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1. Two stations are connected together by an underground cable having a surge im-
pedance of 60ohms joined to an overhead line with a surge impedance of 400ohms.
If a surge having a maximum value of 100KV travels along the cable towards the
junction with the over head line, determine the value of the reflected and transmit-
ted waves of voltage and current at the junction.
2. Describe the construction and working principle of a zinc oxide gapless arrester
[8+8]
3. (a) What are the different types of circuit breakers when the arc-quenching medium
is the criterion? Mention the voltage for which a particular range of circuit
breaker is recommended. [4+4]
(b) Discuss the recovery rate theory and energy balance theory of arc interruption
in a circuit breaker. [4+4]
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220kV. The magnetizing current is 5% of the full load current. Determine
the maximum voltage which may appear across the Gap of the breaker when
the magnetizing current is interrupted at 53% of its peak value. The stray
capacitance is 2500 microfarad. The inductance is 30H. [8]
6. (a) Where are the relays having extremely inverse and very inverse characteristics
used? What types of characteristics are used for protecting rectifiers, and for
replacement of fuses? [4+4]
(b) Explain how the mho characteristic realized using a sampling comparator? [8]
8. (a) Explain how the selection of current and time settings is done in a time current
graded system. [8]
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(b) Give schemes of protection for a parallel feeder fed from
i. one end
ii. both the ends. [4+4]
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1. (a) Explain briefly the specification of Traveling waves.
(b) Develop general formula for reflection and refraction co-efficient for a line with
surge impedance Zc terminated by an impedance Z.
[8+8]
5. (a) What type of protection will you recommend for a power line operating at
i. 11 K.V.
ii. 33 K.V.
iii. 66 K.V. [2+2+2]
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(b) Discuss in detail with relevant diagrams the shaded pole type I.D.M.T. relay
used in practice. [6+4]
7. (a) Explain how the inclusion of resistance in the neutral earthing circuit of an
alternator affects the performance of the differential protection of the three
phase stator.
(b) Describe how protection is provided in large turbo alternators against earth
fault in the rotor. [8+8]
8. (a) Discuss the choice between impedance, reactance and Mho type relays. [2+2+2+2]
(b) Transformer: 5MVA, Y / ∆, X=6%
The transmission line sections AB and BC are to be protected by Mho distance
relays. The system is as shown in the figure8b. If the C.T. ratio is 300/5 and
C.T. ratio is 166000/110V and a 3-∅ short circuit fault of zero impedance
occurs at F, find the impedance seen by the relays and determine the setting
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Figure 8b
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1. Discuss why
3. (a) Why is current chopping not a serious problem with vacuum circuit breakers.
[4+4+8]
(b) How does SF6 breakers differ from an air blast circuit breakers?
(c) What are the possible applications of vacuum circuit breakers? [6+6+4]
5. Determine the time of operation of the relays placed at location No. 1 and 2
assuming that fault current is 2000amps,C.T.ratio 200/1, relay 1 set at 100% and
2 at 125%and that the relay No.1 has a time multiplier of 0.2. The time grading
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margin between the relays is 0.5. sec for discrimination. Assume the relay to have
2.2 seconds I.D.M.T. Characteristic. As shown in figure 5. [8+8]
Figure 5
6. (a) Write short notes on an amplitude /pulse width converter as applied in a phase
sensitive amplitude comparator. [8]
(b) Write short notes on:
i. static sine comparator
ii. integrating type amplitude comparator. [4+4]
8. (a) Discuss the choice between impedance, reactance and Mho type relays. [2+2+2+2]
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Figure 8b
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1. (a) Explain briefly the specification of Traveling waves.
(b) Develop general formula for reflection and refraction co-efficient for a line with
surge impedance Zc terminated by an impedance Z.
(c) What are the requirements of a ground wire for protecting power conductors
against direct lightning stroke? [4+8+4]
5. (a) What is meant by directional feature of a directional over current relay? De-
scribe the construction, principle of operation and application of a directional
over current relay. [2+2+2+2]
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(b) What is the difference between a polarized mho and simple mho relay. What
are self-polarized and cross-polarized mho relays? [4+4]
6. (a) Where are the relays having extremely inverse and very inverse characteristics
used? What types of characteristics are used for protecting rectifiers, and for
replacement of fuses? [4+4]
(b) Explain how the mho characteristic realized using a sampling comparator? [8]
7. (a) A 3-phase 66/11 K.V. star delta connected transformer is protected by Merz-
price protection scheme The C.T.s on the LT side have a ratio of√
420/5 amps.
Show that the C.T.s on the H.T side will have a ratio of 70: 5/ 3
(b) Give various schemes of protection for feeders. [16]
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