and principle of operation of a typical laser diode.
Define the parameters involved. [8+8]
5. (a) With the help of neat diagrams describe lens coupling mechanisms to improve
coupling efficiency from a fiber optic source.
(b) Differentiate between Lambertian and monochromatic optical sources in terms
of power coupling into a single mode fiber.
(c) What is equilibrium numerical aperture? Explain the significance of equilib-
rium numerical aperture on source to fiber power coupling. [6+5+5]
6. (a) Establish a relation between responsivity and quantum efficiency of a photo

detector starting from definition of these two parameters.
(b) Determine the quantum efficiency and responsivity of a PIN photodiode oper-
ating at 850 nm wavelength if 6.2 × 1012 photons incident at 850 nm generate
1.2 ×1012 electrons from the device.
(c) Discuss the factors on which the response time of a photo detector depends.
[8+8]
1 of 2

7. (a) Explain various factors contributing to overall optical system rise time.
(b) Calculate the system rise time for a 6 Km fiber optic link of following specifi-
cations. [10+6]
Rise time of the LED and its drive electronics = 14ns
Material dispersion related rise time degradation = 21ns
Bandwidth of the optical receiver = 25MHz
Bandwidth-distance product of the fiber =400 MHz-Km
Mode mixing factor, q = 0.7
8. (a) List the conditions under which cut-back method of measurement of fiber
attenuation yields more accurate values.
(b) Suggest a non-destructive method for measurement of fiber attenuation. Men-
tion the principle behind this method.
(c) Output of a PIN detector preamplifier of an optical receiver for 1.6Km fiber
is 2.26 Volts at 820nm wavelength. The output of PIN preamplifier increases
to 9.06 Volts when this fiber is cutback to 4m length at the same wavelength.
Compute the total attenuation and attenuation per unit length (dB/Km) of
the cut-off fiber. [5+5+6]
?????
2 of 2

Telematics)
?????
1. (a) Explain the field distribution for lower order modes in a symmetrical wave
guide.
(b) Explain mode theory for circular wave guide. [8+8]
2. (a) Determine the cut off wavelength for a step index fiber to exhibit single mode
operation when the core refractive index and radius are 1.50 and 25 µm re-
spectively with the relative index difference being 0.3%.
(b) Distinguish between intrinsic absorption and extrinsic absorption with a neat
figures. [8+8]
3. (a) Compare the optical parameters of free space with dispersive and non disper-
sive mediums.
(b) A butt jointed fiber convector used on multimode step index fiber with a core
refractive index of 1.42 and a relative refractive index difference of 1% has an
angular misalignment of 90 . There is no longitudinal or lateral misalignment
but there is a small air gap between the fibers in the convectors. Estimate the
insertion loss of the convector. [8+8]
4. (a) Draw the schematic of an edge emitting LED and explain the reasons for such
construction.
(b) Discuss the major requirements of an optical fiber emitter. [8+8]
5. (a) Define equilibrium numerical aperture.
(b) An LED with circular emission region of diameter 200 µm and an axial radi-
ance of 100 W / cm2 - Sr at 100mA drive current is coupled into a step index
fiber of 50µm radius and of 0.22 numerical aperture. Compute the power cou-
pled into this step index fiber. Compute the % difference in coupled power if
the radius of the fiber is halved.
(c) Calculate the power coupled from the source specified above into a parabolic
index graded-index fiber of 50µm diameter with n1 =1.485 and ∆ = 0.01.
[3+8+5]
6. (a) Define quantum limit of a fiber optic receiver. What is the effect of detector
dark current on quantum limit?
(b) Describe briefly various sources of noise in a general fiber optic receiver. Iden-
tify the PIN receiver noise component that is dominant in receiver SNR com-
putation. [8+8]
1 of 2

7. (a) Discuss all the criteria to select the set of components sufficing design of a
fiber optic link.
(b) Describe the types of dispersion predominant in single mode and multimode
fiber optic links.
(c) Estimate the effect of such dispersion on system rise-time for above types of
fibers. [6+5+5]
8. (a) List separately, the assumptions made for measurement of dispersion in optical
fibers in time and frequency domains.
(b) How is the 3-dB electrical bandwidth of an optical fiber measured? Explain
with the help of suitable test set-up.
(c) If the output response of an optical fiber is Gaussian in shape, estimate the
3dB electrical bandwidth of the fiber for an RMS output pulse width of 0.5
ns. [4+8+4]
?????
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com The Complete Information About Colleges in Andhra Pradesh

Code No: N0402 Set No. 1

Code No: N0402 Set No. 1

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Code No: N0402 Set No. 2

4. (a) What are desired features of an optical source.

Code No: N0402 Set No. 2

8. Describe any TWO of the following:

(a) Estimates made from Eye pattern analysis.

Seminar Topics - Scholarships - Admission/Entrance Exam Notifications

Code No: N0402 Set No. 3

1. (a) Explain the mode theory for circular wave guide.

4. (a) What are desired features of an optical source.

6. (a) Establish a relation between responsivity and quantum efficiency of a photo

Code No: N0402 Set No. 3

Code No: N0402 Set No. 4

Code No: N0402 Set No. 4

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